Haiti - Knowledge

5487: 2445: 5777: 1900: 2143: 3984: 6190: 3750: 1669: 6029: 6431: 21730: 6318: 2302:. During the first two years of Soulouque's administration the conspiracies and opposition he faced in retaining power were so manifold that the Dominicans were given a further breathing space in which to consolidate their independence. But, when in 1848 France finally recognized the Dominican Republic as a free and independent state and provisionally signed a treaty of peace, friendship, commerce and navigation, Haiti immediately protested, claiming the treaty was an attack upon their own security. Soulouque decided to invade the new Republic before the French Government could ratify the treaty. 4731: 245: 2719:, nicknamed 'Baby Doc', who ruled until 1986. He largely continued his father's policies, though curbed some of the worst excesses in order to court international respectability. Tourism, which had nosedived in Papa Doc's time, again became a growing industry. However, as the economy continued to decline, Baby Doc's grip on power began to weaken. Haiti's pig population was slaughtered following an outbreak of swine fever in the late 1970s, causing hardship to rural communities who used them as an investment. The opposition became more vocal, bolstered by a visit to the country by 5796:. Frequent subjects in Haitian art include big, foods, landscapes, market activities, jungle animals, rituals, dances, and gods. As a result of a deep history and strong African ties, symbols take on great meaning within Haitian society. Many artists cluster in 'schools' of painting, such as the Cap-Haïtien school, which features depictions of daily life in the city, the Jacmel School, which reflects the steep mountains and bays of that coastal town, or the Saint-Soleil School, which is characterized by abstracted human forms and is heavily influenced by Vodou symbolism. 1748: 14015:

Eileen; Sechrest, Wes; Price, Lori; Baillie, Jonathan E. M.; Weeden, Don; Suckling, Kierán; Davis, Crystal; Sizer, Nigel; Moore, Rebecca; Thau, David; Birch, Tanya; Potapov, Peter; Turubanova, Svetlana; Tyukavina, Alexandra; de Souza, Nadia; Pintea, Lilian; Brito, José C.; Llewellyn, Othman A.; Miller, Anthony G.; Patzelt, Annette; Ghazanfar, Shahina A.; Timberlake, Jonathan; Klöser, Heinz; Shennan-Farpón, Yara; Kindt, Roeland; Lillesø, Jens-Peter Barnekow; van Breugel, Paulo; Graudal, Lars; Voge, Maianna; Al-Shammari, Khalaf F.; Saleem, Muhammad (2017).

2065: 235: 1973: 1371: 4159: 4778: 2958: 1451: 2510: 2347: 6399: 4303: 4288: 4390: 101: 3119: 5280: 3521: 1857: 21573: 22809: 6330: 6306: 5524: 5497: 22701: 5541: 3463: 4663: 3339: 1949:, exceeding the total French soldiers killed in action across various 19th-century colonial campaigns in Algeria, Mexico, Indochina, Tunisia, and West Africa, which resulted in approximately 10,000 French soldiers killed in action combined. The British sustained 45,000 dead. Additionally, 350,000 ex-enslaved Haitians died. In the process, Dessalines became arguably the most successful military commander in the struggle against Napoleonic France. 2556:; his capture and execution in 1919 earned him the status of a national martyr. During Senate hearings in 1921, the commandant of the Marine Corps reported that, in the 20 months of active unrest, 2,250 Haitians had been killed. However, in a report to the Secretary of the Navy, he reported the death toll as being 3,250. Haitian historians have claimed the true number was much higher, but this is not supported by most historians outside Haiti. 6092: 3360: 87: 19906: 4853: 22800: 4865: 4328: 21297: 6294: 2737: 20083: 19080: 4014:, and their agents stole US $ 504 million from the treasury between 1971 and 1986. Similarly, after the Haitian Army folded in 1995, the Haitian National Police (HNP) gained sole power of authority on the Haitian citizens. Many Haitians as well as observers believe that this monopolized power could have given way to a corrupt police force. Some media outlets alleged that millions were stolen by former president 890: 847: 828: 795: 776: 4401:, a root plant used to make luxury perfumes, essential oils and fragrances, providing for half the world's supply. Roughly 40–50% of Haitians work in the agricultural sector. However, according to soil surveys by the United States Department of Agriculture in the early 1980s, only 11.3 percent of the land was highly suitable for crops. Haiti relies upon imports for half its food needs and 80% of its rice. 3247: 10524: 10456: 10377: 10324: 2285: 2662: 3647: 2262:. Pierrot's most pressing duty as the new president was to check the incursions of the Dominicans, who were harassing the Haitian troops. Dominican gunboats were also making depredations on Haiti's coasts. President Pierrot decided to open a campaign against the Dominicans, whom he considered merely as insurgents; however, the Haitian offensive of 1845 was stopped on the frontier. 4533: 2471:. In December 1914, the Americans removed $ 500,000 from the Haitian National Bank, but rather than seize it to help pay the debt, it was removed for safe-keeping in New York, thus giving the United States control of the bank and preventing other powers from doing so. This gave a stable financial base on which to build the economy, and to enable the debt to be repaid. 1645:, which established rules on slave treatment and permissible freedoms. Saint-Domingue has been described as one of the most brutally efficient slave colonies; at the end of the eighteenth century it was supplying two-thirds of Europe's tropical produce while one-third of newly imported Africans died within a few years. Many enslaved persons died from diseases such as 4134:, the prison governor stated that around 529 detainees were never sentenced, and there are 3,830 detainees who are in prolonged detained trial detention. Therefore, 80% are not convicted. Unless families are able to provide the necessary funds for inmates to appear before a judge there is a very slim chance the inmate would have a trial, on average, within 10 years. 13923:

Langhammer, P.; Laurance, W. F.; Lieberman, S.; Linkie, M.; Malhi, Y.; Maxwell, S.; Mendez, M.; Mittermeier, R.; Murray, N. J.; Possingham, H.; Radachowsky, J.; Saatchi, S.; Samper, C.; Silverman, J.; Shapiro, A.; Strassburg, B.; Stevens, T.; Stokes, E.; Taylor, R.; Tear, T.; Tizard, R.; Venter, O.; Visconti, P.; Wang, S.; Watson, J. E. M. (2020).

5110:. As such, it is difficult to estimate the number of Vodouists in Haiti, especially given the legacy of historic persecution and misrepresentation in popular media and culture, as well as modern stigmatization among segments of the growing Protestant population. Nonetheless, Vodou was officially recognized by the Haitian government in 2003. 4315:. The most common source of energy is wood, along with charcoal. About 4 million metric tons of wood products are consumed yearly. Like charcoal and wood, petroleum is also an important source of energy. Since Haiti cannot produce its own fuel, all fuel is imported. Yearly, around 691,000 tons of oil is imported into the country. 6788: 5174:. It is spoken by all educated Haitians, is the medium of instruction in most schools, and is used in the business sector. It is also used in ceremonial events such as weddings, graduations and church Masses. Haiti is one of two independent nations in the Americas (along with Canada) to designate French as an 5094:, is formally practiced by 2.1% of the population; however, it is estimated that 50-80% of Haitians incorporate some elements of Vodou belief or practices into their religion, particularly with Catholicism. This reflect Vodou's colonial origins, when enslaved persons were obliged to disguise their traditional 2580:, he ordered his army to kill Haitians living on the Dominican side of the border. Few bullets were used; instead, 20,000–30,000 Haitians were bludgeoned and bayoneted, then herded into the sea, where sharks finished what Trujillo had begun. The indiscriminate massacre occurred over a period of five days. 1409:, or chief, as the Europeans understood them. At the time of European contact, the island of Hispaniola was divided among five 'caciquedoms': the Magua in the northeast, the Marien in the northwest, the Jaragua in the southwest, the Maguana in the central regions of Cibao, and the Higüey in the southeast. 4967:. There were an estimated 881,500 people of Haitian ancestry in the United States in 2015, while in the Dominican Republic there were an estimated 800,000 in 2007. There were 300,000 in Cuba in 2013, 100,000 in Canada in 2006, 80,000 in Metropolitan France (2010), and up to 80,000 in the Bahamas (2009). 2842:. This enabled the restoration of the democratically elected Jean-Bertrand Aristide as president, who returned to Haiti in October to complete his term. As part of the deal Aristide had to implement free market reforms in an attempt to improve the Haitian economy, with mixed results. In November 1994, 13922:

Grantham, H. S.; Duncan, A.; Evans, T. D.; Jones, K. R.; Beyer, H. L.; Schuster, R.; Walston, J.; Ray, J. C.; Robinson, J. G.; Callow, M.; Clements, T.; Costa, H. M.; DeGemmis, A.; Elsen, P. R.; Ervin, J.; Franco, P.; Goldman, E.; Goetz, S.; Hansen, A.; Hofsvang, E.; Jantz, P.; Jupiter, S.; Kang, A.;

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A Dictionary of Dates Relating to All Ages and Nations: For Universal Reference Comprehending Remarkable Occurrences, Ancient and Modern, The Foundation, Laws, and Governments of Countries-Their Progress In Civilization, Industry, Arts and Science-Their Achievements In Arms-And Their Civil, Military,

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buses are colorfully painted buses or pick-up trucks that serve as shared taxis. The "tap tap" name comes from the sound of passengers tapping on the metal bus body to indicate they want off. These vehicles for hire are often privately owned and extensively decorated. They follow fixed routes, do not

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Port-au-Prince receives an average annual rainfall of 1,370 mm (53.9 in). There are two rainy seasons, April–June and October–November. Haiti is subject to periodic droughts and floods, made more severe by deforestation. Hurricanes are a menace, and the country is also prone to flooding and

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took place on 20 March 2011, and preliminary results, released on 4 April, named Michel Martelly the winner. In 2011 both former dictator Jean-Claude Duvalier and Jean-Bertrand Aristide returned to Haiti; attempts to try Duvalier for crimes committed under his rule were shelved following his death in

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was violently suppressed, with the ringleaders publicly executed and hundreds of mixed-raced citizens in the town killed. The bulk of the educated and professional class began leaving the country, and corruption became widespread. Duvalier sought to create a personality cult, identifying himself with

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were given limited opportunities toward education, income, and occupations, but even after gaining independence, the social structure remains a legacy today as the disparity between the upper and lower classes have not been reformed significantly since the colonial days. Making up 5% of the nation's

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hadn't constructed a port anywhere since the 1970s. A USAid feasibility study in 2015 found that "a new port was not viable for a variety of technical, environmental and economic reasons", that the US was short US$ 72m in funds to cover the majority of the projected costs, and that private companies

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In 2018, a 24-hour electricity project was announced; for this purpose 236 MW needs to installed in Port-au-Prince alone, with an additional 75 MW needed in all other regions. Presently only 27.5% of the population has access to electricity; moreover, the national energy agency l'Électricité d'Haïti

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As of 2017, among all the countries in the Americas, Haiti is producing the least energy. Less than a quarter of the country has electric coverage. Most regions of Haiti that do have energy are powered by generators. These generators are often expensive and produce a lot of pollution. The areas that

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was elected President of Haiti. Known as 'Papa Doc' and initially popular, Duvalier remained President until his death in 1971. He advanced black interests in the public sector, where over time, people of color had predominated as the educated urban elite. Not trusting the army, despite his frequent

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and centralized power in Port-au-Prince. 1700 km of roads were made usable, 189 bridges were built, many irrigation canals were rehabilitated, hospitals, schools, and public buildings were constructed, and drinking water was brought to the main cities. Agricultural education was organized, with

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on 18 November 1803, establishing the first state ever to successfully gain independence through a slave revolt. Under the overall command of Dessalines, the Haitian armies avoided open battle, and instead conducted a successful guerrilla campaign against the Napoleonic forces, working with diseases

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More than 80% of primary schools are privately managed by nongovernmental organizations, churches, communities, and for-profit operators, with minimal government oversight. According to the 2013 Millennium Development Goals Report, Haiti has steadily boosted net enrollment rate in primary education

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Ten years later, the park was considered to have failed to uphold its promise to deliver the transformation the Clintons had promised. The US invested tens of millions of dollars into the port project but eventually abandoned it. In order to establish the park, hundreds of families of small farmers

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The middle and upper classes live in suburbs, or in the central part of the bigger cities in apartments, where there is urban planning. Many of the houses they live in are like miniature fortresses, located behind walls embedded with metal spikes, barbed wire, broken glass, and sometimes all three.

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recognition to Haiti; Britain recognized Haitian independence in 1833, and the United States not until 1862. Haiti borrowed heavily from Western banks at extremely high interest rates to repay the debt. Although the amount of the reparations was reduced to 90 million in 1838, by 1900 80% of Haiti's

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The Roman Catholic pontiff responded with a stern lecture to the island country's tiny moneyed elite, telling the 31-year-old president-for-life of the Western Hemisphere's poorest country, 'Things must change in Haiti.' ... 'I call on all those who have power, riches and culture so that they

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French losses from 1830–51 were 3,336 killed in battle and 92,329 died of wounds or from all other causes. Between 1830 and 1870, 411 French officers were killed and 1,360 were wounded. The toll for the ranks was an estimated 10,000 killed and 35,000 wounded in all French colonial campaigns. A few

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were generally privileged above the black majority, though they possessed fewer rights than the white population. Following the country's independence, they became the nation's social elite. Numerous leaders throughout Haiti's history have been mulattoes. During this time, the enslaved persons and

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The United Nations states that US$ 13.34 billion has been earmarked for post-earthquake reconstruction through 2020, though two years after the 2010 quake, less than half of that amount had actually been released. As of 2015, the US government has allocated US$ 4 billion, US$ 3 billion has already

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Germany increased its influence in Haiti in this period, with a small community of German settlers wielding disproportionate influence in Haiti's economy. The German influence prompted anxieties in the United States, who had also invested heavily in the country, and whose government defended their

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Dinerstein, Eric; Olson, David; Joshi, Anup; Vynne, Carly; Burgess, Neil D.; Wikramanayake, Eric; Hahn, Nathan; Palminteri, Suzanne; Hedao, Prashant; Noss, Reed; Hansen, Matt; Locke, Harvey; Ellis, Erle C; Jones, Benjamin; Barber, Charles Victor; Hayes, Randy; Kormos, Cyril; Martin, Vance; Crist,

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and establish an official commission for the settlement of past wrongdoings. Meanwhile, after continuing political wrangling with the opposition and allegations of electoral fraud, Martelly agreed to step down in 2016 without a successor in place. After numerous postponements, partly owing to the

1624:, a far larger territory, had numbered only 65,000. In the north of the island, those enslaved were able to retain many ties to African cultures, religion and language; these ties were continually being renewed by newly imported Africans. Some West Africans in slavery held on to their traditional 9205:

In spite of all this paranoia, however, South Carolina actually lifted its ban on foreign slaves in 1804, and all those who arrived from Saint-Domingue eventually settled there. According to Dessens, many were even welcomed quite warmly. This was especially true for the 8,000 or so of the 25,000

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Roughly 75% of Haitian households lack running water. Unsafe water, along with inadequate housing and unsanitary living conditions, contributes to the high incidence of infectious diseases. There is a chronic shortage of health care personnel and hospitals lack resources, a situation that became

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that of the Dominican Republic (22.1 per 100,000), making it among the safer countries in the region. In large part, this is due to the country's ability to fulfil a pledge by increasing its national police yearly by 50%, a four-year initiative that was started in 2012. In addition to the yearly

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is essential in the construction of the state the management of land and public finances. Up to the 20th century, every Haitian president was an officer in the army. During the US intervention, the army was remodeled as Gendarmerie d'Haiti and later on as Force Armée d'Haiti (FAdH). In the early

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Haiti's forests covered 60% of the country as recently as 50 years ago, but that has been halved to a current estimate of 30% tree cover. This estimate poses a stark difference from the erroneous figure of 2% which has been oft-cited in discourse concerning the country's environmental condition.

2498:, arrived in Port-au-Prince in an attempt to restore order and protect U.S. interests. Within days, the Marines had taken control of the capital city and its banks and customs house. The Marines declared martial law and severely censored the press. Within weeks, a new pro-U.S. Haitian president, 2045:

The plantation system was re-established in Haiti, albeit for wages; however, many Haitians were marginalized and resented the heavy-handed manner in which this was enforced in the new nation's politics. The rebel movement splintered, and Dessalines was assassinated by rivals on 17 October 1806.

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In 2018, Haiti's population was estimated to be about 10,788,000. In 2006, half of the population was younger than age 20. In 1950, the first formal census gave a total population of 3.1 million. Haiti averages approximately 350 people per square kilometer (910 people/sq mi), with its

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In Haiti, communications include the radio, television, fixed and mobile telephones, and the Internet. Haiti ranked last among North American countries in the World Economic Forum's Network Readiness Index (NRI) – an indicator for determining the development level of a country's

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In the past, Haiti used rail transport; however, the rail infrastructure was poorly maintained when in use and cost of rehabilitation is beyond the means of the Haitian economy. In 2018 the Regional Development Council of the Dominican Republic proposed a "trans-Hispaniola" railway between both

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Haiti's climate is tropical with some variation depending on altitude. Port-au-Prince ranges in January from an average minimum of 23 °C (73.4 °F) to an average maximum of 31 °C (87.8 °F); in July, from 25–35 °C (77–95 °F). The rainfall pattern is varied, with rain

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On 1 January 1846 Pierrot announced a fresh campaign to reimpose Haitian suzerainty over eastern Hispaniola, but his officers and men greeted this fresh summons with contempt. Thus, a month later – February 1846 – when Pierrot ordered his troops to march against the Dominicans, the Haitian army

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Fernandes, Daniel M.; Sirak, Kendra A.; Ringbauer, Harald; Sedig, Jakob; Rohland, Nadin; Cheronet, Olivia; Mah, Matthew; Mallick, Swapan; Olalde, Iñigo; Culleton, Brendan J.; Adamski, Nicole; Bernardos, Rebecca; Bravo, Guillermo; Broomandkhoshbacht, Nasreen; Callan, Kimberly (4 February 2021).

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The tourism market in Haiti is undeveloped and the government is heavily promoting this sector. Haiti has many of the features that attract tourists to other Caribbean destinations, such as white sand beaches, mountainous scenery and a year-round warm climate. However, the country's poor image

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became significant exports, boosting prosperity. Haitian traditionalists, based in rural areas, were highly resistant to U.S.-backed changes, while the urban elites, typically mixed-race, welcomed the growing economy, but wanted more political control. Together they helped secure an end to the

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as its currency. Despite its tourism industry, Haiti is one of the poorest countries in the Americas, with corruption, political instability, poor infrastructure, lack of health care and lack of education cited as the main causes. Unemployment is high and many Haitians seek to emigrate. Trade

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In 2023, kidnapping jumped 72% from the first quarter of the previous year. Doctors, lawyers, and other wealthy members of society were kidnapped and held for ransom. Many victims were killed when ransom demands were not met, leading those with the means to do so to flee the country, further

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sought to strengthen his tenuous rule by a mass execution of 167 political prisoners. Outrage at the killings led to riots, and Sam was captured and killed by a lynch mob. Fearing possible foreign intervention, or the emergence of a new government led by the anti-American Haitian politician

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In total, roughly 40,000 to 60,000 Haitians are estimated to have been killed during the reign of the Duvaliers. Through the use of his intimidation tactics and executions, many intellectual Haitians had fled, leaving the country with a massive brain-drain from which it has yet to recover.

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was brought in to maintain order. However, MINUSTAH proved controversial, since their periodically heavy-handed approach to maintaining law and order and several instances of abuses, including the alleged sexual abuse of civilians, provoked resentment and distrust among ordinary Haitians.

2367:(1874–76) relations with the Dominican Republic were dramatically improved by the signing of a treaty, in which both parties acknowledged the independence of the other. Some modernisation of the economy and infrastructure also occurred in this period, especially under the Presidencies of 1839:

With slavery abolished, Toussaint Louverture pledged allegiance to France, and he fought off the British and Spanish forces who had taken advantage of the situation and invaded Saint-Domingue. The Spanish were later forced to cede their part of the island to France under the terms of the

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has been one of the most popular carnivals in the Caribbean. In 2010, the government decided to stage the event in a different city outside Port-au-Prince every year. The National Carnival follows the popular Jacmel Carnival, which takes place a week earlier in February or March.

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In 2012 and 2013, 150 HNP officers received specialized training funded by the US government, which also contributed to the infrastructure and communications support by upgrading radio capacity and constructing new police stations from the most violent-prone neighborhoods of

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all produced heavy winds and rain, resulting in 331 deaths and about 800,000 in need of humanitarian aid. The state of affairs produced by these storms was intensified by already high food and fuel prices that had caused a food crisis and political unrest in April 2008.

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recruits, the Haitian National Police (HNP) has been using innovative technologies to crack down on crime. A notable bust in recent years led to the dismantlement of the largest kidnapping ring in the country with the use of an advanced software program developed by a

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3%, Methodist 1.5%, other 0.7%). Other sources put the Protestant population higher, suggesting that it might have formed one-third of the population in 2001. Like other countries in Latin America, Haiti has witnessed a general Protestant expansion, which is largely

2338:, Duke of Tabara. In December of that year, Geffrard defeated the Imperial Army and seized control of most of the country. As a result, the Emperor abdicated his throne on 15 January 1859. Faustin was taken into exile and General Geffrard succeeded him as president. 5362:, compared to 93–95% in other countries. Recently there have been mass vaccination campaigns claiming to vaccinate as many as 91% of a target population against specific diseases (measles and rubella in this case). Most people have no transportation or access to 2997:. In 2017, it was reported that roughly 10,000 Haitians had died and nearly a million had been made ill. After years of denial, the United Nations apologized in 2016, but as of 2017, they have refused to acknowledge fault, thus avoiding financial responsibility. 2246:

seized control of Santo Domingo on 27 February 1844. The Haitian forces, unprepared for a significant uprising, capitulated to the rebels, effectively ending Haitian rule of eastern Hispaniola. In March Rivière-Hérard attempted to reimpose his authority, but the

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The French settlers were outnumbered by enslaved persons by almost 10 to 1. According to the 1788 Census, Haiti's population consisted of nearly 25,000 Europeans, 22,000 free coloreds and 700,000 Africans in slavery. In contrast, by 1763 the white population of

6432: 5197:. Haitian Creole is spoken by nearly all of the Haitian population. French, the base language for Haitian Creole, is popular among the Haitian elite and upper classes. French is also popular in the business sector, and to a far lesser degree, English due to 221: 17061: 219: 217: 16864: 2103:

system, with a rigid education and economic code. Pétion's republic was less absolutist, and he initiated a series of land reforms which benefited the peasant class. President Pétion also gave military and financial assistance to the revolutionary leader

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thousand from this number died in Mexico or Indochina, but the great bulk met their deaths in Algeria. Disease took an even greater toll. One estimate puts total French and Foreign Legion deaths from battle and disease for the entire century at 110,000.

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The sufferings endured by the soldiers during the campaign of 1855, and the losses and sacrifices inflicted on the country without yielding any compensation or any practical results provoked great discontent. In 1858 a revolution began, led by General

220: 2173:, Boyer passed the Code Rural, which denied peasant laborers the right to leave the land, enter the towns, or start farms or shops of their own, causing much resentment as most peasants wished to have their own farms rather than work on plantations. 17696: 4994:

population, mulattoes have retained their preeminence, evident in the political, economic, social and cultural hierarchy in Haiti. As a result, the elite class today consists of a small group of influential people who are generally light in color.

2215:. By an order of 17 April 1826, the King of France renounced his rights of sovereignty and formally recognized the independence of Haiti. The enforced payments to France hampered Haiti's economic growth for years, exacerbated by the fact that many 2891:

in northern Haiti. The rebellion eventually reached the capital, and Aristide was forced into exile. The precise nature of the events are disputed; some, including Aristide and his bodyguard, Franz Gabriel, stated that he was the victim of a "new

3415:. A study team performing a hazard assessment of the fault system recommended "high priority" historical geologic rupture studies, as the fault was fully locked and had recorded few earthquakes in the preceding 40 years. The magnitude 7.0 2329:

on the west coast of Haiti, which they plundered and set on fire. After another Haitian campaign in 1855, Britain and France intervened and obtained an armistice on behalf of the Dominicans, who declared independence as the Dominican Republic.

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sector. Notably, access to public services is very low, their quality is inadequate and public institutions remain very weak despite foreign aid and the government's declared intent to strengthen the sector's institutions. Foreign and Haitian

4273:, Haiti's main import partners are: Dominican Republic 35%, US 26.8%, Netherlands Antilles 8.7%, China 7% (est. 2013). Haiti's main export partner is the US 83.5% (est. 2013). Haiti had a trade deficit of US$ 3 billion in 2011, or 41% of GDP. 9383: 4081:(NYPD) sent a team of officers to Haiti to assist in the rebuilding of its police force with special training in investigative techniques, anti-kidnapping strategies and community outreach. It has also helped the HNP set up a police unit in 5205:. English and Spanish may also be spoken by Haitian deportees from the United States and various Latin American countries. Overall, about 90–95% of Haitians only speak Haitian Creole and French fluently, with over half only knowing Creole. 4345:

from Haitians living abroad are the primary source of foreign exchange, equaling one-fifth (20%) of GDP and more than five times the earnings from exports as of 2012. In 2004, 80% or more of college graduates from Haiti were living abroad.

