1829:
1050:
4082:
1438:
2265:"The snow and heat are finely tempered, and there is neither hoarfrost nor snow. The people are numerous and happy. They have not to register their households. Only those who cultivate the royal land have to pay (a portion of) the gain from it. If they want to go, they go. If they want to stay on, they stay on. The king governs without decapitation or (other) corporal punishments. Criminals are simply fined according to circumstances. Even in cases of repeated attempts at wicked rebellion, they only have their right-hand cut off. The king's bodyguards & attendants all have salaries. Throughout the whole country, the people do not kill any living creature, not drink any intoxicating liquor, nor eat onions or garlic."
4260:
1502:
4295:
4047:
2622:
65:
3154:
3287:
4394:
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3293:
4155:
4322:
1701:
1692:
2022:
4178:
2281:
4194:
1043:
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4213:
71:
4232:
3055:
1470:
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4356:
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1393:, the Vaishyas – who were traditionally associated with trade – may have become rulers after resisting oppressive taxation by the previous rulers. Critics of the Vaishya-origin theory point out that the suffix Gupta features in the names of several non-Vaishyas before as well as during the Gupta period, and the dynastic name "Gupta" may have simply derived from the name of the dynasty's first king
2443:
4136:(respectively Buddhist, Hindu, and mixed including Jain) were in fact produced under later dynasties, but primarily reflect the monumentality and balance of Gupta style. Ajanta contains by far the most significant survivals of painting from this and the surrounding periods, showing a mature form which had probably had a long development, mainly in painting palaces. The Hindu
5098:"Historians once regarded the Gupta period (c.320–540) as the classical age of India It was also thought to have been an age of material prosperity, particularly among the urban elite Some of these assumptions have been questioned by more-extensive studies of the post-Mauryan, pre-Gupta period. Archaeological evidence from the earlier
2254:, and made careful observations about the empire's conditions. Faxian was pleased with the mildness of administration. The penal code was mild, and offences were punished by fines only. From his accounts, the Gupta Empire was a prosperous period. His writings form one of the most important sources for the history of this period.
3019:. The coinage of the Maukharis and Pushyabhutis followed the silver coin type of the Guptas, with portrait of the ruler in profile (although facing in the reverse direction compared to the Guptas, a possible symbol of antagonism) and the peacock on the reverse, the Brahmi legend being kept except for the name of the ruler.
3120:
and that the campaigns of Raghu – his protagonist in the
Raghuvaṃśa – reflect those of Chandragupta II. In Canto IV of the Raghuvamsa, Kalidasa relates how the king's forces clash against the powerful, cavalry-centric, forces of the Persians and later the Yavanas (probably Huns) in the North-West.
8066:
He gave more elegant rules for the sum of the squares and cubes of an initial segment of the positive integers. The sixth part of the product of three quantities consisting of the number of terms, the number of terms plus one, and twice the number of terms plus one is the sum of the squares. The
3820:
made several contributions such as assigning the start of each day to midnight. the earth's rotation on its axis, westward motion of the stars. Aryabhata also mentioned that reflected sunlight is the cause behind the shining of the Moon. In his book, Aryabhata, he suggested that the Earth was
5493:
Kalidasa wrote ... with excellence which, by unanimous consent, justifies the inevitable comparisons with
Shakespeare ... When and where Kalidasa lived remains a mystery. He acknowledges no links with the Guptas; he may not even have coincided with them ... but the poet's vivid awareness of the
1807:
The
Allahabad Pillar inscription presents Samudragupta as a wise king and strict administrator, who was also compassionate enough to help the poor and the helpless. It also alludes to the king's talents as a musician and a poet, and calls him the "king of poets". Such claims are corroborated by
1049:
2018:(r. 1076 – 1126 CE) mentions Chandragupta with his title and states: "Why should the glory of the Kings Vikramaditya and Nanda be a hindrance any longer ? He with a loud command abolished that (era), which has the name of Saka, and made that (era) which has the Chalukya counting".
990:, earlier long poems on a variety of subjects, are also thought to have been committed to written texts around this period. Hinduism was followed by the rulers and the Brahmins flourished in the Gupta empire but the Guptas were tolerant towards people of other faiths as well.
6717:... they retain some traces of the old inscriptions in Greek characters, while on the reverse, they substitute the Gupta type (a peacock) for the chaitya with crescent and star." in Rapson "A catalogue of Indian coins in the British Museum. The Andhras etc...", p. cli
6639:
Cf:"In the story contained in
Kathasarit-sagara, king Vikarmaditya is said to have destroyed all the barbarous tribes such as the Kambojas, Yavanas, Hunas, Tokharas and the, National Council of Teachers of English Committee on Recreational Reading – Sanskrit
1667:, the southern region: the exact identification of several of these kings is debated among modern scholars, but it is clear that these kings ruled areas located on the eastern coast of India. The inscription suggests that Samudragupta advanced as far as the
4046:
3684:
Empires. The four-fold varna system was observed under the Gupta period but caste system was fluid. Brahmins followed non-Brahmanical professions as well. Kshatriyas were involved in trade and commerce. The society largely coexisted among themselves.
4099:
for all the major religious groups. Although painting was evidently widespread, the surviving works are almost all religious sculptures. The period saw the emergence of the iconic carved stone deity in Hindu art, as well as the Buddha-figure and
4259:
1764:
Finally, the inscription mentions that several foreign kings tried to please
Samudragupta by personal attendance; offered him their daughters in marriage (or according to another interpretation, gifted him maidens); and sought the use of the
6656:
A record of
Buddhistic kingdoms; being an account by the Chinese monk Fâ-Hien of his travels in India and Ceylon, A.D. 399–414, in search of the Buddhist books of discipline. Translated and annotated with a Corean recension of the Chinese
5546:
The great era of all that is deemed classical in Indian literature, art and science was now dawning. It was this crescendo of creativity and scholarship, as much as ... political achievements of the Guptas, which would make their age so
7907:
2548:, ended as well. Following the invasions, northern India was left in disarray, with numerous smaller Indian powers emerging after the crumbling of the Guptas. The Huna invasions are said to have seriously damaged India's trade with
2111:
credits
Chandragupta Vikramaditya with conquering about twenty-one kingdoms, both in and outside India. After finishing his campaign in East and West India, Vikramaditya (Chandragupta II) proceeded northwards, subjugated the
6620:
ata shrivikramadityo helya nirjitakhilah
Mlechchana Kamboja. Yavanan neechan Hunan Sabarbran Tushara. Parsikaanshcha tayakatacharan vishrankhalan hatya bhrubhangamatreyanah bhuvo bharamavarayate (Brahata Katha, 10/1/285-86,
4017:– represented by the pieces that would evolve into the modern pawn, knight, rook, and bishop respectively. Doctors also invented several medical instruments, and even performed surgical operations. The ancient Gupta text
1819:
in present-day India, as well as a substantial part of central India. Besides, his empire comprised a number of monarchical and tribal tributary states of northern India, and of the south-eastern coastal region of India.
3121:
Here he makes special mention of the use horse-archers in the king's army and that the horses needed much rest after the hotly contested battles. The five arms of the Gupta military included infantry, cavalry,
4294:
1607:, in both pre-Gupta and post-Gupta periods, so this cannot be said with certainty. That said, there is no doubt that Gupta and Ghatotkacha held a lower status and were less powerful than Chandragupta I.
1828:
2056:
serve to illustrate the magnificence of Gupta art. Above all, it was the synthesis of elements that gave Gupta art its distinctive flavour. During this period, the Guptas were supportive of thriving
5668:
1533:, fl. late 3rd century CE) is the earliest known king of the dynasty: different historians variously date the beginning of his reign from mid-to-late 3rd century CE. Gupta founded the Gupta Empire
2513:
broke through the Gupta defences in the northwest, and much of the empire in the northwest was overrun by the Huns by 500. According to some scholars the empire disintegrated under the attacks of
2466:
Following
Skandagupta's death, the empire was clearly in decline, and the later Gupta coinage indicates their loss of control over much of western India after 467–469. Skandagupta was followed by
982:
but far beyond her borders". Strong trade ties also made the region an important cultural centre and established the region as a base that would influence nearby kingdoms and regions in India and
5089:, caste distinctions became more entrenched and rigid during this time, as prosperity and the favour of the law accrued the top of the social scale, while the lower orders were degraded further.
1870:
and his brother
Chandragupta has to sneak into the enemy camp to rescue her and kill the Saka king. The historicity of these events is unclear, but Ramagupta's existence is confirmed by three
3610:
A study of the epigraphical records of the Gupta Empire shows that there was a hierarchy of administrative divisions from top to bottom. It was divided into 26 provinces, which were called
1374:, which would mean it was situated somewhere in the modern Bengal region. Another proposal is that the early Gupta kingdom extended from Prayaga in the west to northern Bengal in the east.
1570:: Śrigupta), "Shri" being an honorific prefix. According to Yijing, this king built a temple for Chinese Buddhist pilgrims near "Mi-li-kia-si-kia-po-no" (believed to be a transcription of
993:
The empire eventually died out because of factors such as substantial loss of territory and imperial authority caused by their own erstwhile feudatories, as well as the invasion by the
5222:
During the reign of either the emperor Kumāragupta or, more probably, that of his successor Skandagupta (AD 455–467), the capital of the empire was moved from Pāțaliputra to Ayodhyā...
4081:
3900:
operated throughout the Gupta Empire serving as centuries of education. Nalanda played a vital role in promoting the patronage of arts and academics during the 5th and 6th century CE.
2995:
A 2019 study by archaeologist Shanker Sharma has concluded that the cause of the Gupta Empire's downfall was a devastating flood which happened around the middle of the 6th century in
5561:
3108:
There is a paucity of contemporary sources detailing the tactical operations of the Imperial Gupta Army. The best extant information comes from the Sanskrit mahakavya (epic poem)
7837:
The empire was divided into provinces (desha, rajya or bhukti). Each province was divided into a number of pradesha or vishaya. Each district had its own administrative officers
2083:, whose works dwarfed the works of many other literary geniuses, not only in his own age but in the years to come. Kalidasa was mainly known for his subtle exploitation of the
1626:
have led to some debate on this topic: according to one theory, Kacha was another name for Samudragupta; another possibility is that Kacha was a rival claimant to the throne.
1663:. It further claims that he subjugated all the kings of the forest region, which was most probably located in central India. It also credits him with defeating 12 rulers of
7716:
5000:
965:
5976:
1925:
1639:
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978:, gave rise to achievements in architecture, sculpture, and painting that "set standards of form and taste determined the whole subsequent course of art, not only in
813:
799:
785:
771:
757:
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718:
704:
690:
2068:. In particular, Gupta period Buddhist art was to be influential in most of East and Southeast Asia. Many advances were recorded by the Chinese scholar and traveller
11662:
7180:
2521:. It appears from inscriptions that the Guptas, although their power was much diminished, continued to resist the Huns. The Hun invader Toramana was defeated by
2384:
1933:
6034:
4154:
5233:
pg.17 : Gupta Empire at its height (5th-6th centuries) connected with the development of Mahayana Buddhism with the development of Tantric Buddhism.
6946:
9100:
1675:. During this southern campaign, Samudragupta most probably passed through the forest tract of central India, reached the eastern coast in present-day
2950:, reigning from 540 to 550. In addition to the Huna invasion, the factors, which contribute to the decline of the empire include competition from the
6519:
4279:
7077:
5146:
2607:, bringing cultural regression. During their rule of 60 years, the Alchons are said to have altered the hierarchy of ruling families and the Indian
1970:. His son Kumaragupta I was married to a Kadamba princess of the Karnataka region. Chandragupta II expanded his realm westwards, defeating the Saka
4995:
3196:. Modern genetic studies indicate that it was during the Gupta period that Indian caste groups ceased to intermarry (started practising/enforcing
2419:
attack around 455 CE, but the expense of the wars drained the empire's resources and contributed to its decline. The Bhitari Pillar inscription of
1800:
ritual (horse sacrifice), which was used by the ancient Indian kings and emperors to prove their imperial sovereignty, and issued gold coins (see
11637:
6757:
5746:
4985:
7415:
6558:
11657:
2925:
10491:
10074:
5367:
7866:
The empire was divided into provinces (desha, rashtra or bhukti). Each province was divided into a number of districts (pradesha or vishaya).
5451:
4945:
1562:-335 CE. "Che-li-ki-to", the name of a king mentioned by the 7th century Chinese Buddhist monk Yijing, is believed to be a transcription of "
5558:
11627:
6888:"The Alchon Huns....established themselves as overlords of northwestern India, and directly contributed to the downfall of the Guptas" in
890:
by historians, although this characterisation has been disputed by some other historians. The ruling dynasty of the empire was founded by
9011:
8682:
7691:
7224:
6907:
6463:
5629:
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was defeated by 395, and he crushed the Bengal chiefdoms. This extended his control from coast to coast, established a second capital at
8939:
7263:
7156:
7008:
6688:
5907:
1322:, where most of the inscriptions and coin hoards of the early Gupta emperors have been discovered. This theory is also supported by the
8715:
5048:
1769:-depicting Gupta seal for administering their own territories. This is an exaggeration: for example, the inscription lists the King of
5595:
3286:
2946:
The succession of the 6th-century Guptas is not entirely clear, but the tail end recognised ruler of the dynasty's main line was King
2621:
64:
5005:
3157:
2347:
1614:
princess Kumaradevi, which may have helped him extend his political power and dominions, enabling him to adopt the prestigious title
5102:
levels suggests greater material prosperity, to such a degree that some historians argue for an urban decline in the Gupta period."
4321:
3594:
7820:
6791:
2392:, son and successor of Kumaragupta I is generally considered to be the last of the great Gupta emperors. He assumed the titles of
1437:
9341:
9299:
7708:
4231:
3275:
also noted that Narasimhagupta Baladitya's son, Vajra, who commissioned a sangharama as well, "possessed a heart firm in faith".
1389:
origin, as certain ancient Indian texts prescribe the name "Gupta" for the members of the Vaishya varna. According to historian
9093:
1929:
1301:
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10826:
9045:
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7791:
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7507:
7386:
7308:
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6893:
Early Buddhist Transmission and Trade Networks: Mobility and Exchange Within and Beyond the Northwestern Borderlands of India
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5409:
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his efforts at reshaping a country in disarray, through reorganisation and military victories over the Pushyamitras and the
11350:
4193:
2595:, gravely weakened by the destruction of monasteries and the killing of monks by the hand of the vehemently anti-Buddhist
1314:
The homeland of the Guptas is uncertain. According to one theory, they originated in the present-day lower-Doab region of
6853:
4891:
2540:
These invasions, although only spanning a few decades, had long term effects on India, and in a sense brought an end to
11496:
10496:
2544:. Soon after the invasions, the Gupta Empire, already weakened by these invasions and the rise of local rulers such as
7172:
4177:
1401:, because they had matrimonial relations with Brahmins, but others reject this evidence as inconclusive. Based on the
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7752:
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7347:
7257:
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2560:, which the Gupta Empire had greatly benefited from. The Guptas had been exporting numerous luxury products such as
8239:
Champaneria, Manish C.; Workman, Adrienne D.; Gupta, Subhas C. (July 2014). "Sushruta: Father of Plastic Surgery".
5770:
On the basis of ... historians have now come to accept the lower doab region as the original homeland of the Guptas
3825:
approximates the method for determination of the meridian direction from any three positions of the shadow using a
917:
The high points of this period are the great cultural developments which took place primarily during the reigns of
4212:
3116:. Many modern scholars put forward the view that Kalidasa lived from the reign of Chandragupta II to the reign of
1721:
paid Samudragupta tributes, obeyed his orders, and performed obeisance before him. The frontier kingdoms included
1009:. After the collapse of the Gupta Empire in the 6th century, India was again ruled by numerous regional kingdoms.
11632:
11122:
2768:
10284:
2423:, the successor of Chandragupta, recalls the near annihilation of the Gupta Empire following the attacks of the
1599:
was used by feudatory rulers, which has led to suggestions that Gupta and Ghatotkacha were vassals (possibly of
9938:
9291:
7071:
6756:
Chakrabarti, K. (1996). "The Gupta Kingdom". In Guand-da, Zhang; Litvinsky, B.; Shabani Samghabadi, R. (eds.).
5745:
Chakrabarti, K. (1996). "The Gupta Kingdom". In Guand-da, Zhang; Litvinsky, B.; Shabani Samghabadi, R. (eds.).
5140:
5041:
1774:
2048:, especially during the reign of Chandragupta II. Some excellent works of Hindu art such as the panels at the
11560:
9067:
8846:
6930:
3693:
Gupta administration proved to be highly conducive for the rapid growth of urban centers. The Chinese author
3538:
2627:
1938:
According to the Gupta records, among his sons, Samudragupta nominated prince Chandragupta II, born of queen
284:
279:
2006:
also indicate that Chandragupta was able to rule north western Indian subcontinent and proceeded to conquer
11555:
11439:
9794:
9408:
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5062:
5020:
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4683:
3705:
was regarded as the second capital. Chandragupta Vikramaditya took personal interest in the development of
1796:
ceremonies. The Gupta records credit him with making generous donations of cows and gold. He performed the
1042:
8787:. Vol. 3, Part I: A.D. 300-985. Indian History Congress / People's Publishing House. pp. 17–52.
8737:
Political History of Ancient India: From the Accession of Parikshit to the Extinction of the Gupta Dynasty
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Despite the creation of the empire through war, the reign is remembered for its very influential style of
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10602:
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5132:
5128:
5122:
3876:-content iron, which serves to protect it from the effects of the corrosion The earliest evidence of the
3070:, the Guptas introduced several military innovations to Indian warfare. Chief among these was the use of
2049:
1018:
9913:
7579:
Bimal Kanti Majumdar (1949). "Military Pursuits and National Defence Under the Second Magadhan Empire".
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6932:
Monuments of Hope, Gloom and Glory in the Age of the Hunnic Wars: 50 years that changed India (484–534)
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2588:. The Huna invasion probably disrupted these trade relations and the tax revenues that came with them.
2557:
2487:
2362:
2231:
1781:: Samudragupta's panegyrist appears to have described this act of diplomacy as an act of subservience.
1294:
1270:
558:
3141:
mentions ships but not chariots. Ships had become integral part of Indian military in the 6th century
2342:
as well probably confronted the Gupta Empire towards the end of the rule of Kumaragupta I, as his son
1655:, credits him with extensive conquests. The inscription asserts that Samudragupta uprooted 8 kings of
878:
which existed from the mid 3rd century CE to mid 6th century CE. It was the seventh ruling dynasty of
11523:
10671:
10235:
9213:
6542:
5170:
Ayodhya, Part 1: The History of Ayodhya from the seventh century BC to the middle of the 18th century
5034:
5010:
4940:
4935:
4481:
4373:
3760:
3027:
1501:
1413:(clan) was "Dharana", but an alternative reading of these inscriptions suggests that Dharana was the
5373:
5329:
Taagepera, Rein (1979). "Size and Duration of Empires: Growth-Decline Curves, 600 B.C. to 600 A.D".
11481:
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from the country. He wrote 'Wasn't it Vikramaditya who drove the Sakas out from the lovely city of
1777:
sent rich presents to the Gupta emperor requesting his permission to build a Buddhist monastery at
176:
7563:
5448:
4303:
from the Gupta period provide one of the earliest examples of pointed arches anywhere in the world
3011:
In the heart of the former Gupta Empire, in the Gangetic region, the Guptas were succeeded by the
2075:
The court of Chandragupta II was made even more illustrious by the fact that it was graced by the
11647:
11548:
11429:
10970:
10923:
10866:
10565:
10509:
10257:
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Hinduism. In: Joseph Kitagawa, "The Religious Traditions of Asia: Religion, History, and Culture"
9934:
5015:
4930:
4718:
4507:
2239:
2140:, as well as India proper. In one of his works Kalidasa also credits him with the removal of the
1360:) built a temple for Chinese pilgrims near Mi-li-kia-si-kia-po-no (apparently a transcription of
723:
5988:
4273:, is one of the last surviving fortification remains from the Gupta period, currently 5–7 m high
3888:. The gins consisted of a single roller made of iron or wood and a flat piece of stone or wood.
