224:
677:
1139:
because they indicate a higher fitness of the male. Since these low-frequency signals are more conspicuous to predators, the emitting of such signals by males shows that they are capable of evading predation. Therefore, the production of low-frequency signals is under competing evolutionary forces: it is selected against due to the eavesdropping of electric predators, but is favored by sexual selection due to its attractiveness to females. Females also prefer males with longer pulses, also energetically expensive, and large tail lengths. These signs indicate some ability to exploit resources, thus indicating better lifetime reproductive success.
918:
768:
874:
403:. A forward traveling wave can be associated with forward motion, while a wave in the reverse direction produces thrust in the opposite direction. This undulating motion of the fin produced a system of linked vortex tubes that were produced along the bottom edge of the fin. A jet was produced at an angle to the fin that was directly related to the vortex tubes, and this jet provides propulsion that moves the fish forward. The wave motion of the fin is similar to that of other marine creatures, such as the undulation of the body of an
720:
128:
965:
794:
1120:(family: Gymnotidae) have evolved a unique waveform that allows the individual fish to identify between species, genders, individuals and even between mates with better fitness levels. The differences include the direction of the initial phase of the wave (positive or negative, which correlates to the direction of the current through the electrocytes in the electric organ), the amplitude of the wave, the frequency of the wave, and the number of phases of the wave.
913:
864:
836:
789:
763:
715:
666:
628:
102:
869:
671:
634:
841:
487:, far too weak to cause any harm to other fish. Instead, they are used to help navigate the environment, including locating the bottom-dwelling invertebrates that compose their diets. They may also be used to send signals between fish of the same species. In addition to this low-level field, the electric eel also has the capability to
1104:
Approximately 150 Mya, the ancestor to modern-day
Gymnotiformes and Siluriformes were estimated to have convergently evolved ampullary receptors, allowing for passive electroreceptive capabilities. As this characteristic occurred after the prior loss of electroreception among the subclass Neopterygii
1786:
Albert, J. S. and W. G. R. Crampton. 2005. Diversity and phylogeny of
Neotropical electric fishes (Gymnotiformes). Pp. 360-409 in Electroreception. T. H. Bullock, C. D. Hopkins, A. N. Popper, and R. R. Fay (eds.). Springer Handbook of Auditory Research, Volume 21 (R. R. Fay and A. N. Popper, eds).
426:
Studies have shown that the natural angle between the body of the knifefish and its fin is essential for efficient forward motion, for if the anal fin was located directly underneath, then an upwards force would be generated with forward thrust, which would require an additional downwards force in
1138:
Sexual selection is another driving force with an unusual influence, in that females exhibit preference for males with low-frequency signals (which are more easily detected by predators), but most males exhibit this frequency only intermittently. Females prefer males with low-frequency signals
479:
that allow them to produce electric fields, which are usually weak. In most gymnotiforms, the electric organs are derived from muscle cells. However, adult apteronotids are one exception, as theirs are derived from nerve cells (spinal electromotor neurons). In gymnotiforms, the electric organ
1826:
Arcila, Dahiana; Ortí, Guillermo; Vari, Richard; Armbruster, Jonathan W.; Stiassny, Melanie L. J.; Ko, Kyung D.; Sabaj, Mark H.; Lundberg, John; Revell, Liam J.; Betancur-R, Ricardo (13 January 2017). "Genome-wide interrogation advances resolution of recalcitrant groups in the tree of life".
480:
discharge may be continuous or pulsed. If continuous, it is generated day and night throughout the entire life of the individual. Certain aspects of the electric signal are unique to each species, especially a combination of the pulse waveform, duration, amplitude, phase and frequency.
1142:
Genetic drift is also a factor contributing to the diversity of electric signals observed in
Gymnotiformes. Reduced gene flow due to geographical barriers has led to vast differences signal morphology in different streams and drainages.
1604:
Crampton, W.G.R. and J.S. Albert. 2006. Evolution of electric signal diversity in gymnotiform fishes. Pp. 641-725 in
Communication in Fishes. F. Ladich, S.P. Collin, P. Moller & B.G Kapoor (eds.). Science Publishers Inc., Enfield,
396:. These fin rays are curved into the direction of motion, indicating that the knifefish has active control of the fin ray curvature, and that this curvature is not the result of passive bending due to fluid loading.
384:
that stretch along almost the entire underside of their bodies. The fish swim by rippling this fin, keeping their bodies rigid. This means of propulsion allows them to move backwards as easily as they move forward.
2425:
Arnegard, Matthew E.; McIntyre, Peter B.; Harmon, Luke J.; Zelditch, Miriam L.; Crampton, William G. R.; Davis, Justin K.; Sullivan, John P.; Lavoué, Sébastien; Hopkins, Carl D. (1 September 2010).
450:
control. By rolling they can generate a vertical thrust to quickly, and efficiently, ambush their prey. The forward movement is determined exclusively by the ribbon fins and the contribution of the
1105:
after having been present in the common ancestor of vertebrates, the ampullary receptors of
Gymnotiformes are not homologous with those of other jawed non-teleost species, such as chondricthyans.
1123:
One significant force driving this evolution is predation. The most common predators of
Gymnotiformes include the closely related Siluriformes (catfish), as well as predation within families (
1052:). On the other hand, families Apteronotidae and Sternopygidae are most diverse and abundant in large rivers. Species of Rhamphichthyidae are moderately diverse in all these habitat types.
2379:
Arnegard, Matthew E.; Bogdanowicz, Steven M.; Hopkins, Carl D. (February 2005). "Multiple cases of striking genetic similarity between alternate electric fish signal morphs in sympatry".
1732:
Albert, J. S., and W. G. R. Crampton. 2005. Electroreception and electrogenesis. Pp. 431-472 in The
Physiology of Fishes, 3rd Edition. D. H. Evans and J. B. Claiborne (eds.). CRC Press.
2129:
Albert, James S.; Fink, William L. (12 March 2007). "Phylogenetic relationships of fossil neotropical electric fishes (Osteichthyes: Gymnotiformes) from the upper
Miocene of Bolivia".
423:. The speed at which the fish moved through the water had no correlation to the amplitude of its undulations, however it was directly related to the frequency of the waves generated.
1112:. As Arnegard et al. (2005) and Albert and Crampton (2005) show, their last common ancestor was roughly 140 to 208 Mya, and at this time they did not possess ESSs. Each species of
388:
The knifefish has approximately one hundred and fifty fin rays along its ribbon-fin. These individual fin rays can be curved nearly twice the maximum recorded curvature for
1302:
Shirgaonkar, Anup A.; Curet, Oscar M.; Patankar, Neelesh A.; MacIver, Malcolm A. (1 November 2008). "The hydrodynamics of ribbon-fin propulsion during impulsive motion".