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Matthew Lucky, Katie Auth, Alexander Ochs, et al., Haiti Sustainable Energy Roadmap: Harnessing Domestic Energy Resources to Build an Affordable, Reliable, and Climate-Compatible Electricity System (Washington, DC: Worldwatch Institute,

4510:, but are commonly used as informal prices. The vast majority of the business sector and individuals will also accept US dollars, though at the outdoor markets gourdes may be preferred. Locals may refer to the USD as "dollar américain" ( 3150:

Haiti is the most mountainous country in the Caribbean, its terrain consists of mountains interspersed with small coastal plains and river valleys. The climate is tropical, with some variation depending on altitude. The highest point is

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do get electricity experience power cuts on a daily basis, and some areas are limited to 12 hours of electricity a day. Electricity is provided by a small number of independent companies: Sogener, E-power, and Haytrac. There is no

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established the French language as the venue of culture and prestige, and since then it has dominated the literary circles and the literary production. However, since the 18th century there has been a sustained effort to write in

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has also provided extensive humanitarian aid to Haiti, including the funding and construction of a public university, human capital, free healthcare services in the border region, and logistical support after the 2010 earthquake.

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The period following Soulouque's overthrow down to the turn of the century was a turbulent one for Haiti, with repeated bouts of political instability. President Geffrard was overthrown in a coup in 1867, as was his successor,

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acts as head of government and is appointed by the president, chosen from the majority party in the National Assembly. Executive power is exercised by the president and prime minister who together constitute the government.

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in 1983, who publicly lambasted the president. Demonstrations occurred in Gonaïves in 1985 which then spread across the country; under pressure from the United States, Duvalier left the country for France in February 1986.

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and the emerging country of Haiti, depending on who was President of the US. Washington, who was a slave holder and isolationist, kept the United States neutral, although private US citizens at times provided aid to French

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such as yellow fever to reduce the numbers of French soldiers. Later that year France withdrew its remaining 7,000 troops from the island and Napoleon gave up his idea of re-establishing a North American empire, selling

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later becoming the new president (1946–50). He sought to improve the economy and education, and to boost the role of black Haitians; however, as he sought to consolidate his rule he too was overthrown in a coup led by

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system that allowed the government/occupying forces to take people from their homes and farms, at gunpoint if necessary, to build roads, bridges etc. by force, a process that was deeply resented by ordinary Haitians.

13777: 7143: 4359:. In return the family are supposed to ensure that the child is educated and provided with food and shelter; however, the system is open to abuse and has proved controversial, with some likening it to child slavery. 2409:

In the first decades of the 20th century, Haiti experienced great political instability and was heavily in debt to France, Germany and the United States. A series of short lived presidencies came and went: President

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Following the disputed 2000 election and accusations about President Aristide's rule, US aid to the Haitian government was cut off between 2001 and 2004. After Aristide's departure in 2004, aid was restored and the

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in 1795, uniting the island under one government. However, an insurgency against French rule broke out in the east, and in the west there was fighting between Louverture's forces and the free people of color led by

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Haiti has two main highways that run from one end of the country to the other. The northern highway, Route Nationale No. 1 (National Highway One), originates in Port-au-Prince, winding through the coastal towns of

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Haiti suffers from a shortage of skilled labor, widespread unemployment, and underemployment. Most Haitians in the labor force have informal jobs. Three-quarters of the population lives on US$ 2 or less per day.

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have caused periodic and severe flooding, as experienced, for example, on 17 September 2004. Earlier in May that year, floods had killed over 3,000 people on Haiti's southern border with the Dominican Republic.

2317:

as the remaining Dominican stronghold between the Haitian army and the capital. On 6 April, Azua fell to the 18,000-strong Haitian army, with a 5,000-man Dominican counterattack failing to oust them. The way to

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mutinied, and its soldiers proclaimed his overthrow as president of the republic. With the war against the Dominicans having become very unpopular in Haiti, it was beyond the power of the new president, General

1718:, and many intermarried within their community. They frequently worked as artisans and tradesmen, and began to own some property, including enslaved persons of their own. The free people of color petitioned the 214: 2547:

The U.S. Marines were instilled with a special brand of paternalism towards Haitians "expressed in the metaphor of a father's relationship with his children." Armed opposition to the US presence was led by the

1888:. Ultimately more than 50,000 French troops died in an attempt to retake the colony, including 18 generals. The French managed to capture Louverture, transporting him to France for trial. He was imprisoned at 1556:) and England. The Spanish largely abandoned the western third of the island, focusing their colonization effort on the eastern two-thirds. The western part of the island was thus gradually settled by French 14969: 1995:

of nearly all the remaining white men, women, children; between January and April 1804, 3,000 to 5,000 whites were killed, including those who had been friendly and sympathetic to the black population. Only

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The National Assembly currently has zero members, with all 30 seats in the Senate and all 119 seats in the Chamber of Deputies vacant since all previous members have served their terms as prescribed by the

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overseas, at times exaggerated, has hampered the development of this sector. In 2014, the country received 1,250,000 tourists (mostly from cruise ships), and the industry generated US$ 200 million in 2014.

17109:

With no indications of any subsequent decline in Protestant affiliation either in Port-au-Prince or the countryside, one could reasonably estimate that today Haiti is already more than one-third Protestant

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with Haiti. The country has a roughly horseshoe shape and because of this it has a disproportionately long coastline, second in length (1,771 km or 1,100 mi) behind Cuba in the Greater Antilles.

23189: 11870: 14534: 4006:, there is a strong correlation between corruption and poverty in Haiti. The republic ranked first of all countries surveyed for levels of perceived domestic corruption. It is estimated that President 2981:. This was the country's most severe earthquake in over 200 years. The earthquake was reported to have left between 160,000 and 300,000 people dead and up to 1.6 million homeless, making it one of the 2042:, doubling the city's population, having been expelled from their initial refuge in Cuba by Spanish authorities. In addition, the newly arrived enslaved persons added to the city's African population. 2027:

refused to recognize the new republic. The Southern politicians who were a powerful voting bloc in the American Congress prevented U.S. recognition for decades until they withdrew in 1861 to form the

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trying to put down the revolt. John Adams, a vocal opponent of slavery, fully supported the slave revolt by providing diplomatic recognition, financial support, munitions and warships (including the

2816:, on March 10, 1990. Abraham gave up power three days later, becoming the only military leader in Haiti during the twentieth century to voluntarily give up power. Abraham later helped to secure the 21994: 6400: 14660: 9696: 15061: 2643:, who replaced him as president (1950–56). Firmly anti-Communist, he was supported by the United States; with greater political stability tourists started to visit Haiti. The waterfront area of 5841:

Haitian music combines a wide range of influences drawn from the many people who have settled here. It reflects French, African and Spanish elements and others who have inhabited the island of

3407:

A 2007 earthquake hazard study, noted that the Enriquillo-Plantain Garden fault zone could be at the end of its seismic cycle and concluded that a worst-case forecast would involve a 7.2 M

1548:

As the Spanish re-focused their colonization efforts on the greater riches of mainland Central and South America, Hispaniola became reduced largely to a trading and refueling post. As a result

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are working on the Haiti Regenerative Initiative, an initiative aiming to reduce poverty and natural disaster vulnerability through ecosystem restoration and sustainable resource management.

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and he was proclaimed "Emperor for Life" as Emperor Jacques I by his troops. Dessalines at first offered protection to the white planters and others. However, once in power, he ordered the

16283: 6975: 4630:, the park's only major tenant, created 5,000 permanent jobs out of the 20,000 it had projected and promised to build 5,000 houses yet only 750 homes had been built near Caracol by 2014. 2884:. Aristide spent years negotiating with the Convergence Démocratique on new elections, but the Convergence's inability to develop a sufficient electoral base made elections unattractive. 1616:, and Saint-Domingue grew to become their richest colonial possession, generating 40% of France’s foreign trade and doubling the wealth generation of all of England’s colonies, combined. 212: 13355: 6619: 4759:

handles the vast majority of the country's international flights. Cities such as Jacmel, Jérémie, Les Cayes, and Port-de-Paix have smaller, less accessible airports that are serviced by

22110: 21342: 15487: 13115: 12545: 7113: 1853:(1799–1800). The United States' support for the blacks in the war contributed to their victory over the mulattoes. More than 25,000 whites and free blacks left the island as refugees. 1665:. The colony's environment also suffered, as forests were cleared to make way for plantations and the land was overworked so as to extract maximum profit for French plantation owners. 23234: 13205: 9039: 3065:

and other violent crimes within the country. As of March 2022, Haiti still had no president, no parliamentary quorum, and a dysfunctional high court due to a lack of judges. In 2022,

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In the Haitian community the country has multiple nicknames: Ayiti-Toma (as its origin in Ayiti Tomè), Ayiti-Cheri (Ayiti my Darling), Tè-Desalin (Dessalines' Land) or Lakay (Home).

21984: 15519: 12622: 5486: 2322:

was now clear. But the news of discontent existing at Port-au-Prince, which reached Soulouque, arrested his further progress and caused him to return with the army to his capital.

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Haiti has a lasting and unique cultural identity, blending traditional French and African customs, mixed with sizable acquirements from the Spanish and indigenous Taíno cultures.

3920:(AU). The AU was reported to be planning to upgrade Haiti's status from observer to associate at its June 2013 summit but the application had still not been ratified by May 2016. 15733: 8768: 16512: 16199: 12988: 17435: 13052: 4117:

but as of November 2017 the penitentiary was obliged to keep 4,359 detainees, a 363% occupancy level. The inability to receive sufficient funds has caused deadly cases of

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In 1956–57 Haiti underwent severe political turmoil; Magloire was forced to resign and leave the country in 1956 and he was followed by four short-lived presidencies. In the

1702:

descendants of European male colonists and African enslaved females (and later, mixed-race women). Over time, many were released from slavery and they established a separate

1188:

marked by riots and protests, widespread hunger, and increased gang activity. As of May 2024, Haiti has no remaining elected government officials and has been described as a

23229: 16044: 13774: 7151: 13236: 13167: 12872: 3499: 1771:, resulting in his capture, torture and execution. Sensing an opportunity, in August 1791 the first slave armies were established in northern Haiti under the leadership of 213: 14323: 13329: 9350:...the momentous struggle that began in 1791 and yielded the first post-colonial independent black nation and the only nation to gain independence through slave rebellion. 7542: 6690: 6488:

in its Declaration of Independence and early prints, constitutions, and imperial declarations. Published writings of 1802–1919 in the United States commonly used the name

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Despite its small size, Haiti's mountainous terrain and resultant multiple climatic zones has resulted in a wide variety of plant life. Notable tree species include the

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mountain range – an extension of the southern mountain chain of the Dominican Republic (the Sierra de Baoruco) – extends from the Massif de la Selle in the east to the

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hampering efforts to pull the country out of the crisis. It is estimated that amidst the crisis up to 20% of qualified medical staff had left Haiti by the end of 2023.

9789: 2544:(1930–1941). The debts were still outstanding, though less due to increased prosperity, and the U.S. financial advisor-general receiver handled the budget until 1941. 18221: 16141: 14363: 7994: 21770: 15403: 11821:

Collins, Edward Jr., Cole, Timothy M. (1996), "Regime Legitimation in Instances of Coup-Caused Governments-in-Exile: The Cases of Presidents Makarios and Aristide",

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is a complex, ever-changing music that arose from African rhythms and European ballroom dancing, mixed with Haiti's bourgeois culture. It is a refined music, with

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The Haitian and U.S. governments reached a mutually satisfactory agreement in the Executive Accord of August 7, 1933, and on August 15, the last marines departed.

1390:, the Arawakan-speaking ancestors of the Taino people began to migrate into the Caribbean. Unlike the Archaic peoples, they practiced the intensive production of 23209: 22737: 22704: 21979: 18355: 16234: 14248: 10483: 5803:

movement gained international acclaim, with its expressionist paintings inspired by Haiti's culture and African roots. Notable painters of this movement include

5216:, Haitian Creole has a vocabulary overwhelmingly derived from French, but its grammar resembles that of some West African languages. It also has influences from 2712:. Despite the well-publicized abuses under his rule, Duvalier's firm anti-Communism earned him the support of the Americans, who furnished the country with aid. 2016:

and professionals. Reportedly, people with connections to officers in the Haitian army were also spared, as well as the women who agreed to marry non-white men.

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1990s, the army was unconstitutionally decommissioned and replaced by the Haitian National Police (PNH). In 2018, Président Jovenel Moise reactivated the FAdH.

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The brutality of slave life led many people in bondage to escape to mountainous regions, where they set up their own autonomous communities and became known as

18531: 13297: 11862: 7509: 2506:) included a clause that allowed, for the first time, foreign ownership of land in Haiti, which was bitterly opposed by the Haitian legislature and citizenry. 15896: 14814: 14530: 10909: 8713:

the French colony's seven thousand plantations to produce 40 percent of France's foreign trade, nearly double the production of all British colonies combined

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Haiti received more than US$ 4 billion in aid from 1990 to 2003, including US$ 1.5 billion from the United States. The largest donor is the US, followed by

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In May 2024 the airport reopened following 3 months closure following violence, and is expected to help ease a shortage of medications and basic supplies.

4207:

peacekeeping operation. After almost four years of recession, the economy grew by 1.5% in 2005. In September 2009, Haiti met the conditions set out by the

6203:(soccer) is the most popular sport in Haiti with hundreds of small clubs competing at the local level. Basketball and baseball are growing in popularity. 6066:, the largest fortress in the Americas, is located in northern Haiti. It was built between 1805 and 1820 and is today referred to by some Haitians as the 3231:, which begins in the western region of the Dominican Republic and continues for most of its length through central Haiti, where it then empties into the 2502:, was installed and a new constitution written that was favorable to the interests of the United States. The constitution (written by future US President 23204: 15621: 14668: 12958: 12417: 9722: 9700: 9319: 7636: 6716: 2207:

to reconquer Haiti. Under pressure, President Boyer agreed to a treaty by which France formally recognized the independence of the state in exchange for

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Another theory on the name Haiti is its origin in African tradition; in Fon language, one of the most spoken by the bossales (Haitians born in Africa),

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Haiti has no currently active volcanoes. "In the Terre-Neuve Mountains, about 12 kilometers from the Eaux Boynes, small intrusions at least as late as

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for much of its energy requirements. In recent years, hydroelectric, solar and wind energy have been explored as possible sustainable energy sources.

2513:

The body of caco leader Charlemagne Péralte on display after his execution by US forces; the image was counterproductive, with the resemblance to the

23184: 23024: 17908:"The World Factbook: HAITI. Central Intelligence Agency. Central Intelligence Agency, 12 Jan. 2017. Web. 20 Feb. 2017. — Central Intelligence Agency" 17632: 15226: 18086: 17787: 16013: 14583: 14218: 13266: 11921: 11588: 10657: 10625: 10603: 4367:

In rural areas, people often live in wooden huts with corrugated iron roofs. Outhouses are located in back of the huts. In Port-au-Prince, colorful

3728:

has markedly affected the republic's governance and society. Since the end of the Duvalier era Haiti has been transitioning to a democratic system.

2687:("Bogeymen"), which maintained order by terrorizing the populace and political opponents. In 1964 Duvalier proclaimed himself 'President for Life'; 12079: 11331: 6931: 6589: 4188: 3886: 1228: 729: 22609: 15575: 12452: 11530: 10144: 5294:. Higher education, under the responsibility of the Ministry of Education, is provided by universities and other public and private institutions. 1394:

and agriculture. The earliest evidence of the ancestors of the Taino people on Hispaniola is the Ostionoid culture, which dates to around 600 AD.

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Hayes, G.P.; Briggs R.W.; Sladen A.; Fielding E.J.; Prentice C.; Hudnut K.; Mann P.; Taylor F.W.; Crone A.J.; Gold R.; Ito T.; Simons M. (2010).

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for their education. Some men of color were admitted into the military. More of the free people of color lived in the south of the island, near

23014: 22102: 22040: 22035: 13900: 8627: 6611: 5170:. French is the principal written and administratively authorized language (as well as the main language of the press) and is spoken by 42% of 4635: 3900: 2827:. However, his ambitious reformist agenda worried the elites, and in September of the following year he was overthrown by the military, led by 2444: 1210: 17843: 17745: 12301: 7409: 6560: 5313:

Many reformers have advocated the creation of a free, public and universal education system for all primary school-age students in Haiti. The

3084:. Henry agreed to resign once a transitional government had been formed. As of that month, nearly half of Haiti's population was living under 23219: 21763: 19443: 15483: 14875: 14456: 13107: 12842: 12541: 11083: 10400: 10347: 9161: 6074: 6037: 4638:

uncovered that the port project lacked "staff with technical expertise in planning, construction, and oversight of a port" and revealed that

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powers to the departments without a constitutional need for consent. The current structure of Haiti's political system was set forth in the

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on 7 July 2018, in response to increased fuel prices. Over time these protests evolved into demands for the resignation of president Moïse.

23194: 22759: 21989: 19208: 15600: 15370: 14187: 12918: 12766: 12711: 12657: 12361: 10171: 7699: 6902: 2896:

or modern kidnapping" by U.S. forces. These charges were denied by the US government. As political violence and crime continued to grow, a

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In September 1994, the United States negotiated the departure of Haiti's military leaders and the peaceful entry of 20,000 US troops under

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Masurand, Jack; Koenig, Serena; Julma, Pierrot; Ocheretina, Oksana; Durán-Mendicuti, Maria; Fitzgerald, Daniel; Pape, Jean (30 May 2017).

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heavier in some of the lowlands and the northern and eastern slopes of the mountains. Haiti's dry season occurs from November to January.

2034:

The revolution led to a wave of emigration. In 1809, 9,000 refugees from Saint-Domingue, both white planters and people of color, settled

1779:(priest) Boukman, and backed by the Spanish in Santo Domingo – soon a full-blown slave rebellion had broken out across the entire colony. 22730: 22650: 22009: 19895: 19181: 16257: 15310: 14900: 12618: 12569: 12490: 8557: 8200: 7755: 6247: 5179: 3023: 19034: 15871: 13650: 9674: 8742: 8025: 7945: 7855: 7804: 6062:, the structures date from the early 19th century. The buildings were among the first built after Haiti's independence from France. The 4792:

leave until filled with passengers, and riders can usually disembark at any point. The decorations are a typically Haitian form of art.

23224: 17404: 17342: 16190: 15741: 15285: 9815: 8764: 7906: 5397:(TB) in Haiti is the highest in the region with an estimated 200 cases per 100,000 people. Approximately 30,000 Haitians fall ill with 4811:

information and communication technologies. Haiti ranked number 143 out of 148 overall in the 2014 NRI ranking, down from 141 in 2013.

4744: 4714:, but these facilities are not in good condition. The port is underused, possibly due to the substantially high port fees. The port of 4615:

and the opening of the $ 50 million Roi Henri Christophe Campus of a new university in Limonade (near Cap-Haïtien) on 12 January 2012.

1836:) beginning in 1798. This support ended in 1801 when Jefferson, another slave-holding president, took office and recalled the US Navy. 698: 18147: 16520: 13839: 12980: 8973: 7725: 6109: 2619:

countries, only Romania reciprocated, declaring war on Haiti on the same day (24 December 1941). On 27 September 1945, Haiti became a

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On 3 March 2024, armed gangs stormed the main prison in Port-au-Prince and around 3700 inmates escaped, while 12 people were killed.

2872:

returned Aristide to the presidency with 92% of the vote. The election had been boycotted by the opposition, then organized into the

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There is a large Haitian diaspora community, predominantly based in the US and Canada, France, and the wealthier Caribbean islands.

4128:

Haitian law states that once arrested, one must go before a judge within 48 hours; however, this is very rare. In an interview with

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on 25 December 1492. Relations with the native peoples, initially good, broke down and the settlers were later killed by the Taíno.

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in the Americas, the first country in the Americas to officially abolish slavery, and the only country in history established by a

20501: 15931: 15091: 13925:"Anthropogenic modification of forests means only 40% of remaining forests have high ecosystem integrity – Supplementary Material" 11971: 11222: 10778: 10061: 7998: 2790: 23214: 22614: 19873: 18575: 15256: 15003: 13228: 10091: 3223:. Haiti's most important valley in terms of crops is the Plaine de l'Artibonite, which lies between the Montagnes Noires and the 3070: 2982: 17978: 16423: 14557: 13529: 13319: 12864: 12185: 7532: 6682: 5298:

from 47% in 1993 to 88% in 2011, achieving equal participation of boys and girls in education. Charity organizations, including

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Most mammal species are not native, having been brought to the island since colonial times. However, there are various native

19319: 18904: 18896: 18860: 18661: 18496: 18339: 18312: 18276: 18123: 17561: 17269: 17206: 17177: 17102: 15669: 15433: 15343: 14726: 14508: 12738: 12331: 12140: 12059: 11999: 11943: 11901: 11482: 11400: 11263: 11116: 11058: 10542: 10505: 10474: 10014: 9848: 9643: 9609: 9582: 9331: 8891: 8849: 8736: 8603: 8507: 8454: 8183: 8146: 7978: 7939: 7892: 7841: 7790: 7342: 7304: 7278: 7179: 7038: 6814: 3983: 3375: 2824: 2004:

soldiers, the majority of whom had deserted from the French army and fought alongside the Haitian rebels; the small group of

16543:"Haiti – Tourism : Official launch of project "Tourist destination Ile-à-Vache" – HaitiLibre.com : Haiti news 7/7" 14355: 11406: 11308: 10811: 9775: 8925: 8855: 7185: 5982:

Haiti has a small though growing cinema industry. Well-known directors working primarily in documentary film-making include

5934:. The recognition of Creole as an official language has led to an expansion of novels, poems, and plays in Creole. In 1975, 4191:

falling by 8% (from US$ 12.15 billion to US$ 11.18 billion). Haiti ranked 145th of 182 countries in the 2010 United Nations

1048:, and with an estimated population of 11.4 million, is the most populous Caribbean country. The capital and largest city is 22014: 19704: 18225: 17823:"CDC Global Health – Stories – 5 things CDC has done to help rebuild Haiti's immunization system since the 2010 earthquake" 17498: 16145: 15177: 13720:"Entiquillo-Plantain Garden Strike-Slip Fault Zone: A Major Seismic Hazard Affecting Dominican Republic, Haiti and Jamaica" 13719: 9979: 6843: 4820: 4699: 4375:

The houses have backup generators, because the electrical grid is unreliable. Some even have rooftop reservoirs for water.

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inflicted heavy losses. Rivière-Hérard was removed from office by the mulatto hierarchy and replaced with the aged general

1877: 20751: 19961: 16826: 15411: 14628: 13145: 6083:, a colonial city that was tentatively accepted as a World Heritage Site, was extensively damaged by the 2010 earthquake. 4756: 4608: 4252:

promised US$ 1.15 billion in assistance. The European Union pledged more than €400 million (US$ 616 million). Neighboring

2309:. The demoralized defenders offered almost no resistance before abandoning their weapons. Soulouque pressed on, capturing 23239: 23144: 22050: 21319: 19388: 19265: 16713: 16312: 15032: 14837: 12672: 10989: 6836: 5202: 3965:

As of 2023, the Haitian army includes one infantry battalion that is in the process of being formed, with 700 personnel.

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a central school of agriculture and 69 farms in the country. However, many infrastructure projects were built using the

23179: 21999: 20817: 19535: 19176: 17974: 16456: 16401: 16223: 10601:"Hurry Election Of Simon In Haiti; Followers Fear Delay May Cause Disorders And Invite Intervention From United States" 8812: 6189: 2877: 1861: 1604: 1445: 1091: 832: 18359: 16484: 12101: 10113: 10083: 9893:

Peguero, Valentina (November 1998). "Teaching the Haitian Revolution: Its Place in Western and Modern World History".

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Haiti has always been a literary nation that has produced poetry, novels, and plays of international recognition. The

5113:

Reflecting the ubiquity of Vodou culture and beliefs, while many Catholics and Protestants in Haiti denounce Vodou as

4166:

Haiti has a highly regulated, predominantly state-controlled economy, ranking 145th out of the 177 countries given a "

23070: 23034: 22789: 21556: 20876: 20225: 19378: 19324: 19280: 19275: 19258: 19253: 18936: 18921: 18729: 18059: 17233: 16560: 14240: 13681: 11661: 11499: 11302: 10846: 10805: 10439: 9416: 9131: 7447: 6406: 5198: 4766:

In 2013, plans for the development of an international airport on Île-à-Vache were introduced by the Prime Minister.

4022:, in which Haitians lost hundreds of millions in 2002, as the "only real economic initiative" of the Aristide years. 3916:

In February 2012, Haiti signaled it would seek to upgrade its observer status to full associate member status of the

3737: 3093: 3035: 2920: 2453: 2439: 2325:

Emboldened by the sudden retreat of the Haitian army, the Dominicans counter-attacked. Their flotilla went as far as

2298:

On 27 February 1847, President Riché died after only a year in power and was replaced by an obscure officer, General

2133: 1612:. The French set about creating sugar and coffee plantations, worked by vast numbers of those enslaved imported from 1416:

in several locations in the country. These have become national symbols of Haiti and tourist attractions. Modern-day

1185: 1161: 647: 414: 16343: 15143: 13289: 11148: 9936:

Thompson, Krista A (Fall 2007). "Preoccupied with Haiti: The Dream of Diaspora in African American Art, 1915–1942".

8369: 7499: 4074:-trained Haitian official that proved to be so effective that it has led to its foreign advisers to make inquiries. 3885:

Haiti is a member of a wide range of international and regional organizations, such as the United Nations, CARICOM,

3658: 3330:

of Haiti, is subject to an ongoing territorial dispute with the United States, who currently administer the island.