3082:
formed the core of the Gupta Army and were supported by the traditional Indian Army elements of
11570:
11471:
11466:
11154:
11102:
11022:
10955:
10859:
10844:
10737:
10504:
10458:
10299:
10186:
4747:
4342:
4145:
4141:
4026:
3991:
is said to have developed in this period, where its early form in the 6th century was known as
2053:
1994:
and was the high point of the empire. Kuntala inscriptions indicate rule of Chandragupta II in
1571:
1361:
406:
305:
17:
8995:
8666:
8404:
8051:
8045:
7688:
7611:
7208:
7036:
7024:
6891:
6672:
6447:
6420:
5613:
4393:
3805:
1717:
The Allahabad Pillar inscription mentions that rulers of several frontier kingdoms and tribal
11652:
11622:
11501:
11461:
11274:
11149:
10213:
10203:
10162:
10133:
9696:
9580:
9551:
9451:
8923:
8448:
7247:
7153:
7048:
7005:
6828:
5891:
5709:
5703:
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5263:
4975:
4960:
4950:
4839:
4068:
3970:
3153:
3039:
2759:
2710:
2608:
1287:
165:
11389:
8699:
7468:
7432:
5592:
3268:
11594:
11424:
11394:
11269:
11200:
11171:
11090:
10424:
10262:
10252:
5067:
3957:
3854:
2795:
2786:
2358:
2003:
1999:
1770:
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8344:
Buddhist Monks And Monasteries Of India: Their History And Contribution To Indian Culture.
7285:
6759:
History of Civilizations of Central Asia: The crossroads of civilizations, A.D. 250 to 750
6713:
is to be seen in his rare silver coins which are more directly imitated from those of the
5748:
History of Civilizations of Central Asia: The crossroads of civilizations, A.D. 250 to 750
5531:
5525:
5478:
5472:
2981:) in 542/543 CE. This follows the occupation of most of northern and central India by the
8:
11286:
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10849:
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10380:
10316:
10191:
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7783:
Buddhist Monks And Monasteries of India: Their History And Contribution To Indian Culture
7474:
4780:
4700:
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4551:
4109:
figures, the latter often on a very large scale. The two great centres of sculpture were
3909:
3782:
3396:
3016:
2882:
2873:
1983:
1816:
1326:, as argued by the proponents, that mention the territory of the early Gupta emperors as
979:
887:
883:
875:
11002:
10992:
8098:, in Hockey, Thomas; Trimble, Virginia; Williams, Thomas R.; Bracher, Katherine (eds.),
6654:
5264:"Chapter 11 – The Gupta Empire and the Western Satraps: Chandragupta I to Kumaragupta I"
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11313:
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10987:
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10538:
10436:
10304:
10279:
9708:
9535:
9479:
9435:
8955:
8900:
8802:
8385:
7950:
7588:
7152:
Indian Esoteric Buddhism: Social History of the Tantric Movement by Ronald M. Davidson
7138:
6783:
5346:
5213:
4636:
4487:
4285:
4168:
4118:
4072:
3790:
3769:
3756:
3724:
3292:
3267:), King Narasimhsagupta became a Buddhist monk, and left the world through meditation (
3256:
2843:
2804:
2656:
1979:
1971:
1734:
1660:
1611:
1541:
1074:
792:
764:
709:
450:
196:
129:
6581:
6497:
5982:
2079:(Nine Jewels), a group of nine who excelled in the literary arts. Among these men was
1497:, where Samudragupta presents king Gupta as his great-grandfather. Dated circa 350 CE.
1349:
region in Ganges basin, based on the account of the 7th-century Chinese Buddhist monk
11508:
11404:
11340:
11335:
11264:
11161:
10876:
10804:
10799:
10641:
10570:
10553:
10548:
10543:
10343:
10294:
9947:
9943:
9901:
9890:
9868:
9836:
9822:
9507:
9041:
9001:
8965:
8929:
8910:
8874:
8853:
8830:
8809:
8788:
8764:
8757:
8741:
8705:
8672:
8574:
8564:
8534:
8497:
8454:
8410:
8377:
8309:
8256:
8177:
8155:
8138:
8111:
8055:
8041:
7989:
7942:
7897:
7855:
7826:
7787:
7748:
7530:
7503:
7478:
7438:
7430:
7382:
7343:
7304:
7253:
7214:
7106:
7102:
A History of Ancient and Early Medieval India: From the Stone Age to the 12th Century
7067:
6936:
6897:
6763:
6678:
6548:
6544:
A History of Ancient and Early Medieval India: From the Stone Age to the 12th Century
6453:
6416:
A history of fine art in India and Ceylon, from the earliest times to the present day
6414:
5897:
5752:
5713:
5658:
5619:
5535:
5482:
5405:
5311:
5242:
5217:
5173:
5136:
4970:
4965:
4897:
4845:
4695:
4625:
4418:
4266:
3961:
3385:
3031:
2603:, started to collapse. Great centres of learning were destroyed, such as the city of
1390:
1378:
3109:
3093:
The utilisation of horse archers in the Gupta period is evidenced on the coinage of
2965:
The last known inscription by a Gupta emperor is from the reign of Vishnugupta (the
2163:
states, King Vikramaditya (Chandragupta II) had "unburdened the sacred earth of the
2021:
11357:
11144:
11139:
11095:
11082:
11012:
10980:
10975:
10839:
10834:
10816:
10777:
10710:
10693:
10634:
10624:
10619:
10560:
10516:
10486:
10446:
10429:
10412:
10375:
10126:
9832:
9817:
9813:
9766:
9762:
9722:
9688:
9684:
9503:
8558:
8477:
8369:
8248:
8150:
8107:
8103:
7981:
5338:
5301:
5236:
5205:
4990:
4786:
4671:
4665:
4557:
4382:
3838:
3801:
3681:
3582:
3560:
3500:
3319:
3043:
3035:
3012:
3000:
2891:
2184:
2113:
2065:
2037:
2011:
1862:
1578:
1494:
937:
778:
156:
2206:, was one of the pilgrims who visited India during the reign of the Gupta emperor
11575:
11543:
11416:
11384:
11367:
11323:
11318:
11296:
11291:
11249:
11242:
11217:
11077:
11072:
10913:
10794:
10688:
10683:
10651:
10476:
10466:
10360:
10353:
10348:
10333:
10289:
10171:
10157:
10070:
9951:
9909:
9905:
9872:
9844:
9840:
9786:
9692:
9624:
9586:
9392:
9037:
9031:
8959:
8904:
8868:
8824:
8782:
8554:
8491:
8431:
8252:
8171:
8095:
7969:
7849:
7781:
7742:
7695:
7524:
7376:
7337:
7298:
7160:
7100:
7012:
6714:
6710:
5599:
5565:
5455:
4757:
4741:
4712:
4592:
4204:
4137:
4129:
3742:
3738:
3728:
3677:
3489:
3094:
3059:
2913:
2721:
2647:
2541:
2483:
2289:
2207:
2180:
2133:
2064:
cultures as well, and for this reason, there is also a long history of non-Hindu
2026:
2015:
1995:
1955:
1947:
1919:
1700:
1691:
1668:
1588:
1406:
1253:
1147:
922:
903:
737:
695:
573:
504:
268:
214:
10997:
8024:
A Universal History of Numbers: From Prehistory to the Invention of the Computer
7985:
7137:
Corpus Inscriptionum Indicarum Vol.3 (inscriptions of the Early Gupta emperors)
3822:
3764:
1603:). However, there are several instances of paramount sovereigns using the title
1353:. According to Yijing, king Che-li-ki-to (identified with the dynasty's founder
948:, were canonised during this period. The Gupta period produced scholars such as
11518:
11513:
11476:
11451:
11434:
11345:
11330:
11301:
11259:
11107:
11067:
11062:
11017:
10943:
10903:
10893:
10883:
10698:
10577:
10471:
10338:
10220:
9806:
9679:
9576:
9177:
8778:
8331:
7210:
Negotiating Cultural Identity: Landscapes in Early Medieval South Asian History
5209:
5193:
4980:
4833:
4774:
4762:
4752:
4733:
4677:
4605:
4534:
4251:
4087:
3965:
3480:
3372:
3328:
3299:
3087:
3067:
2534:
2479:
2471:
2319:
2280:
2010:, although some scholars have also disputed the identity of the Gupta emperor.
1987:
1967:
1946:(Brave as the Sun), ruled from 375 until 415. He married a Kadamba princess of
1848:
1837:
1773:
among these kings. It is known that from Chinese sources that the Simhala king
1758:
1656:
1552:
1506:
1207:
1187:
1091:
983:
895:
468:
241:
147:
9226:
4512:
3976:
11616:
11599:
11486:
11281:
11254:
11227:
11205:
11183:
10950:
10933:
10918:
10762:
10715:
10703:
10629:
10521:
10395:
10390:
10365:
10247:
9955:
9758:
9718:
9619:
9602:
9555:
9540:
9526:
9499:
9495:
9455:
9440:
9429:
9381:
8991:
8618:
8381:
7993:
7946:
5315:
5099:
4819:
4807:
4630:
4617:
4611:
4577:
4328:
4148:
is a major temple, one of the earliest to survive, with important sculpture.
3809:
3243:
3185:
3098:
3079:
2822:
2813:
2777:
2730:
2683:
2665:
2611:. For example, the Hunas are often said to have become the precursors of the
2457:
2409:
2285:
2275:
2203:
2080:
2045:
2041:
1809:
1754:
1738:
1680:
1664:
1600:
1592:
1350:
1319:
1157:
926:
907:
522:
389:
232:
111:
11027:
11007:
9073:
8914:
8792:
8578:
2427:. The Kidarites seem to have retained the western part of the Gupta Empire.
1485:("Great King, Lord Gupta"), mentioning the first ruler of the dynasty, king
11491:
11232:
11222:
11188:
11117:
11112:
11039:
10829:
10811:
10772:
10767:
10747:
10742:
10614:
10607:
10597:
10592:
10587:
10481:
10419:
10385:
10321:
9547:
9447:
9317:
9255:
9220:
9202:
9194:
9138:
9078:
9027:
8260:
5494:
terrain of the entire subcontinent argues strongly for a Guptan provenance.
4825:
4767:
4569:
4524:
4501:
4495:
4361:
4223:
4133:
4125:
4124:
The most famous remaining monuments in a broadly Gupta style, the caves at
4014:
3885:
3637:
3407:
3339:
3126:
3083:
3075:
3071:
2955:
2638:
2553:
2545:
2526:
2453:
2335:
1959:
1635:
1623:
1619:
1618:. According to the dynasty's official records, he was succeeded by his son
1514:
1490:
1486:
1441:
1394:
1382:
1357:
1118:
1108:
1057:
1006:
957:
918:
899:
891:
750:
486:
431:
5306:
5289:
3994:
882:. At its zenith, from approximately 319 to 467 CE, it covered much of the
70:
11210:
11195:
11044:
10757:
10666:
10656:
10582:
10230:
10225:
10095:
The Origins of Yoga and Tantra. Indic Religions to the Thirteenth Century
9863:
9856:
9739:
9713:
9521:
9491:
9152:
4878:
4851:
4705:
4270:
4105:
3845:
medicine with innovative chapters on surgery, dates to the Gupta period.
3759:, an approximation of π of 4 decimal places, trignimotric functions, and
3755:, making significant contributions to mathematics including developing a
3751:
3462:
3138:
3117:
3023:
2978:
2969:
copper-plate inscription), in which he makes a land grant in the area of
2931:
2853:
2748:
2581:
2502:
2491:
2449:
2420:
2405:
2389:
2378:
2343:
2309:
2243:
2188:
2117:
1785:
1746:
1718:
1672:
1236:
1167:
1002:
994:
941:
933:
911:
854:
806:
540:
328:
259:
102:
8219:
http://search.credoreference.com/content/entry/cupaaa/indian_astronomy/0
8217:. Cambridge, United Kingdom: Cambridge University Press. Retrieved from
7954:
7930:
7592:
6784:"Nalanda University Ruins | Nalanda Travel Guide | Ancient Nalanda Site"
4140:
actually record connections with the dynasty and its ministers, and the
3054:
1644:
Samudragupta succeeded his father around 335 or 350 CE, and ruled until
1469:
11237:
11054:
10928:
10888:
10821:
9925:
9735:
5350:
4955:
4813:
4447:
4300:
4242:
4096:
4053:
4022:
4018:
3993:
3949:
3897:
3877:
3873:
3732:
3520:
3251:
3231:
3227:
3223:
3219:
3169:
2970:
2966:
2833:
2739:
2674:
2600:
2522:
2518:
2510:
2495:
2475:
2400:. He defeated the Pushyamitra threat, but then was faced with invading
2235:
2160:
1797:
1793:
1345:
Another prominent theory locates the Gupta homeland in the present-day
1218:
1197:
961:
844:
656:
187:
138:
8389:
8357:
6975:
Encyclopaedia of Indian Events & Dates by S B. Bhattacherje p. A15
2525:
in 510. The Huns were defeated and driven out of India in 528 by King
1622:. However, the discovery of the coins issued by a Gupta emperor named
1459:
1454:
11127:
10898:
10782:
10752:
10533:
10407:
10198:
9668:
8925:
A Political History of the Imperial Guptas: From Gupta to Skandagupta
8450:
A Political History of the Imperial Guptas: From Gupta to Skandagupta
7871:
5521:
5468:
5086:
4519:
4219:
4038:
3865:
3858:
3841:, which is a Sanskrit redaction text on all of the major concepts of
3821:
sphere, containing a circumference of 24,835 miles (39,967 km).
3817:
3813:
3786:
3746:
3471:
3451:
3429:
3102:
2951:
2467:
2431:
2424:
2401:
2366:
2339:
2251:
2164:
2156:
2090:
2033:
1939:
1875:
1855:
1815:
Samudragupta appears to have directly controlled a large part of the
1778:
1750:
1671:
kingdom in the south, and defeated Vishnugopa, the Pallava regent of
1525:
1519:
1480:
1474:
1426:
1177:
1136:
998:
974:
969:
953:
250:
205:
8870:
Problems of Ancient Indian History: New Perspectives and Perceptions
8563:. Benjamin Press (originally published by Oxford University Press).
6966:
Ancient Indian History and Civilization by Sailendra Nath Sen p. 220
5342:
5288:
Turchin, Peter; Adams, Jonathan M.; Hall, Thomas D (December 2006).
3652:(council of representatives), which comprised four representatives:
2297:: Bust of king with crescents, with traces of corrupt Greek script.
1464:
1449:
1397:. Some scholars, such as S. R. Goyal, theorise that the Guptas were
10528:
10311:
10269:
10208:
9746:
9629:
9487:
9313:
9305:
9259:
9250:
8373:
8346:
by Dutt, Sukumar. George Allen and Unwin Ltd, London 1962. pg 352-3
5823:
4529:
4453:
4435:
4200:
4114:
4056:
4002:
3953:
3913:
3881:
3842:
3549:
3418:
3272:
3247:
3204:
3197:
3173:
3113:
2982:
2701:
2692:
2596:
2592:
2514:
2506:
2247:
2172:
2129:
2121:
2108:
2104:
2095:
2057:
1963:
1882:. A large number of his copper coins also have been found from the
1730:
1722:
1652:
1583:
1398:
949:
945:
930:
839:
399:
369:
364:
346:
223:
93:
8289:
is a publication specialized in corrosion science and engineering.
6737:
4095:
The Gupta period is generally regarded as a classic peak of North
3917:
3571:
2330:. He ruled until 455. Towards the end of his reign a tribe in the
1581:
inscription, Gupta and his successor Ghatotkacha are described as
10441:
10370:
10326:
10181:
9827:
9753:
9654:
9635:
9483:
9356:
9309:
9271:
9264:
6427:
6334:
6247:
6186:
6184:
6133:
5835:
5775:
5683:
5499:
4600:
4546:
4423:
4184:
4110:
4006:
3869:
3735:
3702:
3698:
3624:
3529:
3235:
3193:
3177:
2974:
2612:
2585:
2577:
2331:
2258:
2227:
2223:
2191:, and others, by annihilating these sinful Mlecchas completely".
2168:
2137:
1887:
1871:
1742:
1386:
1371:
1335:
1327:
987:
879:
661:
384:
374:
350:
336:
120:
10242:
7970:"The Past, Present and Future of Mathematics in China and India"
6833:
6806:
6478:
6346:
6061:
6049:
5799:
2430:
Skandagupta died in 467 and was succeeded by his agnate brother
1890:
region and classified in five distinct types, which include the
10274:
10149:
9790:
9361:
9276:
9208:
9134:
9062:
8139:"The so-called fibonacci numbers in ancient and medieval India"
7974:
Notices of the International Congress of Chinese Mathematicians
7610:
A History of Ancient and Early Medieval India by Upinder Singh
6382:
6300:
6298:
6237:
6235:
6208:
6121:
5995:
5946:
5404:. Delhi: Manohar Publishers and Distributors. pp. 149–73.
4247:
4164:
4160:
4064:
4060:
3826:
3778:
3706:
3701:
as a prosperous country with rich towns and large populations.
3694:
3352:
3310:
3239:
3181:
2930:
Political fragmentation of South Asia after the retreat of the
2604:
2549:
2303:
2199:
2176:
2145:
2069:
1991:
1907:
1833:
1766:
1726:
1676:
1587:("Great King"), while the next king Chandragupta I is called a
1366:
1346:
1339:
1331:
1323:
859:
332:
318:
77:
7737:
7431:
Vasudev Vishnu Mirashi and Narayan Raghunath Navlekar (1969).
7023:
Ancient Indian History and Civilization by Sailendra Nath Sen
6259:
6196:
6181:
6169:
6157:
6145:
5241:. Internet Archive. London : Franklin Watts. p. 17.
2128:
valleys respectively. Thereafter, the king proceeded into the
10908:
8642:
7931:"Some Aspects of the Gupta Civilization: Economic Conditions"
6935:, Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences, Section 4,
6583:
Old Brahmi Inscriptions In The Udayagiri And Khandagiri Caves
6073:
6007:
5958:
5859:
5726:
5568:. Britannica Online Encyclopedia. Retrieved 21 November 2011.
5458:. Britannica Online Encyclopedia. Retrieved 21 November 2011.
5362:
5360:
4903:
4441:
4238:
4010:
3988:
3363:
3165:
3122:
2959:
2573:
2569:
2565:
2530:
2460:
erected by person named Madra during the reign of Skandagupta
2351:
2007:
1975:
1910:
legends on these coins are written in the early Gupta style.
1651:. The Allahabad Pillar inscription, composed by his courtier
1410:
1315:
849:
834:
651:
646:
8630:
6370:
6322:
6295:
6283:
6271:
6232:
6220:
6109:
6085:
5934:
5871:
5847:
5811:
5787:
4121:. Both exported sculpture to other parts of northern India.
968:
and political administration reached new heights during the
9321:
9162:
8594:
8301:
7004:
The First Spring: The Golden Age of India by Abraham Eraly
6709:"Evidence of the conquest of Saurastra during the reign of
6394:
6358:
6310:
6097:
5576:
5574:
4101:
3774:
3511:
3203:
Some later rulers however seem to have especially promoted
2591:
Furthermore, Indian urban culture was left in decline, and
2561:
2446:
2141:
2125:
2061:
1913:
1883:
1867:
1789:
1567:
1563:
1402:
1364:). Yijing states that this temple was located more than 40
10118:
8804:
The Hindu Temple: An Introduction to its Meaning and Forms
8072:
7818:
7625:
In Translation - Reflections, Refractions, Transformations
7066:. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. pp. 26, 146.
5922:
5357:
2442:
2288:(Coin of his Western territories, design derived from the
8531:
The Wiley-Blackwell Companion to Inter-Religious Dialogue
8215:
Encyclopedia of the history of Astronomy and Astrophysics
3861:. The corrosion resistance results from an even layer of
3046:, which had been introduced in India by the Alchon Huns.
8848:
The Art and Architecture of India: Buddhist, Hindu, Jain
8305:
Characterization of corrosion products on steel surfaces
8067:
square of the sum of the series is the sum of the cubes.
7709:"The caste system has left its mark on Indians' genomes"
5571:
5196:(1982). "The rise of Ayodhya as a place of pilgrimage".
1710:
Evolution of Gupta territory, with neighbouring polities
8238:
8050:(Second ed.). John Wiley & Sons, Inc. p.
5893:
Early Medieval Indian Society: A Study in Feudalisation
5167:
3112:
written by the Classical Sanskrit writer and dramatist
3062:
astride a caparisoned horse with a bow in his left hand
964:, who made great advancements in many academic fields.
8606:
8197:
8195:
8193:
6978:
5430:
5418:
1808:
Samudragupta's gold coins, which depict him playing a
1409:, some scholars believe that the name of her paternal
8089:
8087:
6660:. Translated by Legge, James. Oxford Clarendon Press.
6590:
8278:
On the Corrosion Resistance of the Delhi Iron Pillar
8272:
8270:
7578:
6670:
6452:. New Delhi: Abhinav Publications. pp. 120–21.
4351:
2099:
Sculpture of Vishnu (red sandstone), 5th century CE.
10088:, Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press
8759:
The Art and Architecture of the Indian Subcontinent
8697:
8190:
7420:(2 ed.). Firma K.L. Mukhopadhyay. p. 118.