1256:
Youngerman, Eric D.; Flammang, Brooke E.; Lauder, George V. (October 2014). "Locomotion of free-swimming ghost knifefish: anal fin kinematics during four behaviors".
2369:
Albert, J. S., and W. G. R. Crampton. 2006. Electroreception and electrogenesis. Pp. 429-470 in P. L. Lutz, ed. The
Physiology of Fishes. CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL.
2659:
Picq, Sophie; Alda, Fernando; Bermingham, Eldredge; Krahe, Rüdiger (September 2016). "Drift-driven evolution of electric signals in a
Neotropical knifefish".
399:
Different wave patterns produced along the length of the elongated anal fin allow for various forms of thrust. The wave motion of the fin resembles traveling
461:
The caudal fin is absent, or in the apteronotids, greatly reduced. The gill opening is restricted. The anal opening is under the head or the pectoral fins.
1451:
Xiong, Grace; Lauder, George V. (August 2014). "Center of mass motion in swimming fish: effects of speed and locomotor mode during undulatory propulsion".
3450:
3475:
3430:
2011:
Lavoué, Sébastien; Miya, Masaki; Arnegard, Matthew E.; Sullivan, John P.; Hopkins, Carl D.; Nishida, Mutsumi (14 May 2012). Murphy, William J. (ed.).
3500:
3795:
3669:
3460:
3445:
3465:
3695:
1093:. This may be because they did not spread into Africa before South America and Africa split, or it may be that they were out-competed by
3643:
2912:
372:), Gymnotiformes are slender fish with narrow bodies and tapering tails, hence the common name of "knifefishes". They have neither
1494:
Salazar, R.; Fuentes, V.; Abdelkefi, A. (January 2018). "Classification of biological and bioinspired aquatic systems: A review".
3682:
2731:
511:
period (about 120 million years ago). The families have traditionally been classified over suborders and superfamilies as below.
1623:"The phylogenetic distribution of electroreception: Evidence for convergent evolution of a primitive vertebrate sense modality"
1131:). These predators sense electric fields, but only at low frequencies, thus certain species of Gymnotiformes, such as those in
3687:
2704:
2426:
2070:
Lavoué, Sébastien; Miya, Masaki; Arnegard, Matthew E.; Sullivan, John P.; Hopkins, Carl D.; Nishida, Mutsumi (14 May 2012).
1529:
Jagnandan, Kevin; Sanford, Christopher P. (December 2013). "Kinematics of ribbon-fin locomotion in the bowfin, Amia calva".
223:
2754:
470:
316:
676:
1887:
1212:
3790:
1240:
499:
There are currently about 250 valid gymnotiform species in 34 genera and five families, with many additional species
2072:"Comparable Ages for the Independent Origins of Electrogenesis in African and South American Weakly Electric Fishes"
2013:"Comparable Ages for the Independent Origins of Electrogenesis in African and South American Weakly Electric Fishes"
3757:
1905:"Unexpected species diversity in electric eels with a description of the strongest living bioelectricity generator"
3800:
3700:
1399:
Neveln, I. D.; Bai, Y.; Snyder, J. B.; Solberg, J. R.; Curet, O. M.; Lynch, K. M.; MacIver, M. A. (1 July 2013).
214:
2221:
Baker, Clare V. H.; Modrell, Melinda S.; Gillis, J. Andrew (2013-07-01). Krahe, Rüdiger; Fortune, Eric (eds.).
431:. A combination of forward and reverse wave patterns, which meet towards the center of the anal fin, produce a
503:. The actual number of species in the wild is unknown. Gymnotiformes is thought to be the sister group to the
454:
for forward movement was negligible. The body is kept relatively rigid and there is very little motion of the
2142:
1798:
Fink, Sara V.; Fink, William L. (August 1981). "Interrelationships of the ostariophysan fishes (Teleostei)".
2518:
Stoddard, Philip K. (July 1999). "Predation enhances complexity in the evolution of electric fish signals".
1345:
Neveln, I. D.; Bale, R.; Bhalla, A. P. S.; Curet, O. M.; Patankar, N. A.; MacIver, M. A. (15 January 2014).
1108:
Gymnotiformes and Mormyridae have developed their electric organs and electrosensory systems (ESSs) through
2905:
127:
3604:
2724:
442:
of the fin to achieve various directional changes. The pectoral fins of these fishes can help to control
1183:
2759:
1622:
3739:
3609:
3762:
2869:
412:
2775:
1903:
de Santana, C. David; Crampton, William G. R.; Dillman, Casey B.; et al. (10 September 2019).
476:
2569:
Stoddard, Philip K. (1 September 2002). "The evolutionary origins of electric signal complexity".
917:
3582:
2898:
2327:
Hopkins, Carl D (1 December 1995). "Convergent designs for electrogenesis and electroreception".
1618:
1574:
Species diversity and phylogenetic systematics of American knifefishes (Gymnotiformes, Teleostei)
614:
in 2019. This shows that contrary to earlier ideas, the Apteronotidae and Sternopygidae are not
3785:
3726:
3544:
2717:
2427:"Sexual Signal Evolution Outpaces Ecological Divergence during Electric Fish Species Radiation"
3721:
2783:
1909:
332:
114:
109:
3749:
3713:
3674:
3630:
3591:
2890:
2527:
2283:
2177:
2083:
2024:
1918:
1836:
1741:
Eschmeyer, W. N., & Fong, J. D. (2016). Catalog of fishes: Species by family/subfamily.
1538:
1503:
1460:
1265:
1109:
1049:
1039:
873:
767:
1962:
Elbassiouny, Ahmed A.; Schott, Ryan K.; Waddell, Joseph C.; et al. (1 January 2016).
8:
3183:
2617:"Predation and Crypsis in the Evolution of Electric Signaling in Weakly Electric Fishes"
2531:
2287:
2181:
2087:
2028:
1964:"Mitochondrial genomes of the South American electric knifefishes (Order Gymnotiformes)"
1922:
1840:
1756:"Checklist of Gymnotiformes (Osteichthyes: Ostariophysi) and catalogue of primary types"
1542:
1507:
1464:
1269:
3400:
3325:
3279:
3130:
2684:
2638:
2594:
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2454:
2404:
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2352:
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2146:
2106:
2071:
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2012:
1988:
1963:
1939:
1904:
1860:
1811:
1707:
1682:
1663:
1430:
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1327:
122:
3596:
2582:
3708:
3617:
3495:
3102:
3094:
2676:
2642:
2586:
2555:
2543:
2500:
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2344:
2340:
2301:
2252:
2195:
2111:
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1993:
1944:
1883:
1852:
1712:
1655:
1641:
1587:
1554:
1476:
1422:
1368:
1319:
1281:
1236:
1208:
1031:
622:
611:
500:
2458:
2408:
2356:
2313:
2207:
2150:
1864:
1667:
1434:
1331:
1135:, have shifted the frequency of their signals so they can be effectively invisible.