3042: 1060: 23149: 22891: 22779: 22200: 21934: 21469: 19557: 17658: 15904: 13421: 8947: 3492: 3401: 2985:. It is also one of the deadliest earthquakes ever recorded. The situation was exacerbated by a subsequent massive 1515:

epidemic in the Americas erupted on Hispaniola in 1507. Their numbers were further reduced by the harshness of the

16168: 13356:"Les membres du Conseil présidentiel de transition ont prêté serment, tôt jeudi 25 avril 2024, au Palais national" 10250: 7114:"World Population Prospects 2022: Demographic indicators by region, subregion and country, annually for 1950-2100" 4141:

into plastic bags. These conditions were considered inhumane by the Inter-American Court of Human Rights in 2008.

1945:

Throughout the revolution, an estimated 20,000 French troops succumbed to yellow fever, while another 37,000 were

1793: 23154: 22799: 21779: 19888: 19835: 19674: 19545: 19428: 19150: 17723: 14411: 13552: 13385: 10897: 9260: 7239: 6267: 5314: 4216: 4078: 3894: 1204: 1200: 269: 21204: 20570: 18632: 17275: 17154: 15707: 14385: 5385:, and respiratory infections as common causes of death in Haiti. Ninety percent of Haiti's children suffer from 2854:

that triggered mudslides. Gordon killed an estimated 1,122 people, although some estimates go as high as 2,200.

23029: 23019: 22665: 22640: 20100: 19292: 18827: 13988: 13596: 13417: 6255: 4702:, has more registered shipping than any of the other dozen ports in the country. The port's facilities include 4695:. The state of Haiti's roads are generally poor, many being potholed and becoming impassable in rough weather. 4071: 2908: 2583:

President Vincent became increasingly dictatorial, and resigned under U.S. pressure in 1941, being replaced by

780: 20621: 19304: 19299: 17313: 16371: 15632: 13045:"Haiti's acting prime minister Claude Joseph to step down amid power struggle after president's assassination" 12948: 9726: 7629: 6712: 4643:

USAid had wanted to attract "had no interest in supporting the construction of a new port in northern Haiti".

4349:

Occasionally, families who are unable to care for children may send them to live with a wealthier family as a

2888: 2832: 2770:

scheduled for November 1987 were aborted after dozens of inhabitants were shot in the capital by soldiers and

2752: 2499: 1169: 22086: 20965: 19595: 18848: 16636: 14328: 13869: 12409: 12269: 9098: 5213: 5143: 2857: 2233: 2181: 2028: 1813: 1157: 1000: 22345: 20473: 20353: 14774: 8419: 1977: 1315:

is the most widespread and best-established. In French, Haiti's nickname means the "Pearl of the Antilles" (

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Americas Watch Committee (U.S.), National Coalition for Haitian Refugees, Caribbean Rights (Organization).

10230:

M. Degros, Création des postes diplomatiques et consulaires, Revue d'histoire diplomatique, 1986; in French

9495: 9237: 8595:

Bertrand d'Ogeron, 1613–1676 : fondateur de la colonie de Saint-Domingue et gouverneur des flibustiers

8474: 7565: 6220: 6193: 5258: 5147: 4003: 3999: 2608: 1876:

in 1802 sent an expedition of 20,000 soldiers and as many sailors under the command of his brother-in-law,

1181: 966: 17636: 14587: 14179: 10058:"An apparent contradiction? Popular perceptions of Haiti and the foreign policy of the Dominican Republic" 4137:

In confined living spaces for 22–23 hours a day, inmates are not provided with latrines and are forced to

3444:

age are known. No other volcanic activity of as late a date is known near any of the other warm springs."

3053:

as both the acting prime minister and acting president on 20 July 2021. On 14 August 2021, Haiti suffered

2415: 2379: 2180:

migrated to Haiti, with transportation paid by an American philanthropic group similar in function to the

23004: 22396: 22019: 20937: 20784: 20677: 20422: 20286: 19623: 19528: 19166: 19052: 18979: 13262: 11917: 11572: 10646: 10622: 10600: 9465:

An End To Murder: Human beings have always been cruel, savage and murderous. Is all that about to change?

7931:

The Hour and the Man: A Fictional Account of the Haitian Revolution and the life of Toussaint L'Ouverture

6784: 6748: 6656: 4801: 4282: 4184: 3890: 3694: 3057:, with many casualties. The earthquake has also damaged Haiti's economic conditions and led to a rise in 2290: 2239: 2208: 1767:. Tensions between these two groups led to conflict, as a militia of free-coloreds was set up in 1790 by 1220: 508: 23100: 20914: 20710: 20399: 20386: 18677: 16968:

Wingfield, Roland; Parenton, Vernon J. (1965). "Class Structure and Class Conflict in Haitian Society".

12441: 10537: 10148: 9408:

Warfare and Armed Conflicts: A Statistical Encyclopedia of Casualty and Other Figures, 1492–2015, 4th ed

6924: 5409:

in Haiti in 2019 was 48.2 deaths per 1,000 live births, compared to 5.6 per 1,000 in the United States.

3134:. At 27,750 km (10,710 sq mi) Haiti is the third largest country in the Caribbean behind 2873: 2864:, gaining 88% of the popular vote, albeit on a low turnout. Aristide subsequently formed his own party, 1880:, to reassert French control. The French achieved some victories, but within a few months most of their 1868:. The majority of Polish soldiers eventually deserted the French army and fought alongside the Haitians. 1420:, started as a French colonial town in the southwest, is beside the former capital of the caciquedom of 1160:

with the neighboring Dominican Republic. Political volatility and foreign economic influence prompted a

23009: 20649: 20216: 19881: 19479: 19351: 19341: 19130: 18967: 17862: 14441:

Sadowski, Dennis (6–19 August 2010). "Hope and struggles remain in Haiti six months after earthquake".

12387: 12075: 11550: 10469: 6585: 6284: 6232: 6067: 5991: 5363: 5050: 4432:. Agricultural products constitute 6% of all exports. In addition, local agricultural products include 3880: 3818: 3686: 3541: 2839: 2744: 2109: 2076: 1829: 1786:

government sent three commissioners with troops to re-establish control; to build an alliance with the

1168:(1957–1986), which brought state-sanctioned violence, corruption, and economic stagnation. Following a 1152:

The first century of independence was characterized by political instability, international isolation,

981: 976: 952: 928: 397: 19971: 19018: 18030: 16658: 13718:

Mann, Paul; Calais, Eric; Demets, Chuck; Prentice, Carol S; Wiggins-Grandison, Margaret (March 2008).

12896:"Résultats préliminaires des élections présidentielles du 20 Novembre 2016 pic.twitter.com/i9GsrkkU8p" 11428: 10623:"Simon Elected President; Following Action by Haitian Congress, He Is Recognized By The United States" 7002: 5317:

estimates that the government will need at least US$ 3 billion to create an adequately funded system.

5212:, has recently undergone standardization and is spoken by virtually the entire population. One of the 3004:

for the senate, the parliament and the first round of the presidential elections. The run-off between

2112:. Meanwhile, the French, who had managed to maintain a precarious control of eastern Hispaniola, were 1668: 100: 23174: 23164: 23159: 21627: 21260: 21054: 20413: 20238: 20184: 20156: 20050: 19999: 19938: 19647: 19518: 19007: 18243: 16561:"Haiti's main international airport reopens nearly three months after gang violence forced it closed" 10201: 9748: 9635:

The Slaves Who Defeated Napoleon: Toussaint Louverture and the Haitian War of Independence, 1801–1804

8681: 7439: 7433: 6500:

was common among titles of US published books as well as in US congressional publications. In all of

5567: 5523: 5393:. HIV infection is found in 1.71% of Haiti's population (est. 2015). Per a 2017 report, incidence of 5370: 5303: 4739: 4312: 3768: 3529: 3271:). The Plaine du Cul-de-Sac is a natural depression that harbors the country's saline lakes, such as 2938: 2326: 2163: 2159: 2117: 1872:

After Louverture created a separatist constitution and proclaimed himself governor-general for life,

1805: 1602:

France received the western third and subsequently named it Saint-Domingue, the French equivalent of

601: 477: 21232: 20514: 17583: 17376: 17168:

Blier, Suzanne Preston (1995). "Vodun: West African Roots of Vodou". In Donald J., Cosentino (ed.).

16091: 14149:"OEA - Organización de los Estados Americanos: Democracia para la paz, la seguridad y el desarrollo" 13892: 12291: 3749: 3031: 1280: 22942: 22185: 22079: 21694: 21161: 20547: 20027: 19913: 19799: 19501: 19423: 19383: 19088: 17606: 16943: 14867: 10838: 10583: 10547: 10479: 10396: 10343: 9083: 7401: 6553: 6151: 5820: 5306:, are building schools for children and providing necessary school supplies. According to the 2015 4114: 3910: 3860: 3666: 3593:

There are over 260 species of birds, 31 endemic to Hispaniola. Notable endemic species include the

3537: 3295: 3268: 2314: 1997: 1224: 19903: 17195:"The Madonna of 115th St. Revisited: Vodou and Haitian Catholicism in the Age of Transnationalism" 13593:""Magnitude 7.0 – HAITI REGION Tectonic Summary" United States Geological Survey, 12 January 2010" 12834: 11075: 10573: 10533: 10510: 10465: 10386: 10333: 9153: 6955: 6028: 2378:

Haiti's relations with outside powers were often strained. In 1889 the United States attempted to

1345: 17: 22645: 22071: 22055: 20853: 20742: 20261: 20058: 20017: 19929: 19552: 19433: 19393: 19171: 18002:"The Geology of Haiti: An Annotated Bibliography of Haiti's Geology, Geography and Earth Science" 17822: 17140: 15734:"Vant Bèf Info Énergie : le projet d'électrification 24/24 présenté aux Citoyens haïtiens -" 12646: 10034: 8527: 7691: 7598: 6466: 6446: 6438: 5660: 5540: 5468: 5433: 5233: 4873: 4398: 4192: 4171: 3974: 3959: 3951: 3788: 3758: 3678: 3533: 3412: 3251: 3215: 3097: 3014: 2962: 2843: 2794: 2488: 2009: 1984: 1914: 1549: 1398: 1262:

as the official name of independent Saint-Domingue, as a tribute to the Amerindian predecessors.

1259: 1153: 1126: 879: 757: 456: 72: 20598: 20524: 19737: 15988: 14121: 12703: 12353: 12239: 10587: 10431: 10424: 10304: 10239:

J-F. Brière, Haïti et la France, 1804–1848 : le rêve brisé, Paris, Karthala 2008; in French

6063: 6047: 5812: 4747:, located ten kilometers (six miles) north-northeast of Port-au-Prince proper in the commune of 3575:. The forests were formerly much more extensive, but have been subject to severe deforestation. 3080:

In March 2024, Ariel Henry was prevented by gangs from returning to Haiti, following a visit to

2068: 1295:

is silent. (In English, this rule for the pronunciation is often disregarded, thus the spelling

22927: 22774: 22635: 22468: 22060: 21679: 19600: 19564: 19398: 19270: 19083: 19012: 18801:

The Geology of Haiti: An Annotated Bibliography of Haiti's Geology, Geography and Earth Science

17436:"History of Haitian-Creole: From Pidgin to Lingua Franca and English Influence on the Language" 15203: 12926: 11602:

can understand the serious and urgent responsibility to help their brothers and sisters,' [

11455: 10179: 10031:"La Reconquista: Batalla de Palo Hincado (La Reconquista: Battle of Palo Hincado) (In Spanish)" 9003: 8549: 8414: 7244: 6898: 5951: 5942:, the first novel written entirely in Haitian Creole. Other well known Haitian authors include 5823:. Sculpture is also practiced in Haiti; noted artists in this form include George Liautaud and 5074: 5063: 5054: 4556: 4195:, with 57.3% of the population being deprived in at least three of the HDI's poverty measures. 4121:, combined with the tight living conditions, increases the risk of infectious diseases such as 4015: 3947: 3457: 3371: 2986: 2974: 2946: 2802: 2797:

in which approximately 13 to 50 people attending a mass led by prominent government critic and

2740: 2549: 2514: 2495: 2449: 2279: 2158:

and successor to Pétion, reunified the island following the suicide of Henry Christophe. After

2121: 1931: 1681: 1454: 1164:. A series of unstable presidencies gave way to nearly three decades of dictatorship under the 807: 751: 624: 401: 35: 31: 21311: 20728: 18605: 18300: 16811: 16756: 16116: 14904: 12482: 11253: 11106: 9599: 9572: 9543: 9406: 8948:"Decree of the National Convention of 4 February 1794, Abolishing Slavery in all the Colonies" 8883:

Sugar Island Slavery in the Age of Enlightenment: The Political Economy of the Caribbean World

8881: 8212: 8136: 7748: 5253:

Emigrants from Haiti have constituted a segment of American and Canadian society since before

3382:

and geologists' findings were based on seismological, geological and ground deformation data.

3000:

General elections had been planned for January 2010 but were postponed due to the earthquake.

2553: 2306: 2267: 2224:

government spending was debt repayment and the country did not finish repaying it until 1947.

1926: 1763:, the French settlers and free people of color pressed for greater political freedom and more 22881: 22784: 22205: 21924: 21524: 21459: 21087: 21031: 20690: 20612: 20450: 20299: 20271: 20266: 20253: 20123: 19727: 19694: 19664: 19506: 19489: 19469: 19346: 19309: 19235: 19123: 18651: 18636: 18486: 18266: 18113: 15317: 13619: 13324: 12726: 11754: 9666: 8726: 8497: 8021: 7968: 7929: 7827: 7778: 6239: 6208: 6059: 5677: 5634: 5609: 5584: 5549: 5532: 5406: 5189: 5183: 5058: 4847: 4730: 4627: 3943: 3929: 3778: 3706: 3587: 3416: 3315: 3054: 2978: 2966: 2503: 2475: 1963: 1783: 1638: 1437: 1177: 1130: 716: 670: 549: 354: 244: 106: 20774: 17412: 17354: 17092: 16611: 16222: 12799: 12645: 12568: 12513: 12440: 9865: 8977: 7878: 6104: 4611:

to accommodate large international flights, the construction of an international seaport in

3280: 2399: 2383: 1873: 1730: 1488: 1478: 1129:(later Emperor Jacques I), who declared Haiti's sovereignty on 1 January 1804, leading to a 22442: 21734: 21133: 21022: 20376: 20314: 19956: 19909: 19605: 19590: 19494: 19413: 19403: 19188: 19103: 18151: 17194: 15278: 13936: 13807: 13795: 13690: 13634: 12899: 9206:

refugees who shared both skin color and a common religion with their American counterparts.

8083: 7721: 6360: 6322: 6212: 6200: 5816: 5808: 5703: 5473: 4889: 4885: 4622:

believed the park had the potential to create as many as 65,000 jobs once fully developed.

4548: 4384: 4235: 4007: 3848: 3743: 3725: 3602: 3598: 3453: 3393: 3263: 3089: 2716: 2688: 1824: 1772: 1733:, led a rebellion in the 1750s; however, he was later captured and executed by the French. 1689: 1552:

became widespread, encouraged by European powers hostile to Spain such as France (based on

1473: 1458: 1118: 1106: 1064: 944: 155: 20927: 19042: 17907: 17802:"Vaccination Coverage Among Children in Kindergarten — United States, 2013–14 School Year" 15788: 15763: 15541: 15181: 15113: 14148: 13470: 13013: 11701: 11223:"League of Nations Photo Archive – First Assembly, Geneva, November 15- December 18, 1920" 9261:"Birth of a Nation / Has the bloody 200-year history of Haiti doomed it to more violence?" 7144:"Invaders nearly wiped out Caribbean's first people long before Spanish came, DNA reveals" 6646: 6184: 5496: 5454: 4559:

in the Turgeau area of Port-au-Prince and other new hotel developments in Port-au-Prince,

3721: 3096:

of Haiti took over the Governance of Haiti and is scheduled to stay in power until 2026.

2907:

assumed interim authority until 2006, when René Préval was re-elected President following

2880:. In subsequent years, there was increasing violence between rival political factions and 2677: 2666: 1094:, worked by slaves brought from Africa, which made the colony one of the world's richest. 8: 22901: 22831: 22746: 22681: 22498: 21944: 21799: 21581: 21474: 21369: 20830: 20091: 19804: 19774: 19484: 19334: 19230: 19072: 18853:

Sleeping Rough in Port-au-Prince: An Ethnography of Street Children and Violence in Haiti

17801: 15461: 13390: 11733: 10729: 8677: 8233: 8050:[Travel to Santo Domingo, during the years 1788, 1789 and 1790] (in French). 1797 7661: 7605:. OAS – Organization of American States: Democracy for peace, security, and development. 6738: 6686: 6251: 6216: 6051: 5955: 5390: 5325: 5291: 5225: 5012: 4805: 3955: 3935: 3798: 3746:. The departments are listed below, with the departmental capital cities in parentheses. 3621: 3066: 2926: 2604: 2419: 2192: 1992: 1967: 1801: 1747: 423: 21748: 21617: 21105: 18554: 18488:

Exile and Post-1946 Haitian Literature: Alexis, Depestre, Ollivier, Laferrière, Danticat

15835:

Kennedy, C. L. (2014). "Toward Effective Intervention for Haiti's Former Child Slaves".

15083: 13940: 13811: 13694: 13638: 13074: 11683:

Whitney, Kathleen Marie (1996), "Sin, Fraph, and the CIA: U.S. Covert Action in Haiti",

10975: 8087: 5119:, they do not deny the power or existence of its spirits; rather, they are regarded as " 2925:

Amidst the continuing political chaos, a series of natural disasters hit Haiti. In 2004

2635: 2092: 2064: 1918: 1797: 23199: 22968: 22686: 22483: 21859: 21409: 21151: 20889: 20844: 20583: 20233: 19979: 19769: 19752: 19699: 19669: 19633: 19540: 19474: 19366: 19225: 19098: 19047: 18876: 18781: 18467: 17951: 17926: 17571: 17408: 17381: 17043: 17035: 16985: 16229: 16069: 15852: 15375: 14049: 14016: 13965: 13924: 13831: 12806: 12652: 12447: 11968: 11766: 11230: 10948: 10775: 10699: 10297: 10172:"Haiti And Its Diaspora: New Historical, Cultural And Economic Frontiers, reprint from 10057: 9961: 9953: 9918: 9910: 9784: 9008: 8877: 8621: 8112: 8071: 7383: 7348: 6743: 6651: 6501: 6204: 5920: 5721: 5685: 5673: 5642: 5617: 5592: 5514: 5413: 5386: 5274: 5254: 5046: 4912: 4657: 4253: 3808: 3717: 3674: 3670: 3654: 3625: 3606: 3594: 3467: 3284: 3139: 3113: 2904: 2881: 2612: 2565: 2411: 2259: 2248: 2105: 2013: 1939: 1865: 1742: 1597: 1545:

The natives were brought to these sites to work in specific plantations or industries.

1504: 1370: 1110: 1041: 685: 516: 21250: 19905: 18583: 16865:"Ethnic origins, 2006 counts, for Canada, provinces and territories – 20% sample data" 15252: 14995: 13677:"Deformation of Jamaica and motion of the Gonâve microplate from GPS and seismic data" 10647:"Leconte in Haiti's Capital; Revolutionary Leader Takes Possession of National Palace" 10577: 9574:

Encyclopedia of the African Diaspora: Origins, Experiences, and Culture. A-C. Volume 1

9324:

African Americans and the Haitian Revolution: Selected Essays and Historical Documents

5971: 4777: 4011: 2242:

replacing him as president. Nationalist Dominican forces in eastern Hispaniola led by

86: 22488: 22225: 21612: 21278: 20012: 19917: 19809: 19794: 19784: 19684: 19457: 19438: 19329: 19028: 18932: 18917: 18900: 18892: 18856: 18831: 18773: 18725: 18657: 18492: 18471: 18463: 18450:

Paret, Robert (2010). "MUPANAH and the Promotion of Historical and Cultural Values".

18335: 18308: 18272: 18119: 17956: 17557: 17265: 17229: 17202: 17173: 17098: 17047: 16799: 16427: 15856: 15510:"What does Haiti have to show for the US$ 13 billion in earthquake aid?-NBC News.com" 14935: 14054: 14036: 13970: 13952: 13835: 13823: 13703: 13676: 13572: 13521: 12734: 12055: 12048: 11995: 11897: 11657: 11603: 11580: 11542: 11478: 11396: 11298: 11259: 11112: 11054: 10842: 10801: 10435: 10010: 9965: 9922: 9844: 9639: 9605: 9578: 9412: 9327: 8887: 8845: 8732: 8609: 8599: 8503: 8450: 8443: 8179: 8142: 8117: 8099: 8047: 7974: 7935: 7898: 7888: 7847: 7837: 7796: 7786: 7443: 7375: 7338: 7220: 7175: 7034: 6121: 6043: 5299: 5175: 5135:, and some Protestants would often destroy statues and other Catholic paraphernalia. 5115: 5003: 4908: 4881: 4760: 4634:

had to be removed from the land, approximately 3,500 people overall. An audit by the

4158: 4098: 3864: 3641: 3617: 3583: 3515: 3397: 3062: 3019: 2957: 2720: 2395: 2372: 2299: 2252: 2243: 2177: 2151: 1972: 1850: 1756: 1581: 1573: 1450: 1387: 1320: 1319:) because of both its natural beauty and the amount of wealth it accumulated for the 1098: 958: 934: 391: 21240: 14691: 12895: 8669: 5938:

was the first to break with the French tradition in fiction with the publication of

3303: 3276: 3236: 3232: 2893: 2813: 2541: 2509: 2391: 2162:

declared its independence from Spain on 30 November 1821, Boyer invaded, seeking to

1254:

and means "land of high mountains"; it was the native name for the entire island of

1251: 22814: 21184: 21124: 21110: 20973: 20884: 19828: 19789: 19714: 19689: 19628: 19618: 19578: 19287: 19245: 19215: 19198: 19158: 18763: 18459: 17946: 17938: 17476: 17027: 16977: 15844: 14044: 14028: 13960: 13944: 13815: 13698: 13642: 11835: 11196: 10940: 10691: 10390: 10337: 9945: 9902: 8107: 8091: 7326: 7212: 6810: 6516:

published in London, England in 1949) but by 1950, usage in England had shifted to

6374: 6334: 6310: 6277: 6157: 5967: 5963: 5804: 5757: 5739: 5580: 5528: 5337: 5321: 5262: 5245: 5229: 5221: 5128: 4940: 4707: 4599:

inaugurated the 240-hectare (600-acre) Caracol industrial park, the largest in the

4527: 4153: 4130: 3998:

Haiti has consistently ranked among the most corrupt countries in the world on the

3868: 3838: 3307: 3228: 3186:, and extends to the northwest through the northern peninsula. The lowlands of the 3131: 3009: 2994: 2969:. This was originally a two-story structure; the second story completely collapsed. 2942: 2861: 2656: 2600: 2588: 2577: 2088: 2084: 2059: 2024: 1983:

The independence of Saint-Domingue was proclaimed under the native name 'Haiti' by

1946: 1922: 1833: 1823:, which was a new republic itself, oscillated between supporting or not supporting 1525:

system, in which the Spanish forced natives to work in gold mines and plantations.

1483: 1360: 1165: 1080: 859: 588: 333: 187: 21245: 21217: 21062: 20922: 20825: 20662: 16918: 16684:"New Haiti Census Shows Drastic Lack of Jobs, Education, Maternal Health Services" 15347: 14718: 14531:"2006 Corruption Perceptions Index reinforces link between poverty and corruption" 14500: 13320:"Haiti's prime minister is locked out of his country and faces pressure to resign" 12323: 12132: 11947: 7300: 7274: 5959: 5228:. Haitian Creole is related to the other French creoles, and in particular to the 4861:

population concentrated most heavily in urban areas, coastal plains, and valleys.

3871:. These serve as, respectively, second- and third-level administrative divisions. 3712:

Haitian politics have been contentious: since independence, Haiti has suffered 32

3650: 3427: 3299: 3046: 3027: 2422:(1911–12) was killed in a (possibly deliberate) explosion at the National Palace; 2403: 234: 22630: 22280: 21354: 20894: 20802: 20560: 20108: 19742: 19732: 19679: 19193: 18971: 18816: 18807: 18329: 17223: 16586: 13781: 13503: 11975: 11761: 11740: 11651: 11390: 11292: 10795: 10782: 10736: 10682:

Hayes, Carlton H.; Edward M. Sait (December 1912). "Record of Political Events".

10629: 10607: 9838: 9633: 8919: 8839: 7169: 7065: 7028: 6458: 6425: 6003: 5947: 5943: 5873: 5849:

influences. Styles of music unique to Haitian culture include music derived from

5353: 5333: 5163: 5103: 5077: 4979: 4936: 4703: 4588: 4584: 4580: 4302: 4178:

is $ 1,800 and its GDP is $ 19.97 billion (2017 estimates). The country uses the

3992: 3934:

Haiti has a strong military history dating to the pre-independence struggle. The

3572: 3548: 3386: 3379: 3291: 3183: 3005: 2798: 2647:

was redeveloped to allow cruise ship passengers to walk to cultural attractions.

2592: 2573: 2569: 2468: 2364: 2360: 2200: 2170: 1788: 1673: 1553: 1146: 1134: 22715: 21044: 20993: 20629: 20192: 17506: 17123:"Sorry, Pope Francis: Protestants Are Converting Catholics Across Latin America" 13723: 10968: 9983: 5630: 4838:

play an important role in the sector, especially in rural and urban slum areas.

