420:
207:
308:
20:
595:
337:, 10-year-old son of the deposed Gustav Adolf. However, Adlersparre and his supporters were concerned that Gustav Vasa would resent his father’s overthrow in the same way that Gustav Adolf himself had resented the Reuterholm regency, and worried that if he became king he might even try to mount his own coup and restore absolutism in the same way that Gustav III had done in 1772. The constitutionalists therefore persuaded the
283:, which had been Swedish for six hundred years and was (unlike Pomerania and the other overseas territories of the former Swedish Empire) considered to be an intrinsic part of the Kingdom of Sweden. Its loss was therefore hugely traumatic for the Swedish political community, and represented a fatal blow to Gustav Adolf’s authority. In March 1809, a Swedish army commanded by
356:
for several months, and in the meantime the
Gustavians plotted a coup of their own, intending to get rid of the 1809 Instrument of Government, restore absolutism and have Prince Gustav formally recognised as heir to the throne. In this they were supported by monarchists who were upset with the idea
364:
Once in Sweden, the new crown prince tried to win over the
Gustavians by secretly offering to adopt Prince Gustav as his own heir, he being childless himself. However, in May he suddenly dropped dead from a stroke, which led to rumours that he had been poisoned by the Gustavians, and during his
380:. However, Bernadotte quickly managed to win over most of the Gustavians, in part because he shared their conservative views, and by the time he ascended the throne in 1818 (as King Charles XIV John), the few remaining irreconcilables had faded into political irrelevance.
221:, which sought to remove Duke Charles as regent and replace him with Gustaf Mauritz Armfelt. Reuterholm used the exposure of this plot as an excuse to have several leading Gustavians arrested and to marginalise the others; Armfelt himself escaped into exile.
372:
The
Riksdag was therefore forced to choose an heir to the throne for the second time in as many years. The Gustavians campaigned vigorously on behalf of Prince Gustav, but in the end the decision went against them again, this time in favour of the French
486:. Their uniforms, introduced in 1779 as part of Gustav III’s extensive military reform programme, are distinguished from those of earlier Swedish soldiers by their shorter jackets and the substitution of round plumed hats for the earlier
228:
in 1796 he immediately sent
Reuterholm into exile and appointed a number of old Gustavians as his ministers, foremost among them Armfelt. Another prominent advisor to the young king was the
153:
460:
607:
314:, the Gustavians' favoured candidate for the Swedish throne after the abdication of his father Gustav IV Adolf. He spent most of his life in exile in the
326:. However, the majority of them stayed in Sweden, most notably Fersen, who remained in post as Marshal of the Realm and thereby retained a seat on the
348:
Instead, it was decided that the king should adopt an outsider as his heir. The choice was put to the
Riksdag, which voted for the Danish prince
749:] (in Swedish). Vol. VIII 1807–1811. Translated by Cecilia af Klercker. Stockholm: P.A. Norstedt & Söners förlag. pp. 506–07.
435:
during the reigns of Gustav III and Gustav IV Adolf are sometimes referred to as “Gustavians”, just as their predecessors during the reigns of
358:
224:
Fortunately for the
Gustavians, Gustav Adolf himself shared their horror at Reuterholm’s trampling on his father’s legacy, and when he came
908:
493:
Artists active during the
Gustavian era are also often referred to as Gustavians, especially those with links to the royal court, such as
616:
187:
was established to govern Sweden on his behalf. Officially the regency was headed by the king’s uncle, Gustav III’s younger brother
878:
388:
54:
349:
73:
903:
898:
322:
Some
Gustavians could not reconcile themselves to the new regime, among them Armfelt, who retired to the now Russian-ruled
341:(Swedish parliament) to pass a resolution on 10 May 1809 excluding Gustav Adolf and all his descendants from the Swedish
121:
which had agitated for a stronger monarchy during the Age of
Liberty. Prominent Gustavians in this early stage included
53:, and sought after his assassination in 1792 to uphold his legacy and protect the interests of his descendants of the
392:
158:
296:
106:
199:
against the late king), and promptly set about reversing many of his policies, most famously by restoring the
475:
229:
465:
333:
The new King
Charles XIII was elderly and childless, and as such his hereditary heir was his great-nephew
191:, but he was largely uninterested in politics and so it came to be dominated instead by the duke’s friend
233:
357:
of interfering with the principle of hereditary succession, including King Charles himself and his wife
291:, in which Gustav Adolf was forced to abdicate and sent into exile, Duke Charles was declared king, and
256:
122:
352:. However, for various reasons Charles August was unable to come to Sweden to be formally invested as
506:
176:
893:
888:
883:
789:
391:. Carola's heir under male-preference primogeniture would have been her first cousin once removed
419:
361:. However, the plans failed to come to fruition before Charles August’s arrival in January 1810.