3622:
3505:
3480:
3365:
3330:
3135:
3079:
3035:
3006:
2879:
2852:
2840:
2688:
2668:
2628:
2598:
2578:
2535:
2492:
2438:
2388:
2336:
2291:
2242:
2234:
2185:
2138:
2101:
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2042:
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1983:
1975:
1934:
1926:
1844:
1807:
1767:
1702:
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1637:
1577:
1546:
1515:
1511:
1468:
1412:
1380:
1358:
1311:
1273:
783:
553:
428:
348:
237:
1979:
3515:
3455:
3415:
3355:
3312:
3191:
2846:
2096:
2037:
1098:
719:
599:
439:
408:
393:
340:
204:
483:
The electric organs of most Gymnotiformes produce tiny discharges of just a few
3395:
3370:
3340:
3287:
3259:
3249:
3240:
3173:
3165:
3107:
2922:
1930:
1772:
1755:
1472:
1277:
607:
455:
389:
308:
169:
3779:
3567:
3420:
3410:
3380:
3360:
3335:
3145:
3140:
2953:
2740:
1591:
1179:
1152:
1061:
964:
907:
709:
631:. Fish able to deliver electric shocks are marked with a red lightning flash
582:
575:
488:
210:
59:
2633:
2616:
2496:
1848:
101:
3485:
3440:
3425:
3405:
3390:
3320:
3264:
3254:
3229:
3224:
3125:
2959:
2874:
2818:
2806:
2788:
2680:
2590:
2547:
2504:
2450:
2400:
2305:
2256:
2223:"The evolution and development of vertebrate lateral line electroreceptors"
2199:
2115:
2056:
1997:
1948:
1856:
1716:
1698:
1558:
1480:
1426:
1372:
1323:
1285:
1067:
1027:
857:
793:
657:
615:
504:
447:
443:
432:
320:
196:
2348:
1683:"Electrical signalling of dominance in a wild population of electric fish"
1659:
1531:
Journal of Experimental Zoology Part A: Ecological Genetics and Physiology
3656:
3576:
3510:
3470:
3435:
3350:
3345:
3297:
3206:
3069:
3061:
3017:
2998:
2988:
1754:
Ferraris Jr, Carl J.; de Santana, Carlos David; Vari, Richard P. (2017).
1650:
1582:
951:
757:
560:
438:
The ghost knifefish can vary the undulation of the waves, as well as the
328:
304:
34:
3490:
3302:
3201:
3196:
3117:
3074:
3040:
2947:
2834:
2828:
2238:
1417:
1400:
1363:
1346:
1315:
1158:
1094:
1079:
1044:
1035:
912:
863:
835:
815:
788:
762:
714:
665:
627:
610:, the true eels. Their relationships were analysed by sequencing their
530:
508:
377:
373:
79:
44:
2672:
2296:
2271:
2190:
2165:
618:, and that the Gymnotidae are deeply nested among the other families.
299:. They have long bodies and swim using undulations of their elongated
3661:
3292:
3269:
2969:
2222:
1550:
1023:
1019:
1011:
484:
400:
312:
288:
139:
84:
3648:
3538:
3561:
3385:
3375:
3216:
3027:
2941:
2442:
1188:
868:
829:
670:
644:
633:
451:
420:
381:
300:
179:
159:
74:
69:
54:
49:
39:
2539:
1902:
1613:
1611:
3155:
3051:
1681:
Fugère, Vincent; Ortega, Hernán; Krahe, Rüdiger (23 April 2011).
1083:
1075:
1071:
955:
637:. There are other electric fishes in other families (not shown).
285:
89:
64:
2709:
2615:
Stoddard, Philip K.; Tran, Alex; Krahe, Rüdiger (10 July 2019).
2272:"Electroreception, electrogenesis and electric signal evolution"
2166:"Electroreception, electrogenesis and electric signal evolution"
2122:
1878:
Nelson, Joseph S.; Grande, Terry C.; Wilson, Mark V. H. (2016).
1401:"Biomimetic and bio-inspired robotics in electric fish research"
1231:
Ferraris, Carl J. (1998). Paxton, J.R.; Eschmeyer, W.N. (eds.).
458:
motion during locomotion compared to the body size of the fish.
2977:
2935:
1961:
1955:
1608:
1301:
1090:
1015:
1007:
149:
2424:
1202:
840:
273:
3734:
3635:
1728:
1726:
1347:"Undulating fins produce off-axis thrust and flow structures"
1205:
Field Guide to the Fishes of the Amazon, Orinoco, and Guianas
1003:
959:
416:
415:. This type of vortex is also produced by some fish, such as
307:(the only exceptions are species that occasionally may visit
2920:
606:, are strongly electric, and are not closely related to the
267:
2378:
2069:
2010:
1780:
1723:
255:
240:
3084:
2004:
1753:
1070:, a lineage of primary freshwater fishes. The only known
1026:
fishes. The families Gymnotidae and Hypopomidae are most
598:
Most gymnotiforms are weakly electric, capable of active
404:
327:), attack and defense. A few species are familiar to the
319:, for navigation, communication, and, in the case of the
261:
243:
227:
Despite the name, the Electric Eel is a type of knifefish
2143:
10.1671/0272-4634(2007)27[17:PROFNE]2.0.CO;2
1825:
1617:
1598:
1255:
2658:
2420:
2418:
1735:
1493:
602:
but not of delivering shocks. The electric eels, genus
1398:
464:
2474:
2472:
2470:
2468:
1344:
1034:) in small non-floodplain streams and rivers, and in
276:
264:
252:
2415:
1066:
Gymnotiformes are among the more derived members of
411:
produced by the knifefish was found to be a reverse
258:
270:
249:
246:
2465:
2220:
1877:
435:force allowing for hovering, or upwards movement.
2614:
1680:
3777:
2063:
1528:
1207:. Princeton University Press. pp. 322–345.
621:Actively electrolocating fish are marked on the
1896:
1235:. San Diego: Academic Press. pp. 111–112.
1203:van der Sleen, P.; Albert, J. S., eds. (2017).
2906:
2725:
1749:
1747:
2481:"Design features for electric communication"
1621:; Bodznick, D. A.; Northcutt, R. G. (1983).