4612: 4552: 3782: 3500:

Columbia University's Center for International Earth Science Information Network

3205:(Central Plateau) extends along both sides of the Guayamouc River, south of the 2828: 2748: 2681:

purges of officers deemed disloyal, Duvalier created a private militia known as

2346: 2049: 1976:

Pétion and Dessalines swearing allegiance to each other before God; painting by

1846: 1075:, on what is now the northeastern coast of Haiti. The island formed part of the 1040:. It occupies the western three-eighths of the island, which it shares with the 23139: 22932: 22478: 21684: 21539: 21008: 20866: 20685: 20639: 20634: 20491: 20440: 20330: 19844: 19779: 19762: 19757: 19659: 19610: 19523: 19240: 19203: 18867:

Meehan, Thomas A. (1963). "Jean Baptiste Point du Sable, the First Chicagoan".

16830: 15925: 14635: 13948: 13137: 12953: 12474: 12105: 10970:

Taking Haiti: Military Occupation and the Culture of U.S. Imperialism 1915–1940

8999: 8227: 8095: 7533:"Haiti left with no elected government officials as it spirals towards anarchy" 7500:"Haiti on verge of collapse, NGOs warn as UN talks on restoring order continue" 6415: 6228: 6172: 6055: 6009: 5987: 5931: 5926: 5836: 5824: 5509: 5491: 5307: 5257:

in 1804. Many influential early American settlers and black freemen, including

5167: 5139: 4499: 4495: 4489: 4287: 4270: 4245: 4200: 4179: 4019: 3978: 3812: 3690: 3685:

Legislative power is vested in both the government and the two chambers of the

3479: 3392:

shifts eastwards by about 20 mm (0.79 inches) per year in relation to the

3389: 3319: 3170: 3164: 3049:

was hospitalized. Amid the political crisis, the government of Haiti installed

2990: 2779: 2778:

in 1988, in which only 4% of the citizenry voted. The newly elected president,

2683: 2644: 2624: 2522: 2484: 2368: 2335: 2055: 2005: 2001: 1841: 1726: 1715: 1707: 1593: 1577: 1529: 1466: 1413: 1324: 1196: 1102: 1084: 1076: 1049: 912: 575: 562: 492: 337: 312: 307: 263: 59: 21003: 20955: 20945: 20537: 20481: 20361: 19984: 18891:. These are exact reproductions of a book published before 1923: (Nabu Press, 18768: 18751: 18031:"Mortality rate, infant (per 1,000 live births) – Haiti, United States | Data" 15026: 14749:"Some 437,000 people murdered worldwide in 2012, according to new UNODC study" 9957: 6077:

has preserved 33 historical monuments and the historic center of Cap-Haïtien.

5562: 5501: 4751:, is the primary hub for entry and exit into the country. It has Haiti's main 4692: 4680: 4564: 4389: 4332: 4090: 3772: 3716:. Haiti is the only country in the Western Hemisphere to undergo a successful 3378:

over which Haiti lies. After the earthquake of 2010, there was no evidence of

3272: 3240: 2584: 1768: 1493: 23133: 23115: 23102: 22401: 22250: 21949: 21572: 21551: 21534: 21479: 21346: 20978: 20764: 20759: 20723: 20695: 20555: 20202: 20131: 19747: 19220: 18777: 17499:"People & Events French West Indian refugees in Philadelphia 1792 – 1800" 16687: 16348: 16018: 15054:"Living hell: Officials alarmed by upsurge of inmates dying in Haiti prisons" 14939: 14478: 14040: 13956: 13827: 12771: 11987: 11584: 11546: 10528: 10460: 10381: 10328: 9697:"From Saint-Domingue to Louisiana, The African-American Migration Experience" 8613: 8103: 7379: 7224: 6968:"Remember Haiti | Revolution | Royaume d'Hayti. Déclaration du roi" 6164: 6131: 6013: 5908: 5850: 5605: 5545: 5279: 5194: 5083: 4964: 4916: 4901: 4897: 4356: 4222:

More than 90 percent of the government's budget comes from an agreement with

4167: 4094: 4082: 3942:

Haiti's Ministry of Defense is the main body of the armed forces. The former

3917: 3698: 3610: 3520: 3483: 3363: 3306:; Haiti's largest island, Gonâve is moderately populated by rural villagers. 3182:

in the Dominican Republic. It begins at Haiti's eastern border, north of the

3101: 3013:

2014. In 2013, the Haitian government called for European governments to pay

2950: 2865: 2835:. Amidst the continuing turmoil many Haitians attempted to flee the country. 2806: 2709: 2640: 2423: 2387: 2354:

handing over the German Ultimatum on 6 December 1897 during the Lüders Affair

2319: 2216: 1935: 1820: 1760: 1650: 1625: 1283:(used to show that the second vowel is pronounced separately, as in the word 1025: 993: 462: 366: 328: 284: 271: 92: 17689:"Haiti boosts health and education in the past decade, says new UNDP report" 16734: 14032: 13784:. United States Agency for International Development. ute.gouv.ht. June 2011 12919:"Businessman Moise wins Haiti election in first round – provisional results" 12102:"Exclusive: Aristide and His Bodyguard Describe the U.S. Role In His Ouster" 12050:

Haiti in the Balance: Why Foreign Aid Has Failed and What We Can Do about It

8816: 1856: 22983: 22155: 21653: 21301: 21222: 21189: 21179: 21095: 21072: 20950: 20807: 20700: 20509: 20435: 20430: 20309: 19849: 17960: 16851: 16587:"Port-au-Prince: Haiti's main airport reopens after weeks of gang violence" 16461: 15710:. U.S. Agency for International Development. 16 August 2018. Archived from 15144:"Country Rankings: World & Global Economy Rankings on Economic Freedom" 14058: 13974: 11697: 11076:"Why the Cocks Fight: Dominicans, Haitians and the Struggle for Hispaniola" 9776:"News about Haiti, including commentary and archival articles published in 8121: 8024:[Haiti, 13 years of stay in the Antilles] (in French). p. 33. 7570: 7537: 7504: 7216: 6298: 6243: 5935: 5716: 5655: 5394: 5320:

Upon successful graduation of secondary school, students may continue into

4826: 4688: 4445: 4249: 4122: 4118: 3822: 3762: 3564: 3323: 3152: 3118: 2759: 2697: 2692: 2596: 2480: 2427: 2020: 1925:. The rebels finally managed to decisively defeat the French troops at the 1893: 1889: 1885: 1809: 1764: 1703: 1417: 1299:

is used.) There are different anglicizations for its pronunciation such as

1189: 1184:. With its deteriorating economic situation, the country has experienced a 322: 20532: 20394: 20371: 20164: 18913:

An Unbroken Agony: Haiti, From Revolution to the Kidnapping of a President

18268:

A Day for the Hunter, a Day for the Prey: Popular Music and Power in Haiti

18174: 17942: 15848: 13106:

Cavallo, Eduardo; Laura Giles Álvarez; Andrew Powell (28 September 2021).

13043:

Hu, Caitlin; Gallón, Natalie; Rivers, Matt; Dupain, Etant (19 July 2021).

9125: 8593: 7207:

Davies, Arthur (1953). "The Loss of the Santa Maria Christmas Day, 1492".

6872: 5789: 3987:

Members of the Haitian National Police Force marching band stand at parade

3832: 2238:

After losing the support of Haiti's elite, Boyer was ousted in 1843, with

22978: 22886: 22836: 22558: 22360: 22340: 22260: 21929: 21869: 21809: 21710: 21464: 21414: 21374: 21212: 21169: 20792: 20667: 20463: 20113: 19722: 18800: 18008: 16173: 15438: 15151: 11144: 11031: 9601:

Facing Racial Revolution: Eyewitness Accounts of the Haitian Insurrection

8709:

Eyewitness to Chaos: Personal Accounts of the Intervention in Haiti, 1994

8365: 7884: 6017: 5793: 5785: 5771: 5421: 5067: 4948: 4928: 4893: 4683:. The southern highway, Route Nationale No. 2, links Port-au-Prince with 4623: 4604: 4592: 4368: 4342: 4296: 4223: 4113:

is home to half of Haiti's prisoners. The prison has a capacity of 1,200

3430: 3050: 2851: 2616: 2204: 2188:. Many found the conditions too harsh and returned to the United States. 2039: 1881: 1533: 1403:

In Taíno society the largest unit of political organization was led by a

1114: 1037: 502: 486: 20141: 19989: 18880: 18785: 18700:"World Cup 2010: How the USA's 1950 amateurs upset England and the odds" 16709: 16117:"All About Money: Gourdes, Dollars and Sense for Work and Life in Haiti" 15954:"Perfume manufacturers must cope with the scarcity of precious supplies" 15928:"Frager, Haiti: shortening the perfume chain to become world number one" 13198:"Haiti reaches a breaking point as the economy tanks and violence soars" 11108:

Decision-making in the UN Security Council: The Case of Haiti, 1990–1997

10931:

Munro, Dana G. (1969). "The American Withdrawal from Haiti, 1929–1934".

8951: 7352: 5904: 5877: 5080:

is president of the National Bishops Conference of the Catholic Church.

4676: 3792: 2934: 1988: 22876: 22533: 22528: 22422: 22355: 22295: 22285: 22275: 22180: 21849: 21689: 21517: 21512: 21394: 21273: 21067: 20769: 20366: 20304: 20197: 20169: 20063: 20007: 19951: 19418: 19068: 17666: 17172:. Los Angeles: UCLA Fowler Museum of Cultural History. pp. 61–87. 17039: 16989: 15817: 13105: 12570:"U.N. Brought Cholera to Haiti. Now It Is Fumbling Its Effort to Atone" 10974:. Chapel Hill and London: University of North Carolina Press. pp. 10952: 10703: 9320:"Fever and Fret: The Haitian Revolution and African American Responses" 9130:. Library of Congress Federal Research Division. Toussaint Louverture. 6272: 6139: 5983: 5854: 5842: 5788:, particularly through its paintings and sculptures. Brilliant colors, 5382: 5341: 5107: 4830: 4782: 4715: 4465: 4429: 4409: 4212: 4138: 3568: 3552: 3495:

mean score of 4.01/10, ranking it 137th globally out of 172 countries.

3470:

in 2002, showing the extent of deforestation on the Haitian side (left)

3209:. It runs from the southeast to the northwest. To the southwest of the 3190:

lie along the northern border with the Dominican Republic, between the

3127: 3100:

was named interim Prime Minister. On 3 June 2024 the conseil appointed

1719: 1699: 1685: 1654: 1621: 1609: 1569: 1565: 1532:(1512–1513), which forbade the maltreatment of natives, endorsed their 1519: 1497: 1462: 1383: 1255: 1072: 1021: 429: 360: 22937: 21648: 19011: 16045:"Environmental Accessment of the USAID/Haiti North Park Power Project" 14017:"An Ecoregion-Based Approach to Protecting Half the Terrestrial Realm" 13617: 13556: 13290:"Haiti's Hospitals Survived Cholera and Covid. Gangs Are Closing Them" 13138:"Haiti facing stalled elections, kidnapping surge, rampant insecurity" 12619:"Haiti – Inauguration : Michel Martelly, 56th President of Haiti" 9914: 7387: 4662: 3462: 2973:

On 12 January 2010, at 4:53 pm local time, Haiti was struck by a

2823:

In December 1990, Jean-Bertrand Aristide was elected president in the

2576:

sentiment as a nationalist tool. In an event that became known as the

2305:

On 21 March 1849, Haitian soldiers attacked the Dominican garrison at

2091:, and a republic in the south centered on Port-au-Prince, directed by 2019:

Fearful of the potential impact the slave rebellion could have in the

23050: 22988: 22518: 22513: 22458: 22300: 21959: 21879: 21804: 21596: 21546: 21449: 21424: 21174: 21146: 20904: 20797: 20657: 20593: 20243: 20174: 20068: 20035: 18406: 18381: 16372:"Clintons preside at star-studded opening of Haitian industrial park" 16317: 15711: 15484:"República Dominicana: Ayuda a su vecino Haití después del terremoto" 14807:"Haiti among safest destinations in the Americas, say recent studies" 13108:"Estimating the Potential Economic Impact of Haiti's 2021 Earthquake" 12478: 12296: 11863:"For Aristide's Followers, Every Step Is a Dance, Every Cheer a Song" 9059: 9057: 7366:

Matthewson, Tim (1996). "Jefferson and the Nonrecognition of Haiti".

6224: 6091: 5886: 5865: 5858: 5734: 4990: 4952: 4711: 4684: 4672: 4600: 4596: 4560: 4453: 3842: 3437: 3359: 3327: 3311: 2398:

to intimidate and then humiliate the Haitian government of President

2220: 1642: 1633: 1557: 1441: 1138: 1088: 1045: 18532:"More than 300,000 people celebrated the Carnival 2012 in Les Cayes" 16981: 16485:"These Haitians Were Children When A US-Funded Project Evicted Them" 14389: 13992: 13775:

ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT OF THE USAID/HAITI NORTH PARK POWER PROJECT

13646: 11579:. Spokane, Washington. Associated Press. 10 March 1983. p. 15. 10944: 10695: 8707:

Walter E. Kretchik (2016). "1. Haitian Culture and Military Power".

5340:

is cooperating with L'Hôpital Saint-Damien in Haiti to coordinate a

4852: 3404:

in the north and the Enriquillo-Plantain Garden fault in the south.

3338: 2527: 2100: 1913:

and allies, continued their fight for independence, led by generals

1496:. Columbus left 39 men on the island, who founded the settlement of 23190:

Member states of the Organisation internationale de la Francophonie

22963: 22917: 22896: 22851: 22841: 22660: 22584: 22553: 22548: 22215: 22210: 22170: 22165: 22150: 21939: 21914: 21894: 21854: 21844: 21814: 21669: 21495: 21434: 21404: 21379: 21268: 20988: 20983: 20899: 20861: 20486: 20294: 20146: 19946: 19860: 19092: 18305:

The Haitian Creole Language: History, Structure, Use, and Education

17766: 17434:

Bonenfant, Jacques L. (December 1989). Haggerty, Richard A. (ed.).

17328:"Schools Teaching in Creole Instead of French on the Rise in Haiti" 17094:

Crossing the Water and Keeping the Faith: Haitian Religion in Miami

17031: 16489: 16142:"Best Western International targets 120 new hotel projects in 2013" 15514: 15454:"Universidad de Haití donada por RD se llamará ahora 'Roi Henry I'" 15114:"Haiti violence: Haiti gangs demand PM resign after mass jailbreak" 14324:"Long distance relationship: Haiti's bid to join the African Union" 13819: 13079: 9949: 9906: 7566:"As violence in Haiti worsens, Canada bets on assistance to police" 6514:

Hayti: 145 Years of Independence—The Bi-Centenary of Port-au-Prince

6242:

since the year 1900 and won a number of medals. Haitian footballer

6127: 5378: 5374: 5284: 5171: 5151: 5132: 5124: 4960: 4924: 4864: 4551:, a five-star Royal Oasis hotel by Occidental Hotel and Resorts in 4421: 4351: 4327: 3560: 3061:

which by September 2021 had escalated to a long-lasting full-blown

2930: 2929:

skimmed the north coast, leaving 3,006 people dead in flooding and

2087:

in the north directed by Henri Christophe, later declaring himself

2072: 1658: 1646: 1512: 1508: 1231:. Historically poor and politically unstable, Haiti has the lowest 1142: 1122: 1068: 988: 916: 384: 22101: 17225:

Crossing the Water and Keeping the Faith Haitian Religion in Miami

14576: 12731:

Colonialism, Slavery, Reparations and Trade: Remedying The 'Past'?

12013:

Damming the Flood:Haiti, Aristide, and the Politics of containment

9751:. Center for Cultural & Eco-Tourism, University of Louisiana. 9054: 8360: 8358: 8356: 8354: 8352: 8350: 8348: 8346: 8344: 8342: 8340: 8338: 8336: 8334: 8332: 8330: 8328: 8326: 8324: 8322: 8320: 8318: 8316: 8314: 8312: 8310: 8308: 8306: 8304: 8302: 8300: 8298: 8296: 8294: 8292: 8290: 8288: 8286: 8284: 8282: 8280: 8278: 8276: 8274: 8272: 8270: 7902: 7851: 7800: 7751:

And Religious Institutions, And Particularly of the British Empire

7435:

The War of 1898 and U.S. Interventions, 1898–1934: An Encyclopedia

5217: 1056: 22922: 22871: 22856: 22568: 22563: 22538: 22493: 22473: 22463: 22380: 22375: 22370: 22350: 22330: 22315: 22305: 22270: 22195: 22160: 22140: 22135: 22130: 22125: 21954: 21899: 21874: 21864: 21824: 21674: 21529: 21439: 21419: 21194: 21077: 20998: 20276: 20082: 19115: 19110: 17999: 14661:"Probe of Aristide administration finds evidence of embezzlement" 13168:"Haiti suffers deadly demonstrations against rise in fuel prices" 12903: 12801:"Michel Martelly, Haiti's President, Departs Without a Successor" 12240:"Candidate of Haiti's Poor Leads in Early Tally With 61% of Vote" 10527:

This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the

10459:

This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the

10380:

This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the

10327:

This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the

8268: 8266: 8264: 8262: 8260: 8258: 8256: 8254: 8252: 8250: 7833: 7087: 6135: 5907:

as its basic rhythm. Haiti had no recorded music until 1937 when

5398: 5359: 4985: 4944: 4877: 4788: 4748: 4536: 4473: 4441: 4425: 3590:. Whale and dolphin species can also be found off Haiti's coast. 3475: 3441: 2736: 2661: 2185: 1662: 1561: 1405: 1391: 1375: 1216: 1033: 379: 18810:. US Army Corps of Engineers, Army Geospatial Center. July 2010. 18382:"National History Park – Citadel, Sans the great Souci, Ramiers" 17863:"Haiti earthquake could trigger possible medical 'perfect storm" 16258:"Tourism minister's plan aims to reveal Haiti's 'hidden beauty'" 15279:"Haiti: Enhanced Initiative for Heavily Indebted Poor Countries" 12209:"Will the United Nations' legacy in Haiti be all about scandal?" 8232:. Harper & Brothers Publishers New York and London. p. 8048:"Voyage a Saint-Domingue, pendant les années 1788, 1789 et 1790" 6777:"World Economic Outlook Database, October 2023 Edition. (Haiti)" 3954:, which has a highly trained SWAT team, and works alongside the 3646: 2993:

peacekeeping station contaminated the country's main river, the

2386:, which was firmly resisted by President Hyppolite. In 1892 the 2120:, with the area returning to Spanish rule in 1809 following the 1511:

that killed a large number of native people. The first recorded

1378:

of Hispaniola at the time of the arrival of Christopher Columbus

1059:

people. The first Europeans arrived in December 1492 during the

22973: 22861: 22846: 22543: 22523: 22508: 22503: 22437: 22432: 22406: 22335: 22310: 22245: 22240: 22230: 22175: 21909: 21904: 21884: 21834: 21829: 21819: 21507: 21454: 21444: 21389: 21384: 21341: 21100: 21039: 20718: 20588: 20578: 20458: 20344: 20136: 17441:. Library of Congress Federal Research Division. Archived from 17353:(4). Indiana University Creole Institute: 36–39. Archived from 15981:"FEATURE-Perfumers promote fair trade for Haiti's 'super-crop'" 15371:"$ 1 Billion Is Pledged to Help Haiti Rebuild, Topping Request" 14558:"Haiti: The Long Road to Recovery, Public Broadcasting Service" 13465: 13463: 13461: 13459: 13229:"UN calls for foreign intervention in Haiti as violence surges" 9036:"John Adams Supports Toussaint Louverture, Horrifies Jefferson" 6168: 6080: 5898: 5881: 5698: 5091: 4956: 4932: 4920: 4752: 4568: 4461: 4457: 4449: 4417: 4413: 4319:(Ed'H) is only able to meet 62% of overall electricity demand. 4261:

been spent, and the rest is dedicated to longer-term projects.

4241: 4183:

declined dramatically after the 2010 earthquake and subsequent

4110: 3906: 3852: 3828: 3802: 3556: 3310:

is located off the southwest coast; also part of Haiti are the

3085: 2536: 2467:

right to oppose foreign interference in the Americas under the

2212: 2196: 1711: 1661:

fetuses rather than give birth to children within the bonds of

1613: 17767:"Haiti to vaccinate 95 percent of children under 10 - KSL.com" 17003:

Smucker, Glenn R (December 1989). Haggerty, Richard A. (ed.).

15926:

International Trade Centre; International Trade Forum (eds.).

13457: 13455: 13453: 13451: 13449: 13447: 13445: 13443: 13441: 13439: 12981:"Official: Haiti President Jovenel Moïse assassinated at home" 10898:"Education During the American Occupation of Haiti, 1915–1934" 10060:. Sixth Annual Conference of the Haitian Studies Association. 10033:. Mi país: Historia (My Country). 29 July 2010. Archived from 9234:"The Haitian Debacle: Yellow Fever and the Fate of the French" 9124:

Smucker, Glenn R. (December 1989). Richard A. Haggerty (ed.).

9080:

Avengers of the New World: The Story of the Haitian Revolution

8247: 7777:

Guitar, Lynne; Ferbel-Azcárate, Pedro; Estevez, Jorge (2006).

5358:

As of 2012, 60% of children in Haiti under the age of 10 were

4603:. The project cost US$ 300 million and included a 10-megawatt 2965:, located in Port-au-Prince, Haiti, heavily damaged after the 2083:

After Dessalines' death Haiti became split into two, with the

22958: 22427: 22325: 22320: 22235: 22220: 22145: 21839: 21643: 21141: 19111:

Web Site about Safe and Sustainable Water Solutions for Haiti

17924: 16686:. United Nations Population Fund. 10 May 2006. Archived from 14463:. International Institute for Strategic Studies. p. 402. 14211:"Création de cinq nouvelles communes par décret présidentiel" 13620:"Complex rupture during the 12 January 2010 Haiti earthquake" 13550: 13263:"Haiti, April 2023: Soon There Will Be No One Left to Kidnap" 12835:"Haiti says election could drag on for months, protests grow" 12673:"Jean-Claude Duvalier, former Haitian dictator, dies aged 63" 10797:

Semper Fidelis: The History of the United States Marine Corps

10206:

Menu Contenu Plan du siteAmbassade de France à Port-au-Prince

10007:

Simón Bolívar: essays on the life and legacy of the liberator

10004: 5869: 5846: 4718:

is currently the preferred port of entry for consumer goods.

4639: 4437: 4433: 4405: 4030: 3720:; however, a long history of oppression by dictators such as 3629: 3322:, located 40 nautical miles (46 mi; 74 km) west of 3081: 2532: 2050:

State of Haiti, Kingdom of Haiti and the Republic (1806–1820)

1560:; among them was Bertrand d'Ogeron, who succeeded in growing 1476:

landed in Haiti on 6 December 1492, in an area that he named

19027: 18988: 18964: 18722:

Haiti in Focus: A Guide to the People, Politics, and Culture

18653:

Haiti in Focus: A Guide to the People, Politics, and Culture

18056:"Solar-Powered Hospital in Haiti Yields Sustainable Savings" 14602: 12647:"Aristide Says He Is Ready to Follow Duvalier Back to Haiti" 12542:"A year of indecision leaves Haiti recovery at a standstill" 12133:"The long history of troubled ties between Haiti and the US" 9479:

White Fury: A Jamaican Slaveholder and the Age of REvolution

8068: 7776: 7163: 7161: 3290:

Haiti also includes several offshore islands. The island of

3267:(the southeast) and the mountainous southern peninsula (the 3246: 3201:

consists of two plains and two sets of mountain ranges. The

2284: 2227: 22365: 22290: 22265: 22190: 21919: 21399: 16827:"DOMINICAN REPUBLIC: Deport Thy (Darker-Skinned) Neighbour" 16398:"State Dept. Fact Sheet on Haiti's Caracol Industrial Park" 13436: 12865:"Haiti – FLASH : The elections of October 9 postponed" 11621:"'Baby Doc' Duvalier missed Haiti. That's why he came back" 8473:. Texas Department of State Health Services. Archived from 7469:"Haiti Riots Triggered By IMF Advice To Cut Fuel Subsidies" 6899:"Catalogue description Haitian Declaration of Independence" 6612:"After The Group Of G8, Now Come G30 Headed By Louko Desir" 6389: 6383: 5120: 5087: 4477: 4469: 3524:

The endangered Hispaniolan solenodon, endemic to the island

3423: 3135: 3058: 2847: 1029: 19000: 18744:

Freedom's Mirror: Cuba and Haiti in the Age of Revolution.

18303:. In Spears, Arthur K.; Berotte Joseph, Carole M. (eds.). 14689: 13674: 10430:(Revised ed.). New York: Facts on File, Inc. p. 9813: 9492:""A Brief History of Dessalines", 1825 Missionary Journal" 8974:"1784–1800 – The United States and the Haitian Revolution" 6363:

and no election has been held to fill those vacated seats.

4532: 4248:. In January 2010, following the earthquake, US President 4219:

program to qualify for cancellation of its external debt.

2258:

Guerrier died in April 1845, and was succeeded by General

1267: 23235:

17th-century disestablishments in the Spanish West Indies

21778: 18889:

Where Black Rules White: A Journey Across and About Hayti

18178: 14013: 10855: 9667:"The United States and the Haitian Revolution, 1791–1804" 8582:, 3rd edn, p. 54, New York, Oxford University Press 1990. 7158: 6999:"17201: Corbett: Hayti and Haiti in the English language" 6512:

continued to be used in books published in England (e.g.