6855:
Personal and Geographic Names in Gupta Inscriptions
5841:
5829:
5805:
5781:
3808:appeared at the start of the Gupta period based on
1986:in a campaign lasting until 409. His main opponent
8954:
8845:
8801:
8756:
8493:The Recognition of Sakuntala: A Play In Seven Acts
8084:
7877:
7500:A Concise History of Classical Sanskrit Literature
5505:
2934:to the northwest and the end of the Gupta Empire,
2306:standing facing with spread wings. Brahmi legend:
2091:Chandragupta II's campaigns against foreign tribes
1860:Ramagupta is known from a sixth-century play, the
1405:and Riddhapur inscriptions of the Gupta princess
27:Ancient Indian empire (c. 3rd century CE – 575 CE)
11668:States and territories disestablished in the 550s
8730:
8267:
7935:Bulletin of the Deccan College Research Institute
7627:. John Benjamins Publishing Company. p. 159.
7526:Warfare in Pre-British India, 1500 BCE to 1740 CE
7497:
7378:Warfare in Pre-British India, 1500 BCE to 1740 CE
7300:Warfare in Pre-British India, 1500 BCE to 1740 CE
6839:
6812:
6484:
4336:
3006:
1741:. The tribal aristocracies and kingdoms included
11614:
6648:
6646:
5287:
5127:. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. p.
4025:is widely considered to be the standard work on
2326:Dhruvasvamini. Kumaragupta I assumed the title,
2318:Chandragupta II was succeeded by his second son
1866:, in which he surrenders his queen to the enemy
1679:, and then marched south along the coast of the
894:and the most notable rulers of the dynasty were
8664:
7652:
7252:. Motilal Banarsidass Publ. p. 45 Note 1.
6743:
6433:
6340:
6265:
6253:
6202:
6190:
6175:
6163:
6151:
6139:
6079:
6067:
6055:
6013:
5964:
5865:
5817:
5732:
5689:
4090:is a Jain temple built during the Gupta period.
3884:paintings depicting a single-roller gin in the
3880:was found in the fifth century, in the form of
3713:
3709:as a major cultural center after its conquest.
3022:In the western regions, they were succeeded by
2132:mountains to reduce the mountain tribes of the
1377:The Gupta records do not mention the dynasty's
11663:States and territories established in the 320s
8964:. State Mutual Book & Periodical Service.
8921:
8358:"Kālidāsa and the Attitudes of the Golden Age"
7466:
6376:
6352:
6328:
6304:
6289:
6226:
6214:
6127:
6115:
6001:
5952:
5940:
5877:
5853:
5793:
5605:
5192:
3912:is also said to have belonged to this period.
3741:in the world originated from Gupta India. The
3250:, resembled the "great Vihara built under the
10134:
9094:
8990:
8866:
8777:
8402:
8213:Indian Astronomy. (2013). In D. Leverington,
8163:
8021:
7105:. New Delhi: Pearson Education. p. 480.
7047:Longman History & Civics ICSE 9 by Singh
6643:
6400:
6388:
6364:
6316:
6277:
6241:
6103:
6091:
5928:
5290:"East-West Orientation of Historical Empires"
5042:
3848:
3785:made contributions on units of measurement.
1295:
638:3,500,000 km (1,400,000 sq mi)
11591:"Empire" as a description of foreign policy
9108:
8899:
8297:
8295:
8169:
8100:The Biographical Encyclopedia of Astronomers
8078:
8006:
7779:
7683:
7681:
7679:
7148:
7146:
7059:
6027:"The Gupta Empire | Boundless World History"
5889:
5120:
3676:. The Gupta also had trading links with the
3222:, was brought up under the influence of the
2338:, rose in power to threaten the empire. The
1878:, with inscriptions referring to him as the
10069:
8480:, edited by N. Balasubramanya, 1970, page X
8440:
6755:
5744:
5390:, Vol. I, (Atlantic Publishers, 2001), 130.
3105:) that depicts the kings as horse-archers.
2210:. He started his journey from China in 399
10141:
10127:
9101:
9087:
8754:
8648:
8636:
8624:
8467:
8453:. Concept Publishing Company. p. 90.
8423:
8327:
8325:
8223:
7581:Proceedings of the Indian History Congress
7213:. Taylor & Francis. pp. 161–164.
5593:Trade | The Story of India – Photo Gallery
5580:
5049:
5035:
4001:, which translates as "four divisions " –
3184:remained an important centre of Buddhism.
2490:(540–550), two lesser known kings namely,
1302:
1288:
8436:. Oxford University Press. pp. 76–7.
8292:
8154:
7731:
7676:
7622:
7606:
7604:
7602:
7249:History of Kanauj: To the Moslem Conquest
7143:
7035:A Comprehensive History Of Ancient India
7000:
6998:
6996:
6994:
6992:
5611:
5328:
5305:
5281:
5172:, Groningen: Egbert Forsten, p. 12,
3632:(districts) and put under the control of
3158:Dharmachakra Pravartana Buddha at Sarnath
2365:. Kumaragupta I was also a worshipper of
1381:(social class). Some historians, such as
886:. This period has been considered as the
10083:
8822:
8528:
8496:. Oxford University Press. pp. ix.
8489:
8396:
8362:Journal of the American Oriental Society
8102:, New York, NY: Springer, p. 1251,
7928:
7889:
7687:The Gupta Empire by Radhakumud Mookerji
7655:Rethinking 'Classical Yoga' and Buddhism
7413:
7245:
6827:The Huns, Hyun Jin Kim, Routledge, 2015
6652:
6547:. Pearson Education India. p. 480.
5701:
5650:
5424:
5322:
5268:The Public's Library and Digital Archive
4288:was first established under Gupta Empire
3956:, a playwright, wrote plays such as the
3727:flourished during the Gupta Empire. The
3238:and also a 300 ft (91 m) high
3152:
3053:
3049:
2441:
2437:
2361:which on 15 July 2016 was declared as a
2279:
2094:
2020:
1827:
1551:-319 CE, followed by Ghatotkacha's son,
1500:
1436:
11415:
8843:
8799:
8612:
8600:
8355:
8322:
8093:
7893:Ancient Indian History and Civilization
7825:, Vikas Publishing House, p. 128,
7502:. Motilal Banarsidass. pp. 77–78.
7335:
7202:
7200:
7198:
7092:
6823:
6821:
6677:. Abhinav Publications. pp. 112–.
6674:Coin splendour: a journey into the past
6605:
5654:Ancient Indian History and Civilization
5516:
5514:
4032:
3278:
2408:or "White Huns", known in India as the
2072:in his diary and published afterwards.
1540:-280 CE, and was succeeded by his son,
14:
11638:6th-century disestablishments in India
11615:
10092:
9658:Co-existence of Hinduism and Buddhism
8553:
8533:. John Wiley & Sons. p. 199.
8446:
8302:Yoshio Waseda; Shigeru Suzuki (2006).
7910:from the original on 27 September 2022
7854:. Vikas Publishing House. p. 94.
7786:. George Allen and Unwin Ltd, London.
7773:
7706:
7670:Medicine and Medical Policies in India
7599:
6989:
6928:
6889:
6879:, (George Braziller, Inc., 1967), 393.
6851:
6762:. Vol. III. UNESCO. p. 191.
6498:"Annual Report Of Mysore 1886 To 1903"
6445:
5751:. Vol. III. UNESCO. p. 188.
5234:
3438:
3427:
3394:
3361:
3350:
3218:–?), according to contemporary writer
2898:
2889:
2871:
2784:
2775:
2766:
2757:
2728:
2719:
2708:
2690:
2681:
2663:
2645:
277:
230:
221:
203:
163:
154:
145:
11658:Ancient empires and kingdoms of India
10122:
10060:
9855:
9672:
9601:
9574:
9525:
9520:
9082:
9026:
8829:. Britannica Educational Publishing.
8429:
8285:, Volume 42 (2000) pp. 2103 to 2129.
8136:
8036:
7657:. Bloomsbury Publishing. p. 151.
7637:
7173:"Deluge drowned mighty Guptas: Study"
7119:from the original on 20 December 2016
7098:
6794:from the original on 11 February 2017
6726:
6579:
6540:
6412:
6037:from the original on 28 December 2020
5984:Corpus Inscriptionum Indicarum Vol. 3
5980:
5612:Dikshitar, V. R. Ramachandra (1993).
5436:
5227:
5149:from the original on 24 February 2021
3773:developing various formulas relating
3580:
3569:
3558:
3527:
3518:
3478:
3460:
3449:
3416:
3405:
3383:
3370:
3337:
3326:
3317:
3308:
3297:
2880:
2840:
2802:
2793:
2699:
2672:
2654:
2636:
2564:, leather goods, fur, iron products,
2218:. During his stay in India up to 411
1942:, as his successor. Chandragupta II,
1659:, the northern region, including the
972:. The period, sometimes described as
239:
212:
194:
185:
127:
118:
100:
9014:from the original on 10 January 2020
8978:from the original on 10 January 2020
8942:from the original on 13 January 2020
8887:from the original on 11 January 2020
8668:Rise and Fall of the Imperial Guptas
8510:from the original on 22 October 2020
7667:
7561:
7437:. Popular Prakashan. pp. 1–35.
7417:The military system in ancient India
7342:. Abhinav Publications. p. 92.
7239:
7195:
7080:from the original on 6 February 2022
6949:from the original on 11 January 2020
6818:
6419:. Oxford: Clarendon Press. pp.
5708:. Rutgers University Press. p.
5695:
5559:Gupta dynasty: empire in 4th century
5520:
5511:
5467:
4265:Nalrajar Garh fortification wall in
3968:published major works including the
3952:wrote various on Sanskrit grammar.
3804:also saw progress in this era. The
3598:The Gupta Empire and other polities
3536:
3498:
3487:
3469:
2860:
2851:
2831:
2811:
2746:
2737:
2625:
2124:tribes located in the west and east
1958:from this Naga queen was married to
874:was an ancient Indian empire on the
600:• Coronation of Chandragupta I
248:
174:
136:
109:
91:
75:
11628:4th-century establishments in India
8997:Political Violence in Ancient India
8718:from the original on 8 January 2020
8701:The Imperial Guptas and Their Times
8685:from the original on 8 January 2020
8529:Cornille, Catherine (8 June 2020).
7967:
7707:Newitz, Annalee (25 January 2016).
7642:. Abhinav Publications. p. 97.
7562:Kale, Moreshwar Ramchandra (1922).
7522:
7374:
7356:from the original on 14 August 2020
7339:The Imperial Guptas and Their Times
7296:
7206:
7183:from the original on 19 August 2019
6910:from the original on 3 January 2022
6512:"HALDEIKISH, Sacred Rocks of Hunza"
5477:. Atlantic Monthly Press. pp.
5402:Ancient India in Historical Outline
5399:
5255:
3816:corresponding to the Roman names.
3622:. Provinces were also divided into
3547:
3509:
3101:and Prakasaditya (postulated to be
2911:
1930:Chandragupta II's Campaign of Balkh
1792:inscription, and performed several
1595:"). In the later period, the title
1385:, have theorised that they were of
266:
257:
24:
8627:, pp. 118–22, 123–26, 129–35.
8009:Translation of the Surya Siddhanta
8007:Deva Shastri, Pundit Bapu (1861).
7819:Sheila Bhattacharya; Monica Bose,
7800:from the original on 10 March 2017
7761:from the original on 10 March 2017
7266:from the original on 17 April 2022
6561:from the original on 18 March 2022
5910:from the original on 26 March 2021
5632:from the original on 2 August 2020
5602:. PBS. Retrieved 21 November 2011.
5530:. Atlantic Monthly Press. p.
5006:List of Inventions and Discoveries
4392:
3168:dynasty. They were patronizers of
3160:from the Gupta era, 5th century CE
2820:
2572:, and pepper from centres such as
1784:Samudragupta appears to have been
25:
11679:
9055:
8430:Keith, Arthur Berriedale (1966).
5294:Journal of World-Systems Research
5261:
4327:Krishna fighting the horse demon
3806:names of the seven days in a week
2284:Silver coin of the Gupta Emperor
2087:(romantic) element in his verse.
1804:below) to mark this performance.
1425:For historical calendar era, see
10041:
10032:
10023:
10014:
10005:
9996:
9987:
9978:
9968:References and sources for table
9061:
8784:A Comprehensive History of India
8585:
8547:
8522:
8483:
8433:A History of Sanskrit literature
8409:. Penguin UK. pp. 268–274.
8349:
8337:
8232:
8207:
8130:
8030:
8026:. London: John Wiley & Sons.
8015:
8000:
7961:
7922:
7883:
7842:
7822:Transitions History & Civics
7812:
7719:from the original on 8 June 2021
7700:
7661:
7646:
7631:
7616:
7572:
7555:
7543:from the original on 9 July 2021
7516:
7491:
7460:
7451:
7424:
7407:
7395:from the original on 9 July 2021
7368:
7329:
7317:from the original on 9 July 2021
7290:
7278:
7227:from the original on 20 May 2022
7165:
7131:
7063:A Historical atlas of South Asia
7060:Schwartzberg, Joseph E. (1978).
7053:
7041:
7029:
7017:
6969:
6960:
6922:
6882:
6727:Virji, krishnakumari J. (1952).
6691:from the original on 29 May 2013
6522:from the original on 13 May 2021
5124:A Historical atlas of South Asia
5121:Schwartzberg, Joseph E. (1978).
4525:Spread of Jainism – Parshvanatha
4354:
4320:
4308:
4293:
4278:
4258:
4230:
4211:
4192:
4176:
4153:
4080:
4045:
3291:
3285:
3164:The Guptas were traditionally a
3038:dynasties, who issued so-called
2620:
2269:
1699:
1690:
1524:
1518:
1479:
1473:
1468:
1463:
1458:
1453:
1448:
1048:
1041:
811:
797:
783:
769:
755:
730:
716:
702:
688:
69:
63:
8852:(3rd ed.). Penguin Books.
8808:. University of Chicago Press.
8657:
8173:Hinduism: An Alphabetical Guide
8042:"The Mathematics of the Hindus"
7434:Kālidāsa; Date, Life, and Works
6865:
6845:
6776:
6749:
6720:
6703:
6664:
6633:
6624:
6614:
6599:
6573:
6534:
6504:
6490:
6466:from the original on 4 May 2016
6439:
6406:
6019:
5970:
5883:
5738:
5671:from the original on 7 May 2021
5644:
5586:
5552:
5461:
5442:
5393:
5092:
5079:
3688:
1629:
1432:
8356:Ingalls, Daniel H. H. (1976).
8108:10.1007/978-0-387-30400-7_1513
7739:Sankalia, Hasmukhlal Dhirajlal
7672:. Lexington Books. p. 37.
7414:Majumdar, Bimal Kanti (1960).
6877:A dictionary of Indian history
6413:Smith, Vincent Arthur (1911).
5981:Fleet, John Faithfull (1888).
5449:Gupta dynasty (Indian dynasty)
5380:
5185:
5161:
5114:
5001:Science and Technology History
4337:Family tree and List of rulers
4063:besides the Apsidal hall with
3719:
3044:coinage of the Sasanian Empire
3007:Post-Gupta successor dynasties
2372:
1914:Chandragupta II "Vikramaditya"
13:
1:
8176:. Penguin Books. p. 89.
7851:New Milestones Social Science
7336:Ganguly, Dilip Kumar (1987).
7207:Ray, Himanshu Prabha (2019).
6871:Sachchidananda Bhattacharya,
6730:Ancient History Of Saurashtra
6671:Prasanna Rao Bandela (2003).
6500:– via Internet Archive.
5108:
3903:
3599:
3261:
3212:
3180:to practice their religions.
3078:and heavy sword cavalry. The
2986:
2935:
2542:Classical Indian civilisation
2533:, and possibly Gupta emperor
2312:Sri Kumaragupta Mahendraditya
2222:, he went on a pilgrimage to
1841:
1645:
1556:
1545:
1534:
1259:
1242:
1225:
1124:
1097:
1080:
1063:
614:
589:
549:
531:
513:
495:
477:
459:
441:
422:
298:
81:
49:
42:
10097:, Cambridge University Press
10065:, Cambridge University Press
9795:Decline of Buddhism in India
9232:Northern Black Polished Ware
9000:. Harvard University Press.
8698:Dilip Kumar Ganguly (1987).
8253:10.1097/SAP.0b013e31827ae9f5
8156:10.1016/0315-0860(85)90021-7
7890:Nath sen, Sailendra (1999).
5651:Nath sen, Sailendra (1999).
5618:. Motilal Banarsidass Publ.
5063:Abhira-Gupta dynasty (Nepal)
4530:Spread of Jainism – Mahavira
3934:Jagatsundari-Yogamaladhikara
3891:
3796:
3137:copper plate inscription of
3058:An 8 gm gold coin featuring
2404:(sometimes described as the
1954:), Kuberanaga. His daughter
1823:
1801:
308:, with contemporary polities
7:
10148:
10063:An Introduction to Hinduism
8844:Rowland, Benjamin (1967) .
7986:10.4310/iccm.2013.v1.n2.a11
7653:O'Brien-Kop, Karen (2021).
7638:Wangu, Madhu Bazaz (2003).
5369:Gupta Dynasty – MSN Encarta
4931:Dynasties in Indian History
4347:
4315:Ajanta caves from Gupta era
4117:, the latter the centre of
3995:
3832:
3246:within which, according to
3148:
1610:Chandragupta I married the
1019:Origin of the Gupta dynasty
10:
11684:
10086:Hinduism. Past and present
9956:Chera Perumals of Makkotai
9914:Chera Perumals of Makkotai
9306:Rise of Shramana movements
9030:(2010), Arnold, D. (ed.),
8906:Varāhamihira and His Times
8823:Pletcher, Kenneth (2011).
8740:. University of Calcutta.
7896:. Routledge. p. 235.
7640:Images of Indian Goddesses
7565:The Raghuvamsa of Kalidasa
7498:Gaurīnātha Śāstrī (1987).
7246:Tripathi, Rama S. (1989).
6630:Kathasritsagara 18.1.76–78
6610:. Oxford University Press.
6580:Barua, Benimadhab (1929).
5657:. Routledge. p. 227.
5210:10.1163/000000082790081267
4926:Timeline of Indian History
4340:
4067:foundation, an example of
4036:
3983:
3920:poetry. his works include
3849:Metallurgy and Engineering
3761:Squared triangular numbers
3745:contains the Sine table.
3192:) is said to have founded
2558:Indo-Roman trade relations
2382:
2376:
2363:UNESCO world heritage site
2348:Bhitari pillar inscription
2273:
1923:
1917:
1853:
1633:
1505:Queen Kumaradevi and King
1424:
1420:
1417:of her mother Kuberanaga.
1016:
11584:
11536:
11053:
10457:
10156:
10093:Samuel, Geoffrey (2010),
9965:
9862:
9841:Pandyan kingdom (revival)
9826:
9805:
9780:
9752:
9712:
9707:
9648:
9534:
9469:
9427:
9406:
9390:
9379:
9372:
9355:
9339:
9325:
9296:
9289:
9235:
9217:
9214:Painted Grey Ware culture
9199:
9191:
9175:
9151:
9148:
9143:
9130:
9125:
9116:
8800:Michell, George (1988) .
8763:. Yale University Press.
8308:. Springer. p. vii.
8241:Annals of Plastic Surgery
8137:Singh, Parmanand (1985).
8094:Ikeyama, Setsuro (2007),
7744:The University of Nālandā
7529:. Routledge. p. 58.
7381:. Routledge. p. 57.
7303:. Routledge. p. 56.
6606:Wolpert, Stanley (1993).
6449:Indian Numismatic Studies
6031:courses.lumenlearning.com
5705:The Empire of the Steppes
4482:Indus Valley Civilization
4163:reclining on the serpent
3712:
3172:and allowed followers of
2214:and reached India in 405
2194:
1926:Gupta conquests of Bengal
1640:Gupta conquests of Bengal
1509:, depicted on a gold coin
1012:
827:
667:
642:
632:
627:
623:
608:
598:
583:
579:
569:
565:
546:
528:
510:
492:
474:
456:
438:
419:
415:
405:
395:
383:
357:
349:(literary and academic);
342:
324:
314:
58:
41:
34:
10061:Flood, Gavin D. (1996),
9650:"Golden Age of Hinduism"
9615:Kushano-Sasanian Kingdom
9531:Maha-Meghavahana Dynasty
9292:Persian-Greek influences
9110:Middle kingdoms of India
9036:(2nd ed.), Oxford:
8665:Ashvini Agrawal (1989).
8447:Sharma, Tej Ram (1989).
8047:A History of Mathematics
7968:Yau, Shing-Tung (2013).
7929:Dandekar, R. N. (1960).
7694:17 December 2019 at the
7623:St-pierre, Paul (2007).
6852:Sharma, Tej Ram (1978).