327:
292:
192:
110:
195:. Reuterholm had long been hostile to Gustav III (indeed he had been implicated in the abortive
498:
456:
338:
334:
323:
311:
251:
Gustav III had been a fervent opponent of the French Revolution, and Gustav Adolf upheld these
210:
188:
149:
126:
494:
440:
377:
374:
141:
649:
631:
575:
532:
436:
407:) and merged her potential claim into the actual line of succession by being the mother of
217:
The Gustavians strongly opposed Reuterholm, and a number of them were involved in the 1793
213:, one of the most prominent Gustavians during the reigns of Gustav III and Gustav IV Adolf.
200:
50:
23:
137:
8:
873:
510:
502:
404:
342:
260:
241:
784:
851:
824:
765:
720:
696:
672:
556:
479:
471:
218:
145:
98:
396:
307:
284:
264:
245:
237:
164:
102:
46:
42:
206:
275:
switched sides and formed an alliance with France against Sweden. In the resulting
34:
455:
form of the name Charles). The term is used in this sense in the names of several
740:
408:
315:
196:
133:
69:
452:
384:
272:
268:
114:
77:
132:
Having seized power, Gustav governed Sweden with the aid of a small circle of
867:
611:
601:
474:
Gustavians"). The main campaigns in which Gustavian soldiers fought were the
65:
527:
432:
353:
288:
163:
was a vehement opponent of the king, and was a leading member of the 1788
483:
387:
died in 1907 without issue, which lead to the complete extinction of the
276:
252:
522:
263:. This proved to be a fatal misjudgement. In 1806-7 Napoleon conquered
118:
19:
846:
819:
760:
715:
691:
667:
551:
444:
94:
93:
The original Gustavians were the men who supported King Gustav III’s
175:
Gustav III was assassinated in March 1792, whereupon his son became
400:
395:, who died in 1928 without issue, and whose only surviving sibling
366:
180:
600:
This article incorporates text from a publication now in the
487:
280:
184:
225:
61:
620:. Vol. 2 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press.
279:(1808-9), Russian forces rapidly overran the entirety of
72:), in the same way that the word "Victorians" is used of
60:
The term can also be used in a looser sense to refer to
117:(1719-72). They thus represented a continuation of the
129:, the two leaders of the coup besides Gustav himself.
383:Gustav died in 1877 and his only surviving child
244:, but had been forced to return to Sweden by the
865:
459:groups specialising in this period, such as the
318:, where he was created Prince of Wasa in 1829.
236:, who had spent much of Gustav III’s reign in
389:Swedish Line of the House of Holstein-Gottorp
365:funeral the unfortunate Fersen was publicly
738:
68:(i.e. the reigns of Gustav III and his son
803:
427:depicting soldiers of the Gustavian army.
414:
418:
306:
205:
170:
18:
747:The diary of Hedvig Elizabeth Charlotte
866:
83:
16:Political party in 18th century Sweden
302:
136:and close advisors, among them Toll,
605:
909:Defunct political parties in Sweden
88:
13:
742:Hedvig Elisabeth Charlottas dagbok
739:af Klercker, Cecilia, ed. (1939).
267:, the last surviving relic of the
41:) were a political faction in the
14:
920:
808:. Stockholm: Medströms bokförlag.
393:Frederick II, Grand Duke of Baden
593:
154:Carl Gustaf Armfeldt the Younger
879:Sweden during the Gustavian era
812:
797:
777:
753:
297:Instrument of Government (1809)
107:Instrument of Government (1772)
732:
708:
684:
660:
642:
624:
586:
568:
544:
203:, which Gustav had curtailed.