6496:(1919), a book with official standing in Haiti). By 1873 5095: 5086:, a religion with West African roots similar to those of 4835: 4547:

Several hotels were opened in 2014, including an upscale

4506:), which is a fixed exchange rate that exists in concept 4208: 4175: 4097:

in Port-au-Prince to the new northern industrial park at

3579: 2812:

Avril transferred power to the army chief of staff, Gen.

2701: 2169:

Struggling to revive the agricultural economy to produce

1005: 17975:"Haiti and Dominican Republic Look to Eradicate Malaria" 17610: 16944:"Life expectancy at birth, total (years) – Haiti | Data" 13921: 13717: 11896:. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press. pp. 30–38. 9816:"Haiti's Citadelle Described As 8th Wonder of the World" 9185:"The History of the United States' First Refugee Crisis" 7303:. Florida Museum of Natural History. 20 September 2017. 7121:

United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs

7092:

United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs

5405:

readily apparent after the January 2010 earthquake. The

5201:. Spanish is spoken by some Haitians who live along the 3235:. Also in this valley lies Haiti's second largest lake, 3227:. This region supports the country's longest river, the 2127: 19038:. Vol. 12 (11th ed.). 1911. pp. 824–827. 18756:

NWIG: New West Indian Guide / Nieuwe West-Indische Gids

17460: 17221: 16735:"Aimaq, Firozkohi of Afghanistan Ethnic People Profile" 15814:"Latin America Shouldn't Bet Everything On Remittances" 12704:"Haiti's 'Baby Doc' in surprise return from exile" 7692:"WTO ¦ World Trade Organization: Members and Observers" 7438:(May 1, 1994 ed.). Routledge; 1 edition. pp. 6102:

The anchor of Christopher Columbus's largest ship, the

4970:

In 2018, the life expectancy at birth was 63.66 years.

4371:

surround the central city and go up the mountainsides.

3991:

The legal system is based on a modified version of the

2715:

In 1971 Duvalier died, and he was succeeded by his son

2433: 2341: 1800:

abolished slavery in the colony. Six months later, the

18899:, 5 March 2010); (Wermod and Wermod Publishing Group, 16633:"UN Volunteer takes part in art exhibition in Germany" 16281: 14356:"Despite reports, Haiti not joining the African Union" 13722:. 18th Caribbean Geological Conference. Archived from 8580:

The Caribbean: The Genesis of a Fragmented Nationalism

8225: 8176:

Hispaniola: Caribbean Chiefdoms in the Age of Columbus

6138:

is also common. Other folkloric creatures include the

3045:

in an attack on his private residence, and First Lady

2989:

that was triggered when cholera-infected waste from a

2108:, which were critical in enabling him to liberate the 1628:

beliefs by secretly syncretizing it with Catholicism.

1580:

settled their hostilities on the island by way of the

1113:(1791–1804), led by a former slave and general of the 17931:

The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene

15227:"Before fall of Aristide, Haiti hit by aid cutoff by" 14386:"Missions et Attributions du Ministère de la Défense" 14208: 13991:. New York: Columbia University. 2012. Archived from 11685:

Southwestern Journal of Law and Trade in the Americas

11051:

AIDS and Accusation: Haiti and the Geography of Blame

10572: 6407: 6282: 3613:, as well as pelicans, ibis, hummingbirds and ducks. 2937:. In 2008 Haiti was again struck by tropical storms; 2809:

subsequently led a military regime until March 1990.

2426:(1913–14) was ousted in a coup, as was his successor 23230:

1804 disestablishments in the French colonial empire

22804: 22046:

American Declaration of the Rights and Duties of Man

18301:"Chapter 7: Creole and French in Haitian Literature" 17301:

Prétendus Créolismes : le couteau dans l'igname

16513:"CRD Wants to Build Railway that Runs Through Haiti" 16313:"Clintons land in Haiti to showcase industrial park" 15903:. Barton, Vermont. pp. 28A, 29A. Archived from 15659:"Transmitting and Distributing Electricity in Haiti" 15404:"Haiti's police struggle to control ravaged capital" 14007: 13526:

Port-au-Prince Journal (reprinted in New York Times)

13042: 12182:"Haitian Gangs Seek Truce That Would Ease Elections" 11992:

Elections in the Americas: A data handbook, Volume I

11573:"'Things in Haiti must change,' pope tells Duvalier" 9548:. Vol. XLVIII. R. Phillips. 1819. p. 335. 6386: 5811:. Some notable artists of more recent times include 5336:

offered at both the University of Haiti and abroad.

5324:. The higher education schools in Haiti include the 5131:. Protestants view Catholic veneration of saints as 4679:, before reaching its terminus at the northern port 3400:

system in the region has two branches in Haiti, the

2758:

Following Duvalier's departure, army leader General

2634:

In 1946 Lescot was overthrown by the military, with

2414:

was forced from power in 1908, as was his successor

2075:

in the Americas, and is considered locally to be an

1336: 1176:

to stabilize the country. In 2010, Haiti suffered a

1067:, establishing the first European settlement in the 197: 166: 134: 64: 18818:

Written in Blood: The History of the Haitian People

16451: 16449: 16447: 16445: 15368: 15174:"International Human Development Indicators: Haiti" 13915: 11781:"Ex-Ruler of Haiti Faces Human Rights Suit in U.S." 11743:, OEA/Ser.L/V/II.74 doc. 9 rev. 1, 7 September 1988 11332:"Tourism can help Haiti return to its halcyon days" 10681: 9814:United Press International, ed. (29 January 1978). 9376:"The Haitian Revolution and the Louisiana Purchase" 7783:

Indigenous Resurgence in the Contemporary Caribbean

7135: 6380: 6377: 3697:(Chambre des Députés). The government is organized 3142:, the latter sharing a 360-kilometer (224 mi) 2914: 1125:'s forces were defeated by Louverture's successor, 18989:Ministère de la Santé Publique et de la Population 18815: 18678:"History of Caribbean teams in the FIFA World Cup" 18526: 18524: 17663:United States Agency for International Development 16727: 16189: 15764:"The World Factbook — Central Intelligence Agency" 15434:"Haiti fears grows despite surge in relief effort" 14241:"Haïti – Politique: 5 nouvelles communes en Haïti" 13746:"3 Questions: Understanding the Haiti earthquakes" 13288:David C., Adams; Robles, Frances (17 March 2024). 12292:"UN seeks almost US$ 108 million for Haiti floods" 12047: 11687:, Vol. 3, Issue 2 (1996), pp. 303–32, esp. p. 319. 10967: 10880: 10423: 10296: 9843:. New York: Pantheon, 2007 (Vintage Books, 2008). 8706: 8442: 7059: 7057: 6145: 4033:) report, murder rates (10.2 per 100,000) are far 3302:is located on the island of the same name, in the 2559: 23025:Caribbean Institute for Meteorology and Hydrology 22745: 18106: 18104: 16967: 16092:"HTG (Haitian Gourde): Meaning, History, Example" 15341: 13553:"Navassa Island: A Photographic Tour (1998–1999)" 13075:"Haiti struck by deadly 7.2-magnitude earthquake" 13008: 13006: 12515:"In Haiti, Global Failures on a Cholera Epidemic" 11053:. California University Press. pp. 180–181. 9809: 9807: 9725:. Thenation.com. 10 December 2008. Archived from 9322:. In Jackson, Maurice; Bacon, Jacqueline (eds.). 8924:. Haitian Studies Association. 2001. p. 67. 8471:"History of Smallpox – Smallpox Through the Ages" 8445:Smallpox: The Fight to Eradicate a Global Scourge 7368:Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society 6075:Institute for the Protection of National Heritage 4037:the regional average (26 per 100,000); less than 3948:efforts to reconstitute it are currently underway 3673:is head of state and elected directly by popular 1892:, where he died in 1803 of exposure and possibly 1736: 1710:fathers frequently sent their mixed-race sons to 1564:and recruited many French colonial families from 1258:. The name was restored by Haitian revolutionary 23131: 19022:. Vol. XI (9th ed.). pp. 543–546. 18869:Journal of the Illinois State Historical Society 17533: 17521: 17491: 17007:. Library of Congress Federal Research Division. 16892:"France Suspends Expulsions Of Illegal Haitians" 16442: 16338: 16336: 16307: 16305: 16255: 15576:"How Haiti's Future Depends on American Markets" 15024: 13750:MIT News | Massachusetts Institute of Technology 12015:. London, UK: Verso Books. pp. xiii, 78–79. 11734:Report on the Situation of Human Tights in Haiti 11500:"Is Haiti The Caribbean's Best New Destination?" 11323: 11251: 10835:The United States Occupation of Haiti, 1915–1934 10299:The Cambridge History of Latin America: Volume 3 9481:(Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2018), p. 182. 8591: 8072:"A genetic history of the pre-contact Caribbean" 7119:("Total Population, as of 1 July (thousands)"). 5780:Swearing-in ceremony of Haitian Diaspora GwètòDe 5290:The educational system of Haiti is based on the 5127:" adversaries that require intervention through 3887:Community of Latin American and Caribbean States 3419:happened on this fault zone on 12 January 2010. 3385:The northern boundary of the fault is where the 3294:is located off the coast of northern Haiti. The 3239:, formed as a result of the construction of the 2731: 2535:was also introduced to Haiti, and sugarcane and 2390:supported suppression of the reform movement of 1584:of 1697, which divided Hispaniola between them. 1229:Community of Latin American and Caribbean States 23056:Organisation of Eastern Caribbean States (OECS) 18799:Hadden, Robert Lee and Steven G. Minson. 2010. 18521: 18429:"Institut de Sauvegarde du Patrimoine National" 17084: 17018:Lobb, John (2018). "Caste and Class in Haiti". 16220: 16039: 16037: 15284:. International Monetary Fund. September 2009. 14533:. Transparency International. 6 November 2006. 14177: 13281: 12643: 12039: 11477:] (in Czech). Praha: Metafora. p. 52. 9484: 9258: 7785:. New York: Peter Lang Publishing. p. 41. 7054: 6254:, scoring the winning goal in the 1–0 upset of 6032:Sans-Souci Palace, National History Park, Haiti 4907:Millions of Haitian descent live abroad in the 3219:, whose most northwestern part merges with the 2898:United Nations Stabilisation Mission (MINUSTAH) 2782:, was then overthrown some months later in the 2650: 2487:sent U.S. Marines into Haiti in July 1915. The 23210:1492 establishments in the Spanish West Indies 22103:Organisation internationale de la Francophonie 22041:Inter-American Treaty of Reciprocal Assistance 18697: 18331:Frankétienne and Rewriting: A Work in Progress 18101: 17303:, Jean-Robert Léonidas, Cidihca, Montréal 1995 15224: 14901:"Haiti: governance, Rule of Law, and Security" 14273:(in French). Haiti-Référence. 17 August 2015. 13287: 13256: 13254: 13003: 12483:"What were the world's deadliest earthquakes?" 11755:The More things change-- human rights in Haiti 11491: 10776:U.S. Invasion and Occupation of Haiti, 1915–34 10194: 10005:Bushnell, David; Lester Langley, eds. (2008). 9804: 8806: 8804: 7662:"International Monetary Fund: List of Members" 7431: 6641: 6639: 6637: 5990:. Directors producing fictional films include 4814: 4636:United States Government Accountability Office 4104: 4053:that of Jamaica (39.3 per 100,000) and nearly 3901:Organisation internationale de la Francophonie 3616:Reptiles are common, with species such as the 2631:, of which Haiti was also a founding member). 2517:gaining Péralte the status of national martyr. 2166:by force and ending slavery in Santo Domingo. 1348:means: "From nowadays this land is our land." 1211:Organisation internationale de la Francophonie 22731: 22610:Agence de Coopération Culturelle et Technique 22087: 21764: 21327: 19889: 19131: 18111: 18080: 16333: 16302: 15894: 14996:"Malnutrition killing inmates in Haiti jails" 14835: 14555: 14297:"Haiti becomes a member of the African Union" 14209:Olivier, Louis-Joseph, ed. (14 August 2015). 12949:"Haiti: Thousands protest against corruption" 12231: 12130: 11778: 11290: 10800:. New York: Simon and Schuster. p. 185. 9220:Venus of Empire:The Life of Pauline Bonaparte 7970:The Complete Idiot's Guide to Learning French 7779:"iii: Ocama-Daca Taíno (Hear me, I am Taíno)" 7630:"Association of Caribbean States (1994–2014)" 7466: 6683:"Religious Composition by Country, 2010–2050" 6211:in Port-au-Prince, currently used mostly for 6038:List of World Heritage Sites in the Caribbean 4295:Haiti relies heavily on an oil alliance with 4205:United Nations Stabilization Mission in Haiti 3950:. The current defense force for Haiti is the 1538: 1517: 697:27,750 km (10,710 sq mi) ( 18822:. Lantham, Md.: University Press of America. 18491:. Liverpool University Press. pp. 14–. 18401: 18399: 18298: 18000:Robert Lee Hadden; Steven G. Minson (2010). 17844:"Haiti Survivors Face Outbreaks of Diarrhea" 16400:. US Policy. 22 October 2012. Archived from 16187: 16034: 15895:Gagnon-Joseph, Nathalie (22 December 2015). 15740:(in French). 31 October 2018. Archived from 15346:. Thomson Reuters Foundation. Archived from 14838:"Haiti earthquake fails to deter hotel boom" 14122:"1987 Constitution of the Republic of Haiti" 13519: 13349: 13347: 12832: 12695: 12473: 11649: 11448:"Biographies: François Duvalier (1907–1971)" 10318: 10316: 10314: 10145:"1820 – 1843: The rule of Jean-Pierre Boyer" 9638:. University of Alabama Press. p. 322. 9604:. University of Chicago Press. p. 137. 9570: 9462: 9318:Jackson, Maurice; Bacon, Jacqueline (2010). 9317: 8178:. University of Alabama Press. p. 110. 7746: 7467:Shellenberger, Michael (22 September 2022). 7275:"Haïti histoire – 7 Bord de Mer de Limonade" 7167: 7063: 7026: 6996: 6419: 5884:. Youth attend parties at nightclubs called 3968: 3898: 3859:The departments are further divided into 42 3742:Administratively, Haiti is divided into ten 2540:occupation in 1934, under the Presidency of 2448:U.S. Marines and guide in search of Haitian 2273: 2255:, who assumed the presidency on 3 May 1844. 2176:Starting in September 1824, more than 6,000 2000:were selected out as exceptions and spared: 1908: 1816:and extended it to all the French colonies. 1693: 1536:to Catholicism, and gave legal framework to 1208: 1044:. Haiti is the third largest country in the 185: 152: 120: 50: 30:"Hayti" redirects here. For other uses, see 22651:Prix des cinq continents de la francophonie 22010:Inter-American Telecommunication Commission 18746:New York: Cambridge University Press, 2014. 18656:. Interlink Pub Group Inc. pp. 82–83. 18633:"Blue Jays helping bring baseball to Haiti" 18510: 18508: 18271:. University of Chicago Press. p. 23. 18190: 18188: 18175:"In Haiti, Art Remains a Solid Cornerstone" 17927:"Active Tuberculosis Case Finding in Haiti" 17155:"Overview: Pentecostalism in Latin America" 16829:. Inter Press Service (IPS). Archived from 16282:with Barbara De Lollis (29 November 2011). 15890: 15888: 15028:Haiti's prison from hell | Unreported World 14710: 14690:Mary Anastasia O'Grady (12 February 2007). 13806:(5). University of Chicago Press: 384–399. 13585: 13577:: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list ( 13497:"A dam for the people, and A people damned" 13251: 12600: 12598: 12596: 12354:"Haiti's government falls after food riots" 12162: 12160: 12158: 12045: 12028: 12026: 12024: 12022: 11823:Journal of International Law & Practice 11371: 11369: 11367: 11365: 11363: 11361: 11359: 11357: 10757: 10755: 10753: 10751: 10749: 10747: 10745: 10371: 10369: 10367: 10365: 10290: 10288: 10286: 10284: 10282: 10280: 10278: 10276: 10023: 9564: 8876: 8844:. 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Yes, the Haitians Care" 12131:Buschschluter, Vanessa (16 January 2010). 11653:Farewell, Fred Voodoo: A Letter from Haiti 11042: 10774:Office of the Historian, U.S. Government. 10421: 10202:"La première ambassade française en Haïti" 10170:Firire, Girard Alphonse (27 August 1999). 9863: 9404: 9300: 9298: 9296: 9294: 9292: 9290: 9288: 9286: 9236:. Montana State University. Archived from 8790: 8788: 8786: 8731:. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 18. 8651: 8649: 8647: 8645: 8643: 8641: 8639: 8637: 8626:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 8391: 8389: 8387: 7365: 7200: 5178:; the other French-speaking areas are all 4745:Toussaint Louverture International Airport 4574: 3669:republic, a multiparty system wherein the 3635: 2382:to permit the building of a naval base at 1587: 243: 233: 23170:French-speaking countries and territories 22005:Inter-American Commission on Human Rights 21995:Secretariat for Multidimensional Security 18767: 18552: 18396: 17950: 17545: 17433: 17192: 17005:"A Country Study: Haiti; The Upper Class" 16477: 16284:"Marriott announces first hotel in Haiti" 16008: 16006: 14895: 14893: 14388:. Ministere de la Defense. Archived from 14048: 13964: 13702: 13675:DeMets, C.; Wiggins-Grandison W. (2007). 13344: 12893: 12566: 12438: 12206: 11861:Manegol, Catherine S. (16 October 1994). 11808:Anthony Payne and Paul K. 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The victor, 2956: 2735: 2660: 2521:The occupation improved some of Haiti's 2508: 2443: 2345: 2283: 2199:, during a period of restoration of the 2141: 2063: 1971: 1898: 1855: 1746: 1667: 1657:, and there is evidence that some women 1449: 1369: 23069:Member of the Community but not of the 22615:Agence universitaire de la Francophonie 18327: 18264: 17633:"Education in Haiti; Primary Education" 17466: 17002: 15897:"On sports, treasure hunting, and life" 15834: 15692: 15690: 15573: 15564: 15342:Anastasia Moloney (28 September 2009). 15084:"Haitian prison rife with malnutrition" 15076: 14321: 14101: 14085: 14065: 13668: 13260: 12724: 12701: 11860: 11779:Rohter, Larry, ed. (15 November 1991). 11772: 11618: 11497: 11439: 11329: 11067: 11018: 10933:The Hispanic American Historical Review 10832: 10793: 10513:, University of Michigan, 2006, 235–236 10303:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 10294: 10142: 10009:. Rowman & Littlefield. p. 5. 9892: 9864:Sutherland, Claudia E. 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Much of this is rooted in 4579:On 21 October 2012, Haitian President 4291:Haiti electricity production by source 1907:The enslaved persons, along with free 1327:, it is spelled and pronounced with a 23081:awaiting entrustment to join the CSME 23015:Disaster Emergency Management (CDEMA) 22719: 22075: 21780:Organization of American States (OAS) 21752: 21315: 20502:Grande-Rivière-du-Nord Arrondissement 19877: 19864: 19119: 18813: 18796:(New York: Palgrave, September 2010). 18724:. Interlink Publishing Group (2002). 18630: 18606:"Rara: Vodou, Power, and Performance" 18484: 18449: 18307:. Lexington Books. pp. 153–176. 18172: 17981:from the original on 18 November 2011 17883: 17717: 17314:"What Languages Are Spoken in Haiti?" 17167: 16919:"Bahamas outlook clouds for Haitians" 16916: 16286:. Travel.usatoday.com. Archived from 16256:Myers, Gay Nagle, ed. (21 May 2013). 16166: 16144:. Traveldailynews.com. 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"Anacaona, Golden Flower". 7307:from the original on 1 October 2016 7142:Lawler, Andrew (23 December 2020). 6937:from the original on 1 January 2021 6853:from the original on 9 October 2022 6719:from the original on 17 August 2023 6504:' publications after 1890, he used 5418:Hôpital Universitaire de Mirebalais 5049:reported that 55% of Haitians were 5011:Religion in Haiti according to the 3946:were demobilized in 1995; however, 3411:earthquake, similar in size to the 3155:, at 2,680 meters (8,793 ft). 3130:, the second largest island in the 2363:, in 1869. Under the Presidency of 2138:Haitian occupation of Santo Domingo 1792:and enslaved persons commissioners 1722:government to expand their rights. 24: 22000:Inter-American Commission of Women 20818:Saint-Louis-du-Nord Arrondissement 19177:Captaincy General of Santo Domingo 19145: 18714: 18534:. Haitilibre.com. 22 February 2012 18242:. 10 February 2010. Archived from 18145: 17091:Rey, Terry; Stepick, Alex (2013). 16777: 16519:. 20 February 2018. Archived from 16191:"Haiti returns to the tourist map" 16188:Thomson, Ian, ed. (27 July 2014). 15601:"Powering Haiti with Clean Energy" 15410:. Associated Press. Archived from 15196:"Jean Bertrand Aristide net worth" 15124:from the original on 12 March 2024 15064:from the original on 31 March 2018 14848:from the original on 27 April 2015 14755:from the original on 17 April 2015 14717:Schifferes, Steve (1 March 2004). 14277:from the original on 22 March 2022 13398:from the original on 9 August 2022 13366:from the original on 26 April 2024 13300:from the original on 17 March 2024 13269:from the original on 26 April 2023 13239:from the original on 28 March 2023 13144:. United Nations. 4 October 2021. 12917:Brice, Makini (29 November 2016). 12767:"Slavery reparations: Blood money" 12702:Kushner, Jacob (17 January 2011). 12511: 12493:from the original on 10 April 2023 12262:"Photo Gallery: Jeanne hits Haiti" 12207:Klarreich, Kathie (13 June 2012). 12082:from the original on 7 August 2020 12078:. Globalpolicy.org. 1 March 2004. 12076:"Aristide Kidnapped by US Forces?" 11656:. Simon and Schuster. p. 13. 11445: 11330:Raymond, Prospery (26 July 2013). 11073: 10873:Danticat, Edwidge (28 July 2015), 10056:Sagás, Ernesto (14 October 1994). 9840:Toussaint L'Ouverture: A Biography 9773: 9699:. Inmotionaame.org. Archived from 8560:from the original on 7 August 2013 8449:. University of California Press. 7564:Charles, Jacqueline (3 May 2023). 7264: 6873:"Konstitisyon Repiblik Ayiti 1987" 6566:from the original on 1 August 2020 6110:Musée du Panthéon National Haïtien 6054:in 1982. Situated in the Northern 5830: 5310:, Haiti's literacy rate is 60.7%. 5057:(Baptist 15.4%, Pentecostal 7.9%, 4825:Haiti faces key challenges in the 4322: 4025:Conversely, according to the 2013 3528:Haiti is home to four ecoregions: 2219:states continued to refuse formal 2071:, built 1805–1822, is the largest 1688:government allowed some rights to 1446:Captaincy General of Santo Domingo 1195:Haiti is a founding member of the 1186:socioeconomic and political crisis 239:Location in the Western Hemisphere 148:Motto on traditional coat of arms: 25: 23251: 23225:1625 establishments in New France 23071:CARICOM Single Market and Economy 23005:Common Fund for Commodities (CFC) 21985:Secretariat for Political Affairs 20877:Croix-des-Bouquets Arrondissement 20752:Môle-Saint-Nicolas Arrondissement 18950: 18299:Nzengou-Tayo, Marie-José (2012). 18085:. Engineering.com. Archived from 17861:Park, Madison (13 January 2010). 16917:Davis, Nick (20 September 2009). 16378:from the original on 19 June 2013 16224:"An Unlikely Location for Luxury" 15870:Sommerfelt, Tone (October 2014). 15291:from the original on 21 June 2022 15259:from the original on 7 April 2022 15233:from the original on 4 March 2016 14972:from the original on 28 July 2021 14946:from the original on 28 July 2021 14787:from the original on 22 July 2023 14729:from the original on 28 July 2013 14667:. 31 October 2005. Archived from 14511:from the original on 28 July 2013 13682:Geophysical Journal International 13532:from the original on 8 April 2022 13332:from the original on 6 March 2024 13055:from the original on 19 July 2021 12747:from the original on 28 June 2024 12714:from the original on 27 May 2013. 11631:from the original on 20 July 2019 11529:Abrams, Elliott (November 2014). 11498:Clammer, Paul (1 February 2014). 11409:from the original on 28 June 2024 11311:from the original on 28 June 2024 11272:from the original on 28 June 2024 11125:from the original on 28 June 2024 10814:from the original on 28 June 2024 10718:U.S. Imperialism in Latin America 10663:from the original on 4 March 2021 10261:from the original on 15 July 2015 10212:from the original on 8 April 2022 9755:from the original on 25 July 2008 9552:from the original on 28 June 2024 9425:from the original on 28 June 2024 9340:from the original on 28 June 2024 9271:from the original on 4 March 2012 9195:from the original on 10 June 2022 9154:"Haitian Revolution: A YPT Guide" 8928:from the original on 28 June 2024 8900:from the original on 28 June 2024 8858:from the original on 28 June 2024 8745:from the original on 28 June 2024 8526:. Faculty.smu.edu. Archived from 7728:from the original on 12 July 2022 7702:from the original on 29 June 2011 7672:from the original on 4 March 2016 7238:Maclean, Frances (January 2008). 7088:"World Population Prospects 2022" 5427: 4896:. The remainder are primarily of 4795: 4757:Cap-Haïtien International Airport 4651: 4646: 4609:Cap-Haïtien International Airport 3738:Administrative divisions of Haiti 3094:Transitional Presidential Council 2440:United States occupation of Haiti 1482:, and claimed the island for the 1412:Taíno cultural artifacts include 1162:U.S. occupation from 1915 to 1934 1154:crippling debt payments to France 415:Transitional Presidential Council 23035:Single Market and Economy (CSME) 22807: 22798: 22790:Single Market and Economy (CSME) 22780:Caribbean Free Trade Association 22700: 22699: 22201:Democratic Republic of the Congo 21935:Saint Vincent and the Grenadines 21728: 21571: 21470:Saint Vincent and the Grenadines 21295: 20081: 19904: 19078: 18691: 18670: 18624: 18598: 18568: 18546: 18478: 18464:10.1111/j.1468-0033.2011.01744.x 18443: 18421: 18374: 18348: 18321: 18292: 18258: 18232: 18214: 18166: 18139: 18074: 18048: 18023: 17993: 17967: 17918: 17900: 17877: 17854: 17836: 17815: 17794: 17780: 17759: 17738: 17711: 17681: 17651: 17625: 17599: 17590: 17427: 17397: 17384:– Center for Language Technology 17369: 17334: 17320: 17306: 17293: 17249: 17215: 17186: 17161: 17147: 17133: 17121:Lee, Morgan (13 November 2014). 17114: 17054: 17011: 16996: 16961: 16936: 16910: 16884: 16857: 16845: 16825:Pina, Diógenes (21 March 2007). 16771: 16749: 16702: 16676: 16651: 16625: 16604: 16579: 16553: 16535: 16505: 16416: 16390: 16374:. Reuters.com. 22 October 2012. 16364: 16275: 16249: 16214: 16181: 16167:Major, Brian (9 December 2014). 16160: 16134: 16109: 16083: 16062: 15972: 15946: 15919: 15863: 15806: 15781: 15726: 15700: 15650: 15614: 15593: 15534: 15522:from the original on 4 July 2022 15502: 15476: 15446: 15426: 15395: 15362: 15335: 15303: 15271: 15245: 15218: 15188: 15136: 15106: 15046: 15035:from the original on 28 May 2018 15018: 14958: 14926:Gardiner, Sean (3 August 2010). 14919: 14860: 14829: 14813:. 7 January 2013. Archived from 14799: 14767: 14741: 14719:"Haiti: An economic basket-case" 14683: 14653: 14621: 14549: 14537:from the original on 12 May 2013 14523: 14493: 14467: 14449: 14445:. Orlando, Florida. pp. A7. 14434: 14404: 14378: 14348: 14289: 14271:"7300.- Divisions territoriales" 14263: 14233: 14202: 14178:Michele Kelemen (2 March 2004). 14171: 14159:from the original on 1 June 2024 14140: 14114: 13981: 13884: 13854: 13787: 13768: 13756:from the original on 1 June 2024 13738: 13704:10.1111/j.1365-246X.2006.03236.x 13520:Larry Rohter (19 October 1998). 13513: 13410: 13378: 13312: 13220: 13190: 13160: 13130: 13099: 13067: 13036: 12973: 12941: 12925:. Port-au-Prince. Archived from 12910: 12887: 12857: 12826: 12791: 12759: 12718: 12664: 12637: 12611: 12567:Gladstone, Rick (27 June 2017). 12560: 12534: 12505: 12467: 12432: 12402: 12376: 12346: 12316: 12284: 12254: 12200: 12173: 12124: 12094: 12068: 12004: 11981: 11962: 11936: 11910: 11854: 11815: 11802: 11643: 11611: 11565: 11522: 11462: 11421: 11284: 11258:. Scarecrow Press. p. 255. 11245: 11215: 11189: 11176: 11163: 11151:from the original on 24 May 2023 11137: 11098: 11024: 11012: 10982: 10959: 10924: 10889: 10867: 10826: 10787: 10768: 10710: 10675: 10639: 10616: 10594: 10566: 10522: 10498: 10454: 10448: 10426:A Brief History of the Caribbean 10415: 10375: 10322: 10242: 10233: 10224: 10163: 10136: 10106: 10076: 10049: 9998: 9972: 9929: 9886: 9857: 9830: 9741: 9715: 9689: 9659: 9625: 9591: 9536: 9523: 9386:from the original on 3 July 2023 9164:from the original on 3 July 2023 7531:Taylor, Luke (11 January 2023). 7498:Taylor, Luke (18 October 2022). 6592:from the original on 21 May 2019 6373: 6328: 6316: 6304: 6292: 6196:training in Port-au-Prince, 2004 6167:is a festival celebrated before 5539: 5522: 5495: 5485: 5450:Largest cities or towns in Haiti 4226:, a Venezuela-led oil alliance. 3582:species, as well as the endemic 3493:Forest Landscape Integrity Index 2915:Post-Aristide era (2004–present) 2818:1990–91 Haitian general election 2615:(24 December). Out of these six 2394:, and in 1897, the Germans used 1998:three categories of white people 1903:Haitians hanging French soldiers 1020:, is a country on the island of 889: 888: 846: 845: 827: 826: 794: 793: 775: 774: 210: 99: 85: 18931:. Simon & Schuster (1990). 18698:Ewen MacAskill (10 June 2010). 18582:. 17 April 2012. Archived from 17977:. Foxnews.com. 8 October 2009. 17886:"Haiti Can't Face More Defeats" 17718:Franz, Paul (25 October 2010). 17405:"creolenationallanguageofhaiti" 16780:"American FactFinder – Results" 16169:"Dispatch: Good Times in Haiti" 15225:Farah Stockman (7 March 2004). 15094:from the original on 4 May 2018 14180:"Haiti Starts Over, Once Again" 13227:Phillips, Tom (21 March 2023). 12894:@cep_haiti (28 November 2016). 12621:. Haitilibre.com. 14 May 2011. 12180:Varner, Bill (25 August 2005). 12054:. Brookings Institution Press. 10902:Historical Studies in Education 10251:"Haiti: a long descent to hell" 10249:Henley, Jon (14 January 2010). 9471: 9456: 9398: 9368: 9355: 9311: 9259:Adam Hochschild (30 May 2004). 9252: 9226: 9211: 9176: 9134:from the original on 2 May 2009 9117: 9090: 9072: 9028: 8992: 8966: 8940: 8912: 8870: 8831: 8765:"Immigration History of Canada" 8757: 8718: 8700: 8585: 8572: 8542: 8516: 8489: 8463: 8434: 8402: 8219: 8167: 8128: 8040: 8013: 7987: 7960: 7921: 7870: 7819: 7770: 7740: 7714: 7684: 7654: 7621: 7590: 7578:from the original on 3 May 2023 7557: 7524: 7491: 7460: 7394: 7359: 7319: 7293: 7231: 7168:NgCheong-Lum, Roseline (2005). 6865: 6715:. Central Intelligence Agency. 6586:"Article 4 of the Constitution" 6554:"Konstitisyon Repiblik d Ayiti" 6533:as another name for the island. 6523: 6452: 6366: 6268:Index of Haiti-related articles 6146:National holidays and festivals 6023: 5911:was recorded non-commercially. 5815:, Frantz Zéphirin, Leroy Exil, 5315:Inter-American Development Bank 5208:Haitian Creole, locally called 4888:. Many are also descendants of 4841: 4217:Heavily Indebted Poor Countries 4079:New York City Police Department 3895:Organisation of American States 3657:from 7 February 2017 until his 3509: 2747:in 1994 designed to remove the 2743:returns to Haiti following the 2587:(1941–46). In 1941, during the 2564:After U.S.forces left in 1934, 2560:Post-occupation era (1934–1957) 2474:In 1915, Haiti's new President 1426: 1205:Association of Caribbean States 1201:Organization of American States 1087:. French colonists established 742:382/km (989.4/sq mi) ( 538:• Independence recognized 144:"Liberty, Equality, Fraternity" 23215:Small Island Developing States 22892:St. Vincent and the Grenadines 22641:International Francophonie Day 20226:Anse d'Hainault Arrondissement 20101:Cerca-la-Source Arrondissement 19962:Petite Rivière de l'Artibonite 19293:Anti-Duvalier protest movement 18222:"Music and the Story of Haiti" 18173:Legro, Tom (11 January 2011). 17062:"Religions in Haiti – PEW-GRF" 15979:Adams, David (24 April 2014). 14928:"NYPD Set to Aid Haitian Cops" 13891:Tarter, Andrew (19 May 2016). 13261:Wilentz, Amy (17 April 2023). 12725:Gifford, Lord Anthony (2012). 12384:"Magnitude 7.0 – Haiti Region" 11836:"Activities by Country: Haiti" 11255:Historical Dictionary of Haiti 11252:Hall, Michael R., ed. (2012). 10084:"Dominican Republic – History" 9867:Haitian Revolution (1791–1804) 9452:. Potomac Books. p. 1772. 9066:Latin America's Wars: Volume 1 8950:. Chnm.gmu.edu. Archived from 8886:. Princeton University Press. 8811:Farmer, Paul (15 April 2004). 