5842:Dilip Kumar Ganguly 1987
5830:Dilip Kumar Ganguly 1987
5806:Dilip Kumar Ganguly 1987
5782:Dilip Kumar Ganguly 1987
5073:
4639:, c. 228 BCE – c. 224 CE
4513:Rise of Śramaṇa movement
4488:Post Indus Valley Period
4432:, c. 7600 – c. 1000 BCE
4029:in Sanskrit literature.
3932:), the medical treatise
3209:Narasimhagupta Baladitya
297:Map of the Gupta Empire
10084:Michaels, Axel (2004),
9782:Late-Classical Hinduism
8922:Tej Ram Sharma (1989).
8671:. Motilal Banarsidass.
7878:Vidya Dhar Mahajan 1990
7467:C. R. Devadhar (1999).
7099:Singh, Upinder (2008).
6541:Singh, Upinder (2008).
5702:Grousset, Rene (1970).
5506:Vidya Dhar Mahajan 1990
4674:, c. 606 CE – c. 647 CE
4498:, c. 1500 – c. 500 BCE
4492:, c. 1700 – c. 1500 BCE
4484:, c. 3300 – c. 1700 BCE
4059:Gupta period temple at
3922:Apabramsa Dharmapariksa
3916:was an early writer of
2412:), from the northwest.
1084: late 3rd century
1067: late 3rd century
724:Mahameghavahana dynasty
11633:550s disestablishments
9168:Middle Gangetic Plain
8867:Shankar Goyal (2001).
8403:Chandra Rajan (2005).
8281:, R. Balasubramaniam,
8022:George. Ifrah (1998).
7780:Sukumar Dutt (1988) .
7747:. B.G. Paul & co.
7568:. Canto IV: P.S. Rege.
7159:7 January 2020 at the
7011:5 January 2020 at the
6896:. BRILL. p. 162.
6890:Neelis, Jason (2010).
6840:H.C. Raychaudhuri 1923
6813:H.C. Raychaudhuri 1923
6485:H.C. Raychaudhuri 1923
5331:Social Science History
5235:Ganeri, Anita (2007).
4996:Paper Currency History
4854:, c. 1799 – c. 1849 CE
4848:, c. 1760 – c. 1799 CE
4842:, c. 1757 – c. 1858 CE
4836:, c. 1674 – c. 1818 CE
4828:, c. 1576 – c. 1757 CE
4504:, c. 1200 – c. 500 BCE
4460:South Indian Neolithic
4397:
4343:List of Gupta emperors
4027:human sexual behaviour
4021:by the Indian scholar
3161:
3063:
3042:, on the model of the
2501:In the late 490's the
2461:
2357:He was the founder of
2315:
2267:
2100:
2029:
1851:
1510:
1498:
610:• Disestablished
306:Joseph E. Schwartzberg
11561:Medieval great powers
9697:Western Ganga Dynasty
9564: 1st century BCE
9552:Early Pandyan kingdom
9517: 2nd century BCE
9477:(ca. 200 BC - 300 CE)
9471:Preclassical Hinduism
9452:Early Pandyan kingdom
9424: 3rd century BCE
9369: 4th century BCE
9336: 5th century BCE
9246: 6th century BCE
9171:Lower Gangetic Plain
9159:Upper Gangetic Plain
9074:Coins of Gupta Empire
8170:Roshen Dalal (2010).
7668:Bala, Poonam (2007).
7523:Roy, Kaushik (2015).
7477:. pp. vii–viii.
7375:Roy, Kaushik (2015).
7297:Roy, Kaushik (2015).
6985:Columbia Encyclopedia
6929:Bakker, Hans (2017),
6596:Raghu Vamsa v 4.60–75
6446:Bajpai, K.D. (2004).
5890:R. S. Sharma (2003).
5598:28 March 2010 at the
5564:30 March 2010 at the
5454:30 March 2010 at the
5307:10.5195/JWSR.2006.369
5168:Bakker, Hans (1984),
4971:Philosophical History
4951:Architectural History
4885:Independence Movement
4721:, c. 973 – c. 1187 CE
4715:, c. 848 – c. 1251 CE
4692:, c. 760 – c. 973 CE
4396:
4069:Buddhist architecture
3908:The highest point of
3731:which were the first
3648:with the help of the
3156:
3057:
3050:Military organisation
3040:Indo-Sasanian coinage
2445:
2438:Decline of the empire
2283:
2263:
2098:
2024:
1950:and of Naga lineage (
1845: 5th century CE
1831:
1788:, as attested by his
1504:
1440:
343:Common languages
11571:European colonialism
11556:Ancient great powers
10047:Michaels (2004) p.41
10038:Michaels (2004) p.40
10020:Michaels (2004) p.39
10002:Michaels (2004) p.39
9939:Kamboja-Pala dynasty
9571: 1st century CE
9070:at Wikimedia Commons
8826:The History of India
8143:Historia Mathematica
6744:Ashvini Agrawal 1989
6434:Ashvini Agrawal 1989
6341:Ashvini Agrawal 1989
6266:Ashvini Agrawal 1989
6254:Ashvini Agrawal 1989
6203:Ashvini Agrawal 1989
6191:Ashvini Agrawal 1989
6176:Ashvini Agrawal 1989
6164:Ashvini Agrawal 1989
6152:Ashvini Agrawal 1989
6140:Ashvini Agrawal 1989
6080:Ashvini Agrawal 1989
6068:Ashvini Agrawal 1989
6056:Ashvini Agrawal 1989
6014:Ashvini Agrawal 1989
5965:Ashvini Agrawal 1989
5866:Ashvini Agrawal 1989
5818:Ashvini Agrawal 1989
5733:Ashvini Agrawal 1989
5690:Ashvini Agrawal 1989
5198:Indo-Iranian Journal
5068:Uchchhakalpa dynasty
5021:Wars involving India
4894:, 1947 CE – present
4719:2nd Chalukya Dynasty
4680:, c. 724 – c. 760 CE
4645:, c. 240 – c. 550 CE
4554:1700 – 682 BCE
4490:(Cemetery H Culture)
4033:Art and architecture
3958:Abhijnanashakuntalam
3872:forming on the high-
3855:Iron Pillar of Delhi
3595:class=notpageimage|
3279:Gupta administration
3271:). The Chinese monk
3254:". According to the
2926:class=notpageimage|
1113:(early 4th century?)
11566:Modern great powers
9898:Rashtrakuta dynasty
9350:Shaishunaga dynasty
9300:Second Urbanisation
9145:Indo-Gangetic Plain
8755:J.C. Harle (1994).
8603:, pp. 219–220.
7475:Motilal Banarsidass
6746:, pp. 191–200.
6377:Tej Ram Sharma 1989
6353:Tej Ram Sharma 1989
6329:Tej Ram Sharma 1989
6305:Tej Ram Sharma 1989
6290:Tej Ram Sharma 1989
6227:Tej Ram Sharma 1989
6215:Tej Ram Sharma 1989
6128:Tej Ram Sharma 1989
6116:Tej Ram Sharma 1989
6002:Tej Ram Sharma 1989
5953:Tej Ram Sharma 1989
5941:Tej Ram Sharma 1989
5878:Tej Ram Sharma 1989
5854:Tej Ram Sharma 1989
5794:Tej Ram Sharma 1989
5376:on 29 October 2009.
4976:History of Religion
4941:Demographic History
4906:, 1950 CE – present
4873:The Great Rebellion
4816:, 1538/40 – 1556 CE
4690:Tripartite Struggle
4633:, c. 30 – c. 375 CE
4564:Shaishunaga Dynasty
4552:Brihadratha Dynasty
3910:Sanskrit literature
3868:hydrogen phosphate
3857:high resistance to
3066:In contrast to the
3017:Pushyabhuti dynasty
2257:Faxian on reaching
1817:Indo-Gangetic Plain
1593:King of Great Kings
1142:(late 4th century?)
888:Golden Age of India
884:Indian subcontinent
876:Indian subcontinent
779:Kingdom of Thanesar
585:• Established
11643:Dynasties of India
10029:Hiltebeitel (2002)
10011:Hiltebeitel (2002)
9709:Hephthalite Empire
9545:(300 BCE – 200 CE)
9536:Satavahana dynasty
9522:Indo-Greek Kingdom
9445:(300 BCE – 200 CE)
9436:Satavahana dynasty
9409:Spread of Buddhism
9131:Northwestern India
9033:A History of India
8961:A History of India
8956:Vidya Dhar Mahajan
8651:, pp. 113–14.
8560:A History of Chess
7880:, pp. 530–31.
6790:. 5 October 2016.
6436:, pp. 153–59.
6401:R.C. Majumdar 1981
6391:, pp. 23, 27.
6389:R.C. Majumdar 1981
6365:R.C. Majumdar 1981
6355:, pp. 91, 94.
6343:, pp. 125–26.
6317:R.C. Majumdar 1981
6278:Shankar Goyal 2001
6256:, pp. 112–18.
6242:Upinder Singh 2017
6142:, pp. 106–07.
6104:R.C. Majumdar 1981
6092:R.C. Majumdar 1981
5929:R.C. Majumdar 1981
5896:. Orient Longman.
5692:, pp. 264–69.
5400:Jha, D.N. (2002).
5262:Smith, Vincent A.
5129:145, map XIV.1 (j)
4946:Linguistic History
4701:Rastrakuta Dynasty
4637:Satavahana Dynasty
4601:Kingdom of Magadha
4580:, c. 600 – 345 BCE
4547:Kingdom of Magadha
4520:Later Vedic Period
4508:Early Vedic period
4496:Vedic civilization
4398:
4286:Nalanda University
4187:, 5–6th century CE
4169:Dashavatara Temple
4142:Dashavatara Temple
4119:Greco-Buddhist art
4073:Hindu architecture
3757:Place value system
3725:Indian mathematics
3257:Manjushrimulakalpa
3162:
3064:
3028:Gurjara-Pratiharas
2985:King Yashodharman
2517:and his successor
2462:
2359:Nalanda University
2316:
2153:Brihatkathamanjari
2101:
2050:Dashavatara Temple
2030:
1972:Western Kshatrapas
1852:
1836:in red sandstone,
1511:
1499:
1446:Maharaja Sri Gupta
793:Kingdom of Kannauj
765:Kingdom of Valabhi
710:Nagas of Padmavati
11610:
11609:
11532:
11531:
11497:Polish–Lithuanian
10672:Gurjara-Pratihara
10116:
10115:
10111:
10110:
10107:
10106:
9948:Eastern Chalukyas
9944:Kalyani Chalukyas
9902:Eastern Chalukyas
9891:Gurjara-Pratihara
9884: 9th century
9869:Eastern Chalukyas
9852: 8th century
9837:Eastern Chalukyas
9823:Mlechchha dynasty
9802: 7th century
9784:(ca. CE 650-1100)
9731: 6th century
9704: 5th century
9664: 4th century
9610: 3rd century
9598: 2nd century
9508:Mahayana Buddhism
9475:"Hindu Synthesis"
9342:Persian conquests
9227:Shramanic culture
9163:Ganga-Yamuna doab
9066:Media related to
9047:978-1-4051-9509-6
9007:978-0-674-98128-7
8971:978-0-7855-1191-5
8935:978-81-7022-251-4
8880:978-81-87036-66-1
8859:978-0-14-056102-9
8836:978-1-61530-201-7
8815:978-0-226-53230-1
8770:978-0-300-06217-5
8747:978-1-4400-5272-9
8732:H.C. Raychaudhuri
8711:978-81-7017-222-2
8678:978-81-208-0592-7
8639:, pp. 92–97.
8570:978-0-936317-01-4
8540:978-1-119-57259-6
8490:Kālidāsa (2001).
8460:978-81-7022-251-4
8315:978-3-540-35177-1
8287:Corrosion Science
8283:Corrosion Science
8183:978-0-14-341421-6
8117:978-0-387-30400-7
8079:A.M. Shastri 1991
8011:. pp. 15–16.
7861:978-93-5271-340-0
7832:978-93-5271-903-7
7793:978-81-208-0498-2
7536:978-1-315-74270-0
7509:978-81-208-0027-4
7470:Works of Kālidāsa
7388:978-1-315-74270-0
7310:978-1-315-74270-0
7112:978-81-317-1677-9
6942:978-90-6984-715-3
6788:Travel News India
6769:978-92-3-103211-0
6684:978-81-7017-427-1
6653:Fa-hsien (1886).
6554:978-81-317-1120-0
6459:978-81-7017-035-8
6217:, pp. 80–81.
6130:, pp. 51–52.
6070:, pp. 79–81.
6058:, pp. 84–85.
6004:, pp. 49–55.
5955:, pp. 43–44.
5758:978-92-3-103211-0
5719:978-0-8135-1304-1
5625:978-81-208-1024-2
5541:978-0-87113-800-2
5488:978-0-87113-800-2
5411:978-81-7304-285-0
5248:978-0-7496-6979-9
5059:
5058:
4986:Education History
4904:Republic of India
4898:Dominion of India
4892:Independent India
4881:, 1858 – 1947 CE
4846:Kingdom of Mysore
4822:, 1556 – 1857 CE
4744:, 1206 – 1526 CE
4696:Pratihara dynasty
4419:Madrasian culture
4267:Chilapata Forests
4075:. 5th century CE.
3791:Fibonacci numbers
3666:Prathama Kayastha
3644:administered the
3191:
3144:
2556:. In particular,
2385:Gupta–Hunnic Wars
2308:Parama-bhagavata
2221:
2217:
2213:
2004:Hunza inscription
1934:Gupta–Hunnic Wars
1874:statues found at
1489:. Inscription by
1362:Mriga-shikha-vana
1312:
1311:
1279:
1278:
940:sources, such as
868:
867:
823:
822:
819:
818:
743:
742:
553: 540-550 CE
535: 455-467 CE
517: 415-455 CE
499: 375-415 CE
481: 335-375 CE
463: 319-335 CE
445: 280-319 CE
426: 240-280 CE
16:(Redirected from
11675:
11413:
11412:
11078:Austro-Hungarian
10778:Chagatai Khanate
10143:
10136:
10129:
10120:
10119:
10098:
10089:
10080:
10071:Hiltebeitel, Alf
10066:
10048:
10045:
10039:
10036:
10030:
10027:
10021:
10018:
10012:
10009:
10003:
10000:
9994:
9991:
9985:
9982:
9833:Badami Chalukyas
9828:Adivasi (tribes)
9818:Empire of Harsha
9814:Vakataka dynasty
9767:Kalabhra dynasty
9763:Badami Chalukyas
9754:Adivasi (tribes)
9723:Kalabhra dynasty
9689:Kalabhra dynasty
9685:Andhra Ikshvakus
9652:(ca. CE 320-650)
9636:Adivasi (tribes)
9504:Smarta Tradition
9357:Adivasi (tribes)
9272:Adivasi (tribes)
9128:cultural period
9123:
9122:
9119:
9118:
9103:
9096:
9089:
9080:
9079:
9065:
9050:
9023:
9021:
9019:
8987:
8985:
8983:
8951:
8949:
8947:
8918:
8896:
8894:
8892:
8873:. Book Enclave.
8863:
8851:
8840:
8819:
8807:
8796:
8774:
8762:
8751:
8727:
8725:
8723:
8694:
8692:
8690:
8652:
8646:
8640:
8634:
8628:
8622:
8616:
8610:
8604:
8598:
8592:
8589:
8583:
8582:
8551:
8545:
8544:
8526:
8520:
8519:
8517:
8515:
8487:
8481:
8471:
8465:
8464:
8444:
8438:
8437:
8427:
8421:
8420:
8406:The Loom Of Time
8400:
8394:
8393:
8353:
8347:
8341:
8335:
8329:
8320:
8319:
8299:
8290:
8274:
8265:
8264:
8236:
8230:
8227:
8221:
8211:
8205:
8201:Hayashi (2008),
8199:
8188:
8187:
8167:
8161:
8160:
8158:
8134:
8128:
8127:
8126:
8124:
8091:
8082:
8076:
8070:
8069:
8034:
8028:
8027:
8019:
8013:
8012:
8004:
7998:
7997:
7965:
7959:
7958:
7941:(1/4): 108–115.
7926:
7920:
7919:
7917:
7915:
7887:
7881:
7875:
7869:
7868:
7846:
7840:
7839:
7816:
7810:
7809:
7807:
7805:
7777:
7771:
7770:
7768:
7766:
7735:
7729:
7728:
7726:
7724:
7704:
7698:
7685:
7674:
7673:
7665:
7659:
7658:
7650:
7644:
7643:
7635:
7629:
7628:
7620:
7614:
7608:
7597:
7596:
7576:
7570:
7569:
7559:
7553:
7552:
7550:
7548:
7520:
7514:
7513:
7495:
7489:
7488:
7464:
7458:
7455:
7449:
7448:
7428:
7422:
7421:
7411:
7405:
7404:
7402:
7400:
7372:
7366:
7365:
7363:
7361:
7333:
7327:
7326:
7324:
7322:
7294:
7288:
7282:
7276:
7275:
7273:
7271:
7243:
7237:
7236:
7234:
7232:
7204:
7193:
7192:
7190:
7188:
7169:
7163:
7150:
7141:
7135:
7129:
7128:
7126:
7124:
7096:
7090:
7089:
7087:
7085:
7057:
7051:
7045:
7039:
7033:
7027:
7021:
7015:
7002:
6987:
6982:
6976:
6973:
6967:
6964:
6958:
6957:
6956:
6954:
6926:
6920:
6919:
6917:
6915:
6886:
6880:
6869:
6863:
6862:
6860:
6849:
6843:
6837:
6831:
6825:
6816:
6810:
6804:
6803:
6801:
6799:
6780:
6774:
6773:
6753:
6747:
6741:
6735:
6734:
6724:
6718:
6707:
6701:
6700:
6698:
6696:
6668:
6662:
6661:
6650:
6641:
6637:
6631:
6628:
6622:
6618:
6612:
6611:
6603:
6597:
6594:
6588:
6587:
6577:
6571:
6570:
6568:
6566:
6538:
6532:
6531:
6529:
6527:
6508:
6502:
6501:
6494:
6488:
6482:
6476:
6475:
6473:
6471:
6443:
6437:
6431:
6425:
6424:
6410:
6404:
6398:
6392:
6386:
6380:
6374:
6368:
6362:
6356:
6350:
6344:
6338:
6332:
6326:
6320:
6314:
6308:
6302:
6293:
6287:
6281:
6275:
6269:
6263:
6257:
6251:
6245:
6239:
6230:
6224:
6218:
6212:
6206:
6200:
6194:
6188:
6179:
6173:
6167:
6161:
6155:
6149:
6143:
6137:
6131:
6125:
6119:
6113:
6107:
6101:
6095:
6089:
6083:
6077:
6071:
6065:
6059:
6053:
6047:
6046:
6044:
6042:
6023:
6017:
6011:
6005:
5999:
5993:
5992:
5977:Full inscription
5974:
5968:
5962:
5956:
5950:
5944:
5938:
5932:
5926:
5920:
5919:
5917:
5915:
5887:
5881:
5875:
5869:
5863:
5857:
5851:
5845:
5839:
5833:
5832:, pp. 7–11.
5827:
5821:
5815:
5809:
5803:
5797:
5791:
5785:
5779:
5773:
5772:
5767:
5765:
5742:
5736:
5730:
5724:
5723:
5699:
5693:
5687:
5681:
5680:
5678:
5676:
5648:
5642:
5641:
5639:
5637:
5615:The Gupta Polity
5609:
5603:
5590:
5584:
5578:
5569:
5556:
5550:
5549:
5527:India: A history
5518:
5509:
5503:
5497:
5496:
5474:India: A history
5465:
5459:
5446:
5440:
5439:, p. 86-87.
