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Firearms regulation in Finland

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In the aftermath police were blamed for being too lax in issuing licences, as neither perpetrator had any significant history with sports shooting. Police defended their decision, stating that nothing suspicious had come up with the information available, so there was no reason to reject the application. Legislation was revised in 2011 and now pistol licenses can only be issued following a two-year period of documented, active pistol shooting hobby, and only to persons 20 years old or older.
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usually a few weeks. Licences can be valid either until further notice or for a fixed term, which is sometimes the case for a people applying for their first license, and always with the first pistol license. A licence-holder may also borrow other firearms from the same or lesser category (e.g. a rifle licence is valid for borrowing shotguns and small-caliber rifles, but not pistols) and purchase ammunition for any firearm he owns or is permitted to borrow.
120:". In local implementation, the major change to firearms users will be that self-loading rifle and pistol magazines with a capacity of more than 10 and 20 respectively will become more strictly controlled. Under the new law, they will only be available to sports shooters and reservists, but not hunters. Being knowingly in (unlicensed) possession of such a magazine will cause any firearms licenses to be revoked. 78:. Following the school shooting incidents in 2007 and 2008 in which the perpetrators used .22 caliber semi-automatic pistols, legislation regarding short firearms was considerably tightened in 2011. Nevertheless, no types of firearms are outright banned, and in principle a person can apply for a licence for any type of gun. 87:
firearm to or from such activity, the firearm must be unloaded and stored in a case or pouch. The owner of a firearm is responsible for making sure that firearms and ammunition do not end up in unauthorized hands. The exact requirements regarding storage of firearms depends on their type and quantity.
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When applying for a licence to purchase a firearm, the applicant must fill in a form with information such as the type and mode of operation of firearm, and the intended purpose of use (although one can use any firearm for any legal purpose regardless of the original application, e.g. a range gun for
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are by far the worst peacetime mass murders in Finland, with 8 and 10 victims, respectively. In both cases the perpetrator was armed with a 0.22 rimfire pistol licensed only shortly before. In the case of Pekka-Eric Auvinen, the original application was for a 9 mm pistol, but this was rejected.
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Short-barreled rifles and pistol carbines fall under the any other firearm category and, while not restricted by law, are more difficult to get a licence for. The primary concern is again that, being easy to conceal, they are particularly dangerous should they be stolen and fall into criminal hands.
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The ownership and use of firearms is regulated by the Firearms Act of 1998. A license is always needed for possession of a firearm and all firearms are registered. Firearms may only be carried while they are being used for a specific purpose (e.g. hunting, shooting at the range). When transporting a
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usage in the country. Both hunting and shooting sports are common hobbies. There are approximately 300,000 people with hunting permits, and 34,000 people belong to sport shooting clubs. Over 1,500 people are licensed weapons collectors. Additionally, many reservists practice their skills using their
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In the 1980s and 1990s, roughly 7% of firearm licenses were granted for the purpose of personal protection. However they have stopped giving licences on that basis, although existing permits remain valid. It is still possible to obtain a licence for pepper spray for the purpose of self-defense if a
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or a medical health certificate. Any significant history with violence or other crime, substance abuse or mental health issues will cause the application to be rejected. Membership in a hunting or shooting club or other appropriate organization is considered a positive, though membership can not be
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up to 6.35 mm (0.25 inch) in caliber are not regulated regardless of their muzzle energy. Larger bore air weapons need a permit, unless the person already holds a firearms licence. Bows and crossbows are not regulated items in Finland, while pepper spray is. Suppressors are considered firearm
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If the application is approved, an acquisition permit is mailed to the applicant. A dealer (or private person) may only sell a firearm if the buyer has the appropriate paperwork to show. There is no waiting period as such, but in practice processing an application takes a minimum of several days,
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With the changes to the EU Firearms Directive, rifles with a magazine capacity of more than 10 cartridges and pistols with a magazine capacity of more than 20 cartridges were put into category A, or prohibited weapons. In Finnish nomenclature these firearms were added to the specially dangerous
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Certain types of ammunition, such as expanding pistol rounds or incendiary rounds, require special authorization (in addition to a firearms licence) to purchase. The amount of ammunition a person may possess is not limited by the Firearms Act. However, legislation related to the safe storage of
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An unlicensed person may use firearms only under direct supervision. Simple unlawful possession of a firearm is punishable by fine or up to two years in prison, although more severe punishments may apply e.g. in the case of fully automatic weapons or when used to commit other crime. However, an
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In 2013, firearms (both legally and illegally held) were used in 18% of suicides. Some consider this a problem and would like to see stricter firearms legislation. Others point out that the number of suicides is already steadily going down, while the number of firearms has remained constant.