8418:. October 2011. Archived from 7209:The American Historical Review 6731: 6705: 6675: 6604: 6578: 6546: 6238:Haiti has participated in the 6185:Culture of Haiti § Sports 6112:(MUPANAH), in Port-au-Prince. 5894:(ball, as in a formal dance). 4856:Haiti's population (1800–2021) 4772: 4378: 4362: 4229: 3701:, thus the central government 3447: 3194:and the North Atlantic Ocean. 2691:against his rule that year in 1759:of 1789 and principles of the 1737:Haitian Revolution (1791–1804) 1311:, which are still in use, but 13: 1: 23030:Public Health Agency (CARPHA) 22747:Caribbean Community (CARICOM) 20966:Port-au-Prince Arrondissement 18849:Kovats-Bernat, J. Christopher 18794:Haiti: The Tumultuous History 18112:Yurnet-Thomas, Mirta (2002). 17193:McAlister, Elizabeth (1998). 17020:American Journal of Sociology 16426:. USAID. 2014. Archived from 15255:. Michigan State University. 14586:. GSDRC. 2010. Archived from 14556:Siri Schubert (22 May 2009). 14329:The Christian Science Monitor 13893:"Haiti Is Covered with Trees" 12544:. Oxfam.org. 6 January 2011. 12410:"Haiti Earthquake Fast Facts" 12213:The Christian Science Monitor 11969:Haiti: Elections held in 1995 11702:"Haiti's Election Needs Help" 10178:. Webster.edu. Archived from 9982:. Answers.com. Archived from 9980:"Henri Christophe: Biography" 9571:Boyce Davies, Carole (2008). 8550:"Encomienda (Spanish policy)" 8199:Royal, Robert (Spring 1992). 7171:Haiti (Cultures of the World) 6539: 5914: 5239: 5214:French-based creole languages 4514:) or "dollar US" (pronounced 4306:Power plant in Port-au-Prince 3665:The government of Haiti is a 3342:Köppen climate types of Haiti 2921:Haitian crisis (2018–present) 2889:an anti-Aristide revolt began 2846:brushed Haiti, dumping heavy 2793:in September 1988, after the 2784:June 1988 Haitian coup d'état 2732:Post-Duvalier era (1986–2004) 2457: 2350:German Captain Thiele of the 2313:. This left only the town of 2270:, to stage another invasion. 2234:Dominican War of Independence 2182:American Colonization Society 2150:Beginning in 1821, President 2134:Republic of Haiti (1820–1849) 528:• Independence declared 21716:United States Virgin Islands 21205:Chardonnières Arrondissement 20571:Saint-Raphaël Arrondissement 18737:Haiti, History, and the Gods 18631:Toman, Chris (13 May 2012). 18356:"Pumpkin Soup – Soup Joumou" 18148:"Haiti – Culture And Sports" 18007:. p. 10. Archived from 17170:Sacred Arts of Haitian Vodou 16070:"Haiti Economy Profile 2016" 15574:Watkins, Tate (8 May 2013). 13471:"CIA World Factbook – Haiti" 10794:Millett, Allan Reed (1991). 10730:Occupation of Haiti, 1915–34 10656:. 8 August 1911. p. 4. 8767:. Faculty.marianopolis.edu. 7883:. Bloomington, Indiana, US: 6508:. As late as 1949, the name 6231:. The national team won the 6221:Haiti national football team 6194:Haiti national football team 5268: 5259:Jean Baptiste Point du Sable 5157: 4698:The port at Port-au-Prince, 4404:Haiti exports crops such as 4004:Corruption Perceptions Index 4000:Corruption Perceptions Index 3659:assassination on 7 July 2021 3426:, which can be found at The 3107: 2651:Duvalier dynasty (1957–1986) 1751:General Toussaint Louverture 1637:("Black Code"), prepared by 1250:) comes from the indigenous 1238: 653:28 July 1915 – 1 August 1934 136:"Libète, Egalite, Fratènite" 124:Liberté, égalité, fraternité 7: 22397:French Community of Belgium 22020:Pan American Union Building 20785:Port-de-Paix Arrondissement 20678:Trou-du-Nord Arrondissement 20622:Fort-Liberté Arrondissement 20423:Acul du Nord Arrondissement 19053:Central Intelligence Agency 18146:Onofre, Alejandro Guevara. 17473:Canada Haiti Action Network 17141:"Religion in Latin America" 16881:, Statistics Canada (2006). 16854:Retrieved 30 December 2013. 16014:"Feeding Haiti: A new menu" 15666:Copenhagen Consensus Center 14217:(in French). Archived from 13989:"Haiti GeoPortal at CIESIN" 12671:Agencies (4 October 2014). 11604:Pope John Paul II 11291:Clammer, Paul, ed. (2016). 10684:Political Science Quarterly 9818:. Reading Eagle. p. 40 9064:Scheina, Robert L. (2003). 8524:"Laws of Burgos, 1512–1513" 8410:"What Became of the Taíno?" 8201:"1492 and Multiculturalism" 7973:. Alpha Books. p. 18. 7928:Martineau, Harriet (2010). 7599:"OAS – Member State: Haiti" 7240:"The Lost Fort of Columbus" 6925:"National Archives – Haiti" 6785:International Monetary Fund 6749:Central Intelligence Agency 6657:Central Intelligence Agency 6261: 6248:United States national team 5412:After the 2010 earthquake, 5027: Protestantism (29.6%) 4997: 4815:Water supply and sanitation 4802:Telecommunications in Haiti 4725: 4539:, a cruise ship destination 4483: 4283:Electricity sector in Haiti 4189:purchasing power parity GDP 4105:Haitian penitentiary system 3923: 3891:International Monetary Fund 3677:held every five years. The 3402:Septentrional-Oriente fault 3250:Saint-Marc Arrondissement, 3069:against the government and 2500:Philippe Sudré Dartiguenave 2291:The Illustrated London News 1221:International Monetary Fund 10: 23256: 23240:Countries in North America 23145:Countries in the Caribbean 23079:British overseas territory 23020:Examinations Council (CXC) 21501:San Andrés and Providencia 21343:Countries and dependencies 20650:Ouanaminthe Arrondissement 20474:Cap-Haïtien Arrondissement 20354:Anse-à-Veau Arrondissement 20079: 18516:Bradt Travel Guide - Haiti 18209:Bradt Travel Guide – Haiti 18196:Bradt Travel Guide – Haiti 17299:À ce propos, voir l'essai 17228:. NYU Press. p. 197. 17066:globalreligiousfutures.org 16759:. Jewishvirtuallibrary.org 16659:"NRI Overall Ranking 2014" 15657:Pauyo, Jean (March 2017). 15631:. May 2017. Archived from 14775:"Global Study on Homicide" 14109:Bradt Travel Guide – Haiti 14096:Bradt Travel Guide – Haiti 14080:Bradt Travel Guide – Haiti 13949:10.1038/s41467-020-19493-3 12606:Bradt Travel Guide – Haiti 12168:Bradt Travel Guide – Haiti 12034:Bradt Travel Guide – Haiti 11650:Wilentz, Amy, ed. (2013). 11389:Bryan, Patrick E. (1984). 11377:Bradt Travel Guide – Haiti 10763:Bradt Travel Guide – Haiti 10143:Corbett, Bob (July 1995). 9518:Bradt Travel Guide – Haiti 9306:Bradt Travel Guide – Haiti 8921:Journal of Haitian Studies 8838:Kiple, Kenneth F. (2002). 8796:Bradt Travel Guide – Haiti 8657:Bradt Travel Guide – Haiti 8397:Bradt Travel Guide – Haiti 8205:The Intercollegiate Review 8174:Wilson, Samuel M. (1990). 8138:Los Indios de Las Antillas 8096:10.1038/s41586-020-03053-2 7331:Journal of Haitian Studies 7064:Josh, Jagran, ed. (2016). 7027:Dardik, Alan, ed. (2016). 6233:2007 Caribbean Nations Cup 6182: 6149: 6119: 6086: 6068:eighth wonder of the world 6035: 6001: 5997: 5927:French colonial experience 5918: 5834: 5769: 5755: 5751: 5521: 5484: 5441: 5431: 5351: 5272: 5265:, were of Haitian origin. 5243: 5033: Unaffiliated (10.6%) 5001: 4977: 4845: 4818: 4799: 4737: 4655: 4525: 4521: 4487: 4382: 4280: 4269:According to the 2015 CIA 4233: 4151: 4147: 3972: 3927: 3881:Foreign relations of Haiti 3878: 3735: 3687:National Assembly of Haiti 3639: 3542:Greater Antilles mangroves 3513: 3451: 3354: 3333: 3275:and Haiti's largest lake, 3168:(Northern Massif) and the 3122:Topographical map of Haiti 3111: 3104:as Acting Prime Minister. 2918: 2840:Operation Uphold Democracy 2764:National Governing Council 2654: 2437: 2277: 2231: 2131: 2110:Viceroyalty of New Granada 2077:eighth wonder of the world 2053: 1961: 1864:in French service and the 1740: 1591: 1435: 1396: 1358: 1354: 398:semi-presidential republic 29: 23180:Least developed countries 23064: 23043: 22997: 22951: 22910: 22824: 22796: 22767: 22753: 22695: 22674: 22623: 22597: 22577: 22451: 22415: 22390:National/regional members 22389: 22118: 22109: 22028: 21972: 21795: 21786: 21724: 21703: 21662: 21636: 21605: 21589: 21580: 21569: 21488: 21362: 21353: 21291: 21261:Port-Salut Arrondissement 21259: 21231: 21203: 21160: 21132: 21123: 21086: 21055:Belle-Anse Arrondissement 21053: 21030: 21021: 20964: 20936: 20913: 20875: 20852: 20843: 20816: 20783: 20750: 20741: 20709: 20676: 20648: 20620: 20611: 20569: 20546: 20523: 20500: 20472: 20449: 20421: 20412: 20385: 20352: 20343: 20323: 20285: 20252: 20224: 20215: 20185:Mirebalais Arrondissement 20183: 20157:Lascahobas Arrondissement 20155: 20122: 20099: 20090: 20051:Saint-Marc Arrondissement 20049: 20041:Saint-Michel-de-l'Atalaye 20026: 20000:Gros-Morne Arrondissement 19998: 19970: 19939:Dessalines Arrondissement 19937: 19928: 19871: 19822: 19713: 19655: 19646: 19586: 19577: 19465: 19456: 19374: 19365: 19266:Unification of Hispaniola 19157: 18769:10.1163/13822373-90002615 18409:. UNESCO. 20 January 2010 18240:"Haitian music billboard" 16424:"Caracol Industrial Park" 16050:. USAID. 2011. p. 23 15344:"Haiti's aid controversy" 14461:The Military Balance 2023 12733:. Routledge. p. 96. 11978:Inter-Parliamentary Union 11810:Modern Caribbean politics 11531:"Getting Rid of Baby Doc" 9577:. ABC-CLIO. p. 380. 8682:Federal Research Division 8592:Ducoin, Jacques. (2013). 8496:Graves, Kerry A. (2002). 8441:Koplow, David A. (2004). 8211:(2): 3–10. Archived from 7826:Edmond, Louisket (2010). 7033:. Springer. p. 341. 6529:The Taínos may have used 6420: 6178: 5977: 5371:World Health Organization 5347: 5304:Haitian Health Foundation 5021: Catholicism (56.8%) 4740:List of airports in Haiti 4313:national electricity grid 4276: 4018:. The BBC also described 3969:Law enforcement and crime 3899: 3609:. There are also several 3530:Hispaniolan moist forests 2878:May legislative elections 2591:, Lescot declared war on 2416:François C. Antoine Simon 2274:Second Empire (1849–1859) 2008:colonists invited to the 1806:Maximilien de Robespierre 1209: 1174:United Nations intervened 1083:and subsequently renamed 999: 987: 975: 965: 941: 923: 908: 878: 858: 839: 820: 806: 787: 768: 750: 736: 722: 715: 705: 691: 684: 680: 667: 657: 644: 634: 621: 611: 602:Unification of Hispaniola 598: 585: 572: 559: 546: 536: 526: 522: 515: 499: 483: 473: 469: 453: 411: 407: 390: 378: 343: 321: 300: 256: 230: 198: 186: 180: 167: 153: 135: 121: 115: 81: 51: 45: 22943:Turks and Caicos Islands 22186:Central African Republic 21735:North America portal 21695:Turks and Caicos Islands 21162:Les Cayes Arrondissement 20915:La Gonâve Arrondissement 20711:Vallières Arrondissement 20548:Plaisance Arrondissement 20400:Petite-Rivière-de-Nippes 20387:Miragoâne Arrondissement 20028:Marmelade Arrondissement 19379:Administrative divisions 19084:Wikimedia Atlas of Haiti 19003:Official Tourism Website 18982:(archived 8 August 2018) 18916:. Basic Civitas (2007). 18650:Arthur, Charles (2002). 18328:Douglas, Rachel (2009). 18083:"Solar Powered Hospital" 17467:Hammond, Stuart (2010). 17097:. NYU Press. p. 6. 14609:"Aristide Development". 13502:3 September 2019 at the 11197:"Founding Member States" 10839:Rutgers University Press 10739:, US Department of State 10735:23 December 2021 at the 10584:Neale Publishing Company 10548:Neale Publishing Company 10546:. New York; Washington: 10480:Neale Publishing Company 10422:Rogozinski, Jan (1999). 10397:Neale Publishing Company 10344:Neale Publishing Company 10295:Bethell, Leslie (1984). 9084:Harvard University Press 8725:Coupeau, Steeve (2008). 8502:. Capstone. p. 22. 7402:"Country profile: Haiti" 6341: 6152:Public holidays in Haiti 6008:Haiti is famous for its 5821:Louisiane Saint Fleurant 5203:Haitian-Dominican border 4868:People in Port-au-Prince 4583:, US Secretary of State 4502:" equates to 5 gourdes ( 4264: 3911:World Trade Organization 3732:Administrative divisions 3538:Hispaniolan pine forests 3478:released from the upper 3466:Haiti's border with the 2933:, mostly in the city of 2876:, over a dispute in the 2874:Convergence Démocratique 2833:1991 Haitian coup d'état 2825:Haitian general election 2753:1991 Haitian coup d'état 2454:U.S. occupation of Haiti 1958:First Empire (1804–1806) 1794:Léger-Félicité Sonthonax 1608:, the Spanish colony on 1432:Spanish rule (1492–1625) 1225:World Trade Organization 1219:, it is a member of the 648:United States occupation 517:Independence from France 27:Country in the Caribbean 23150:Former Spanish colonies 22646:Jeux de la Francophonie 22056:Pan-American Conference 21628:St. Pierre and Miquelon 20854:Arcahaie Arrondissement 19972:Gonaïves Arrondissement 19035:Encyclopædia Britannica 19019:Encyclopædia Britannica 18965:Prime Minister of Haiti 18806:11 January 2020 at the 17607:"Ministry of Education" 17197:. In Warner, S. (ed.). 14932:The Wall Street Journal 14903:. USAID. Archived from 14842:Baltimore Post-Examiner 13794:Brown, John S. (1924). 11944:"Hurricane Gordon 1994" 11918:"Hurricane Gordon 1994" 11433:Encyclopædia Britannica 9529:Constitution of Haiti 9265:San Francisco Chronicle 9218:Frasier, Flora (2009). 9183:Magazine, Smithsonian. 8813:"Who removed Aristide?" 8229:Columbus the Discoverer 8135:Cassá, Roberto (1992). 7877:Senauth, Frank (2011). 7432:Benjamin Beede (1994). 6588:. Haiti-reference.com. 6126:Haiti is known for its 5853:ceremonial traditions, 5434:List of cities in Haiti 5424:hospital in the world. 4884:from Africa during the 4575:Caracol Industrial Park 4193:Human Development Index 3975:Haitian National Police 3960:Haitian National Police 3952:Haitian National Police 3679:prime minister of Haiti 3636:Government and politics 3534:Hispaniolan dry forests 3413:1692 Jamaica earthquake 3257:The southern region or 3178:is an extension of the 3158:The northern region or 3098:Michel Patrick Boisvert 3055:another huge earthquake 3018:effects of devastating 3015:reparations for slavery 2963:Haitian National Palace 2795:St. Jean Bosco massacre 2675:September 1957 election 2402:(1896–1902) during the 2164:unite the entire island 1985:Jean-Jacques Dessalines 1915:Jean-Jacques Dessalines 1631:The French enacted the 1588:French rule (1625–1804) 1528:The Spanish passed the 1399:Chiefdoms of Hispaniola 1260:Jean-Jacques Dessalines 1233:Human Development Index 1180:, followed by a deadly 1178:catastrophic earthquake 1127:Jean-Jacques Dessalines 301:Official languages 249:Haiti and its neighbors 23155:Former French colonies 23010:Court of Justice (CCJ) 22928:British Virgin Islands 22775:West Indies Federation 22636:UN French Language Day 22469:Bosnia and Herzegovina 22061:Summit of the Americas 21680:British Virgin Islands 21233:Côteaux Arrondissement 20938:Léogâne Arrondissement 20515:Grande-Rivière-du-Nord 20287:Jérémie Arrondissement 19315:2010s cholera outbreak 19276:Post-imperial Republic 19069:A Country Study: Haiti 19065:(archived 7 June 2008) 19008:Champlin, John Denison 18946:(LMH Publishing, 2007) 18814:Heinl, Robert (1996). 18750:Geggus, David (1997). 18576:"Rara | Haitian Music" 18514:Clammer, Paul (2016), 18485:Munro, Martin (2013). 18265:Averill, Gage (1997). 18207:Clammer, Paul (2016), 18194:Clammer, Paul (2016), 17554:It Happened in Chicago 17199:Gatherings in Diaspora 16664:. World Economic Forum 15837:Human Rights Quarterly 15180:. 2010. Archived from 14107:Clammer, Paul (2016), 14094:Clammer, Paul (2016), 14078:Clammer, Paul (2016), 13800:The Journal of Geology 12604:Clammer, Paul (2016), 12166:Clammer, Paul (2016), 12032:Clammer, Paul (2016), 11946:. NOAA. Archived from 11892:Bell, Beverly (2013). 11812:. JHU Press, 1993. p90 11375:Clammer, Paul (2016), 11105:Malone, David (1998). 10896:Angulo, A. J. (2010). 10833:Schmidt, Hans (1971). 10781:4 January 2016 at the 10761:Clammer, Paul (2016), 10534:Léger, Jacques Nicolas 10466:Léger, Jacques Nicolas 10387:Léger, Jacques Nicolas 10334:Léger, Jacques Nicolas 9516:Clammer, Paul (2016), 9304:Clammer, Paul (2016), 9127:A Country Study: Haiti 9101:. Webster University. 8878:Stinchcombe, Arthur L. 8794:Clammer, Paul (2016), 8655:Clammer, Paul (2016), 8395:Clammer, Paul (2016), 6494:The Blue Book of Hayti 6470: 6462: 6442: 6197: 6116:Folklore and mythology 6099: 6042:Monuments include the 6033: 5952:Jacques Stephen Alexis 5781: 5765: 5287: 4869: 4857: 4785: 4763:and private aircraft. 4735: 4667: 4626:clothing manufacturer 4540: 4394: 4393:Rows of cabbage, Haiti 4335: 4307: 4292: 4163: 4016:Jean-Bertrand Aristide 3988: 3962:force numbered 7,000. 3754: 3662: 3525: 3471: 3458:Deforestation in Haiti 3367: 3343: 3254: 3197:The central region or 3174:(Northern Plain). The 3123: 3032:Haitian Tèt Kale Party 2970: 2870:November 2000 election 2803:Jean-Bertrand Aristide 2755: 2741:Jean-Bertrand Aristide 2670: 2627:(the successor to the 2518: 2463: 2355: 2295: 2280:Second Empire of Haiti 2240:Charles Rivière-Hérard 2147: 2122:Battle of Palo Hincado 2080: 1980: 1932:Louisiana (New France) 1909: 1904: 1869: 1775:inspired by the Vodou 1752: 1694: 1677: 1539: 1518: 1469: 1379: 1337: 1131:massacre of the French 831:$ 25.986 billion ( 779:$ 38.952 billion ( 176:"Union makes strength" 65: 36:Hayti (disambiguation) 32:Haiti (disambiguation) 23044:Related organizations 22785:Treaty of Chaguaramas 22346:São Tomé and Príncipe 22206:Republic of the Congo 21925:Saint Kitts and Nevis 21525:Caribbean Netherlands 21460:Saint Kitts and Nevis 21088:Jacmel Arrondissement 21032:Bainet Arrondissement 20451:Borgne Arrondissement 20254:Corail Arrondissement 20124:Hinche Arrondissement 19325:Crisis (2018–present) 19063:UCB Libraries GovPubs 18970:17 April 2015 at the 18752:"The Naming of Haiti" 18637:Major League Baseball 18555:"Global Doc: Kanaval" 17943:10.4269/ajtmh.16-0674 17659:"Education: Overview" 17552:Cohn, Scotti (2009). 16778:Bureau, U.S. Census. 15849:10.1353/hrq.2014.0059 14418:. 16 September 2013. 14147:OEA (1 August 2009). 14033:10.1093/biosci/bix014 13929:Nature Communications 13780:5 August 2022 at the 13325:Associated Press News 13174:. 17 September 2022. 13020:. CIA. 15 June 2022. 12300:. 10 September 2008. 12011:Hallward, P. (2007). 11920:. Hurricane Central. 11838:. The Carter Center. 11700:(30 September 1990). 11049:Farmer, Paul (2006). 10574:Jacques Nicolas Léger 10511:Jacques Nicolas Léger 9531:New-York Evening Post 7997:. BBC. Archived from 7597:OAS (1 August 2009). 7123:, Population Division 7094:, Population Division 6659:. 22 September 2021. 6223:were only the second 6209:multi-purpose stadium 6192: 6150:Further information: 6134:tradition. Belief in 6094: 6060:National History Park 6031: 5835:Further information: 5779: 5432:Further information: 5407:infant mortality rate 5342:pediatric health care 5282: 5193:, of France, such as 5059:Seventh-day Adventist 4984:Under colonial rule, 4974:Racial discrimination 4867: 4855: 4848:Demographics of Haiti 4780: 4733: 4665: 4628:Sae-A Trading Co. Ltd 4535: 4392: 4383:Further information: 4330: 4305: 4290: 4234:Further information: 4187:, with the country's 4174:. Haiti's per capita 4161: 3986: 3930:Armed Forces of Haiti 3752: 3707:Constitution of Haiti 3649: 3588:Hispaniolan solenodon 3523: 3465: 3417:2010 Haiti earthquake 3362: 3341: 3252:Artibonite Department 3249: 3121: 3086:acute food insecurity 2960: 2927:Tropical Storm Jeanne 2805:were killed. General 2739: 2664: 2552:under the command of 2512: 2504:Franklin D. Roosevelt 2494:, under Rear Admiral 2476:Vilbrun Guillaume Sam 2452:fighters against the 2447: 2349: 2287: 2145: 2116:by insurgents led by 2067: 1987:on 1 January 1804 in 1975: 1964:First Empire of Haiti 1902: 1859: 1750: 1729:. One maroon leader, 1671: 1639:Jean-Baptiste Colbert 1453: 1438:Columbian Viceroyalty 1373: 1317:La Perle des Antilles 707:• Water (%) 207:"The Dessalines Song" 156:L'union fait la force 22443:United Arab Emirates 21557:Federal Dependencies 21134:Aquin Arrondissement 20525:Limbé Arrondissement 20377:Petit-Trou-de-Nippes 19738:Citadelle Laferrière 19705:Water and sanitation 19444:World Heritage Sites 19189:Atlantic slave trade 19104:New Internationalist 18452:Museum International 18228:on 13 November 2007. 17914:. 22 September 2021. 17726:on 14 September 2013 17669:on 12 September 2022 17448:on 24 September 2015 17127:News & Reporting 17072:on 29 September 2022 16710:"Haiti – Population" 15991:on 12 September 2022 15934:on 12 September 2022 15789:"The World Factbook" 15714:on 12 September 2022 15675:on 12 September 2022 15638:on 12 September 2022 15542:"The World Factbook" 15090:. 21 February 2017. 15060:. 20 February 2017. 14954:– via wsj.com. 13995:on 11 September 2022 13014:"Haiti – Background" 12710:. Associated Press. 12416:. 12 December 2013. 12330:. 16 February 2006. 11974:5 March 2016 at the 11760:28 June 2024 at the 11739:28 July 2020 at the 11577:The Spokesman-Review 11469:Shaw, Karl (2005) . 10966:Renda, Mary (2001). 10628:9 March 2021 at the 10606:4 March 2021 at the 10550:. pp. 245–247. 10482:. pp. 211–216. 10399:. pp. 202–204. 10346:. pp. 197–198. 10182:on 10 September 2013 9986:on 15 September 2013 9729:on 14 September 2018 9450:Latin America's Wars 9189:Smithsonian Magazine 9086:. 2009. p. 182. 8980:on 20 September 2013 8880:(11 December 1995). 8728:The History of Haiti 8477:on 24 September 2019 8215:on 16 February 2009. 7967:Stein, Gail (2003). 7245:Smithsonian Magazine 7217:10.1086/ahr/58.4.854 7154:on 23 December 2020. 6846:. 8 September 2022. 6727:– via CIA.gov. 6689:. 21 December 2022. 6361:Haitian Constitution 6213:association football 6098:'s anchor on display 6064:Citadelle Laferrière 6048:Citadelle Laferrière 5958:, Pierre Clitandre, 5817:Prosper Pierre Louis 5813:Edouard Duval-Carrié 5391:intestinal parasites 4886:Atlantic slave trade 4549:Best Western Premier 4385:Agriculture in Haiti 4236:Foreign aid to Haiti 3944:Haitian Armed Forces 3753:Departments of Haiti 3726:Jean-Claude Duvalier 3603:grey-crowned tanager 3599:Hispaniolan parakeet 3454:Environment of Haiti 3394:North American Plate 3374:associated with the 3264:Plaine du Cul-de-Sac 3229:Riviere l'Artibonite 3092:. On April 25, 2024 3090:World Food Programme 2717:Jean-Claude Duvalier 2118:Juan Sánchez Ramírez 2069:Citadelle Laferrière 1825:Toussaint Louverture 1773:Toussaint Louverture 1690:free people of color 1474:Christopher Columbus 1459:Christopher Columbus 1119:Toussaint Louverture 1107:free people of color 1101:, enslaved persons, 1097:In the midst of the 1065:Christopher Columbus 943:• Summer ( 724:• 2023 estimate 671:Current constitution 23112: / 22902:Trinidad and Tobago 22882:St. Kitts and Nevis 22832:Antigua and Barbuda 22682:Francophone economy 21945:Trinidad and Tobago 21800:Antigua and Barbuda 21475:Trinidad and Tobago 21370:Antigua and Barbuda 20831:Saint-Louis-du-Nord 19529:Chamber of Deputies 19512:Commanders-in-chief 19073:Library of Congress 18995:General information 18910:Robinson, Randall. 18907:, 15 October 2012). 18887:Prichard, Hesketh. 18836:. Derby and Jackson 18586:on 17 November 2017 18407:"Heritage in Haiti" 18246:on 10 February 2010 18062:on 10 February 2017 17330:. 13 November 2019. 17143:. 13 November 2014. 16833:on 15 February 2009 16523:on 17 November 2019 16430:on 19 February 2015 16344:"Outsourcing Haiti" 15820:. 31 October 2006. 14507:. 6 November 2006. 14392:on 17 November 2021 13941:2020NatCo..11.5978G 13872:on 23 December 2011 13812:1924JG.....32..384B 13695:2007GeoJI.168..362D 13639:2010NatGe...3..800H 13559:on 19 November 2012 13391:Library of Congress 12957:. 8 February 2019. 12481:(2 February 2024). 11625:The Washington Post 11504:The Huffington Post 11429:"François Duvalier" 11111:. Clarendon Press. 10875:New Yorker Magazine 10864:, pp. 454–455. 10176:Philadelphia, 1824" 10151:on 21 December 2013 9895:The History Teacher 9703:on 25 February 2021 9498:on 28 December 2005 9158:Young Pioneer Tours 8678:Library of Congress 8088:2021Natur.590..103F 8001:on 19 November 2014 7628:Press, ed. (2014). 7408:. 19 January 2010. 7277:. Nilstremmel.com. 7148:National Geographic 6787:. 10 October 2023. 6687:Pew Research Center 6252:1950 FIFA World Cup 6052:World Heritage Site 5956:Marie Vieux-Chauvet 5845:, and minor native 5807:, Philomé Oban and 5674:Croix des Bouquets 5387:waterborne diseases 5326:University of Haiti 5013:Pew Research Center 4806:Television in Haiti 4781:A "tap tap" bus in 4666:Rail map as of 1925 4185:outbreak of cholera 4172:Heritage Foundation 4008:"Baby Doc" Duvalier 3956:Haitian Coast Guard 3695:Chamber of Deputies 3372:blind thrust faults 3088:, according to the 2882:human rights abuses 2554:Charlemagne Péralte 2515:deposition of Jesus 2420:Cincinnatus Leconte 2418:in 1911; President 2268:Jean-Baptiste Riché 2184:and its efforts in 1968:1804 Haiti massacre 1927:Battle of Vertières 1802:National Convention 1505:infectious diseases 1455:Artist's impression 1170:coup d'état in 2004 613:• Dissolution 509:Chamber of Deputies 446:Louis Gérald Gilles 437:Emmanuel Vertilaire 424:Edgard Leblanc Fils 281: / 22969:Dominican Republic 22687:Senghor University 22484:Dominican Republic 21860:Dominican Republic 21410:Dominican Republic 21152:Saint-Louis-du-Sud 20890:Croix-des-Bouquets 20775:Môle-Saint-Nicolas 19810:The Unknown Maroon 19624:Telecommunications 19226:Haitian Revolution 19209:Colonial governors 19182:Colonial governors 19048:The World Factbook 18980:Haitian Parliament 18792:Girard, Philippe. 18035:data.worldbank.org 18011:on 11 January 2020 17850:. 14 January 2010. 17613:on 22 October 2018 17479:on 2 February 2016 17409:Indiana University 17382:Indiana University 16948:data.worldbank.org 16871:on 5 December 2008 16810:has generic name ( 16786:on 18 January 2015 16639:on 2 February 2014 16230:The New York Times 16148:on 25 January 2013 15744:on 5 November 2018 15442:. 18 January 2009. 15414:on 15 October 2015 15376:The New York Times 15206:on 16 October 2014 14817:on 11 January 2013 14811:Caribbean News Now 14694:. Online.wsj.com. 14611:American Spectator 14247:. 16 August 2015. 13752:. 6 October 2021. 13726:on 16 January 2010 13599:on 15 January 2010 13510:, 21 November 2010 13418:"Geography: Haiti" 13386:"Geography: Haiti" 13204:. 4 October 2022. 13083:. 14 August 2021. 13018:The World Factbook 12871:. 5 October 2016. 12807:The New York Times 12775:. 5 October 2013. 12653:The New York Times 12575:The New York Times 12448:The New York Times 12390:on 15 January 2010 12244:The New York Times 11867:The New York Times 11790:on 6 February 2018 11784:The New York Times 11767:Human Rights Watch 11199:. United Nations. 10886:Henl, pp. 454–455. 