5434:
5428:
5422:
5416:
5415:
5397:
5391:
5388:History of India
5384:
5378:
5377:
5372:. Archived from
5364:
5355:
5354:
5326:
5320:
5319:
5309:
5285:
5279:
5278:
5276:
5274:
5259:
5253:
5252:
5231:
5225:
5224:
5189:
5183:
5182:
5165:
5159:
5158:
5156:
5154:
5118:
5103:
5096:
5090:
5083:
5051:
5044:
5037:
5011:Military History
4966:Literary History
4936:Economic History
4920:Related articles
4900:, 1947 – 1950 CE
4875:, 1857 – 1858 CE
4810:, 1526 – 1540 CE
4789:, 1342 – 1576 CE
4787:Bengal Sultanate
4783:, 1336 – 1646 CE
4777:, 1251 – 1618 CE
4678:Karakota Dynasty
4672:Harsha's Dynasty
4666:Chalukya Dynasty
4558:Haryanka Dynasty
4535:Rise of Buddhism
4426:, c. 500,000 BCE
4386:
4368:
4367:
4364:
4359:
4358:
4357:
4324:
4312:
4301:Bitargaon temple
4297:
4282:
4262:
4234:
4215:
4196:
4180:
4157:
4084:
4049:
3998:
3839:Sushruta Samhita
3802:Indian astronomy
3770:Pancha Siddhanta
3715:
3668:. A part of the
3654:Nagarasreshesthi
3604:
3601:
3589:
3587:
3578:
3576:
3567:
3565:
3556:
3554:
3545:
3543:
3534:
3532:
3525:
3523:
3516:
3514:
3507:
3505:
3496:
3494:
3485:
3483:
3476:
3474:
3467:
3465:
3458:
3456:
3447:
3445:
3436:
3434:
3425:
3423:
3414:
3412:
3403:
3401:
3392:
3390:
3381:
3379:
3368:
3366:
3359:
3357:
3348:
3346:
3335:
3333:
3324:
3322:
3321:ROURAN KHAGANATE
3315:
3313:
3306:
3304:
3295:
3289:
3266:
3263:
3217:
3214:
3189:
3142:
3030:, and later the
3013:Maukhari dynasty
2991:
2988:
2954:and the rise of
2940:
2937:
2920:
2918:
2909:
2907:
2896:
2894:
2887:
2885:
2878:
2876:
2869:
2867:
2858:
2856:
2849:
2846:
2838:
2836:
2829:
2827:
2818:
2816:
2809:
2807:
2800:
2798:
2791:
2789:
2782:
2780:
2773:
2771:
2764:
2762:
2755:
2753:
2744:
2742:
2735:
2733:
2726:
2724:
2717:
2715:
2706:
2704:
2697:
2695:
2688:
2686:
2679:
2677:
2670:
2668:
2661:
2659:
2652:
2650:
2643:
2641:
2634:
2632:
2624:
2346:mentions in the
2219:
2215:
2211:
2167:like the Sakas,
2103:The 4th century
2066:Gupta period art
1863:Devichandragupta
1846:
1843:
1761:, among others.
1703:
1694:
1650:
1647:
1579:Allahabad Pillar
1561:
1558:
1550:
1547:
1539:
1536:
1528:
1522:
1495:Allahabad pillar
1483:
1477:
1472:
1467:
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1457:
1452:
1304:
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1290:
1264:
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1247:
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1230:
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1129:
1126:
1102:
1099:
1085:
1082:
1068:
1065:
1052:
1045:
1038:
1037:
1032:
1023:
1022:
815:
814:
807:Gurjara kingdoms
801:
800:
787:
786:
773:
772:
759:
758:
747:
746:
734:
733:
720:
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692:
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684:
669:
668:
619:
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554:
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32:
31:
21:
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11682:
11678:
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11676:
11674:
11673:
11672:
11613:
11612:
11611:
11606:
11595:American Empire
11580:
11576:African empires
11528:
11411:
11103:Central African
11049:
10867:Romano-Germanic
10453:
10187:Middle Assyrian
10160:
10152:
10147:
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9958:
9954:
9952:Medieval Cholas
9950:
9946:
9937:
9912:
9910:Medieval Cholas
9908:
9906:Pandyan kingdom
9904:
9900:
9875:
9873:Pandyan kingdom
9871:
9843:
9839:
9835:
9816:
9793:
9787:Advaita Vedanta
9785:
9769:
9765:
9761:
9738:
9725:
9721:
9695:
9693:Kadamba Dynasty
9691:
9687:
9678:
9657:
9653:
9625:Western Satraps
9587:Kuninda Kingdom
9579:
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9546:
9544:
9538:
9529:
9506:
9478:
9458:
9454:
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9446:
9444:
9438:
9375:Greek conquests
9308:
9304:
9230:
9224:
9212:
9206:
9160:
9132:
9127:
9112:
9107:
9058:
9053:
9048:
9038:Wiley-Blackwell
9017:
9015:
9008:
8981:
8979:
8972:
8945:
8943:
8936:
8909:. Kusumanjali.
8890:
8888:
8881:
8860:
8837:
8816:
8771:
8748:
8721:
8719:
8712:
8688:
8686:
8679:
8660:
8655:
8649:J.C. Harle 1994
8647:
8643:
8637:J.C. Harle 1994
8635:
8631:
8625:J.C. Harle 1994
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7755:
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7696:Wayback Machine
7686:
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7510:
7496:
7492:
7485:
7473:. Vol. 1.
7465:
7461:
7457:Ram Gopal. p.14
7456:
7452:
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7161:Wayback Machine
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7013:Wayback Machine
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6770:
6754:
6750:
6742:
6738:
6725:
6721:
6715:Western Satraps
6711:Chandragupta II
6708:
6704:
6694:
6692:
6685:
6669:
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6651:
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6189:
6182:
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6162:
6158:
6150:
6146:
6138:
6134:
6126:
6122:
6114:
6110:
6102:
6098:
6094:, pp. 6–7.
6090:
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5888:
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5876:
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5727:
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5684:
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5672:
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5649:
5645:
5635:
5633:
5626:
5610:
5606:
5600:Wayback Machine
5591:
5587:
5581:J.C. Harle 1994
5579:
5572:
5566:Wayback Machine
5557:
5553:
5542:
5519:
5512:
5504:
5500:
5489:
5466:
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5456:Wayback Machine
5447:
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5381:
5366:
5365:
5358:
5343:10.2307/1170959
5327:
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5270:
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5228:
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5119:
5115:
5111:
5106:
5097:
5093:
5084:
5080:
5076:
5055:
5026:
5025:
4991:Coinage History
4981:Musical History
4921:
4913:
4912:
4911:
4867:
4859:
4858:
4857:
4802:
4794:
4793:
4792:
4742:Delhi Sultanate
4736:
4726:
4725:
4724:
4660:
4650:
4649:
4648:
4608:, 322 – 185 BCE
4595:
4585:
4584:
4583:
4572:, 345 – 322 BCE
4489:
4477:
4469:
4468:
4467:
4462:3000 – 1000 BCE
4456:7000 – 2600 BCE
4438:7570 – 6200 BCE
4413:
4384:
4377:
4360:
4355:
4353:
4350:
4345:
4339:
4332:
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4316:
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4304:
4298:
4289:
4283:
4274:
4263:
4254:
4235:
4226:
4216:
4207:
4205:Elephanta Caves
4197:
4188:
4181:
4172:
4158:
4138:Udayagiri Caves
4091:
4085:
4076:
4050:
4041:
4035:
3986:
3906:
3894:
3851:
3835:
3799:
3743:Surya Siddhanta
3739:numeral systems
3729:Indian numerals
3722:
3717:
3691:
3608:
3607:
3606:
3602:
3597:
3591:
3590:
3583:
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3579:
3572:
3570:
3568:
3561:
3559:
3557:
3550:
3548:
3546:
3541:Paleo-Siberians
3539:
3537:
3535:
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3528:
3526:
3521:
3519:
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3512:
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3340:
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3336:
3329:
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3325:
3320:
3318:
3316:
3311:
3309:
3307:
3300:
3298:
3296:
3281:
3264:
3215:
3151:
3095:Chandragupta II
3076:cavalry archers
3060:Chandragupta II
3052:
3009:
2989:
2944:
2943:
2942:
2941:
2938:
2928:
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2814:
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2810:
2805:
2803:
2801:
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2783:
2778:
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2709:
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2689:
2684:
2682:
2680:
2675:
2673:
2671:
2666:
2664:
2662:
2657:
2655:
2653:
2648:
2646:
2644:
2639:
2637:
2635:
2630:
2628:
2626:
2484:Kumaragupta III
2440:
2387:
2381:
2375:
2298:
2293:
2290:Western Satraps
2278:
2272:
2208:Chandragupta II
2197:
2093:
2027:Chandragupta II
2016:Vikramaditya VI
1996:Kuntala country
1956:Prabhavatigupta
1952:Nāgakulotpannnā
1936:
1922:
1920:Chandragupta II
1916:
1880:Maharajadhiraja
1858:
1844:
1840:, Gupta period
1826:
1715:
1714:
1713:
1712:
1711:
1706:
1705:
1704:
1696:
1695:
1648:
1642:
1632:
1616:Maharajadhiraja
1589:Maharajadhiraja
1559:
1548:
1537:
1529:
1484:
1435:
1430:
1423:
1407:Prabhavatigupta
1308:
1262:
1254:Kumaragupta III
1245:
1228:
1152:(380 – 413/415)
1148:Chandragupta II
1127:
1100:
1083:
1066:
1030:
1029:
1021:
1015:
923:Chandragupta II
904:Chandragupta II
864:
812:
798:
784:
770:
756:
738:Murunda dynasty
731:
717:
703:
696:Western Satraps
689:
660:
655:
650:
635:
617:
611:
604:26 February 320
601:
592:
586:
574:Classical India
555:
552:
537:
534:
519:
516:
505:Chandragupta II
501:
498:
483:
480:
465:
462:
447:
444:
428:
425:
407:Maharajadhiraja
379:
335:
331:
310:
309:
304:, according to
301:
294:
293:
292:
291:
290:
285:
280:
278:
276:
271:
269:
267:
265:
260:
258:
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220:
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206:
204:
202:
197:
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188:
186:
184:
179:
177:
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157:
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148:
146:
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139:
137:
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126:
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101:
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94:
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90:
84:
80:
78:
76:
74:
52:
45:
37:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
11681:
11671:
11670:
11665:
11660:
11655:
11650:
11648:Former empires
11645:
11640:
11635:
11630:
11625:
11608:
11607:
11605:
11604:
11603:
11602:
11597:
11588:
11586:
11582:
11581:
11579:
11578:
11573:
11568:
11563:
11558:
11553:
11552:
11551:
11540:
11538:
11534:
11533:
11530:
11529:
11527:
11526:
11521:
11516:
11511:
11506:
11505:
11504:
11494:
11489:
11484:
11479:
11474:
11469:
11464:
11459:
11454:
11449:
11448:
11447:
11442:
11432:
11427:
11421:
11419:
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11409:
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11397:
11392:
11387:
11377:
11372:
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11360:
11355:
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11348:
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11328:
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11299:
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11257:
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11225:
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11213:
11208:
11198:
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11186:
11176:
11175:
11174:
11169:
11159:
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11142:
11137:
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11098:
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11051:
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11015:
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11005:
11000:
10990:
10985:
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10983:
10978:
10973:
10968:
10963:
10958:
10948:
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10936:
10931:
10921:
10916:
10911:
10906:
10901:
10896:
10891:
10886:
10881:
10880:
10879:
10874:
10864:
10863:
10862:
10857:
10852:
10847:
10842:
10837:
10824:
10819:
10814:
10809:
10808:
10807:
10802:
10797:
10787:
10786:
10785:
10780:
10775:
10770:
10760:
10755:
10750:
10745:
10740:
10735:
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10733:
10728:
10723:
10718:
10708:
10707:
10706:
10701:
10696:
10691:
10681:
10680:
10679:
10674:
10669:
10659:
10654:
10649:
10644:
10639:
10638:
10637:
10632:
10627:
10617:
10612:
10611:
10610:
10605:
10600:
10595:
10590:
10585:
10575:
10574:
10573:
10568:
10558:
10557:
10556:
10551:
10546:
10541:
10531:
10526:
10525:
10524:
10514:
10513:
10512:
10507:
10499:
10494:
10489:
10484:
10479:
10474:
10469:
10463:
10461:
10459:Post-classical
10455:
10454:
10452:
10451:
10450:
10449:
10439:
10434:
10433:
10432:
10427:
10417:
10416:
10415:
10405:
10404:
10403:
10398:
10393:
10388:
10383:
10378:
10368:
10363:
10358:
10357:
10356:
10351:
10346:
10341:
10331:
10330:
10329:
10324:
10314:
10309:
10308:
10307:
10302:
10297:
10292:
10287:
10277:
10272:
10267:
10266:
10265:
10260:
10258:Middle Kingdom
10255:
10245:
10240:
10239:
10238:
10233:
10228:
10218:
10217:
10216:
10214:Neo-Babylonian
10211:
10206:
10204:Old Babylonian
10196:
10195:
10194:
10189:
10179:
10174:
10168:
10166:
10154:
10153:
10146:
10145:
10138:
10131:
10123:
10114:
10113:
10109:
10108:
10105:
10104:
10100:
10099:
10090:
10081:
10067:
10057:
10050:
10049:
10040:
10031:
10022:
10013:
10004:
9995:
9986:
9976:
9970:
9967:
9966:
9963:
9962:
9941:
9932:
9930:
9928:
9923:
9917:
9916:
9895:
9893:
9888:
9886:
9880:
9879:
9866:
9861:
9859:
9854:
9848:
9847:
9830:
9825:
9820:
9811:
9809:
9807:Indo-Sassanids
9804:
9798:
9797:
9779:
9771:
9770:
9756:
9751:
9749:
9744:
9742:
9733:
9727:
9726:
9716:
9711:
9706:
9700:
9699:
9682:
9680:Varman dynasty
9671:
9666:
9660:
9659:
9647:
9639:
9638:
9633:
9627:
9622:
9617:
9612:
9606:
9605:
9600:
9594:
9593:
9591:
9589:
9584:
9581:Indo-Parthians
9577:Indo-Scythians
9573:
9567:
9566:
9560:
9559:
9533:
9524:
9519:
9513:
9512:
9510:
9468:
9460:
9459:
9433:
9426:
9420:
9419:
9417:
9412:
9405:
9397:
9396:
9393:HISTORICAL AGE
9388:
9387:
9385:
9378:
9371:
9365:
9364:
9359:
9354:
9352:
9347:
9345:
9338:
9332:
9331:
9324:
9295:
9288:
9280:
9279:
9274:
9269:
9267:
9262:
9253:
9248:
9242:
9241:
9234:
9216:
9198:
9190:
9182:
9181:
9173:
9172:
9169:
9166:
9156:
9155:
9153:Southern India
9150:
9149:Central India
9147:
9142:
9129:
9117:
9114:
9113:
9106:
9105:
9098:
9091:
9083:
9077:
9076:
9071:
9057:
9056:External links
9054:
9052:
9051:
9046:
9024:
9006:
8988:
8970:
8952:
8934:
8919:
8897:
8879:
8864:
8858:
8841:
8835:
8820:
8814:
8797:
8775:
8769:
8752:
8746:
8728:
8710:
8695:
8677:
8661:
8659:
8656:
8654:
8653:
8641:
8629:
8617:
8605:
8593:
8584:
8569:
8555:Murray, H.J.R.
8546:
8539:
8521:
8502:
8482:
8466:
8459:
8439:
8422:
8415:
8395:
8374:10.2307/599886
8348:
8336:
8321:
8314:
8291:
8266:
8231:
8229:Abraham (2008)
8222:
8206:
8189:
8182:
8162:
8149:(3): 229–244.
8129:
8116:
8083:
8071:
8060:
8038:Boyer, Carl B.
8029:
8014:
7999:
7960:
7921:
7902:
7882:
7870:
7860:
7841:
7831:
7811:
7792:
7772:
7753:
7730:
7699:
7675:
7660:
7645:
7630:
7615:
7598:
7571:
7554:
7535:
7515:
7508:
7490:
7483:
7459:
7450:
7443:
7423:
7406:
7387:
7367:
7348:
7328:
7309:
7289:
7277:
7258:
7238:
7219:
7194:
7164:
7142:
7130:
7111:
7091:
7072:
7052:
7040:
7028:
7016:
6988:
6977:
6968:
6959:
6941:
6921:
6902:
6881:
6864:
6844:
6842:, p. 516.
6832:
6817:
6815:, p. 510.
6805:
6775:
6768:
6748:
6736:
6733:. p. 225.
6719:
6702:
6683:
6663:
6642:
6632:
6623:
6613:
6598:
6589:
6572:
6553:
6533:
6503:
6489:
6487:, p. 489.
6477:
6458:
6438:
6426:
6405:
6393:
6381:
6369:
6357:
6345:
6333:
6321:
6309:
6294:
6282:
6280:, p. 168.
6270:
6268:, p. 125.
6258:
6246:
6244:, p. 343.
6231:
6219:
6207:
6205:, p. 110.
6195:
6193:, p. 112.
6180:
6178:, p. 107.
6168:
6166:, p. 117.
6156:
6154:, p. 114.
6144:
6132:
6120:
6108:
6096:
6084:
6072:
6060:
6048:
6018:
6006:
5994:
5969:
5957:
5945:
5933:
5921:
5902:
5882:
5870:
5858:
5846:
5834:
5822:
5810:
5798:
5786:
5774:
5757:
5737:
5725:
5718:
5694:
5682:
5663:
5643:
5624:
5604:
5585:
5570:
5551:
5540:
5510:
5508:, p. 540.
5498:
5487:
5460:
5441:
5429:
5417:
5410:
5392:
5386:N. Jayapalan,
5379:
5356:
5321:
5280:
5254:
5247:
5226:
5194:Hans T. Bakker
5184:
5178:
5160:
5141:
5112:
5110:
5107:
5105:
5104:
5091:
5077:
5075:
5072:
5071:
5070:
5065:
5057:
5056:
5054:
5053:
5046:
5039:
5031:
5028:
5027:
5024:
5023:
5018:
5013:
5008:
5003:
4998:
4993:
4988:
4983:
4978:
4973:
4968:
4963:
4958:
4953:
4948:
4943:
4938:
4933:
4928:
4922:
4919:
4918:
4915:
4914:
4910:
4909:
4908:
4907:
4901:
4889:
4888:
4887:
4876:
4869:
4868:
4865:
4864:
4861:
4860:
4856:
4855:
4849:
4843:
4837:
4834:Maratha Empire
4831:
4830:
4829:
4820:Mughal Dynasty
4817:
4811:
4808:Mughal Dynasty
4804:
4803:
4800:
4799:
4796:
4795:
4791:
4790:
4784:
4778:
4775:Pandyan Empire
4772:
4771:
4770:
4765:
4763:Sayyid Dynasty
4760:
4758:Tugluq Dynasty
4755:
4753:Khalji Dynasty
4750:
4748:Mamluk Dynasty
4738:
4737:
4732:
4731:
4728:
4727:
4723:
4722:
4716:
4710:
4709:
4708:
4703:
4698:
4687:
4681:
4675:
4669:
4668:, 543 – 753 CE
4662:
4661:
4658:Early medieval
4656:
4655:
4652:
4651:
4647:
4646:
4640:
4634:
4631:Kushan Dynasty
4628:
4623:
4622:
4621:
4615:
4614:, 185 – 73 BCE
4612:Shunga Dynasty
4609:
4606:Maurya Dynasty
4597:
4596:
4591:
4590:
4587:
4586:
4582:
4581:
4575:
4574:
4573:
4567:
4561:
4555:
4543:
4542:
4541:
4540:
4539:
4538:
4537:
4532:
4527:
4517:
4516:
4515:
4505:
4493:
4485:
4478:
4475:
4474:
4471:
4470:
4466:
4465:
4464:
4463:
4457:
4451:
4445:
4439:
4427:
4421:
4415:
4414:
4411:
4410:
4407:
4406:
4400:
4399:
4389:
4388:
4379:
4378:
4371:
4366:
4365:
4349:
4346:
4341:Main article:
4338:
4335:
4334:
4333:
4326:
4319:
4317:
4314:
4307:
4305:
4299:
4292:
4290:
4284:
4277:
4275:
4264:
4257:
4255:
4252:Bhumara Temple
4236:
4229:
4227:
4217:
4210:
4208:
4198:
4191:
4189:
4182:
4175:
4173:
4159:
4152:
4093:
4092:
4088:Pataini temple
4086:
4079:
4077:
4051:
4044:
4037:Main article:
4034:
4031:
3985:
3982:
3946:Brhatkathakosa
3942:Astahnikakatha
3938:Yasodharacanta
3926:Karpuraprakara
3905:
3902:
3893:
3890:
3850:
3847:
3834:
3831:
3798:
3795:
3721:
3718:
3716:
3711:
3690:
3687:
3662:Prathamakulika
3593:
3592:
3290:
3284:
3283:
3282:
3280:
3277:
3150:
3147:
3088:light infantry
3068:Mauryan Empire
3051:
3048:
3008:
3005:
2929:
2924:
2923:
2619:
2618:
2617:
2535:Narasimhagupta
2480:Narasimhagupta
2472:Kumaragupta II
2439:
2436:
2415:He repelled a
2377:Main article:
2374:
2371:
2274:Main article:
2271:
2268:
2196:
2193:
2092:
2089:
2025:Gold coins of
1988:Rudrasimha III
1918:Main article:
1915:
1912:
1854:Main article:
1849:Mathura Museum
1838:Art of Mathura
1825:
1822:
1709:
1708:
1707:
1698:
1697:
1689:
1688:
1687:
1686:
1685:
1631:
1628:
1553:Chandragupta I
1523:
1507:Chandragupta I
1478:
1434:
1431:
1422:
1419:
1310:
1309:
1307:
1306:
1299:
1292:
1284:
1281:
1280:
1277:
1276:
1273:
1267:
1266:
1256:
1250:
1249:
1239:
1233:
1232:
1222:
1214:
1213:
1212:(495 – ?)