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concrete threat exists. Carrying a firearm licensed for hunting or sporting use outside of that specific activity is not allowed. One can nevertheless legally defend oneself by any means available, including firearms. Any use of force must always be proportional to the threat.
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Currently, work is underway to streamline the license application process in straightforward cases. An applicant who already has existing permits and has a proven track-record with responsible ownership would be able to apply for further permits more easily.
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components, but can be used without requiring any separate licensing. Magazine capacity is restricted under a normal license, for a maximum of 21 rounds for short guns and 11 rounds for a long gun. There is no regulation regarding other firearm accessories.
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category, which essentially restricts their availability to established practical shooters and those actively participating in reservist activities. The same firearms can be used with lower capacity magazines without being considered specially dangerous.
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is similar to countries such as Sweden, France, Canada and Germany. Estimates place the number of illegal, unregistered firearms between some tens of thousands and upwards of a million. A large portion of these are thought to be weapons hidden during the
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Some types of firearms are considered "specially dangerous". Licences for such firearms can only be granted on a very limited basis and are essentially for recognized collectors and filming purposes only. A firearm is considered specially dangerous if:
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A pistol is considered sub-compact or a "pocket gun" if it fits in a rectangular box of 180 x 130 mm. Special legislation applies to these easily concealed firearms and they are not licensed for sporting purposes. Some common pistols such as
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The Supreme Administrative Court: "-- rejecting application for 9 mm Heckler & Koch MP5 A3 (pistol carbine) on the basis of public order and safety was legal, even though the firearm was otherwise appropriate for the intended purpose --"
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explosive materials does apply. Ordinarily, this means a maximum of 20,000 rounds of ammunition (including loose primers) and 2 kg of gunpowder per household, with larger quantities requiring separate storage.
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Legal firearms in Finland must be registered and licensed on a per-gun basis. There are approximately 1.5 million registered small firearms in the country. Out of those, 226,000 are short firearms (
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hunting or vice versa). According to the law, the firearm must be appropriate for the stated purpose, but evaluating this is largely left to the discretion of the police. For example, while an
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The firearm loads and cocks itself by the use of the energy produced by the firing of the previous cartridge or another power source. Multiple shots can be fired with one pull of the trigger.
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The firearm loads and cocks itself by the use of the energy produced by the firing of the previous cartridge or another power source. One shot is fired with each pull of the trigger.
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A firearm is considered a short firearm if its overall length is at most 600mm, or its barrel length at most 300mm. In any other case the firearm is considered a long firearm.
684:"The aim of applied reservist shooting is to develop and compare the practical shooting skills of reservists using modern service weapons or their semi-automatic versions." 644: 234:
15–17 year olds may participate in sports shooting or hunting on their own but a licensed adult is responsible for the transportation and storage of the firearm.
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The firearm needs to be cycled and cocked by an external force and a new cartridge is taken directly from a magazine. Revolvers are also in this category.
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Type of firearm needs to be appropriate for the discipline. Proof that the hobby exists is expected. For pistols and revolvers further requirements apply.
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unlicensed firearm may always be turned in without repercussions, provided this happens at the initiative of the person in possession of the firearm.
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A valid hunting permit is expected. Minimum muzzle energy for different game, magazine capacity restrictions etc. defined in separate legislation.
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Between 2010 and 2015, firearms were used in 15% of all homicides. In 73% of these the firearm was illegally possessed by the perpetrator.
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The firearm needs to be cycled and cocked by an external force and a new cartridge must be fed manually to the weapon after every shot
662:"(In answer to question 5:) Rifles used in SRA must therefore be self-loading models reasonably obtainable from the civilian market." 1386: 17: 400:
Catch-all category for firearms that do not fit into the above categories based on their dimensions or other characteristics.