1450:
997:
2913:
2899:
2732:
2718:
2128:
1744:
1674:
1097:, which are similar in that they also use
100:
2632:
2295:
2246:
2189:
2105:
2095:
2046:
2036:
1987:
1938:
1800:Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society
1771:
1706:
1649:
1581:
1416:
1362:
363:
2568:
2517:
2269:
2163:
1797:
1230:
1196:
317:producing electric fields to detect prey
222:
2478:
2326:
1178:
1172:
1089:Gymnotiformes has no extant species in
3796:Extant Late Jurassic first appearances
3778:
1871:
1571:
1565:
1162:, the African knife-fish (Mormyroidea)
1002:Gymnotiform fishes inhabit freshwater
533:(banded knifefishes and electric eels)
3543:
3542:
2894:
2713:
2654:
2652:
2610:
2608:
1882:(5 ed.). John Wiley & Sons.
1226:
1224:
489:produce much more powerful discharges
3740:AB0787CD-0A4E-FF90-FDAB-FE63E603217F
1446:
1444:
1394:
1392:
1390:
1297:
1295:
625:with a small yellow lightning flash
419:, through the oscillations of their
2755:Electroreception and electrogenesis
1127:is one of the largest predators of
1030:(numbers of species) and abundant (
471:Electroreception and electrogenesis
465:Electroreception and electrogenesis
380:, but do possess greatly elongated
13:
2649:
2621:Frontiers in Ecology and Evolution
2605:
2393:10.1111/j.0014-3820.2005.tb00993.x
2131:Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology
1812:10.1111/j.1096-3642.1981.tb01575.x
1221:
14:
3812:
2739:
2698:
1441:
1387:
1292:
2270:Crampton, William G. R. (2019).
2164:Crampton, William G. R. (2019).
963:
916:
911:
872:
867:
862:
839:
834:
792:
787:
766:
761:
718:
713:
675:
669:
664:
632:
626:
578:(glass and rat-tail knifefishes)
507:from which they diverged in the
236:
126:
32:
2562:
2511:
2485:Journal of Experimental Biology
2372:
2363:
2329:Current Opinion in Neurobiology
2320:
2263:
2227:Journal of Experimental Biology
2214:
2157:
1818:
1790:
1522:
1405:Journal of Experimental Biology
1351:Journal of Experimental Biology
1304:Journal of Experimental Biology
2705:Photos of various gymnotiforms
2479:Hopkins, C. D. (15 May 1999).
1829:Nature Ecology & Evolution
1516:10.1016/j.oceaneng.2017.11.012
1487:
1338:
1249:
358:
303:. Found almost exclusively in
1:
2583:10.1016/S0928-4257(03)00004-4
1980:10.1080/23802359.2016.1174090
1166:
368:Aside from the electric eel (
2341:10.1016/0959-4388(95)80105-7
2097:10.1371/journal.pone.0036287
2038:10.1371/journal.pone.0036287
1642:10.1016/0165-0173(83)90003-6
1055:
593:
501:yet to be formally described
7:
2571:Journal of Physiology-Paris
1146:
1078:about 7 million years ago (
494:
10:
3817:
2815:(S. American knifefishes)
2760:Jamming avoidance response
1931:10.1038/s41467-019-11690-z
1773:10.1590/1982-0224-20160067
1473:10.1016/j.zool.2014.03.002
1278:10.1016/j.zool.2014.04.004
1059:
468:
3551:
3311:
3278:
3238:
3215:
3182:
3164:
3116:
3093:
3060:
3049:
3026:
3015:
2997:
2986:
2968:
2930:
2870:History of bioelectricity
2862:
2799:
2768:
2747:
1824:"Arcila et al., 2017">
1796:"Fink and Fink, 1996">
1116:(family: Mormyridae) and
949:
905:
854:
826:
819:
781:
760:(bluntnose knifefishes)
755:
748:
740:
733:
707:
700:
690:
655:
648:
202:
195:
123:Scientific classification
121:
108:
99:
23:
3791:Electroreceptive animals
1968:Mitochondrial DNA Part B
1787:Springer-Verlag, Berlin.
1572:Albert, James S (2001).
1182:; Pauly, Daniel (eds.).
1050:Amazonian water hyacinth
1014:, ranging from southern
998:Distribution and habitat
370:Electrophorus electricus
325:Electrophorus electricus
297:South American knifefish
24:South American knifefish
2634:10.3389/fevo.2019.00264
2497:10.1242/jeb.202.10.1217
2431:The American Naturalist
2276:Journal of Fish Biology
2170:Journal of Fish Biology
1849:10.1038/s41559-016-0020
1760:Neotropical Ichthyology
563:(bluntnose knifefishes)
311:to feed), these mostly
3801:Ray-finned fish orders
1699:10.1098/rsbl.2010.0804
1630:Brain Research Reviews
1233:Encyclopedia of Fishes
1038:"floating meadows" of
1032:numbers of individuals
364:Anatomy and locomotion
228:
3722:Paleobiology Database
2784:Ampullae of Lorenzini
1910:Nature Communications
1576:. Museum of Zoology.
1184:"Order Gymnotiformes"
1060:Further information:
1010:throughout the humid
833:(banded knifefishes)
712:(ghost knifefishes)
612:mitochondrial genomes
469:Further information:
345:Eigenmannia virescens
337:Apteronotus albifrons
333:black ghost knifefish
293:Neotropical knifefish
226:
115:Apteronotus albifrons
110:Black ghost knifefish
30:Late Jurassic –Recent
2843:(electric catfishes)
1619:Bullock, Theodore H.
1110:convergent evolution
910:(glass knifefishes)
786:(sand knifefishes)
315:fish are capable of
16:Order of bony fishes
3184:Protacanthopterygii
3174:Lepidogalaxiiformes
2809:(African knifefish)
2532:1999Natur.400..254S
2288:2019JFBio..95...92C
2182:2019JFBio..95...92C
2088:2012PLoSO...736287L
2029:2012PLoSO...736287L
1923:2019NatCo..10.4000D
1880:Fishes of the World
1841:2017NatEE...1...20A
1543:2013JEZA..319..569J
1508:2018OcEng.148...75S
1465:2014Zool..117..269X
1270:2014Zool..117..337Y
1192:. Apr 2007 version.
1040:aquatic macrophytes
585:(ghost knifefishes)
475:These fish possess
3401:Cyprinodontiformes
3326:Trachichthyiformes
3280:Paracanthopterygii
3131:Alepocephaliformes
2925:orders by subclass
2239:10.1242/jeb.082362
1418:10.1242/jeb.082743
1364:10.1242/jeb.091520
1316:10.1242/jeb.019224
746:Rhamphichthyoidea
556:(sand knifefishes)
427:order to maintain
291:commonly known as
229:
3773:
3772:
3709:Open Tree of Life
3545:Taxon identifiers
3536:
3535:
3532:
3531:
3528:
3527:
3524:
3523:
3496:Tetraodontiformes
3451:Chaetodontiformes
3386:Pleuronectiformes
3341:Batrachoidiformes
3103:Osteoglossiformes
3095:Osteoglossomorpha
2888:
2887:
2780:Electroreceptors
2673:10.1111/evo.13010
2526:(6741): 254–256.