1210:
1208:Narasimhagupta
1204:
1203:
1200:
1194:
1193:
1190:
1188:Kumaragupta II
1184:
1183:
1180:
1174:
1173:
1170:
1164:
1163:
1160:
1154:
1153:
1150:
1144:
1143:
1140:
1132:
1131:
1128: 335/350
1121:
1115:
1114:
1111:
1105:
1104:
1094:
1092:Chandragupta I
1088:
1087:
1077:
1071:
1070:
1060:
1054:
1053:
1046:
1034:
1033:
1017:Main article:
1014:
1011:
984:Southeast Asia
896:Chandragupta I
866:
865:
863:
862:
857:
852:
847:
842:
837:
831:
829:
825:
824:
821:
820:
817:
816:
809:
803:
802:
795:
789:
788:
781:
775:
774:
767:
761:
760:
753:
744:
741:
740:
735:
727:
726:
721:
713:
712:
707:
699:
698:
693:
681:
680:
675:
665:
664:
659:(Copper Coins)
654:(Silver Coins)
644:
640:
639:
636:
633:
630:
629:
625:
624:
621:
620:
612:
609:
606:
605:
602:
599:
596:
595:
587:
584:
581:
580:
577:
576:
571:
570:Historical era
567:
566:
563:
562:
556:
547:
544:
543:
538:
529:
526:
525:
520:
511:
508:
507:
502:
493:
490:
489:
484:
475:
472:
471:
469:Chandragupta I
466:
457:
454:
453:
448:
439:
436:
435:
429:
420:
417:
416:
413:
412:
409:
403:
402:
397:
393:
392:
387:
381:
380:
378:
377:
372:
367:
361:
359:
355:
354:
344:
340:
339:
326:
322:
321:
316:
312:
311:
296:
295:
68:
62:
61:
60:
59:
56:
55:
39:
38:
35:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
11680:
11669:
11666:
11664:
11661:
11659:
11656:
11654:
11651:
11649:
11646:
11644:
11641:
11639:
11636:
11634:
11631:
11629:
11626:
11624:
11621:
11620:
11618:
11601:
11600:Soviet empire
11598:
11596:
11593:
11592:
11590:
11589:
11587:
11585:Miscellaneous
11583:
11577:
11574:
11572:
11569:
11567:
11564:
11562:
11559:
11557:
11554:
11550:
11547:
11546:
11545:
11542:
11541:
11539:
11535:
11525:
11522:
11520:
11517:
11515:
11512:
11510:
11507:
11503:
11500:
11499:
11498:
11495:
11493:
11490:
11488:
11485:
11483:
11480:
11478:
11475:
11473:
11470:
11468:
11465:
11463:
11460:
11458:
11455:
11453:
11450:
11446:
11443:
11441:
11438:
11437:
11436:
11433:
11431:
11428:
11426:
11423:
11422:
11420:
11418:
11414:
11406:
11403:
11401:
11398:
11396:
11393:
11391:
11388:
11386:
11383:
11382:
11381:
11378:
11376:
11373:
11369:
11366:
11365:
11364:
11361:
11359:
11356:
11352:
11349:
11347:
11344:
11342:
11339:
11338:
11337:
11334:
11332:
11329:
11325:
11322:
11320:
11317:
11316:
11315:
11312:
11308:
11305:
11303:
11300:
11298:
11295:
11293:
11290:
11288:
11285:
11284:
11283:
11280:
11276:
11273:
11271:
11268:
11267:
11266:
11263:
11261:
11258:
11256:
11253:
11251:
11248:
11244:
11241:
11239:
11236:
11234:
11231:
11229:
11226:
11224:
11221:
11220:
11219:
11216:
11212:
11209:
11207:
11204:
11203:
11202:
11199:
11197:
11194:
11190:
11187:
11185:
11184:German Empire
11182:
11181:
11180:
11177:
11173:
11170:
11168:
11165:
11164:
11163:
11160:
11156:
11153:
11151:
11148:
11147:
11146:
11143:
11141:
11138:
11134:
11131:
11129:
11126:
11124:
11121:
11119:
11116:
11114:
11111:
11110:
11109:
11106:
11104:
11101:
11097:
11094:
11092:
11089:
11088:
11086:
11084:
11081:
11079:
11076:
11074:
11071:
11069:
11066:
11064:
11061:
11060:
11058:
11056:
11052:
11046:
11043:
11041:
11038:
11036:
11033:
11029:
11026:
11024:
11021:
11019:
11016:
11014:
11011:
11009:
11006:
11004:
11001:
10999:
10996:
10995:
10994:
10991:
10989:
10986:
10982:
10979:
10977:
10974:
10972:
10969:
10967:
10964:
10962:
10959:
10957:
10954:
10953:
10952:
10949:
10945:
10942:
10940:
10937:
10935:
10932:
10930:
10927:
10926:
10925:
10924:Turco-Persian
10922:
10920:
10917:
10915:
10912:
10910:
10907:
10905:
10902:
10900:
10897:
10895:
10892:
10890:
10887:
10885:
10882:
10878:
10875:
10873:
10870:
10869:
10868:
10865:
10861:
10858:
10856:
10853:
10851:
10848:
10846:
10843:
10841:
10838:
10836:
10833:
10832:
10831:
10828:
10825:
10823:
10820:
10818:
10815:
10813:
10810:
10806:
10803:
10801:
10798:
10796:
10793:
10792:
10791:
10788:
10784:
10781:
10779:
10776:
10774:
10771:
10769:
10766:
10765:
10764:
10761:
10759:
10756:
10754:
10751:
10749:
10746:
10744:
10741:
10739:
10736:
10732:
10729:
10727:
10724:
10722:
10719:
10717:
10714:
10713:
10712:
10709:
10705:
10702:
10700:
10697:
10695:
10692:
10690:
10687:
10686:
10685:
10682:
10678:
10675:
10673:
10670:
10668:
10665:
10664:
10663:
10660:
10658:
10655:
10653:
10650:
10648:
10645:
10643:
10640:
10636:
10633:
10631:
10628:
10626:
10623:
10622:
10621:
10618:
10616:
10613:
10609:
10606:
10604:
10601:
10599:
10596:
10594:
10591:
10589:
10586:
10584:
10581:
10580:
10579:
10576:
10572:
10569:
10567:
10564:
10563:
10562:
10559:
10555:
10552:
10550:
10547:
10545:
10542:
10540:
10537:
10536:
10535:
10532:
10530:
10527:
10523:
10520:
10519:
10518:
10515:
10511:
10508:
10506:
10503:
10502:
10500:
10498:
10495:
10493:
10490:
10488:
10485:
10483:
10480:
10478:
10475:
10473:
10470:
10468:
10465:
10464:
10462:
10460:
10456:
10448:
10445:
10444:
10443:
10440:
10438:
10435:
10431:
10428:
10426:
10423:
10422:
10421:
10418:
10414:
10411:
10410:
10409:
10406:
10402:
10399:
10397:
10394:
10392:
10389:
10387:
10384:
10382:
10379:
10377:
10374:
10373:
10372:
10369:
10367:
10364:
10362:
10359:
10355:
10352:
10350:
10347:
10345:
10342:
10340:
10337:
10336:
10335:
10332:
10328:
10325:
10323:
10320:
10319:
10318:
10315:
10313:
10310:
10306:
10303:
10301:
10298:
10296:
10293:
10291:
10288:
10286:
10283:
10282:
10281:
10278:
10276:
10273:
10271:
10268:
10264:
10261:
10259:
10256:
10254:
10251:
10250:
10249:
10246:
10244:
10241:
10237:
10234:
10232:
10229:
10227:
10224:
10223:
10222:
10219:
10215:
10212:
10210:
10207:
10205:
10202:
10201:
10200:
10197:
10193:
10190:
10188:
10185:
10184:
10183:
10180:
10178:
10175:
10173:
10170:
10169:
10167:
10164:
10159:
10155:
10151:
10144:
10139:
10137:
10132:
10130:
10125:
10124:
10121:
10096:
10091:
10087:
10082:
10078:
10077:
10072:
10068:
10064:
10059:
10058:
10056:
10055:
10044:
10035:
10026:
10017:
10008:
9999:
9990:
9981:
9977:
9975:
9974:
9964:
9961:
9957:
9953:
9949:
9945:
9942:
9940:
9936:
9933:
9931:
9929:
9927:
9924:
9922:
9919:
9918:
9915:
9911:
9907:
9903:
9899:
9896:
9894:
9892:
9889:
9887:
9885:
9882:
9881:
9878:
9874:
9870:
9867:
9865:
9860:
9858:
9853:
9850:
9849:
9846:
9842:
9838:
9834:
9831:
9829:
9824:
9821:
9819:
9815:
9812:
9810:
9808:
9803:
9800:
9799:
9796:
9792:
9788:
9783:
9778:
9777:
9773:
9772:
9768:
9764:
9760:
9759:Vishnukundina
9757:
9755:
9750:
9748:
9745:
9743:
9741:
9737:
9734:
9732:
9729:
9728:
9724:
9720:
9719:Vishnukundina
9717:
9715:
9710:
9705:
9702:
9701:
9698:
9694:
9690:
9686:
9683:
9681:
9677:
9676:
9670:
9667:
9665:
9662:
9661:
9656:
9651:
9646:
9645:
9641:
9640:
9637:
9634:
9631:
9628:
9626:
9623:
9621:
9620:Kushan Empire
9618:
9616:
9613:
9611:
9608:
9607:
9604:
9603:Kushan Empire
9599:
9596:
9595:
9592:
9590:
9588:
9585:
9583:
9582:
9578:
9572:
9569:
9568:
9565:
9562:
9561:
9557:
9553:
9549:
9543:
9542:
9541:Sangam period
9537:
9532:
9528:
9527:Shunga Empire
9523:
9518:
9515:
9514:
9511:
9509:
9505:
9501:
9500:Brahma Sutras
9497:
9496:Bhagavad Gita
9493:
9489:
9485:
9481:
9476:
9472:
9467:
9466:
9462:
9461:
9457:
9453:
9449:
9443:
9442:
9441:Sangam period
9437:
9434:
9432:
9431:
9430:Maurya Empire
9425:
9422:
9421:
9418:
9416:
9413:
9411:
9410:
9404:
9403:
9399:
9398:
9395:
9394:
9389:
9386:
9384:
9383:
9376:
9370:
9367:
9366:
9363:
9360:
9358:
9353:
9351:
9348:
9346:
9343:
9337:
9334:
9333:
9330:
9329:
9323:
9319:
9315:
9311:
9307:
9303:
9301:
9294:
9293:
9287:
9286:
9282:
9281:
9278:
9275:
9273:
9270:
9268:
9266:
9263:
9261:
9257:
9254:
9252:
9249:
9247:
9244:
9243:
9240:
9239:
9233:
9228:
9223:
9222:
9215:
9210:
9205:
9204:
9197:
9196:
9189:
9188:
9184:
9183:
9180:
9179:
9174:
9170:
9167:
9164:
9158:
9157:
9154:
9146:
9140:
9136:
9124:
9121:
9120:
9115:
9111:
9104:
9099:
9097:
9092:
9090:
9085:
9084:
9081:
9075:
9072:
9069:
9064:
9060:
9059:
9049:
9043:
9039:
9035:
9034:
9029:
9025:
9013:
9009:
9003:
8999:
8998:
8993:
8992:Upinder Singh
8989:
8977:
8973:
8967:
8963:
8962:
8957:
8953:
8941:
8937:
8931:
8927:
8926:
8920:
8916:
8912:
8908:
8907:
8902:
8898:
8886:
8882:
8876:
8872:
8871:
8865:
8861:
8855:
8850:
8849:
8842:
8838:
8832:
8828:
8827:
8821:
8817:
8811:
8806:
8805:
8798:
8794:
8790:
8786:
8785:
8780:
8779:R.C. Majumdar
8776:
8772:
8766:
8761:
8760:
8753:
8749:
8743:
8739:
8738:
8733:
8729:
8717:
8713:
8707:
8703:
8702:
8696:
8684:
8680:
8674:
8670:
8669:
8663:
8662:
8650:
8645:
8638:
8633:
8626:
8621:
8615:, p. 94.
8614:
8609:
8602:
8597:
8588:
8580:
8576:
8572:
8566:
8562:
8561:
8556:
8550:
8542:
8536:
8532:
8525:
8509:
8505:
8503:9780191606090
8499:
8495:
8494:
8486:
8479:
8475:
8470:
8462:
8456:
8452:
8451:
8443:
8435:
8434:
8426:
8418:
8416:9789351180104
8412:
8408:
8407:
8399:
8391:
8387:
8383:
8379:
8375:
8371:
8367:
8363:
8359:
8352:
8345:
8340:
8333:
8328:
8326:
8317:
8311:
8307:
8306:
8298:
8296:
8288:
8284:
8280:
8279:
8273:
8271:
8262:
8258:
8254:
8250:
8246:
8242:
8235:
8226:
8220:
8216:
8210:
8204:
8198:
8196:
8194:
8185:
8179:
8175:
8174:
8166:
8157:
8152:
8148:
8144:
8140:
8133:
8119:
8113:
8109:
8105:
8101:
8097:
8096:"Yativṛṣabha"
8090:
8088:
8080:
8075:
8068:
8063:
8061:0-471-54397-7
8057:
8053:
8049:
8048:
8043:
8039:
8033:
8025:
8018:
8010:
8003:
7995:
7991:
7987:
7983:
7980:(2): 95–108.
7979:
7975:
7971:
7964:
7956:
7952:
7948:
7944:
7940:
7936:
7932:
7925:
7909:
7905:
7903:9788122411980
7899:
7895:
7894:
7886:
7879:
7874:
7867:
7863:
7857:
7853:
7852:
7845:
7838:
7834:
7828:
7824:
7823:
7815:
7799:
7795:
7789:
7785:
7784:
7776:
7760:
7756:
7754:9781014542144
7750:
7746:
7745:
7740:
7734:
7718:
7714:
7710:
7703:
7697:
7693:
7690:
7684:
7682:
7680:
7671:
7664:
7656:
7649:
7641:
7634:
7626:
7619:
7613:
7607:
7605:
7603:
7594:
7590:
7586:
7582:
7575:
7567:
7566:
7558:
7542:
7538:
7532:
7528:
7527:
7519:
7511:
7505:
7501:
7494:
7486:
7484:9788120800236
7480:
7476:
7472:
7471:
7463:
7454:
7446:
7444:9788171544684
7440:
7436:
7435:
7427:
7419:
7418:
7410:
7394:
7390:
7384:
7380:
7379:
7371:
7355:
7351:
7349:9788170172222
7345:
7341:
7340:
7332:
7316:
7312:
7306:
7302:
7301:
7293:
7287:
7286:1910,0403.26
7281:
7265:
7261:
7259:9788120804043
7255:
7251:
7250:
7242:
7226:
7222:
7220:9781000227932
7216:
7212:
7211:
7203:
7201:
7199:
7182:
7178:
7177:The Telegraph
7174:
7168:
7162:
7158:
7155:
7149:
7147:
7140:
7134:
7118:
7114:
7108:
7104:
7103:
7095:
7079:
7075:
7069:
7065:
7064:
7056:
7050:
7044:
7038:
7032:
7026:
7020:
7014:
7010:
7007:
7001:
6999:
6997:
6995:
6993:
6986:
6981:
6972:
6963:
6948:
6944:
6938:
6934:
6933:
6925:
6909:
6905:
6903:9789004181595
6899:
6895:
6894:
6885:
6878:
6874:
6873:Gupta dynasty
6868:
6861:. p. 93.
6857:
6856:
6848:
6841:
6836:
6830:
6824:
6822:
6814:
6809:
6793:
6789:
6785:
6779:
6771:
6765:
6761:
6760:
6752:
6745:
6740:
6732:
6731:
6723:
6716:
6712:
6706:
6690:
6686:
6680:
6676:
6675:
6667:
6659:
6658:
6649:
6647:
6636:
6627:
6617:
6609:
6602:
6593:
6585:
6584:
6576:
6560:
6556:
6550:
6546:
6545:
6537:
6521:
6517:
6513:
6507:
6499:
6493:
6486:
6481:
6465:
6461:
6455:
6451:
6450:
6442:
6435:
6430:
6422:
6418:
6417:
6409:
6403:, p. 22.
6402:
6397:
6390:
6385:
6379:, p. 94.
6378:
6373:
6367:, p. 31.
6366:
6361:
6354:
6349:
6342:
6337:
6331:, p. 91.
6330:
6325:
6319:, p. 32.
6318:
6313:
6307:, p. 68.
6306:
6301:
6299:
6292:, p. 90.
6291:
6286:
6279:
6274:
6267:
6262:
6255:
6250:
6243:
6238:
6236:
6229:, p. 84.
6228:
6223:
6216:
6211:
6204:
6199:
6192:
6187:
6185:
6177:
6172:
6165:
6160:
6153:
6148:
6141:
6136:
6129:
6124:
6118:, p. 71.
6117:
6112:
6106:, p. 10.
6105:
6100:
6093:
6088:
6082:, p. 85.
6081:
6076:
6069:
6064:
6057:
6052:
6036:
6032:
6028:
6022:
6016:, p. 86.
6015:
6010:
6003:
5998:
5990:
5986:
5985:
5978:
5973:
5967:, p. 83.
5966:
5961:
5954:
5949:
5943:, p. 40.
5942:
5937:
5930:
5925:
5909:
5905:
5903:9788125025238
5899:
5895:
5894:
5886:
5880:, p. 42.
5879:
5874:
5868:, p. 82.
5867:
5862:
5856:, p. 44.
5855:
5850:
5844:, p. 12.
5843:
5838:
5831:
5826:
5819:
5814:
5807:
5802:
5796:, p. 39.
5795:
5790:
5784:, p. 14.
5783:
5778:
5771:
5760:
5754:
5750:
5749:
5741:
5735:, p. 79.
5734:
5729:
5721:
5715:
5711:
5707:
5706:
5698:
5691:
5686:
5670:
5666:
5664:9788122411980
5660:
5656:
5655:
5647:
5631:
5627:
5621:
5617:
5616:
5608:
5601:
5597:
5594:
5589:
5583:, p. 87.
5582:
5577:
5575:
5567:
5563:
5560:
5555:
5548:
5543:
5537:
5533:
5529:
5528:
5523:
5517:
5515:
5507:
5502:
5495:
5490:
5484:
5480:
5476:
5475:
5470:
5464:
5457:
5453:
5450:
5445:
5438:
5433:
5427:, p. 90.