152:. Ironically, Armfelt’s uncle
1:
606:Bain, Robert Nisbet (1911). "
538:
476:Russo-Swedish War (1788-1790)
189:Duke Charles of Södermanland
101:, and his institution of an
7:
904:19th-century Swedish people
899:18th-century Swedish people
654:Svenskt Biografiskt Lexikon
636:Svenskt Biografiskt Lexikon
580:Svenskt Biografiskt Lexikon
516:
234:Axel von Fersen the Younger
10:
925:
839:
804:Markelius, Martin (2020).
255:principles by joining the
123:Jacob Magnus Sprengtporten
507:Johan Gabriel Oxenstierna
409:Gustaf VI Adolf of Sweden
287:mutinied, triggering the
55:House of Holstein-Gottorp
790:Encyclopaedia Britannica
378:Jean Baptiste Bernadotte
617:Encyclopædia Britannica
608:Armfelt, Gustaf Mauritz
293:constitutional monarchy
193:Gustaf Adolf Reuterholm
111:constitutional monarchy
576:"Carl Gustav Armfeldt"
499:Carl Gustaf af Leopold
461:Westgiötha Gustavianer
457:historical reenactment
428:
415:Other Uses of the Term
339:Riksdag of the Estates
324:Grand Duchy of Finland
319:
214:
211:Gustaf Mauritz Armfelt
150:Gustaf Mauritz Armfelt
127:Johan Christopher Toll
38:
26:
495:Johan Henric Kellgren
425:Westgiöta Gustavianer
422:
375:Marshal of the Empire
310:
209:
171:Under Gustav IV Adolf
142:Hans Henric von Essen
64:generally during the
22:
533:Gustav III of Sweden
328:Council of the Realm
295:was restored by the
230:Marshal of the Realm
201:freedom of the press
177:King Gustav IV Adolf
76:during the reign of
51:Gustav III of Sweden
24:Gustav III of Sweden
511:Johan Tobias Sergel
503:Gustaf Filip Creutz
369:by an enraged mob.
343:order of succession
84:The Gustavian Party
852:Nordisk Familjebok
825:Nordisk Familjebok
785:"Charles XIV John"
766:Nordisk Familjebok
721:Nordisk Familjebok
697:Nordisk Familjebok
673:Nordisk Familjebok
557:Nordisk Familjebok
480:Franco-Swedish War
429:
401:Gustaf V of Sweden
320:
303:Under Charles XIII
271:, and in 1809 the
240:, at the court of
219:Armfelt Conspiracy
215:
185:regency government
146:Carl Gustaf Nordin
99:Revolution of 1772
45:who supported the
27:
806:Gustav III:s armé
632:"Gustav IV Adolf"
285:Georg Adlersparre
265:Swedish Pomerania
261:Napoleonic France
246:French Revolution
165:Anjala Conspiracy
138:Elis Schröderheim
103:absolute monarchy
43:Kingdom of Sweden
916:
860:
834:
833:
816:
810:
809:
801:
795:
794:
781:
775:
774:
757:
751:
750:
736:
730:
729:
712:
706:
705:
688:
682:
681:
664:
658:
657:
646:
640:
639:
628:
622:
621:
599:
597:
596:
590:
584:
583:
572:
566:
565:
548:
469:
431:Soldiers of the
162:
109:, replacing the
89:Under Gustav III
924:
923:
919:
918:
917:
915:
914:
913:
894:1810s in Sweden
889:1800s in Sweden
884:1790s in Sweden
864:
863:
847:"Gustavianerna"
845:
842:
837:
820:"Gustavianerna"
818:
817:
813:
802:
798:
793:. 4 March 2024.
783:
782:
778:
761:"Gustavianerna"
759:
758:
754:
737:
733:
716:"Gustavianerna"
714:
713:
709:
692:"Gustavianerna"
690:
689:
685:
668:"Gustavianerna"
666:
665:
661:
650:"H Axel Fersen"
648:
647:
643:
630:
629:
625:
594:
592:
591:
587:
574:
573:
569:
552:"Gustavianerna"
550:
549:
545:
541:
519:
463:
417:
403:(the Marshal's
359:Queen Charlotte
345:in perpetuity.
316:Austrian Empire
305:
257:Third Coalition
197:1789 Conspiracy
173:
156:
91:
86:
70:Gustav IV Adolf
49:regime of King
17:
12:
11:
5:
922:
912:
911:
906:
901:
896:
891:
886:
881:
876:
862:
861:
859:: 700–1. 1909.