2491:(10): 1217–1228.
2297:10.1111/jfb.13922
2233:(13): 2515–2522.
2191:10.1111/jfb.13922
1496:Ocean Engineering
1411:(13): 2501–2514.
1310:(21): 3490–3503.
994:
993:
985:
984:
976:
975:
938:
937:
929:
928:
894:
893:
885:
884:
805:
804:
623:phylogenetic tree
548:Rhamphichthyoidea
221:
220:
3808:
3766:
3765:
3753:
3752:
3743:
3742:
3730:
3729:
3717:
3716:
3704:
3703:
3691:
3690:
3678:
3677:
3665:
3664:
3652:
3651:
3639:
3638:
3626:
3625:
3613:
3612:
3600:
3599:
3587:
3586:
3585:
3572:
3571:
3570:
3540:
3539:
3506:Centrarchiformes
3481:Priacanthiformes
3476:Scatophagiformes
3431:Uranoscopiformes
3376:Istiophoriformes
3366:Synbranchiformes
3331:Holocentriformes
3298:Stylephoriformes
3250:Ateleopodiformes
3136:Gonorynchiformes
3080:Notacanthiformes
3058:
3057:
3054:
3036:Lepisosteiformes
3024:
3023:
3020:
3007:Acipenseriformes
2995:
2994:
2991:
2915:
2908:
2901:
2892:
2891:
2880:Magnetoreception
2831:(elephantfishes)
2734:
2727:
2720:
2711:
2710:
2693:
2692:
2667:(9): 2134–2144.
2656:
2647:
2646:
2636:
2612:
2603:
2602:
2566:
2560:
2559:
2515:
2509:
2508:
2476:
2463:
2462:
2422:
2413:
2412:
2376:
2370:
2367:
2361:
2360:
2324:
2318:
2317:
2299:
2267:
2261:
2260:
2250:
2218:
2212:
2211:
2193:
2161:
2155:
2154:
2126:
2120:
2119:
2109:
2099:
2067:
2061:
2060:
2050:
2040:
2008:
2002:
2001:
1991:
1959:
1953:
1952:
1942:
1900:
1894:
1893:
1875:
1869:
1868:
1822:
1816:
1815:
1794:
1788:
1784:
1778:
1777:
1775:
1751:
1742:
1739:
1733:
1730:
1721:
1720:
1710:
1678:
1672:
1671:
1653:
1627:
1615:
1606:
1602:
1596:
1595:
1585:
1569:
1563:
1562:
1551:10.1002/jez.1819
1526:
1520:
1519:
1491:
1485:
1484:
1448:
1439:
1438:
1420:
1396:
1385:
1384:
1366:
1342:
1336:
1335:
1299:
1290:
1289:
1253:
1247:
1246:
1228:
1219:
1218:
1200:
1194:
1193:
1176:
967:
920:
915:
876:
871:
866:
861:(electric eels)
843:
838:
822:
821:
796:
791:
784:Rhamphichthyidae
770:
765:
751:
750:
743:
742:
736:
735:
722:
717:
703:
702:
693:
692:
679:
673:
668:
651:
650:
641:
640:
636:
630:
554:Rhamphichthyidae
429:neutral buoyancy
401:sinusoidal waves
392:fin rays during
349:banded knifefish
284:are an order of
283:
282:
279:
278:
275:
272:
269:
266:
263:
260:
257:
254:
251:
248:
245:
242:
131:
130:
104:
94:
31:
27:Temporal range:
21:
20:
3816:
3815:
3811:
3810:
3809:
3807:
3806:
3805:
3776:
3775:
3774:
3769:
3761:
3756:
3748:
3746:
3738:
3733:
3725:
3720:
3712:
3707:
3699:
3694:
3686:
3681:
3673:
3668:
3660:
3655:
3647:
3642:
3634:
3629:
3621:
3616:
3608:
3603:
3595:
3590:
3581:
3580:
3575:
3566:
3565:
3560:
3547:
3537:
3520:
3516:Scorpaeniformes
3456:Acanthuriformes
3416:Gobiesociformes
3356:Syngnathiformes
3313:Acanthopterygii
3307:
3274:
3270:Polymixiiformes
3234:
3211:
3192:Argentiniformes
3178:
3160:
3112:
3089:
3050:
3045:
3016:
3011:
2987:
2982:
2978:Polypteriformes
2964:
2926:
2919:
2889:
2884:
2858:
2849:(electric rays)
2847:Torpediniformes
2823:(electric eels)
2795:
2764:
2743:
2738:
2701:
2696:
2657:
2650:
2613:
2606:
2567:
2563:
2516:
2512:
2477:
2466:
2423:
2416:
2377:
2373:
2368:
2364:
2325:
2321:
2268:
2264:
2219:
2215:
2162:
2158:
2127:
2123:
2068:
2064:
2009:
2005:
1960:
1956:
1901:
1897:
1890:
1876:
1872:
1823:
1819:
1795:
1791:
1785:
1781:
1752:
1745:
1740:
1736:
1731:
1724:
1687:Biology Letters
1679:
1675:
1625:
1616:
1609:
1603:
1599:
1570:
1566:
1537:(10): 569–583.