5426:
5425:Pletcher 2011
5421:
5413:
5407:
5403:
5396:
5389:
5383:
5375:
5371:
5370:
5363:
5361:
5352:
5348:
5344:
5340:
5336:
5332:
5325:
5317:
5313:
5308:
5303:
5299:
5295:
5291:
5284:
5269:
5265:
5258:
5250:
5244:
5240:
5239:
5230:
5223:
5219:
5215:
5211:
5207:
5203:
5199:
5195:
5188:
5181:
5179:90-6980-007-1
5175:
5171:
5164:
5148:
5144:
5138:
5134:
5130:
5126:
5125:
5117:
5113:
5101:
5095:
5088:
5085:According to
5082:
5078:
5069:
5066:
5064:
5061:
5060:
5052:
5047:
5045:
5040:
5038:
5033:
5032:
5030:
5029:
5022:
5019:
5017:
5016:Naval History
5014:
5012:
5009:
5007:
5004:
5002:
4999:
4997:
4994:
4992:
4989:
4987:
4984:
4982:
4979:
4977:
4974:
4972:
4969:
4967:
4964:
4962:
4959:
4957:
4954:
4952:
4949:
4947:
4944:
4942:
4939:
4937:
4934:
4932:
4929:
4927:
4924:
4923:
4917:
4916:
4905:
4902:
4899:
4896:
4895:
4893:
4890:
4886:
4883:
4882:
4880:
4877:
4874:
4871:
4870:
4863:
4862:
4853:
4850:
4847:
4844:
4841:
4838:
4835:
4832:
4827:
4824:
4823:
4821:
4818:
4815:
4812:
4809:
4806:
4805:
4798:
4797:
4788:
4785:
4782:
4779:
4776:
4773:
4769:
4768:Lodhi Dynasty
4766:
4764:
4761:
4759:
4756:
4754:
4751:
4749:
4746:
4745:
4743:
4740:
4739:
4735:
4734:Late medieval
4730:
4729:
4720:
4717:
4714:
4713:Chola Dynasty
4711:
4707:
4704:
4702:
4699:
4697:
4694:
4693:
4691:
4688:
4685:
4684:Arab Invasion
4682:
4679:
4676:
4673:
4670:
4667:
4664:
4663:
4659:
4654:
4653:
4644:
4643:Gupta Dynasty
4641:
4638:
4635:
4632:
4629:
4627:
4626:Sangam period
4624:
4620:, 73 – 28 BCE
4619:
4618:Kanva Dynasty
4616:
4613:
4610:
4607:
4604:
4603:
4602:
4599:
4598:
4594:
4589:
4588:
4579:
4578:Mahajanapadas
4576:
4571:
4570:Nanda Dynasty
4568:
4566:413 – 345 BCE
4565:
4562:
4560:544 – 413 BCE
4559:
4556:
4553:
4550:
4549:
4548:
4545:
4544:
4536:
4533:
4531:
4528:
4526:
4523:
4522:
4521:
4518:
4514:
4511:
4510:
4509:
4506:
4503:
4500:
4499:
4497:
4494:
4491:
4486:
4483:
4480:
4479:
4473:
4472:
4461:
4458:
4455:
4452:
4449:
4446:
4443:
4440:
4437:
4434:
4433:
4431:
4428:
4425:
4422:
4420:
4417:
4416:
4409:
4408:
4405:
4402:
4401:
4395:
4391:
4390:
4387:
4381:
4380:
4375:
4370:
4369:
4363:
4352:
4344:
4331:, 5th century
4330:
4323:
4318:
4311:
4306:
4302:
4296:
4291:
4287:
4281:
4276:
4272:
4268:
4261:
4256:
4253:
4249:
4245:
4244:
4240:
4233:
4228:
4225:
4221:
4214:
4209:
4206:
4202:
4199:The Colossal
4195:
4190:
4186:
4179:
4174:
4170:
4166:
4162:
4156:
4151:
4150:
4149:
4147:
4143:
4139:
4135:
4131:
4127:
4122:
4120:
4116:
4112:
4108:
4107:
4103:
4098:
4089:
4083:
4078:
4074:
4070:
4066:
4062:
4058:
4055:
4048:
4043:
4042:
4040:
4030:
4028:
4024:
4020:
4016:
4012:
4008:
4004:
4000:
3999:
3997:
3990:
3981:
3980:
3978:
3973:
3972:
3967:
3963:
3959:
3955:
3951:
3947:
3943:
3939:
3935:
3931:
3927:
3923:
3919:
3915:
3911:
3901:
3899:
3889:
3887:
3883:
3879:
3875:
3871:
3867:
3864:
3860:
3856:
3846:
3844:
3840:
3830:
3828:
3824:
3819:
3815:
3811:
3810:Hindu deities
3807:
3803:
3794:
3792:
3788:
3784:
3780:
3776:
3772:
3771:
3766:
3762:
3758:
3754:
3753:
3748:
3744:
3740:
3737:
3734:
3730:
3726:
3710:
3708:
3704:
3700:
3696:
3686:
3683:
3679:
3675:
3671:
3667:
3663:
3659:
3655:
3651:
3647:
3643:
3639:
3635:
3631:
3627:
3626:
3621:
3617:
3613:
3603: 420 CE
3596:
3588:
3586:
3577:
3575:
3566:
3564:
3555:
3553:
3544:
3542:
3533:
3524:
3515:
3506:
3495:
3484:
3475:
3466:
3457:
3455:
3446:
3435:
3424:
3413:
3402:
3391:
3389:
3380:
3378:
3377:
3367:
3358:
3347:
3345:
3334:
3332:
3323:
3314:
3305:
3303:
3294:
3288:
3276:
3274:
3270:
3265: 800 CE
3259:
3258:
3253:
3249:
3245:
3244:Buddha statue
3241:
3237:
3233:
3230:. He built a
3229:
3226:philosopher,
3225:
3221:
3210:
3206:
3201:
3199:
3195:
3187:
3186:Kumaragupta I
3183:
3179:
3175:
3171:
3167:
3159:
3155:
3146:
3140:
3136:
3132:
3128:
3124:
3119:
3115:
3111:
3106:
3104:
3100:
3099:Kumaragupta I
3096:
3091:
3089:
3085:
3084:war elephants
3081:
3080:heavy cavalry
3077:
3073:
3072:siege engines
3069:
3061:
3056:
3047:
3045:
3041:
3037:
3033:
3029:
3025:
3020:
3018:
3014:
3004:
3002:
2998:
2997:Uttar Pradesh
2993:
2990: 532 CE
2984:
2980:
2976:
2972:
2968:
2963:
2961:
2957:
2953:
2949:
2939: 600 CE
2933:
2927:
2919:
2908:
2895:
2886:
2877:
2868:
2857:
2848:
2847:
2837:
2828:
2817:
2808:
2799:
2790:
2788:SHAILODBHAVAS
2781:
2772:
2763:
2754:
2752:
2743:
2734:
2725:
2716:
2705:
2696:
2687:
2678:
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2642:
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2610:
2606:
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2598:
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2589:
2587:
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2567:
2563:
2559:
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2551:
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2524:
2520:
2516:
2512:
2508:
2504:
2499:
2497:
2493:
2489:
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2481:
2477:
2473:
2469:
2464:
2459:
2458:Kahaum pillar
2455:
2451:
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2444:
2435:
2433:
2428:
2426:
2422:
2418:
2413:
2411:
2407:
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2368:
2364:
2360:
2355:
2353:
2349:
2345:
2341:
2337:
2333:
2329:
2328:Mahendraditya
2325:
2321:
2320:Kumaragupta I
2313:
2311:
2305:
2301:
2296:
2291:
2287:
2286:Kumaragupta I
2282:
2277:
2276:Kumaragupta I
2270:Kumaragupta I
2266:
2262:
2260:
2255:
2253:
2249:
2245:
2241:
2237:
2233:
2229:
2225:
2209:
2205:
2204:Buddhist monk
2201:
2192:
2190:
2186:
2182:
2178:
2174:
2170:
2166:
2162:
2158:
2154:
2149:
2147:
2143:
2139:
2135:
2131:
2127:
2123:
2119:
2115:
2110:
2106:
2097:
2088:
2086:
2082:
2078:
2073:
2071:
2067:
2063:
2059:
2055:
2051:
2047:
2043:
2039:
2035:
2028:
2023:
2019:
2017:
2013:
2009:
2005:
2001:
1997:
1993:
1989:
1985:
1981:
1977:
1973:
1969:
1965:
1961:
1957:
1953:
1949:
1945:
1941:
1935:
1931:
1927:
1921:
1911:
1909:
1905:
1904:border legend
1901:
1897:
1893:
1889:
1885:
1881:
1877:
1873:
1869:
1865:
1864:
1857:
1850:
1839:
1835:
1830:
1821:
1818:
1813:
1811:
1805:
1803:
1799:
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1780:
1776:
1772:
1768:
1762:
1760:
1756:
1752:
1748:
1744:
1740:
1736:
1732:
1728:
1724:
1720:
1719:aristocracies
1702:
1693:
1684:
1682:
1681:Bay of Bengal
1678:
1674:
1670:
1666:
1665:Dakshinapatha
1662:
1658:
1654:
1649: 375 CE
1641:
1637:
1627:
1625:
1621:
1617:
1613:
1608:
1606:
1602:
1601:Kushan Empire
1598:
1594:
1590:
1586:
1585:
1580:
1575:
1573:
1572:Mṛgaśikhāvana
1569:
1565:
1554:
1543:
1532:
1527:
1521:
1516:
1508:
1503:
1496:
1492:
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1471:
1466:
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1456:
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1428:
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1396:
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1380:
1375:
1373:
1369:
1368:
1363:
1359:
1356:
1352:
1348:
1343:
1341:
1338:areas in the
1337:
1333:
1329:
1325:
1321:
1320:Uttar Pradesh
1317:
1305:
1300:
1298:
1293:
1291:
1286:
1285:
1283:
1282:
1274:
1272:
1269:
1268:
1257:
1255:
1252:
1251:
1240:
1238:
1235:
1234:
1223:
1220:
1216:
1215:
1211:
1209:
1206:
1205:
1201:
1199:
1196:
1195:
1191:
1189:
1186:
1185:
1181:
1179:
1176:
1175:
1171:
1169:
1166:
1165:
1161:
1159:
1158:Kumaragupta I
1156:
1155:
1151:
1149:
1146:
1145:
1141:
1138:
1134:
1133:
1122:
1120:
1117:
1116:
1112:
1110:
1107:
1106:
1095:
1093:
1090:
1089:
1078:
1076:
1073:
1072:
1061:
1059:
1056:
1055:
1051:
1047:
1044:
1040:
1039:
1036:
1035:
1031:320 CE–550 CE
1028:
1025:
1024:
1020:
1010:
1008:
1004:
1000:
996:
991:
989:
985:
981:
977:
976:
971:
967:
963:
959:
955:
951:
947:
943:
939:
935:
932:
928:
927:Kumaragupta I
924:
920:
915:
913:
909:
908:Kumaragupta I
905:
901:
897:
893:
889:
885:
881:
877:
873:
861:
858:
856:
853:
851:
848:
846:
843:
841:
838:
836:
833:
832:
830:
828:Today part of
826:
810:
808:
805:
804:
796:
794:
791:
790:
782:
780:
777:
776:
768:
766:
763:
762:
754:
752:
749:
748:
745:
739:
736:
729:
728:
725:
722:
715:
714:
711:
708:
701:
700:
697:
694:
687:
686:
683:
682:
679:
676:
674:
671:
670:
666:
663:
658:
653:
648:
645:
641:
637:
631:
626:
622:
618: 550 CE
613:
607:
603:
597:
593: 240 CE
588:
582:
578:
575:
572:
568:
564:
560:
557:
545:
542:
539:
527:
524:
523:Kumaragupta I
521:
509:
506:
503:
491:
488:
485:
473:
470:
467:
455:
452:
449:
437:
433:
430:
418:
414:
410:
408:
404:
401:
398:
394:
391:
388:
386:
382:
376:
373:
371:
368:
366:
363:
362:
360:
356:
352:
348:
345:
341:
338:
334:
330:
327:
323:
320:
317:
313:
307:
302: 420 CE
288:
283:
274:
263:
254:
245:
236:
227:
218:
209:
200:
191:
182:
171:
160:
151:
142:
133:
124:
115:
106:
97:
88:
85: 420 CE
72:
66:
57:
53: 550 CE
46: 240 CE
40:
33:
30:
19:
11653:Hindu states
11623:Gupta Empire
11351:Contemporary
11201:Indo-Persian
11189:Nazi Germany
11133:Contemporary
11035:Vijayanagara
10934:Great Seljuk
10845:Thessalonica
10773:Golden Horde
10413:Carthaginian
10400:
10192:Neo-Assyrian
10177:Neo-Sumerian
10094:
10085:
10075:
10062:
10053:
10052:
10043:
10034:
10025:
10016:
10007:
9998:
9989:
9980:
9972:
9971:
9935:Pala dynasty
9921:10th century
9920:
9883:
9851:
9801:
9781:
9775:
9774:
9730:
9703:
9675:Gupta Empire
9674:
9673:
9663:
9649:
9643:
9642:
9609:
9597:
9575:
9570:
9563:
9548:Early Cholas
9539:
9516:
9474:
9470:
9464:
9463:
9448:Early Cholas
9439:
9428:
9423:
9414:
9407:
9401:
9400:
9391:
9382:Nanda empire
9380:
9368:
9335:
9326:
9297:
9290:
9284:
9283:
9245:
9236:
9221:Vedic Period
9218:
9203:Vedic Period
9200:
9195:Vedic Period
9192:
9186:
9185:
9176:
9139:Sapta Sindhu
9126:Timeline and
9068:Gupta Empire
9032:
9016:. Retrieved
8996:
8980:. Retrieved
8960:
8944:. Retrieved
8924:
8905:
8901:A.M. Shastri
8889:. Retrieved
8869:
8847:
8825:
8803:
8783:
8758:
8736:
8720:. Retrieved
8700:
8687:. Retrieved
8667:
8658:Bibliography
8644:
8632:
8620:
8613:Michell 1988
8608:
8601:Rowland 1967
8596:
8587:
8559:
8549:
8530:
8524:
8512:. Retrieved
8492:
8485:
8476:compiled by
8473:
8469:
8449:
8442:
8432:
8425:
8405:
8398:
8368:(1): 15–26.
8365:
8361:
8351:
8343:
8339:
8304:
8286:
8282:
8277:
8244:
8240:
8234:
8225:
8214:
8209:
8202:
8172:
8165:
8146:
8142:
8132:
8121:, retrieved
8099:
8081:, p. 4.
8074:
8065:
8046:
8032:
8023:
8017:
8008:
8002:
7977:
7973:
7963:
7938:
7934:
7924:
7914:21 September
7912:. Retrieved
7892:
7885:
7873:
7865:
7850:
7844:
7836:
7821:
7814:
7802:. Retrieved
7782:
7775:
7763:. Retrieved
7743:
7733:
7721:. Retrieved
7713:Ars Technica
7712:
7702:
7669:
7663:
7654:
7648:
7639:
7633:
7624:
7618:
7584:
7580:
7574:
7564:
7557:
7545:. Retrieved
7525:
7518:
7499:
7493:
7469:
7462:
7453:
7433:
7426:
7416:
7409:
7397:. Retrieved
7377:
7370:
7358:. Retrieved
7338:
7331:
7319:. Retrieved
7299:
7292:
7280:
7270:27 September
7268:. Retrieved
7248:
7241:
7231:27 September
7229:. Retrieved
7209:
7185:. Retrieved
7176:
7167:
7133:
7121:. Retrieved
7101:
7094:
7082:. Retrieved
7062:
7055:
7043:
7031:
7019:
6984:
6980:
6971:
6962:
6951:, retrieved
6931:
6924:
6912:. Retrieved
6892:
6884:
6876:
6872:
6867:
6854:
6847:
6835:
6808:
6796:. Retrieved
6787:
6778:
6758:
6751:
6739:
6729:
6722:
6705:
6693:. Retrieved
6673:
6666:
6655:
6635:
6626:
6616:
6607:
6601:
6592:
6582:
6575:
6563:. Retrieved
6543:
6536:
6524:. Retrieved
6515:
6506:
6492:
6480:
6468:. Retrieved
6448:
6441:
6429:
6415:
6408:
6396:
6384:
6372:
6360:
6348:
6336:
6324:
6312:
6285:
6273:
6261:
6249:
6222:
6210:
6198:
6171:
6159:
6147:
6135:
6123:
6111:
6099:
6087:
6075:
6063:
6051:
6039:. Retrieved
6030:
6021:
6009:
5997:
5983:
5972:
5960:
5948:
5936:
5931:, p. 4.
5924:
5912:. Retrieved
5892:
5885:
5873:
5861:
5849:
5837:
5825:
5820:, p. 2.
5813:
5808:, p. 2.
5801:
5789:
5777:
5769:
5762:. Retrieved
5747:
5740:
5728:
5704:
5697:
5685:
5673:. Retrieved
5653:
5646:
5634:. Retrieved
5614:
5607:
5588:
5554:
5545:
5526:
5501:
5492:
5473:
5463:
5444:
5432:
5420:
5401:
5395:
5387:
5382:
5374:the original
5368:
5337:(3/4): 121.
5334:
5330:
5324:
5297:
5293:
5283:
5271:. Retrieved
5267:
5257:
5237:
5229:
5221:
5201:
5197:
5187:
5169:
5163:
5151:. Retrieved
5123:
5116:
5094:
5081:
4961:LGBT history
4826:Bengal Subah
4814:Suri Dynasty
4801:Early modern
4781:Vijayanagara
4706:Pala Dynasty
4642:
4502:Kuru kingdom
4362:India portal
4241:
4218:Painting of
4183:Buddha from
4123:
4104:
4094:
3992:
3987:
3975:
3969:
3945:
3941:
3937:
3933:
3929:
3925:
3921:
3907:
3895:
3886:Ajanta Caves
3852:
3836:
3823:Varāhamihira
3800:
3768:
3765:Varāhamihira
3750:
3749:, wrote the
3723:
3692:
3689:Urbanization
3673:
3669:
3665:
3661:
3657:
3653:
3649:
3645:
3641:
3636:s (district
3633:
3629:
3623:
3619:
3615:
3611:
3609:
3584:
3573:
3562:
3551:
3540:
3453:
3440:
3387:
3375:
3374:
3341:
3330:
3301:
3255:
3202:
3163:
3139:Vainya Gupta
3134:
3107:
3092:
3065:
3021:
3010:
2994:
2964:
2956:Yashodharman
2945:
2875:LATER GUPTAS
2842:
2770:PANDUVAMSHIS
2750:
2609:caste system
2590:
2554:Central Asia
2546:Yashodharman
2539:
2527:Yashodharman
2500:
2465:
2463:
2454:Parshvanatha
2429:
2416:
2414:
2406:Hephthalites
2397:
2394:Vikramaditya
2393:
2388:
2356:
2336:Pushyamitras
2334:valley, the
2327:
2323:
2317:
2307:
2299:
2294:
2264:
2256:
2202:, a Chinese
2198:
2152:
2150:
2102:
2084:
2076:
2074:
2031:
1960:Rudrasena II
1951:
1944:Vikramaditya
1943:
1937:
1903:
1899:
1896:Garudadhvaja
1895:
1891:
1879:
1861:
1859:
1814:
1806:
1783:
1763:
1716:
1643:
1636:Samudragupta
1630:Samudragupta
1620:Samudragupta
1615:
1609:
1604:
1596:
1582:
1576:
1530:
1515:Gupta script
1512:
1491:Samudragupta
1445:
1444:inscription
1442:Gupta script
1433:Early rulers
1414:
1391:R. S. Sharma
1383:A.S. Altekar
1376:
1365:
1354:
1344:
1313:
1119:Samudragupta
1027:Gupta Empire
1026:
1007:Central Asia
995:Huna peoples
992:
973:
958:Varahamihira
919:Samudragupta
916:
900:Samudragupta
872:Gupta Empire
871:
869:
751:Later Guptas
678:Succeeded by
677:
672:
649:(Gold Coins)
634:• Total
487:Samudragupta
353:(vernacular)
36:Gupta Empire
29:
10939:Khwarezmian
10872:Carolingian
10677:Rashtrakuta
10381:Shaishunaga
10280:Hellenistic
10263:New Kingdom
10253:Old Kingdom
10079:, Routledge
9960:Rashtrakuta
9864:Pala Empire
9857:Kabul Shahi
9740:Kabul Shahi
9714:Alchon Huns
9492:Mahabharata
9415:Pre-history
9328:Pre-history
9238:Pre-history
9018:13 December
8928:. Concept.
8891:13 December
8704:. Abhinav.
8591:Harle, 111;
8203:Aryabhata I
7587:: 105–109.
7179:. Kolkata.
6798:20 February
6695:21 November
6621:Kshmendra).
6516:Hunza Bytes
5987:. pp.
5153:12 February
4956:Art History
4879:British Raj
4852:Sikh Empire
4840:Company Raj
4686:, c. 738 CE
4412:Prehistoric
4383:History of
4271:West Bengal
4250:) from the
4171:5th century
4106:tirthankara
3977:Śatakatraya
3863:crystalline
3783:Yativṛṣabha
3781:functions.
3752:Aryabhatiya
3720:Mathematics
3672:was called
3642:Vishayapati
3634:Vishayapati
3118:Skandagupta
3024:Gurjaradesa
2979:West Bengal
2948:Vishnugupta
2932:Alchon Huns
2582:Pataliputra
2503:Alchon Huns
2492:Vainyagupta
2488:Vishnugupta
2486:(530–540),
2482:(495–530),
2478:(476–495),
2474:(473–476),
2470:(467–473),
2450:tirthankara
2421:Skandagupta
2390:Skandagupta
2379:Skandagupta
2373:Skandagupta
2344:Skandagupta
2310:rajadhiraja
2244:Pataliputra
2232:Kapilavastu
2185:Saka-Greeks
2116:, then the
1906:types. The
1794:Brahmanical
1786:Vaishnavite
1747:Arjunayanas
1739:Karttripura
1542:Ghatotkacha
1275:(540 – 550)
1271:Vishnugupta
1237:Vainyagupta
1202:(476 – 495)
1192:(473 - 476)
1182:(467 – 473)
1172:(455 - 467)
1168:Skandagupta
1162:(415 – 455)
1075:Ghatotkacha
1003:Alchon Huns
942:Mahabharata
912:Skandagupta
855:Afghanistan
673:Preceded by
559:Vishnugupta
541:Skandagupta
451:Ghatotkacha
329:Pataliputra
261:ALCHON HUNS
198:TRAITAKUTAS
104:ARJUNAYANAS
11617:Categories
11509:Portuguese
11390:Revival Le
11380:Vietnamese
11023:Later Tran
10993:Vietnamese
10889:Singhasari
10877:Holy Roman
10501:Bulgarian
10437:Satavahana
10408:Phoenician
10344:Achaemenid
10305:Indo-Greek
10285:Macedonian
10199:Babylonian
9973:References
9926:Ghaznavids
9736:Nezak Huns
8514:14 January
8478:B. L. Rice
8474:Amarakosha
8247:(1): 2–7.