841:
838:
836:
835:
832:: 700–1. 1909.
811:
796:
776:
773:: 700–1. 1909.
752:
731:
728:: 700–1. 1909.
707:
704:: 700–1. 1909.
683:
680:: 700–1. 1909.
659:
641:
623:
612:Chisholm, Hugh
585:
567:
564:: 700–1. 1909.
542:
540:
537:
536:
535:
530:
525:
518:
515:
443:are known as “
416:
413:
350:Charles August
304:
301:
273:Russian Empire
269:Swedish Empire
172:
169:
115:Age of Liberty
90:
87:
85:
82:
78:Queen Victoria
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
921:
910:
907:
905:
902:
900:
897:
895:
892:
890:
887:
885:
882:
880:
877:
875:
872:
871:
869:
858:
854:
853:
848:
844:
843:
831:
827:
826:
821:
815:
807:
800:
792:
791:
786:
780:
772:
768:
767:
762:
756:
748:
744:
743:
735:
727:
723:
722:
717:
711:
703:
699:
698:
693:
687:
679:
675:
674:
669:
663:
655:
651:
645:
637:
633:
627:
619:
618:
613:
609:
603:
602:public domain
589:
581:
577:
571:
563:
559:
558:
553:
547:
543:
534:
531:
529:
526:
524:
521:
520:
514:
512:
508:
504:
500:
496:
491:
489:
485:
481:
477:
473:
467:
462:
458:
454:
450:
446:
442:
438:
434:
426:
421:
412:
410:
406:
405:greatgrandson
402:
398:
394:
390:
386:
381:
379:
376:
370:
368:
362:
360:
355:
351:
346:
344:
340:
336:
335:Prince Gustav
331:
329:
325:
317:
313:
312:Prince Gustav
309:
300:
298:
294:
290:
286:
282:
278:
274:
270:
266:
262:
258:
254:
249:
247:
243:
239:
235:
231:
227:
222:
220:
212:
208:
204:
202:
198:
194:
190:
186:
182:
178:
168:
167:against him.
166:
160:
155:
151:
147:
143:
139:
135:
130:
128:
124:
120:
116:
112:
108:
104:
100:
96:
81:
79:
75:
71:
67:
66:Gustavian era
63:
58:
56:
52:
48:
44:
40:
39:Gustavianerna
36:
32:
25:
21:
856:
850:
829:
823:
814:
805:
799:
788:
779:
770:
764:
755:
746:
741:
734:
725:
719:
710:
701:
695:
686:
677:
671:
662:
653:
644:
635:
626:
615:
588:
579:
570:
561:
555:
546:
528:Coup of 1809
492:
472:Westrogothic
470:(literally "
448:
433:Swedish army
430:
424:
382:
371:
363:
354:crown prince
347:
332:
321:
289:Coup of 1809
250:
223:
216:
179:. As he was
174:
131:
92:
59:
30:
28:
484:Finnish War
464: [
441:Charles XII
277:Finnish War
253:reactionary
157: [
119:Court Party
874:Gustav III
868:Categories
539:References
523:Hovpartiet
437:Charles XI
134:favourites
105:under the
47:absolutist
31:Gustavians
445:Caroleans
242:Louis XVI
95:self-coup
517:See also
488:tricorns
482:and the
447:” (from
399:married
397:Victoria
259:against
181:underage
840:Sources
614:(ed.).
604::
449:Carolus
367:lynched
281:Finland
113:of the
74:Britons
35:Swedish
610:". In
598:
478:, the
451:, the
385:Carola
238:France
226:of age
97:, the
62:Swedes
745:[
468:]
453:Latin
161:]
509:and
439:and
423:The
183:, a
148:and
125:and
29:The
57:.
870::
857:10
855:.
849:.
830:10
828:.
822:.
787:.
771:10
769:.
763:.
726:10
724:.
718:.
702:10
700:.
694:.
678:10
676:.
670:.
652:.
634:.
578:.
562:10
560:.
554:.
513:.
505:,
501:,
497:,
490:.
466:sv
411:.
330:.
299:.
248:.
232:,
159:sv
144:,
140:,
80:.
37::
656:.
638:.
582:.
33:(
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