1527:
1523:
1492:
1488:
1449:
1442:
1397:
1388:
1343:
1339:
1300:
1293:
1254:
1250:
1243:
1229:
1222:
1215:
1201:
1197:
1177:
1173:
1169:
1149:
1099:electrolocation
1064:
1058:
1000:
995:
986:
977:
939:
930:
895:
886:
806:
600:electrolocation
596:
497:
477:electric organs
473:
467:
440:angle of attack
390:ray-finned fish
366:
361:
353:Gymnotus carapo
341:glass knifefish
239:
235:
217:
208:
205:Gymnotus carapo
125:
95:
93:
92:
87:
82:
77:
72:
67:
62:
57:
52:
47:
42:
37:
29:
28:
25:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3814:
3804:
3803:
3798:
3793:
3788:
3771:
3770:
3768:
3767:
3754:
3744:
3731:
3718:
3705:
3692:
3679:
3666:
3653:
3640:
3627:
3614:
3601:
3588:
3573:
3557:
3555:
3549:
3548:
3534:
3533:
3530:
3529:
3526:
3525:
3522:
3521:
3519:
3518:
3513:
3508:
3503:
3501:Pempheriformes
3498:
3493:
3488:
3483:
3478:
3473:
3468:
3463:
3458:
3453:
3448:
3443:
3438:
3433:
3428:
3423:
3418:
3413:
3408:
3403:
3398:
3396:Atheriniformes
3393:
3388:
3383:
3378:
3373:
3371:Anabantiformes
3368:
3363:
3358:
3353:
3348:
3343:
3338:
3333:
3328:
3323:
3317:
3315:
3309:
3308:
3306:
3305:
3300:
3295:
3290:
3288:Percopsiformes
3284:
3282:
3276:
3275:
3273:
3272:
3267:
3262:
3260:Myctophiformes
3257:
3252:
3246:
3244:
3241:incertae sedis
3236:
3235:
3233:
3232:
3227:
3221:
3219:
3213:
3212:
3210:
3209:
3204:
3199:
3194:
3188:
3186:
3180:
3179:
3177:
3176:
3170:
3168:
3162:
3161:
3159:
3158:
3153:
3148:
3143:
3138:
3133:
3128:
3122:
3120:
3114:
3113:
3111:
3110:
3108:Hiodontiformes
3105:
3099:
3097:
3091:
3090:
3088:
3087:
3085:Anguilliformes
3082:
3077:
3072:
3066:
3064:
3055:
3047:
3046:
3044:
3043:
3038:
3032:
3030:
3021:
3013:
3012:
3010:
3009:
3003:
3001:
2992:
2984:
2983:
2981:
2980:
2974:
2972:
2966:
2965:
2963:
2962:
2956:
2950:
2944:
2938:
2931:
2928:
2927:
2923:Actinopterygii
2918:
2917:
2910:
2903:
2895:
2886:
2885:
2883:
2882:
2877:
2872:
2866:
2864:
2860:
2859:
2857:
2856:
2850:
2844:
2841:Malapteruridae
2838:
2832:
2826:
2825:
2824:
2810:
2803:
2801:
2797:
2796:
2794:
2793:
2792:
2791:
2786:
2778:
2776:Electric organ
2772:
2770:
2766:
2765:
2763:
2762:
2757:
2751:
2749:
2745:
2744:
2737:
2736:
2729:
2722:
2714:
2708:
2707:
2700:
2699:External links
2697:
2695:
2694:
2648:
2604:
2577:(5): 485–491.
2561:
2510:
2464:
2443:10.1086/655221
2437:(3): 335–356.
2414:
2387:(2): 324–343.
2371:
2362:
2335:(6): 769–777.
2319:
2262:
2213:
2156:
2121:
2062:
2003:
1974:(1): 401–403.
1954:
1895:
1889:978-1118342336
1888:
1870:
1817:
1806:(4): 297–353.
1789:
1779:
1743:
1734:
1722:
1693:(2): 197–200.
1673:
1607:
1597:
1564:
1521:
1486:
1459:(4): 269–281.
1440:
1386:
1357:(2): 201–213.
1337:
1291:
1264:(5): 337–348.
1248:
1241:
1220:
1214:978-0691170749
1213:
1195:
1180:Froese, Rainer
1170:
1168:
1165:
1164:
1163:
1155:
1148:
1145:
1057:
1054:
999:
996:
992:
991:
988:
987:
983:
982:
979:
978:
974:
973:
970:
969:
962:, and allies)
948:
945:
944:
941:
940:
936:
935:
932:
931:
927:
926:
923:
922:
904:
901:
900:
897:
896:
892:
891:
888:
887:
883:
882:
879:
878:
853:
850:
849:
846:
845:
825:
820:
818:
812:
811:
808:
807:
803:
802:
799:
798:
780:
777:
776:
773:
772:
754:
749:
747:
741:
739:
734:
732:
729:
728:
725:
724:
706:
701:
699:
691:
689:
686:
685:
682:
681:
654:
649:
647:
639:
608:Anguilliformes
595:
592:
591:
590:
589:
588:
587:
586:
579:
570:Apteronotoidea
566:
565:
564:
557:
542:Sternopygoidei
538:
537:
536:
535:
534:
496:
493:
491:to stun prey.
466:
463:
456:center of mass
407:, however the
365:
362:
360:
357:
331:, such as the
329:aquarium trade
309:brackish water
219:
218:
209:
200:
199:
193:
192:
187:
183:
182:
177:
173:
172:
170:Actinopterygii
167:
163:
162:
157:
153:
152:
147:
143:
142:
137:
133:
132:
119:
118:
106:
105:
97:
96:
88:
83:
78:
73:
68:
63:
58:
53:
48:
43:
38:
33:
26:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3813:
3802:
3799:
3797:
3794:
3792:
3789:
3787:
3786:Gymnotiformes
3784:
3783:
3781:
3764:
3759:
3755:
3751:
3745:
3741:
3736:
3732:
3728:
3723:
3719:
3715:
3710:
3706:
3702:
3697:
3693:
3689:
3684:
3680:
3676:
3671:
3667:
3663:
3658:
3654:
3650:
3645:
3641:
3637:
3632:
3628:
3624:
3619:
3615:
3611:
3606:
3602:
3598:
3597:Gymnotiformes
3593:
3589:
3584:
3583:Gymnotiformes
3578:
3574:
3569:
3563:
3559:
3558:
3556:
3554:
3553:Gymnotiformes
3550:
3546:
3541:
3517:
3514:
3512:
3509:
3507:
3504:
3502:
3499:
3497:
3494:
3492:
3489:
3487:
3484:
3482:
3479:
3477:
3474:
3472:
3469:
3467:
3464:
3462:
3461:Lutjaniformes
3459:
3457:
3454:
3452:
3449:
3447:
3446:Ephippiformes
3444:
3442:
3439:
3437:
3434:
3432:
3429:
3427:
3424:
3422:
3421:Blenniiformes
3419:
3417:
3414:
3412:
3409:
3407:
3404:
3402:
3399:
3397:
3394:
3392:
3389:
3387:
3384:
3382:
3381:Carangiformes
3379:
3377:
3374:
3372:
3369:
3367:
3364:
3362:
3361:Scombriformes
3359:
3357:
3354:
3352:
3349:
3347:
3344:
3342:
3339:
3337:
3336:Ophidiiformes
3334:
3332:
3329:
3327:
3324:
3322:
3319:
3318:
3316:
3314:
3310:
3304:
3301:
3299:
3296:
3294:
3291:
3289:
3286:
3285:
3283:
3281:
3277:
3271:
3268:
3266:
3263:
3261:
3258:
3256:
3253:
3251:
3248:
3247:
3245:
3243:
3242:
3237:
3231:
3228:
3226:
3223:
3222:
3220:
3218:
3214:
3208:
3205:
3203:
3202:Salmoniformes
3200:
3198:
3197:Galaxiiformes
3195:
3193:
3190:
3189:
3187:
3185:
3181:
3175:
3172:
3171:
3169:
3167:
3166:Lepidogalaxii
3163:
3157:
3154:
3152:
3151:Gymnotiformes
3149:
3147:
3146:Characiformes
3144:
3142:
3141:Cypriniformes
3139:
3137:
3134:
3132:
3129:
3127:
3124:
3123:
3121:
3119:
3115:
3109:
3106:
3104:
3101:
3100:
3098:
3096:
3092:
3086:
3083:
3081:
3078:
3076:
3073:
3071:
3068:
3067:
3065:
3063:
3059:
3056:
3053:
3048:
3042:
3039:
3037:
3034:
3033:
3031:
3029:
3025:
3022:
3019:
3014:
3008:
3005:
3004:
3002:
3000:
2996:
2993:
2990:
2985:
2979:
2976:
2975:
2973:
2971:
2967:
2961:
2957:
2955:
2954:Gnathostomata
2951:
2949:
2945:
2943:
2939:
2937:
2933:
2932:
2929:
2924:
2916:
2911:
2909:
2904:
2902:
2897:
2896:
2893:
2881:
2878:
2876:
2873:
2871:
2868:
2867:
2865:
2861:
2854:
2853:Uranoscopidae
2851:
2848:
2845:
2842:
2839:
2836:
2833:
2830:
2827:
2822:
2821:
2820:Electrophorus
2817:
2816:
2814:
2813:Gymnotiformes
2811:
2808:
2805:
2804:
2802:
2798:
2790:
2787:
2785:
2782:
2781:
2779:
2777:
2774:
2773:
2771:
2767:
2761:
2758:
2756:
2753:
2752:
2750:
2746:
2742:
2741:Electric fish
2735:
2730:
2728:
2723:
2721:
2716:
2715:
2712:
2706:
2703:
2702:
2690:
2686:
2682:
2678:
2674:
2670:
2666:
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2655:
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2644:
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2609:
2600:
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2541:
2540:10.1038/22301
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2533:
2529:
2525:
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2514:
2506:
2502:
2498:
2494:
2490:
2486:
2482:
2475:
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2436:
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2334:
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2323:
2315:
2311:
2307:
2303:
2298:
2293:
2289:
2285:
2282:(1): 92–134.
2281:
2277:
2273:
2266:
2258:
2254:
2249:
2244:
2240:
2236:
2232:
2228:
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2217:
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2205:
2201:
2197:
2192:
2187:
2183:
2179:
2176:(1): 92–134.
2175:
2171:
2167:
2160:
2152:
2148:
2144:
2140:
2136:
2132:
2125:
2117:
2113:
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2098:
2093:
2089:
2085:
2082:(5): e36287.
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2077:
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2066:
2058:
2054:
2049:
2044:
2039:
2034:
2030:
2026:
2023:(5): e36287.
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2018:
2014:
2007:
1999:
1995:
1990:
1985:
1981:
1977:
1973:
1969:
1965:
1958:
1950:
1946:
1941:
1936:
1932:
1928:
1924:
1920:
1916:
1912:
1911:
1906:
1899:
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1793:
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1729:
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1700:
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1677:
1669:
1665:
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1657:
1652:
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1631:
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1612:
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1156:
1154:
1153:Electric fish
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1150:
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1134:
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1126:
1125:E. electricus
1121:
1119:
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1111:
1106:
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1100:
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1074:are from the
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1069:
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1062:Electric fish
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1051:
1047:
1046:
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1029:
1025:
1021:
1017:
1013:
1009:
1005:
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934:
933:
925:
924:
921:
919:
914:
909:
908:Sternopygidae
903:
902:
899:
898:
890:
889:
881:
880:
877:
875:
870:
865:
860:
859:
858:Electrophorus
852:
851:
848:
847:
844:
842:
837:
832:
831:
824:
823:
817:
814:
813:
810:
809:
801:
800:
797:
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790:
785:
779:
778:
775:
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771:
769:
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753:
752:
745:
744:
738:
737:
731:
730:
727:
726:
723:
721:
716:
711:
710:Apteronotidae
705:
704:
698:
697:Gymnotiformes
695:
694:
688:
687:
684:
683:
680:
678:
672:
667:
663:
659:
653:
652:
646:
643:
642:
638:
635:
629:
624:
619:
617:
613:
609:
605:
604:Electrophorus
601:
584:
583:Apteronotidae
580:
577:
576:Sternopygidae
573:
572:
571:
567:
562:
558:
555:
551:
550:
549:
545:
544:
543:
539:
532:
528:
527:
526:
525:
524:
520:
519:
518:
517:
516:Gymnotiformes
512:
510:
506:
502:
492:
490:
486:
481:
478:
472:
462:
459:
457:
453:
452:pectoral fins
449:
445:
441:
436:
434:
430:
424:
422:
418:
414:
413:Kármán vortex
410:
406:
402:
397:
395:
391:
386:
383:
379:
375:
371:
356:
354:
350:
346:
342:
338:
334:
330:
326:
322:
318:
314:
310:
306:
302:
298:
294:
290:
287:
281:
234:
233:Gymnotiformes
225:
216:
212:
207:
206:
201:
198:
194:
191:
190:Gymnotiformes
188:
185:
184:
181:
178:
175:
174:
171:
168:
165:
164:
161:
158:
155:
154:
151:
148:
145:
144:
141:
138:
135:
134:
129:
124:
120:
117:
116:
111:
107:
103:
98:
91:
86:
81:
76:
71:
66:
61:
56:
51:
46:
41:
36:
22:
19:
3552:
3491:Lophiiformes
3486:Caproiformes
3466:Lobotiformes
3441:Moroniformes
3426:Gerreiformes
3411:Mugiliformes
3406:Beloniformes
3391:Cichliformes
3321:Beryciformes
3265:Lampriformes
3255:Aulopiformes
3239:
3230:Stomiiformes
3225:Osmeriformes
3156:Siluriformes
3150:
3126:Clupeiformes
3075:Albuliformes
2960:Osteichthyes
2952:Infraphylum
2875:Lateral line
2855:(stargazers)
2819:
2812:
2807:Gymnarchidae
2789:Knollenorgan
2664:
2660:
2624:
2620:
2574:
2570:
2564:
2523:
2519:
2513:
2488:
2484:
2434:
2430:
2384:
2380:
2374:
2365:
2332:
2328:
2322:
2279:
2275:
2265:
2230:
2226:
2216:
2173:
2169:
2159:
2137:(1): 17–25.
2134:
2130:
2124:
2079:
2075:
2065:
2020:
2016:
2006:
1971:
1967:
1957:
1914:
1908:
1898:
1879:
1873:
1832:
1828:
1820:
1803:
1799:
1792:
1782:
1763:
1759:
1737:
1690:
1686:
1676:
1636:(1): 25–46.