7123:25 October
7073:0226742210
6526:20 October
6470:25 October
6041:30 January
5522:Keay, John
5469:Keay, John
5437:Stein 2010
5300:(2): 223.
5204:(2): 105.
5142:0226742210
5109:References
4448:Lahuradewa
4243:mukhalinga
4222:Cave 1 at
4167:(Ananta),
4097:Indian art
4054:tetrastyle
4023:Vatsyayana
4019:Kama Sutra
4015:elephantry
3966:Bhartṛhari
3962:Shakuntala
3950:Amarasimha
3904:Literature
3898:Mahavihara
3878:cotton gin
3874:phosphorus
3789:described
3767:wrote the
3733:positional
3697:described
3658:Sarthavaha
3650:Adhikarana
3522:TOCHARIANS
3252:Bodhi tree
3232:sangharama
3228:Vasubandhu
3224:Mahayanist
3220:Paramartha
3216: 495
3170:Brahmanism
3127:elephantry
3110:Raghuvaṃśa
2971:Kotivarsha
2967:Damudarpur
2835:TOCHARIANS
2676:ZHANGZHUNG
2629:South Asia
2601:Mihirakula
2599:Huna king
2523:Bhanugupta
2519:Mihirakula
2511:Mihirakula
2496:Bhanugupta
2476:Budhagupta
2410:Sweta Huna
2398:Kramaditya
2383:See also:
2322:, born of
2261:comments––
2236:Kushinagar
2165:barbarians
2161:Kshemendra
2038:literature
1984:Saurashtra
1924:See also:
1798:Ashvamedha
1775:Meghavarna
1634:See also:
1560: 319
1549: 280
1538: 240
1263: 530
1246: 507
1229: 510
1219:Bhanugupta
1198:Budhagupta
1103:– 335/350)
1101: 319
962:Vatsyayana
845:Bangladesh
657:Karshapana
396:Government
385:Demonym(s)
189:ZHANGZHUNG
140:TOCHARIANS
79:South Asia
11502:Couronian
11140:Ethiopian
11128:Manchukuo
11083:Brazilian
10929:Ghaznavid
10899:Srivijaya
10850:Trebizond
10835:Byzantine
10817:North Sea
10812:Norwegian
10800:Almoravid
10783:Ilkhanate
10753:Majapahit
10726:Muromachi
10635:Solomonic
10620:Ethiopian
10534:Caliphate
10467:Aragonese
10295:Ptolemaic
9877:Kalachuri
9669:Kidarites
9028:Stein, B.
8982:29 August
8946:29 August
8722:29 August
8689:29 August
8382:0003-0279
7994:2326-4810
7947:0045-9801
7360:29 August
7187:19 August
6640:language.
5675:30 August
5316:1076-156X
5218:161957449
5087:D. N. Jha
4593:Classical
4430:Neolithic
4220:Padmapani
4130:Elephanta
4039:Gupta art
4011:chariotry
3996:caturaṅga
3930:Suktavall
3892:Education
3866:iron(III)
3859:corrosion
3818:Aryabhata
3797:Astronomy
3787:Virahanka
3747:Aryabhata
3682:Byzantine
3630:pradeshas
3502:BYZANTINE
3473:AFRIGHIDS
3454:KIDARITES
3135:Gunaighar
3123:chariotry
3103:Purugupta
3032:Chaulukya
2952:Vakatakas
2893:CHALUKYAS
2864:MANDAVYA-
2694:SAMATATAS
2658:LICCHAVIS
2468:Purugupta
2432:Purugupta
2425:Kidarites
2402:Kidarites
2367:Kartikeya
2340:Kidarites
2252:Rajagriha
2085:shringara
2077:Navaratna
2034:Hindu art
2000:Karnataka
1940:Dattadevi
1876:Durjanpur
1856:Ramagupta
1832:Standing
1824:Ramagupta
1779:Bodh Gaya
1751:Yaudheyas
1657:Āryāvarta
1566:-Gupta" (
1427:Gupta era
1178:Purugupta
1137:Ramagupta
999:Kidarites
975:Pax Gupta
970:Gupta era
954:Aryabhata
358:Religion
252:KIDARITES
243:KAMARUPAS
225:SAMATATAS
207:VAKATAKAS
158:KALABHRAS
131:LICCHAVIS
95:YAUDHEYAS
11482:Japanese
11445:Scottish
11425:American
11417:Colonial
11346:Imperial
11314:Moroccan
11250:Japanese
11228:Afsharid
11087:Burmese
11073:Austrian
11028:Later Le
11003:Early Le
10988:Venetian
10914:Tiwanaku
10827:Hellenic
10790:Moroccan
10721:Kamakura
10711:Japanese
10694:Saffarid
10647:Georgian
10561:Chalukya
10539:Rashidun
10529:Calakmul
10497:Bruneian
10376:Haryanka
10354:Sasanian
10349:Parthian
10300:Bactrian
10290:Seleucid
10270:Goguryeo
10248:Egyptian
10182:Assyrian
10172:Akkadian
10163:Colonies
10073:(2002),
9747:Maitraka
9632:kingdom
9630:Kamarupa
9488:Ramayana
9314:Buddhism
9260:Panchala
9251:Gandhara
9211:culture)
9178:IRON AGE
9012:Archived
8994:(2017).
8976:Archived
8958:(1990).
8940:Archived
8915:28644897
8903:(1991).
8885:Archived
8793:34008529
8781:(1981).
8734:(1923).
8716:Archived
8683:Archived
8579:13472872
8557:(1913).
8508:Archived
8261:23788147
8040:(1991).
7955:42929739
7908:Archived
7798:Archived
7759:Archived
7741:(1934).
7717:Archived
7692:Archived
7689:pp. 133–
7593:44140516
7547:8 August
7541:Archived
7399:8 August
7393:Archived
7354:Archived
7321:8 August
7315:Archived
7264:Archived
7225:Archived
7181:Archived
7157:Archived
7117:Archived
7084:18 April
7078:Archived
7009:Archived
6947:archived
6908:Archived
6792:Archived
6689:Archived
6559:Archived
6520:Archived
6464:Archived
6035:Archived
5908:Archived
5669:Archived
5630:Archived
5596:Archived
5562:Archived
5524:(2000).
5471:(2000).
5452:Archived
5238:Buddhism
5147:Archived
4454:Mehrgarh
4450:7000 BCE
4444:7106 BCE
4436:Bhirrana
4404:Timeline
4374:a series
4372:Part of
4348:See also
4201:trimurti
4115:Gandhara
4057:prostyle
4003:infantry
3971:Trikāṇḍī
3954:Kalidasa
3914:Harisena
3896:Various
3882:Buddhist
3843:Ayurveda
3833:Medicine
3678:Sassanid
3625:vishayas
3552:Samoyeds
3491:SASANIAN
3409:NORTHERN
3273:Xuanzang
3248:Xuanzang
3205:Buddhism
3198:endogamy
3174:Buddhism
3149:Religion
3114:Kalidasa
3074:, heavy
3036:Paramara
3015:and the
2983:Aulikara
2884:THANESAR
2797:GONANDAS
2761:KALINGAS
2723:PALLAVAS
2714:KUNDINAS
2703:KAMARUPA
2597:Shaivist
2593:Buddhism
2515:Toramana
2507:Toramana
2324:Mahadevi
2240:Vaishali
2181:Tusharas
2173:Kambojas
2169:Mlecchas
2157:Kashmiri
2134:Kinnaras
2130:Himalaya
2114:Parasika
2109:Kalidasa
2105:Sanskrit
2081:Kālidāsa
2058:Buddhist
2012:Chalukya
1966:king of
1964:Vakataka
1755:Madrakas
1731:Kamarupa
1723:Samatata
1653:Harisena
1612:Licchavi
1605:Maharaja
1597:Maharaja
1584:Maharaja
1399:Brahmins
1370:east of
950:Kalidasa
946:Ramayana
938:literary
840:Pakistan
643:Currency
400:Monarchy
370:Buddhism
365:Hinduism
347:Sanskrit
270:SASANIAN
216:KADAMBAS
178:SASANIAN
113:MADRAKAS
11549:largest
11544:Empires
11524:Swedish
11519:Spanish
11514:Russian
11477:Italian
11452:Chinese
11440:English
11435:British
11430:Belgian
11405:Vietnam
11395:Tay son
11341:Tsarist
11336:Russian
11331:Ottoman
11297:Dzungar
11292:Khoshut
11265:Mexican
11260:Maratha
11243:Pahlavi
11223:Safavid
11218:Iranian
11145:Haitian
11108:Chinese
11068:Ashanti
11040:Wagadou
10966:Eastern
10961:Western
10944:Timurid
10904:Tibetan
10894:Songhai
10884:Serbian
10805:Almohad
10795:Idrisid
10699:Samanid
10689:Tahirid
10684:Iranian
10662:Kannauj
10642:Genoese
10578:Chinese
10571:Eastern
10566:Western
10554:Fatimid
10549:Abbasid
10544:Umayyad
10517:Burmese
10477:Ayyubid
10472:Angevin
10442:Xianbei
10430:Eastern
10425:Western
10371:Magadha
10334:Iranian
10327:Xiongnu
10312:Hittite
10221:Chinese
10209:Kassite
10158:Ancient
10150:Empires
10054:Sources
9845:Pallava
9776:Culture
9655:Puranas
9644:Culture
9484:Puranas
9465:Culture
9402:Culture
9318:Ājīvika
9310:Jainism
9285:Culture
9265:Magadha
9187:Culture
8332:Lakwete
7804:27 July
7765:27 July
7006:pp. 48–
6829:pp. 50–
5914:26 June
5764:24 July
5547:golden.
5351:1170959
5273:14 July
4476:Ancient
4424:Soanian
4246:(faced-
4203:at the
4185:Sarnath
4146:Deogarh
4111:Mathura
4007:cavalry
3984:Leisure
3870:hydrate
3814:planets
3736:base 10
3703:Ayodhya
3699:Magadha
3670:Vishaya
3646:Vishaya
3531:TUYUHUN
3482:N.LIANG
3464:ALCHONS
3398:EASTERN
3331:Kyrgyzs
3242:with a
3236:Nalanda
3194:Nalanda
3178:Jainism
2975:Bangarh
2915:PERSIAN
2845:VALABHI
2824:WESTERN
2806:KANNAUJ
2751:ALCHONS
2712:VISHNU-
2649:PANDYAS
2613:Rajputs
2586:Benares
2578:Paithan
2452:relief
2332:Narmada
2259:Mathura
2228:Kannauj
2224:Mathura
2159:writer
2155:of the
2138:Kiratas
2122:Kamboja
2054:Deogarh
2046:science
2042:culture
1980:Gujarat
1948:Kuntala
1888:Vidisha
1802:Coinage
1771:Simhala
1759:Abhiras
1743:Malavas
1669:Pallava
1577:In the
1513:Gupta (
1493:on the
1421:History
1387:Vaishya
1372:Nalanda
1367:yojanas
1342:basin.
1336:Magadha
1328:Prayaga
1005:) from
988:Puranas
966:Science
929:. Many
880:Magadha
662:Cowries
548:•
530:•
512:•
494:•
476:•
458:•
440:•
434:(first)
421:•
375:Jainism
351:Prakrit
337:Ayodhya
325:Capital
167:WESTERN
149:ABHIRAS
122:MALAVAS
11487:Mongol
11472:German
11467:French
11457:Danish
11400:Dainam
11375:Tongan
11363:Somali
11358:Sokoto
11324:'Alawi
11302:Kalmyk
11282:Mongol
11275:Second
11255:Korean
11206:Mughal
11196:Indian
11179:German
11172:Second
11162:French
11155:Second
11091:Second
11063:Afghan
11055:Modern
10981:Kyrgyz
10976:Uighur
10971:Second
10951:Turkic
10919:Toltec
10855:Epirus
10840:Nicaea
10763:Mongol
10716:Yamato
10652:Huetar
10510:Second
10447:Rouran
10396:Shunga
10391:Maurya
10366:Kushan
10339:Median
10317:Hunnic
10275:Harsha
9993:Samuel
9984:Samuel
9791:Tantra
9556:Cheras
9456:Cheras
9362:Assaka
9277:Assaka
9209:Srauta
9135:Punjab
9044:
9004:
8968:
8932:
8913:
8877:
8856:
8833:
8812:
8791:
8767:
8744:
8708:
8675:
8577:
8567:
8537:
8500:
8457:
8413:
8390:599886
8388:
8380:
8334:, 1–6.
8312:
8259:
8180:
8114:
8058:
7992:
7953:
7945:
7900:
7858:
7829:
7790:
7751:
7723:8 June
7612:p. 521
7591:
7533:
7506:
7481:
7441:
7385:
7346:
7307:
7256:
7217:
7139:p. 362
7109:
7070:
7037:p. 174
7025:p. 221
6953:20 May
6939:
6914:20 May
6900:
6766:
6681:
6551:
6456:
5900:
5755:
5716:
5661:
5636:1 July
5622:
5538:
5485:
5479:151–52
5408:
5349:
5314:
5245:
5216:
5176:
5139:
5100:Kushan
4866:Modern
4376:on the
4248:lingam
4224:Ajanta
4165:Shesha
4161:Vishnu
4134:Ellora
4132:, and
4126:Ajanta
4065:Maurya
4061:Sanchi
4013:, and
3827:gnomon
3779:cosine
3714:Legacy
3707:Ujjain
3695:Faxian
3612:Bhukti
3563:Tungus
3504:EMPIRE
3493:EMPIRE
3444:EMPIRE
3388:HYMYAR
3376:Khotan
3302:Sargat
3269:Dhyana
3240:vihara
3182:Sanchi
3026:, the
2917:EMPIRE
2906:CHURIS
2741:NEZAKS
2732:ALUPAS
2685:CHERAS
2667:CHOLAS
2631:600 CE
2605:Taxila
2584:, and
2550:Europe
2505:under
2304:Garuda
2250:, and
2200:Faxian
2195:Faxian
2177:Greeks
2146:Ujjain
2070:Faxian
1992:Ujjain
1968:Deccan
1962:, the
1932:, and
1908:Brahmi
1892:Garuda
1834:Buddha
1767:Garuda
1757:, and
1727:Davaka
1677:Odisha
1673:Kanchi
1531:gu-pta
1351:Yijing
1347:Bengal
1340:Ganges
1334:, and
1332:Saketa
1324:Purana
1130:– 375)
1086:- 319)
1013:Origin
986:. The
860:Bhutan
652:Rupaka
647:Dinara
561:(last)
411:
390:Indian
333:Ujjain
319:Empire
315:Status
272:EMPIRE
169:GANGAS
18:Guptas
11537:Lists
11492:Omani
11462:Dutch
11368:Isaaq
11319:Saadi
11287:Oirat
11270:First
11238:Qajar
11167:First
11150:First
11123:China
11096:Third
10956:First
10909:Tikal
10860:Morea
10830:Roman
10748:Latin
10743:Khmer
10738:Kanem
10704:Buyid
10630:Zagwe
10625:Aksum
10615:Chola
10522:First
10505:First
10492:Bornu
10487:Benin
10482:Aztec
10420:Roman
10401:Gupta
10386:Nanda
10322:White
9480:Epics
9219:Late
9201:Late
9193:Late
8386:JSTOR
8123:5 May
7951:JSTOR
7589:JSTOR
7154:p. 31
7049:p. 81
6859:(PDF)
6608:India
6565:3 May
6423:–171.
5347:JSTOR
5214:S2CID
5074:Notes
4442:Jhusi
4385:India
4329:Keshi
4239:Shiva
3989:Chess
3918:Kāvya
3674:Vithi
3640:). A
3638:lords
3620:Rajya
3616:Desha
3585:AKSUM
3574:MEROË
3442:GUPTA
3433:TAKAS
3431:VAKA-
3420:GOGU-
3365:FUNAN
3354:CHAM-
3344:Turks
3342:Gaoju
3188:(455
3166:Hindu
3131:ships
3001:Bihar
2960:Malwa
2904:KALA-
2902:EARLY
2855:SINDH
2826:TURKS
2815:TAKKA
2779:GAUDA
2640:MORIS
2574:Nasik
2570:pearl
2566:ivory
2531:Malwa
2529:from
2352:Hunas
2248:Kashi
2189:Hunas
2142:Sakas
2107:poet
2014:king
2008:Balkh
1976:Malwa
1868:Sakas
1810:veena
1735:Nepal
1661:Nagas
1624:Kacha
1487:Gupta
1415:gotra
1411:gotra
1395:Gupta
1379:varna
1358:Gupta
1316:Bihar
1109:Kacha
1058:Gupta
980:India
934:epics
931:Hindu
892:Gupta
850:Nepal
835:India
432:Gupta
234:GAUDA
11307:Bogd
11233:Zand
11211:Sikh
11118:Qing
11113:Ming
11045:Wari
11013:Tran
10998:Dinh
10768:Yuan
10758:Mali
10667:Pala
10657:Inca
10608:Yuan
10598:Song
10593:Liao
10588:Tang
10361:Kush
10243:Dʿmt
9322:Yoga
9256:Kuru
9042:ISBN
9020:2018
9002:ISBN
8984:2018
8966:ISBN
8948:2018
8930:ISBN
8911:OCLC
8893:2018
8875:ISBN
8854:ISBN
8831:ISBN
8810:ISBN
8789:OCLC
8765:ISBN
8742:ISBN
8724:2018
8706:ISBN
8691:2018
8673:ISBN
8575:OCLC
8565:ISBN
8535:ISBN
8516:2016
8498:ISBN
8455:ISBN
8411:ISBN
8378:ISSN
8310:ISBN
8257:PMID
8178:ISBN
8125:2021
8112:ISBN
8056:ISBN
7990:ISSN
7943:ISSN
7916:2020
7898:ISBN
7856:ISBN
7827:ISBN
7806:2017
7788:ISBN
7767:2017
7749:ISBN
7725:2021
7549:2020
7531:ISBN
7504:ISBN
7479:ISBN
7439:ISBN
7401:2020
7383:ISBN
7362:2018
7344:ISBN
7323:2020
7305:ISBN
7272:2022
7254:ISBN
7233:2022
7215:ISBN
7189:2019
7125:2015
7107:ISBN
7086:2022
7068:ISBN
6955:2019
6937:ISBN
6916:2019
6898:ISBN
6800:2017
6764:ISBN
6697:2011
6679:ISBN
6657:text
6567:2021
6549:ISBN
6528:2020
6472:2015
6454:ISBN
6043:2021
5991:–17.
5916:2019
5898:ISBN
5766:2017
5753:ISBN
5714:ISBN
5677:2020
5659:ISBN
5638:2020
5620:ISBN
5536:ISBN
5483:ISBN
5406:ISBN
5312:ISSN
5275:2024
5243:ISBN
5174:ISBN
5155:2022
5137:ISBN
5133:p.25
4237:The
4113:and
4102:Jain
4071:and
3974:and
3960:and
3944:and
3853:The
3837:The
3812:and
3777:and
3775:sine
3680:and
3664:and
3513:HUNS
3422:RYEO
3176:and
3129:and
3086:and
2999:and
2866:PURA
2562:silk
2552:and
2509:and
2494:and
2447:Jain
2417:Huna
2396:and
2151:The
2148:?'.
2126:Oxus
2120:and
2118:Huna
2062:Jain
2060:and
2044:and
1982:and
1902:and
1900:lion
1884:Eran
1872:Jain
1790:Eran
1737:and
1638:and
1568:IAST
1564:Shri
1403:Pune
1355:Shri
1318:and
1001:and
960:and
944:and
936:and
925:and
910:and
870:The
628:Area
180:HIND
11385:Mac
10822:Oyo
10731:Edo
10603:Jīn
10583:Sui
10236:Jin
10231:Han
10226:Qin
8370:doi
8249:doi
8151:doi
8104:doi
8052:207
7982:doi
6421:170
5532:132
5339:doi
5302:doi
5206:doi
4144:at
3763:.
3628:or
3618:or
3411:WEI
3400:JIN
3312:420
3234:at
3200:).
2977:in
2958:in
2456:on
2300:Rev
2295:Obv
2292:).
2052:in
1998:of
1974:of
1574:).
281:◁
11619::
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