54:). There are approximately 650,000 people with at least one permit, which means 12% of Finns own a firearm. Overall, legal 863:
Statement from the Police regarding the EU Firearms Directive "-- permits for are generally not given for hunting use --"
729:"The Ministry of the Interior estimates that there are at most some tens of thousands of unlicensed firearms in Finland." 1148: 834:
AMPUMA-ASELUPAMENETTELYĂ„ KOSKEVAN LAINSĂ„Ă„DĂ„NNĂ–N UUDISTAMISTA KOSKEVA HANKE ("Project for renewing firearms legislation")
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The current Firearms Act of 1998 is a near full rewrite of the earlier, 1933 law. The law was revised to comply with the
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The application process includes a check of criminal records, the police interviewing the applicant and in some cases a
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Valtioneuvoston asetus räjähteiden valmistuksen ja varastoinnin valvonnasta ("Explosive Materials Decree") 12 § 56
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Firearm designed to be used with a one handed grip and which uses a revolving cartridge cylinder.
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Long firearm with two or more barrels, with at least one being rifled and one smooth-bore.
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is suitable for practical shooting, the police may consider one inappropriate for hunting.
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124/2011 Laki ampuma-aselain muuttamisesta ("Law regarding revision of the Firearms Act")
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Person or organization the Ministry of the Interior has approved as a weapons collector.
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Firearms Act, 1 § 6a (in Finnish; translated version not up-to-date at time of writing)
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Firearms Act, 1 § 9 (in Finnish; translated version not up-to-date at time of writing)
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HE 183/1997, 2.2 ("Proposal of the Government to the Parliament for a Firearms Act")
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In 2017, the EU adopted changes to the Firearms Directive that became known as the "
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legally required as the Constitution of Finland guarantees freedom of association.
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An estimate of between 2.15 to 3.60 million total firearms is given in table 2.3
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A firearm which has been permanently deactivated according to set guidelines.
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fall under this description, and are therefore generally unavailable to e.g.
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The need for a firearm must be justified. Appropriate training is expected.
582: 64: 620:"Approximately 300,000 persons obtain a hunting card in Finland annually." 1056: 279:
Smooth-bored firearm designed to be used supported against the shoulder.
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Firearm designed and manufactured to only be used with black powder.
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Rifled firearm designed to be used supported against the shoulder.
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For legal purposes, firearms are divided into 13 different types:
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own semi-automatic rifles and pistols after military service.
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Government's proposal to the Parliament for new Firearms Act
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it is a cannon, rocket launcher or comparable weapon system
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Firearms are further divided into four modes of operation:
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Item is of significant importance to the person or family.
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Revolver chambered for up to a .22 rimfire cartridge.
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incorporates the political and regulatory aspects of
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Pistol chambered for up to a .22 rimfire cartridge.
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Firearm designed to be used with a one handed grip.
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Valid reasons for obtaining a firearms license are:
1002:HENKIRIKOSKATSAUS 2017 ("Report on Homicide 2017") 301:Rifle chambered for up to a .22 rimfire cartridge. 378:Firearm capable of firing only signal cartridges. 105: 1436: 1059:"Take psychiatric medication away from women!" 367:Firearm capable of firing only gas cartridges. 1119: 714:"Approximately 1.6 million guns in Finland" 875:PERUSTUSLAKIVALIOKUNNAN LAUSUNTO 18/2010 vp 1126: 1112: 1133: 508:its mode of operation is automatic fire 14: 1437: 1107: 223:Flare guns, e.g. for boating safety. 46:) with the rest being long firearms ( 647:"1 545 licensed collectors in 2014" 532:Personal protection and self-defense 569: 560: 24: 523:Short-barreled rifles and carbines 25: 1471: 1092:Permits and licences for firearms 1080: 1074:"Number of suicides fell clearly" 847:https://yle.fi/uutiset/3-10684690 630:Finnish Shooting Sport Federation 540: 514:it is disguised as another object 1065: 1050: 1038: 1023: 1008: 993: 981: 966: 950: 938: 926: 914: 902: 890: 878: 866: 854: 840: 825: 810: 798: 786: 774: 762: 747: 699:"Number of firearms declining" 242:computer-based personality test 735: 720: 705: 690: 668: 653: 638: 623: 611: 106:Proposed changes to regulation 28:Firearms regulation in Finland 13: 1: 605: 81: 675:Reservist Sports Association 660:Reservist Sports Association 548:The two school shootings in 499:Specially dangerous firearms 123: 7: 618:The Finnish Wildlife Agency 588: 72:European Firearms Directive 10: 1476: 253:Classification of firearms 1416: 1395: 1289: 1223: 1157: 1141: 450:Single-shot with magazine 74:after Finland joined the 832:Ministry of the Interior 727:Ministry of the Interior 712:Ministry of the Interior 600:Viertola school shooting 461:Self-loading single shot 1445:Firearms law by country 807:Criminal Code, 41 § 1-2 632:"34 165 total members" 577:guns are stored by the 18:Gun politics in Finland 1000:University of Helsinki 771:Firearms Act, 10 § 106 579:Finnish Defence Forces 342:Small-caliber revolver 645:The Police of Finland 495:shooters in Finland. 990:Criminal Code, 4 § 4 795:Firearms Act, 7 § 88 320:Small-caliber pistol 198:Museum or collection 1450:Firearms in Finland 1135:Gun laws by country 935:Firearms Act, 1 § 9 923:Firearms Act, 1 § 8 911:Firearms Act, 1 § 7 887:Firearms Act, 1 § 6 783:Firearms Act, 1 § 2 482:Sub-compact pistols 408:Deactivated firearm 386:Black-powder weapon 298:Small-caliber rifle 1460:Society of Finland 1097:2016-07-03 at the 680:2016-04-25 at the 353:Combination weapon 56:gun ownership rate 1432: 1431: 742:Small Arms Survey 554:Kauhajoki in 2008 479: 478: 415: 414: 397:Any other firearm 238: 237: 16:(Redirected from 1467: 1128: 1121: 1114: 1105: 1104: 1075: 1069: 1063: 1062: 1057:Mikko Niskasaari 1054: 1048: 1042: 1036: 1035: 1027: 1021: 1020: 1012: 1006: 1005: 997: 991: 985: 979: 978: 970: 964: 963: 954: 948: 942: 936: 930: 924: 918: 912: 906: 900: 894: 888: 882: 876: 870: 864: 858: 852: 851: 844: 838: 837: 829: 823: 822: 814: 808: 802: 796: 790: 784: 778: 772: 766: 760: 759: 751: 745: 739: 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32:firearms 1396:Oceania 1382:Ukraine 1332:Ireland 1327:Germany 1317:Finland 1310:History 1297:Austria 1266:Lebanon 1210:Uruguay 1195:Jamaica 276:Shotgun 209:Memento 155:Hunting 40:pistols 1377:Turkey 1367:Russia 1362:Poland 1357:Norway 1322:France 1290:Europe 1261:Kuwait 1246:Israel 1200:Mexico 1175:Canada 1170:Brazil 1142:Africa 1030:Finlex 988:Finlex 973:Edilex 957:Finlex 945:Finlex 933:Finlex 921:Finlex 909:Finlex 897:Finlex 885:Finlex 817:Finlex 805:Finlex 793:Finlex 781:Finlex 769:Finlex 309:Pistol 144:Reason 48:rifles 1417:Other 1347:Malta 1337:Italy 1281:Yemen 1251:Japan 1241:India 1236:China 1180:Chile 287:Rifle 131:AR-15 1224:Asia 1015:MTV3 552:and 493:IPSC 428:Mode 265:Type 177:Work 1045:YLE 697:YLE 63:of 1441:: 585:. 405:13 394:12 383:11 372:10 67:. 50:, 42:, 1127:e 1120:t 1113:v 469:4 458:3 447:2 436:1 361:9 350:8 339:7 328:6 317:5 306:4 295:3 284:2 273:1 228:8 217:7 206:6 195:5 185:4 174:3 163:2 152:1 20:)

Index

Gun politics in Finland
firearms
pistols
revolvers
rifles
shotguns
gun ownership rate
aftermath
World War II
European Firearms Directive
European Union
Air guns
EU Gun Ban
AR-15
computer-based personality test
Glock 19
IPSC
Jokela in 2007
Kauhajoki in 2008
Military service
Finnish Defence Forces
mobilization
Crime in Finland
Viertola school shooting
The Finnish Wildlife Agency
Finnish Shooting Sport Federation
The Police of Finland
Reservist Sports Association
Reservist Sports Association
Archived

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