1633:
1629:
1600:
1573:
1567:
1534:
1530:
1524:
1499:
1495:
1489:
1456:
1452:
1408:
1404:
1354:
1350:
1340:
1307:
1303:
1261:
1257:
1251:
1232:
1204:
1198:
1187:
1174:
1157:
1141:
1137:
1132:
1128:
1124:
1122:
1117:
1113:
1107:
1103:
1088:
1068:Ostariophysi
1065:
1043:
1018:to northern
1001:
950:
906:
856:
855:
828:
827:
782:
756:
708:
696:
661:
658:Siluriformes
656:
620:
603:
597:
569:
568:Superfamily
547:
546:Superfamily
541:
522:
515:
513:
505:Siluriformes
498:
482:
474:
460:
437:
425:
398:
387:
369:
367:
352:
344:
336:
324:
321:electric eel
296:
292:
232:
230:
203:
197:Type species
189:
176:(unranked):
113:
18:
3657:iNaturalist
3577:Wikispecies
3511:Perciformes
3471:Spariformes
3436:Labriformes
3351:Gobiiformes
3346:Kurtiformes
3207:Esociformes
3070:Elopiformes
3062:Elopomorpha
3018:Neopterygii
2999:Chondrostei
2989:Actinopteri
2958:Superclass
1917:(1): 4000.
1022:. They are
952:Characoidei
758:Hypopomidae
660:(catfish) (
616:sister taxa
561:Hypopomidae
523:Gymnotoidei
421:caudal fins
409:wake vortex
378:dorsal fins
374:pelvic fins
359:Description
347:), and the
305:fresh water
289:bony fishes
3780:Categories
3303:Gadiformes
3118:Otocephala
3041:Amiiformes
2948:Vertebrata
2946:Subphylum
2835:Rajiformes
2829:Mormyridae
2748:Physiology
1502:: 75–114.
1167:References
1159:Gymnarchus
1095:Mormyridae
1045:Eichornium
1036:floodplain
1012:Neotropics
816:Gymnotidae
531:Gymnotidae
509:Cretaceous
485:millivolts
394:locomotion
3293:Zeiformes
3052:Teleostei
2970:Cladistia
2661:Evolution
2643:195856052
2556:204994529
2381:Evolution
1835:(2): 20.
1592:248781367
1056:Evolution
1024:nocturnal
1020:Argentina
594:Phylogeny
540:Suborder
521:Suborder
382:anal fins
313:nocturnal
146:Kingdom:
140:Eukaryota
3562:Wikidata
3217:Stomiati
3028:Holostei
2942:Chordata
2936:Animalia
2934:Kingdom
2837:(skates)
2681:27436179
2591:14692496
2548:10421365
2505:10210663
2459:16787431
2451:20653442
2409:14178144
2401:15807419
2357:39794542
2314:73442571
2306:30729523
2257:23761476
2208:73442571
2200:30729523
2151:35007130
2116:22606250
2076:PLOS ONE
2057:22606250
2017:PLOS ONE
1998:33473497
1949:31506444
1865:16535732
1857:28812610
1717:20980295
1668:15603518
1559:24039242
1481:24925455
1435:14992273
1427:23761475
1373:24072799
1332:10911068
1324:18931321
1286:25043841
1189:FishBase
1147:See also
1133:Gymnotus
1129:Gymnotus
1118:Gymnotus
1114:Mormyrus
956:piranhas
830:Gymnotus
645:Otophysi
495:Taxonomy
301:anal fin
211:Linnaeus
180:Otophysi
160:Chordata
156:Phylum:
150:Animalia
136:Domain:
3568:Q752264
2940:Phylum
2921:Extant
2863:Related
2769:Anatomy
2689:1064883
2627:: 264.
2599:6240530
2528:Bibcode
2349:8805421
2284:Bibcode
2248:4988487
2178:Bibcode
2107:3351409
2084:Bibcode
2048:3351409
2025:Bibcode
1989:7799549
1940:6736962
1919:Bibcode
1837:Bibcode
1708:3061176
1660:6616267
1539:Bibcode
1504:Bibcode
1461:Bibcode
1453:Zoology
1381:2656865
1266:Bibcode
1258:Zoology
1084:Bolivia
1076:Miocene
1072:fossils
1042:(e.g.,
1028:diverse
1008:streams
581:Family
574:Family
559:Family
552:Family
529:Family
339:), the
286:teleost
186:Order:
166:Class:
3763:154244
3750:113900
3747:uBio:
3714:216180
3688:553135
2800:Groups
2687:
2679:
2641:
2597:
2589:
2554:
2546:
2520:Nature
2503:
2457:
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1947:
1937:
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1371:
1330:
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1239:
1211:
1091:Africa
1048:, the
1016:Mexico
1004:rivers
960:tetras
514:Order
3758:WoRMS
3735:Plazi
3727:92061
3675:10812
3670:IRMNG
3662:52559
3623:623BF
2685:S2CID
2639:S2CID
2595:S2CID
2552:S2CID
2455:S2CID
2405:S2CID
2353:S2CID
2310:S2CID
2204:S2CID
2147:S2CID
1861:S2CID
1766:(1).
1664:S2CID
1626:(PDF)
1431:S2CID
1377:S2CID
1328:S2CID
1082:) of
448:pitch
433:heave
417:trout
3701:8002
3696:NCBI
3683:ITIS
3649:1165
3644:GBIF
3636:5477
3605:BOLD
2677:PMID
2587:PMID
2544:PMID
2501:PMID
2447:PMID
2397:PMID
2345:PMID
2302:PMID
2253:PMID
2196:PMID
2112:PMID
2053:PMID
1994:PMID
1945:PMID
1884:ISBN
1853:PMID
1713:PMID
1656:PMID
1588:OCLC
1555:PMID
1477:PMID
1423:PMID
1369:PMID
1320:PMID
1282:PMID
1237:ISBN
1209:ISBN
1006:and
662:some
446:and
444:roll
376:nor
231:The
215:1758
35:PreꞒ
3631:EoL
3618:CoL
3610:265
3592:ADW
2669:doi
2629:doi
2579:doi
2536:doi
2524:400
2493:doi
2489:202
2439:doi
2435:176
2389:doi
2337:doi
2292:doi
2243:PMC
2235:doi
2231:216
2186:doi
2139:doi
2102:PMC
2092:doi
2043:PMC
2033:doi
1984:PMC
1976:doi
1935:PMC
1927:doi
1845:doi
1808:doi
1768:doi
1703:PMC
1695:doi
1646:hdl
1638:doi
1605:NH.
1578:hdl
1547:doi
1535:319
1512:doi
1500:148
1469:doi
1457:117
1413:doi
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1359:doi
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50:S
45:O
40:Ꞓ
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