10654:The New York Times 10634:The New York Times 9785:The New York Times 9778:The New York Times 9240:on 7 December 2013 9009:The New York Times 9000:Joseph, Raymond A. 8578:Knight, Franklin, 8422:on 7 December 2013 8020:Eldin, F. (1878). 7829:The Tears of Haiti 6901:. 1 January 1804. 6813:. The World Bank. 6744:The World Factbook 6652:The World Factbook 6502:Frederick Douglass 6463:République d'Haïti 6205:Stade Sylvio Cator 6198: 6100: 6034: 5921:Haitian literature 5782: 5414:Partners In Health 5288: 5275:Education in Haiti 5199:American influence 5102:), or spirits, as 5047:CIA World Factbook 4913:Dominican Republic 4870: 4858: 4786: 4736: 4668: 4658:Transport in Haiti 4541: 4395: 4336: 4308: 4293: 4254:Dominican Republic 4164: 3989: 3755: 3709:on 29 March 1987. 3671:president of Haiti 3663: 3655:President of Haiti 3626:American crocodile 3607:Hispaniolan Amazon 3595:Hispaniolan trogon 3526: 3498:Scientists at the 3472: 3468:Dominican Republic 3368: 3344: 3326:on the south west 3304:Golfe de la Gonâve 3285:Massif de la Hotte 3281:Chaîne de la Selle 3255: 3243:in the mid-1950s. 3233:Golfe de la Gonâve 3225:Chaîne des Matheux 3180:Cordillera Central 3140:Dominican Republic 3124: 3114:Geography of Haiti 3071:rising fuel prices 2971: 2967:earthquake of 2010 2939:Tropical Storm Fay 2905:Boniface Alexandre 2776:elections followed 2756: 2708:), or spirits, of 2671: 2611:(24 December) and 2519: 2464: 2412:Pierre Nord Alexis 2400:Tirésias Simon Sam 2384:Môle Saint-Nicolas 2356: 2296: 2294:, 16 February 1856 2260:Jean-Louis Pierrot 2148: 2081: 1981: 1940:Louisiana Purchase 1905: 1874:Napoléon Bonaparte 1870: 1753: 1743:Haitian Revolution 1731:François Mackandal 1678: 1598:French West Indies 1479:Môle-Saint-Nicolas 1470: 1380: 1111:Haitian Revolution 1042:Dominican Republic 816:2023 estimate 764:2023 estimate 402:interim government 323:Ethnic groups 52:République d'Haïti 23116:19.000°N 72.417°W 23095: 23094: 23089: 23088: 22911:Associate members 22760:Secretary-General 22713: 22712: 22593: 22592: 22578:Suspended members 22416:Associate members 22226:Equatorial Guinea 22069: 22068: 21968: 21967: 21746: 21745: 21742: 21741: 21613:Clipperton Island 21567: 21566: 21309: 21308: 21287: 21286: 21279:Saint-Jean-du-Sud 21119: 21118: 21017: 21016: 20928:Pointe-à-Raquette 20839: 20838: 20737: 20736: 20607: 20606: 20408: 20407: 20339: 20338: 20211: 20210: 20077: 20076: 19858: 19857: 19818: 19817: 19795:Sans-Souci Palace 19642: 19641: 19573: 19572: 19536:Political parties 19480:Foreign relations 19452: 19451: 19352:List of massacres 19342:COVID-19 pandemic 19320:Hurricane Matthew 18905:978-0-9561835-8-3 18897:978-1-146-67652-6 18861:978-0-8130-3302-0 18720:Arthur, Charles. 18663:978-1-56656-359-8 18610:Smithsonian Music 18498:978-1-84631-854-2 18341:978-0-7391-3635-5 18314:978-0-7391-7221-6 18278:978-0-226-03291-7 18125:978-0-7818-0998-6 17563:978-0-7627-5056-6 17341:Valdman, Albert. 17271:978-2-09-882654-0 17208:978-1-56639-614-1 17179:978-0-930741-47-1 17157:. 5 October 2006. 17104:978-1-4798-2077-1 16898:. 14 January 2010 16465:. 11 October 2019 16352:. 16 January 2014 16321:. 22 October 2012 15907:on 1 January 2016 15323:on 2 January 2023 15184:on 23 April 2011. 14617:(7). 1 July 1994. 13627:Nature Geoscience 12740:978-1-136-59792-3 12512:Sontag, Deborah. 12487:Our World in Data 12360:. 12 April 2008. 12184:. Bloomberg.com. 12108:. 16 March 2004. 12061:978-0-8157-0164-4 12000:978-0-19-928357-6 11950:on 7 October 2016 11903:978-0-8014-7769-0 11825:5(2), p 220. 11769:, 1989. pp. 96–8. 11704:. Carter Center. 11553:on 11 August 2018 11484:978-80-7359-002-4 11475:Šílenství mocných 11402:978-0-435-98301-7 11265:978-0-8108-7810-5 11118:978-0-19-829483-2 11074:Wucker, Michele. 11060:978-0-520-24839-7 11036:The Uses of Haiti 10016:978-0-7425-5619-5 9850:978-1-4000-7935-3 9774:Sontag, Deborah. 9671:history.state.gov 9645:978-0-8173-1732-4 9611:978-0-226-67585-5 9584:978-1-85109-700-5 9477:Christer Petley, 9333:978-1-134-72613-4 9038:. 29 March 2017. 9002:(22 March 1987). 8893:978-1-4008-2200-3 8851:978-0-521-52470-4 8738:978-0-313-34089-5 8605:978-2-84833-294-9 8509:978-0-7368-1078-4 8456:978-0-520-24220-3 8185:978-0-8173-0462-1 8148:978-84-7100-375-1 8082:(7844): 103–110. 7980:978-1-59257-055-3 7941:978-99904-1-167-6 7894:978-1-4567-5384-9 7843:978-1-4535-1770-3 7792:978-0-8204-7488-5 7344:978-0-439-49906-4 7327:Danticat, Edwidge 7181:978-0-7614-1968-6 7040:978-3-319-33745-6 6747:(2024 ed.). 6713:"Country Summary" 6227:team to make the 6122:Haitian mythology 6050:, inscribed as a 6044:Sans-Souci Palace 5799:In the 1920s the 5748: 5747: 5681: 5638: 5613: 5588: 5553: 5536: 5364:Haitian hospitals 5328:. There are also 5300:Food for the Poor 5176:official language 5004:Religion in Haiti 4986:Haitian mulattoes 4761:regional airlines 4755:, and along with 3875:Foreign relations 3869:communal sections 3722:François Duvalier 3667:semi-presidential 3642:Politics of Haiti 3618:rhinoceros iguana 3584:Hispaniolan hutia 3573:West Indian cedar 3516:Wildlife of Haiti 3491:Haiti had a 2019 3398:strike-slip fault 3269:Tiburon Peninsula 3199:Artibonite Region 3020:Hurricane Matthew 2751:installed by the 2745:U.S.-led invasion 2721:Pope John Paul II 2678:François Duvalier 2629:League of Nations 2396:gunboat diplomacy 2388:German government 2373:Florvil Hyppolite 2300:Faustin Soulouque 2253:Philippe Guerrier 2244:Juan Pablo Duarte 2178:African Americans 2152:Jean-Pierre Boyer 2023:, U.S. President 2012:; and a group of 2010:north-west region 1953:Independent Haiti 1851:War of the Knives 1757:French Revolution 1582:Treaty of Ryswick 1388:1st millennium BC 1366:Pre-Columbian era 1321:Kingdom of France 1235:in the Americas. 1215:. In addition to 1099:French Revolution 1018:Republic of Haiti 1016:, officially the 1011: 1010: 872:medium inequality 841:• Per capita 789:• Per capita 563:Southern Republic 555:22 September 1804 478:National Assembly 285:18.533°N 72.333°W 222: 47:Republic of Haiti 16:(Redirected from 23247: 23175:Greater Antilles 23165:Island countries 23160:French Caribbean 23127: 23126: 23124: 23123: 23122: 23117: 23113: 23110: 23109: 23108: 23105: 23082: 23074: 22817: 22815:Caribbean portal 22812: 22811: 22810: 22802: 22740: 22733: 22726: 22717: 22716: 22703: 22702: 22116: 22115: 22096: 22089: 22082: 22073: 22072: 21980:General Assembly 21793: 21792: 21773: 21766: 21759: 21750: 21749: 21733: 21732: 21731: 21587: 21586: 21575: 21360: 21359: 21355:Sovereign states 21336: 21329: 21322: 21313: 21312: 21302:Haiti portal 21300: 21299: 21298: 21130: 21129: 21028: 21027: 20850: 20849: 20748: 20747: 20618: 20617: 20419: 20418: 20350: 20349: 20222: 20221: 20097: 20096: 20085: 19935: 19934: 19908: 19898: 19891: 19884: 19875: 19874: 19866:Related articles 19862: 19861: 19838: 19831: 19653: 19652: 19614: 19584: 19583: 19463: 19462: 19372: 19371: 19305:2004 coup d'état 19300:1991 coup d'état 19288:Duvalier dynasty 19199:Peace of Ryswick 19140: 19133: 19126: 19117: 19116: 19082: 19081: 19075:(December 1989). 19039: 19031: 19023: 19015: 18987: 18978: 18963: 18884: 18845: 18843: 18841: 18828:Kinzie, Juliette 18823: 18821: 18789: 18771: 18708: 18707: 18695: 18689: 18688: 18686: 18684: 18674: 18668: 18667: 18647: 18641: 18640: 18628: 18622: 18621: 18619: 18617: 18602: 18596: 18595: 18593: 18591: 18572: 18566: 18565: 18563: 18561: 18550: 18544: 18543: 18541: 18539: 18528: 18519: 18512: 18503: 18502: 18482: 18476: 18475: 18447: 18441: 18440: 18438: 18436: 18425: 18419: 18418: 18416: 18414: 18403: 18394: 18393: 18391: 18389: 18378: 18372: 18371: 18369: 18367: 18352: 18346: 18345: 18325: 18319: 18318: 18296: 18290: 18289: 18287: 18285: 18262: 18256: 18255: 18253: 18251: 18236: 18230: 18229: 18218: 18212: 18205: 18199: 18192: 18183: 18182: 18170: 18164: 18163: 18161: 18159: 18154:on 27 April 2012 18150:. Archived from 18143: 18137: 18136: 18134: 18132: 18115:A Taste of Haiti 18108: 18099: 18098: 18096: 18094: 18089:on 7 August 2020 18078: 18072: 18071: 18069: 18067: 18058:. Archived from 18052: 18046: 18045: 18043: 18041: 18027: 18021: 18020: 18018: 18016: 18006: 17997: 17991: 17990: 17988: 17986: 17971: 17965: 17964: 17954: 17922: 17916: 17915: 17904: 17898: 17897: 17895: 17893: 17881: 17875: 17874: 17872: 17870: 17858: 17852: 17851: 17840: 17834: 17833: 17831: 17829: 17819: 17813: 17812: 17810: 17808: 17798: 17792: 17791: 17784: 17778: 17777: 17775: 17773: 17763: 17757: 17756: 17754: 17752: 17742: 17736: 17735: 17733: 17731: 17715: 17709: 17708: 17706: 17704: 17695:. Archived from 17685: 17679: 17678: 17676: 17674: 17665:. Archived from 17655: 17649: 17648: 17646: 17644: 17639:on 23 March 2008 17635:. Archived from 17629: 17623: 17622: 17620: 17618: 17609:. Archived from 17603: 17597: 17594: 17588: 17587: 17581: 17577: 17575: 17567: 17549: 17543: 17537: 17531: 17525: 17519: 17518: 17516: 17514: 17505:. Archived from 17495: 17489: 17488: 17486: 17484: 17475:. Archived from 17464: 17458: 17457: 17455: 17453: 17447: 17440: 17431: 17425: 17424: 17422: 17420: 17411:. Archived from 17401: 17395: 17394: 17392: 17390: 17377:"Haitian Creole" 17373: 17367: 17366: 17364: 17362: 17338: 17332: 17331: 17324: 17318: 17317: 17310: 17304: 17297: 17291: 17290: 17288: 17286: 17281:on 12 April 2015 17280: 17274:. Archived from 17264:. Nathan. 2014. 17263: 17253: 17247: 17246: 17244: 17242: 17219: 17213: 17212: 17190: 17184: 17183: 17165: 17159: 17158: 17151: 17145: 17144: 17137: 17131: 17130: 17118: 17112: 17111: 17088: 17082: 17081: 17079: 17077: 17068:. Archived from 17058: 17052: 17051: 17015: 17009: 17008: 17000: 16994: 16993: 16965: 16959: 16958: 16956: 16954: 16940: 16934: 16933: 16931: 16929: 16914: 16908: 16907: 16905: 16903: 16888: 16882: 16880: 16878: 16876: 16867:. Archived from 16861: 16855: 16849: 16843: 16842: 16840: 16838: 16822: 16816: 16815: 16809: 16805: 16803: 16795: 16793: 16791: 16782:. Archived from 16775: 16769: 16768: 16766: 16764: 16753: 16747: 16746: 16744: 16742: 16737:. Joshua Project 16731: 16725: 16724: 16722: 16720: 16706: 16700: 16699: 16697: 16695: 16680: 16674: 16673: 16671: 16669: 16663: 16655: 16649: 16648: 16646: 16644: 16635:. Archived from 16629: 16623: 16622: 16620: 16618: 16608: 16602: 16601: 16599: 16597: 16583: 16577: 16576: 16574: 16572: 16557: 16551: 16550: 16539: 16533: 16532: 16530: 16528: 16509: 16503: 16502: 16500: 16498: 16481: 16475: 16474: 16472: 16470: 16453: 16440: 16439: 16437: 16435: 16420: 16414: 16413: 16411: 16409: 16404:on 21 April 2015 16394: 16388: 16387: 16385: 16383: 16368: 16362: 16361: 16359: 16357: 16340: 16331: 16330: 16328: 16326: 16309: 16300: 16299: 16297: 16295: 16279: 16273: 16272: 16270: 16268: 16253: 16247: 16246: 16244: 16242: 16226: 16218: 16212: 16211: 16209: 16207: 16193: 16185: 16179: 16178: 16164: 16158: 16157: 16155: 16153: 16138: 16132: 16131: 16129: 16127: 16121: 16113: 16107: 16106: 16104: 16102: 16090:Mitchell, Cory. 16087: 16081: 16080: 16078: 16076: 16066: 16060: 16059: 16057: 16055: 16049: 16041: 16032: 16031: 16029: 16027: 16010: 16001: 16000: 15998: 15996: 15987:. Archived from 15976: 15970: 15969: 15967: 15965: 15950: 15944: 15943: 15941: 15939: 15930:. Archived from 15923: 15917: 15916: 15914: 15912: 15892: 15883: 15882: 15876: 15867: 15861: 15860: 15832: 15826: 15825: 15810: 15804: 15803: 15801: 15799: 15785: 15779: 15778: 15776: 15774: 15760: 15754: 15753: 15751: 15749: 15730: 15724: 15723: 15721: 15719: 15704: 15698: 15694: 15685: 15684: 15682: 15680: 15674: 15668:. Archived from 15663: 15654: 15648: 15647: 15645: 15643: 15637: 15626: 15618: 15612: 15611: 15609: 15607: 15597: 15591: 15590: 15588: 15586: 15571: 15562: 15561: 15559: 15557: 15538: 15532: 15531: 15529: 15527: 15518:. January 2015. 15506: 15500: 15499: 15497: 15495: 15480: 15474: 15473: 15471: 15469: 15464:on 6 August 2016 15460:. Archived from 15450: 15444: 15443: 15430: 15424: 15423: 15421: 15419: 15399: 15393: 15392: 15390: 15388: 15366: 15360: 15359: 15357: 15355: 15339: 15333: 15332: 15330: 15328: 15322: 15316:. Archived from 15315: 15307: 15301: 15300: 15298: 15296: 15290: 15283: 15275: 15269: 15268: 15266: 15264: 15253:"Haiti: Economy" 15249: 15243: 15242: 15240: 15238: 15222: 15216: 15215: 15213: 15211: 15202:. Archived from 15192: 15186: 15185: 15170: 15164: 15163: 15161: 15159: 15150:. Archived from 15148:www.heritage.org 15140: 15134: 15133: 15131: 15129: 15120:. 3 March 2024. 15110: 15104: 15103: 15101: 15099: 15080: 15074: 15073: 15071: 15069: 15050: 15044: 15043: 15042: 15040: 15022: 15016: 15015: 15013: 15011: 14991: 14982: 14981: 14979: 14977: 14968:. 5 April 2014. 14962: 14956: 14955: 14953: 14951: 14923: 14917: 14916: 14914: 14912: 14907:on 26 April 2015 14897: 14888: 14887: 14885: 14883: 14864: 14858: 14857: 14855: 14853: 14833: 14827: 14826: 14824: 14822: 14803: 14797: 14796: 14794: 14792: 14786: 14779: 14771: 14765: 14764: 14762: 14760: 14745: 14739: 14738: 14736: 14734: 14714: 14708: 14707: 14705: 14703: 14692:"The Haiti File" 14687: 14681: 14680: 14678: 14676: 14657: 14651: 14650: 14648: 14646: 14640: 14634:. Archived from 14633: 14625: 14619: 14618: 14606: 14600: 14599: 14597: 14595: 14580: 14574: 14573: 14571: 14569: 14553: 14547: 14546: 14544: 14542: 14527: 14521: 14520: 14518: 14516: 14497: 14491: 14490: 14488: 14486: 14471: 14465: 14464: 14453: 14447: 14446: 14443:Florida Catholic 14438: 14432: 14431: 14429: 14427: 14408: 14402: 14401: 14399: 14397: 14382: 14376: 14375: 14373: 14371: 14352: 14346: 14345: 14343: 14341: 14319: 14313: 14312: 14310: 14308: 14293: 14287: 14286: 14284: 14282: 14267: 14261: 14260: 14258: 14256: 14237: 14231: 14230: 14228: 14226: 14221:on 23 March 2016 14206: 14200: 14199: 14197: 14195: 14175: 14169: 14168: 14166: 14164: 14144: 14138: 14137: 14135: 14133: 14118: 14112: 14105: 14099: 14092: 14083: 14076: 14063: 14062: 14052: 14011: 14005: 14004: 14002: 14000: 13985: 13979: 13978: 13968: 13919: 13913: 13912: 13910: 13908: 13888: 13882: 13881: 13879: 13877: 13858: 13852: 13851: 13849: 13847: 13791: 13785: 13772: 13766: 13765: 13763: 13761: 13742: 13736: 13735: 13733: 13731: 13715: 13709: 13708: 13706: 13672: 13666: 13665: 13663: 13661: 13655: 13624: 13615: 13609: 13608: 13606: 13604: 13589: 13583: 13582: 13576: 13568: 13566: 13564: 13548: 13542: 13541: 13539: 13537: 13517: 13511: 13495:Jennifer Wells, 13493: 13487: 13486: 13484: 13482: 13467: 13434: 13433: 13431: 13429: 13414: 13408: 13407: 13405: 13403: 13382: 13376: 13375: 13373: 13371: 13351: 13342: 13341: 13339: 13337: 13328:. 6 March 2024. 13316: 13310: 13309: 13307: 13305: 13285: 13279: 13278: 13276: 13274: 13258: 13249: 13248: 13246: 13244: 13224: 13218: 13217: 13215: 13213: 13194: 13188: 13187: 13185: 13183: 13164: 13158: 13157: 13155: 13153: 13134: 13128: 13127: 13125: 13123: 13103: 13097: 13096: 13094: 13092: 13071: 13065: 13064: 13062: 13060: 13040: 13034: 13033: 13031: 13029: 13010: 13001: 13000: 12998: 12996: 12977: 12971: 12970: 12968: 12966: 12945: 12939: 12938: 12936: 12934: 12929:on 7 August 2020 12914: 12908: 12907: 12891: 12885: 12884: 12882: 12880: 12861: 12855: 12854: 12852: 12850: 12830: 12824: 12823: 12821: 12819: 12803: 12795: 12789: 12788: 12786: 12784: 12763: 12757: 12756: 12754: 12752: 12722: 12716: 12715: 12699: 12693: 12692: 12690: 12688: 12668: 12662: 12661: 12649: 12641: 12635: 12634: 12632: 12630: 12615: 12609: 12602: 12591: 12590: 12588: 12586: 12572: 12564: 12558: 12557: 12555: 12553: 12538: 12532: 12531: 12529: 12527: 12517: 12509: 12503: 12502: 12500: 12498: 12471: 12465: 12464: 12462: 12460: 12444: 12436: 12430: 12429: 12427: 12425: 12406: 12400: 12399: 12397: 12395: 12386:. Archived from 12380: 12374: 12373: 12371: 12369: 12350: 12344: 12343: 12341: 12339: 12320: 12314: 12313: 12311: 12309: 12288: 12282: 12281: 12279: 12277: 12268:. Archived from 12266:Orlando Sentinel 12258: 12252: 12251: 12235: 12229: 12228: 12226: 12224: 12204: 12198: 12197: 12195: 12193: 12177: 12171: 12164: 12153: 12152: 12150: 12148: 12128: 12122: 12121: 12119: 12117: 12106:Democracynow.org 12098: 12092: 12091: 12089: 12087: 12072: 12066: 12065: 12053: 12043: 12037: 12030: 12017: 12016: 12008: 12002: 11985: 11979: 11966: 11960: 11959: 11957: 11955: 11940: 11934: 11933: 11931: 11929: 11914: 11908: 11907: 11889: 11883: 11882: 11880: 11878: 11858: 11852: 11851: 11849: 11847: 11832: 11826: 11819: 11813: 11806: 11800: 11799: 11797: 11795: 11786:. Archived from 11776: 11770: 11750: 11744: 11727: 11718: 11717: 11715: 11713: 11694: 11688: 11681: 11675: 11674: 11672: 11670: 11647: 11641: 11640: 11638: 11636: 11615: 11609: 11608: 11598: 11596: 11569: 11563: 11562: 11560: 11558: 11549:. Archived from 11526: 11520: 11519: 11517: 11515: 11495: 11489: 11488: 11466: 11460: 11459: 11458:on 11 July 2015. 11454:. Archived from 11452:PolymerNotes.org 11443: 11437: 11436: 11425: 11419: 11418: 11416: 11414: 11386: 11380: 11373: 11352: 11351: 11349: 11347: 11327: 11321: 11320: 11318: 11316: 11288: 11282: 11281: 11279: 11277: 11249: 11243: 11242: 11240: 11238: 11229:. Archived from 11219: 11213: 11212: 11210: 11208: 11193: 11187: 11180: 11174: 11167: 11161: 11160: 11158: 11156: 11141: 11135: 11134: 11132: 11130: 11102: 11096: 11095: 11093: 11091: 11080:Windows on Haiti 11071: 11065: 11064: 11046: 11040: 11039: 11028: 11022: 11016: 11010: 11009: 11007: 11005: 10996:. 28 July 2015. 10986: 10980: 10979: 10973: 10963: 10957: 10956: 10928: 10922: 10921: 10919: 10917: 10893: 10887: 10884: 10878: 10871: 10865: 10859: 10853: 10852: 10830: 10824: 10823: 10821: 10819: 10791: 10785: 10772: 10766: 10759: 10740: 10727: 10721: 10714: 10708: 10707: 10679: 10673: 10672: 10670: 10668: 10662: 10651: 10643: 10637: 10636:18 December 1908 10620: 10614: 10598: 10592: 10591: 10570: 10564: 10563: 10561: 10559: 10526: 10525: 10520: 10514: 10502: 10496: 10495: 10493: 10491: 10458: 10457: 10452: 10446: 10445: 10429: 10419: 10413: 10412: 10410: 10408: 10379: 10378: 10373: 10360: 10359: 10357: 10355: 10326: 10325: 10320: 10309: 10308: 10302: 10292: 10271: 10270: 10268: 10266: 10246: 10240: 10237: 10231: 10228: 10222: 10221: 10219: 10217: 10198: 10192: 10191: 10189: 10187: 10167: 10161: 10160: 10158: 10156: 10140: 10134: 10133: 10131: 10129: 10110: 10104: 10103: 10101: 10099: 10080: 10074: 10073: 10071: 10069: 10053: 10047: 10046: 10044: 10042: 10027: 10021: 10020: 10002: 9996: 9995: 9993: 9991: 9976: 9970: 9969: 9933: 9927: 9926: 9890: 9884: 9883: 9881: 9879: 9861: 9855: 9854: 9834: 9828: 9827: 9825: 9823: 9811: 9802: 9801: 9799: 9797: 9771: 9765: 9764: 9762: 9760: 9745: 9739: 9738: 9736: 9734: 9719: 9713: 9712: 9710: 9708: 9693: 9687: 9686: 9684: 9682: 9663: 9657: 9656: 9654: 9652: 9629: 9623: 9622: 9620: 9618: 9595: 9589: 9588: 9568: 9562: 9561: 9559: 9557: 9540: 9534: 9527: 9521: 9514: 9508: 9507: 9505: 9503: 9488: 9482: 9475: 9469: 9468: 9460: 9454: 9453: 9445: 9439: 9438: 9432: 9430: 9402: 9396: 9395: 9393: 9391: 9382:. 10 June 2021. 9372: 9366: 9359: 9353: 9352: 9347: 9345: 9315: 9309: 9302: 9281: 9280: 9278: 9276: 9256: 9250: 9249: 9247: 9245: 9230: 9224: 9223: 9215: 9209: 9208: 9202: 9200: 9180: 9174: 9173: 9171: 9169: 9160:. 7 March 2020. 9150: 9144: 9143: 9141: 9139: 9121: 9115: 9114: 9112: 9110: 9094: 9088: 9087: 9076: 9070: 9069: 9068:. Potomac Books. 9061: 9052: 9051: 9049: 9047: 9032: 9026: 9025: 9023: 9021: 9004:"Poles in Haiti" 8996: 8990: 8989: 8987: 8985: 8970: 8964: 8963: 8961: 8959: 8944: 8938: 8937: 8935: 8933: 8916: 8910: 8909: 8907: 8905: 8874: 8868: 8867: 8865: 8863: 8835: 8829: 8828: 8826: 8824: 8815:. Archived from 8808: 8799: 8792: 8781: 8780: 8778: 8776: 8761: 8755: 8754: 8752: 8750: 8722: 8716: 8715: 8704: 8698: 8697: 8695: 8693: 8666: 8660: 8653: 8632: 8631: 8625: 8617: 8589: 8583: 8576: 8570: 8569: 8567: 8565: 8546: 8540: 8539: 8537: 8535: 8520: 8514: 8513: 8493: 8487: 8486: 8484: 8482: 8467: 8461: 8460: 8448: 8438: 8432: 8431: 8429: 8427: 8406: 8400: 8393: 8382: 8381: 8379: 8377: 8362: 8245: 8244: 8242: 8240: 8223: 8217: 8216: 8196: 8190: 8189: 8171: 8165: 8164: 8162: 8160: 8132: 8126: 8125: 8115: 8066: 8060: 8059: 8057: 8055: 8044: 8038: 8037: 8035: 8033: 8017: 8011: 8010: 8008: 8006: 7991: 7985: 7984: 7964: 7958: 7957: 7955: 7953: 7925: 7919: 7918: 7916: 7914: 7874: 7868: 7867: 7865: 7863: 7823: 7817: 7816: 7814: 7812: 7774: 7768: 7767: 7765: 7763: 7744: 7738: 7737: 7735: 7733: 7718: 7712: 7711: 7709: 7707: 7688: 7682: 7681: 7679: 7677: 7658: 7652: 7651: 7649: 7647: 7641: 7634: 7625: 7619: 7618: 7616: 7614: 7594: 7588: 7587: 7585: 7583: 7561: 7555: 7554: 7552: 7550: 7528: 7522: 7521: 7519: 7517: 7495: 7489: 7488: 7486: 7484: 7464: 7458: 7453: 7428: 7422: 7421: 7419: 7417: 7398: 7392: 7391: 7363: 7357: 7356: 7323: 7317: 7316: 7314: 7312: 7297: 7291: 7290: 7288: 7286: 7271: 7262: 7261: 7259: 7257: 7235: 7229: 7228: 7204: 7198: 7197: 7195: 7193: 7165: 7156: 7155: 7150:. Archived from 7139: 7133: 7132: 7130: 7128: 7118: 7110: 7104: 7103: 7101: 7099: 7084: 7078: 7077: 7075: 7073: 7061: 7052: 7051: 7049: 7047: 7024: 7015: 7014: 7012: 7010: 6994: 6988: 6987: 6985: 6983: 6964: 6958: 6953: 6947: 6946: 6944: 6942: 6936: 6929: 6921: 6915: 6914: 6912: 6910: 6895: 6889: 6888: 6886: 6884: 6875:. Ufdc.ufl.edu. 6869: 6863: 6862: 6860: 6858: 6852: 6841: 6833: 6827: 6826: 6824: 6822: 6807: 6801: 6800: 6798: 6796: 6773: 6760: 6759: 6757: 6755: 6735: 6729: 6728: 6726: 6724: 6709: 6703: 6702: 6700: 6698: 6679: 6673: 6672: 6670: 6668: 6643: 6632: 6631: 6629: 6627: 6608: 6602: 6601: 6599: 6597: 6582: 6576: 6575: 6573: 6571: 6565: 6558: 6550: 6534: 6527: 6521: 6482: 6473: 6471:Repiblik d Ayiti 6456: 6450: 6449: 6436: 6435: 6434: 6428: 6423: 6410: 6405: 6404: 6403: 6402: 6395: 6392: 6391: 6388: 6385: 6382: 6379: 6370: 6364: 6356: 6333: 6332: 6331: 6321: 6320: 6319: 6309: 6308: 6307: 6297: 6296: 6295: 6288: 6278:Outline of Haiti 6158:Haitian Carnival 5968:Lyonel Trouillot 5964:Edwidge Danticat 5857:parading music, 5805:Hector Hyppolite 5758:Culture of Haiti 5679: 5675: 5636: 5632: 5611: 5607: 5586: 5582: 5551: 5547: 5543: 5534: 5530: 5526: 5499: 5489: 5451: 5439: 5438: 5338:Brown University 5322:higher education 5263:W. E. B. Du Bois 5246:Haitian diaspora 5234:Louisiana Creole 5129:Christian prayer 5039: Other (3%) 5038: 5032: 5026: 5020: 4941:Turks and Caicos 4587:, Bill Clinton, 4528:Tourism in Haiti 4154:Economy of Haiti 4131:Unreported World 4068: 4066: 4065: 4062: 4059: 4052: 4050: 4049: 4046: 4043: 3904: 3903: 3718:slave revolution 3693:(Sénat) and the 3440:and probably of 3261:consists of the 3216:Montagnes Noires 3162:consists of the 3132:Greater Antilles 3010:Mirlande Manigat 2987:cholera outbreak 2943:Hurricane Gustav 2844:Hurricane Gordon 2772:Tontons Macoutes 2684:Tontons Macoutes 2657:Duvalier dynasty 2636:Dumarsais Estimé 2589:Second World War 2578:Parsley Massacre 2462: 2459: 2371:(1879–1888) and 2288:Faustin I, from 2156:homme de couleur 2097:homme de couleur 2093:Alexandre Pétion 2085:Kingdom of Haiti 2060:Kingdom of Haiti 2025:Thomas Jefferson 1978:Guillon-Lethière 1947:killed in action 1923:Henry Christophe 1919:Alexandre Pétion 1912: 1834:USS Constitution 1798:Étienne Polverel 1755:Inspired by the 1697: 1682:Louisiana colony 1641:and ratified by 1554:Île de la Tortue 1542: 1523: 1484:Crown of Castile 1361:History of Haiti 1340: 1281:diacritical mark 1214: 1213: 1182:cholera outbreak 956: 932: 899: 898: 892: 891: 885: 874: 873: 865: 849: 848: 830: 829: 813: 797: 796: 778: 777: 761: 728:11,470,261 ( 636:• Republic 617:27 February 1844 296: 295: 293: 292: 291: 286: 282: 279: 278: 277: 274: 259:and largest city 250: 247: 240: 237: 224: 223: 205: 204:(Haitian Creole) 201: 200: 195: 191: 190: 188:La Dessalinienne 174: 173:(Haitian Creole) 170: 169: 164: 160: 159: 150: 142: 141:(Haitian Creole) 138: 137: 132: 128: 127: 103: 89: 76: 68: 66:Repiblik d Ayiti 57: 54: 43: 42: 21: 23255: 23254: 23250: 23249: 23248: 23246: 23245: 23244: 23130: 23129: 23121:19.000; -72.417 23120: 23118: 23114: 23111: 23106: 23103: 23101: 23099: 23098: 23096: 23091: 23090: 23085: 23077: 23068: 23060: 23039: 22993: 22947: 22906: 22820: 22813: 22808: 22806: 22803: 22794: 22763: 22749: 22744: 22714: 22709: 22691: 22670: 22631:French language 22619: 22589: 22573: 22447: 22411: 22385: 22281:North Macedonia 22105: 22100: 22070: 22065: 22024: 21964: 21782: 21777: 21747: 21738: 21729: 21727: 21720: 21699: 21658: 21632: 21601: 21576: 21563: 21484: 21349: 21340: 21310: 21305: 21296: 21294: 21283: 21255: 21251:Roche-à-Bateaux 21227: 21199: 21156: 21115: 21082: 21049: 21013: 20960: 20932: 20909: 20895:Fonds-Verrettes 20871: 20835: 20812: 20779: 20733: 20705: 20672: 20644: 20603: 20565: 20542: 20519: 20496: 20468: 20445: 20404: 20381: 20335: 20319: 20281: 20248: 20234:Anse-d'Hainault 20207: 20179: 20151: 20118: 20109:Cerca-la-Source 20086: 20073: 20045: 20022: 19994: 19966: 19924: 19914:arrondissements 19902: 19867: 19859: 19854: 19841: 19834: 19827: 19814: 19800:Public holidays 19790:National anthem 19709: 19638: 19612: 19569: 19502:Law enforcement 19448: 19384:Arrondissements 19361: 19347:2021 earthquake 19310:2010 earthquake 19281:U.S. occupation 19172:Taíno chiefdoms 19153: 19144: 19099:Country Profile 19079: 19026: 18985: 18976: 18972:Wayback Machine 18961: 18953: 18942:Marquis, John. 18839: 18837: 18808:Wayback Machine 18749: 18717: 18715:Further reading 18712: 18711: 18696: 18692: 18682: 18680: 18676: 18675: 18671: 18664: 18648: 18644: 18629: 18625: 18615: 18613: 18604: 18603: 18599: 18589: 18587: 18574: 18573: 18569: 18559: 18557: 18551: 18547: 18537: 18535: 18530: 18529: 18522: 18513: 18506: 18499: 18483: 18479: 18448: 18444: 18434: 18432: 18427: 18426: 18422: 18412: 18410: 18405: 18404: 18397: 18387: 18385: 18380: 18379: 18375: 18365: 18363: 18354: 18353: 18349: 18342: 18326: 18322: 18315: 18297: 18293: 18283: 18281: 18279: 18263: 18259: 18249: 18247: 18238: 18237: 18233: 18220: 18219: 18215: 18206: 18202: 18193: 18186: 18171: 18167: 18157: 18155: 18144: 18140: 18130: 18128: 18126: 18109: 18102: 18092: 18090: 18079: 18075: 18065: 18063: 18054: 18053: 18049: 18039: 18037: 18029: 18028: 18024: 18014: 18012: 18004: 17998: 17994: 17984: 17982: 17973: 17972: 17968: 17923: 17919: 17906: 17905: 17901: 17891: 17889: 17882: 17878: 17868: 17866: 17859: 17855: 17842: 17841: 17837: 17827: 17825: 17821: 17820: 17816: 17806: 17804: 17800: 17799: 17795: 17786: 17785: 17781: 17771: 17769: 17765: 17764: 17760: 17750: 17748: 17744: 17743: 17739: 17729: 17727: 17716: 17712: 17702: 17700: 17687: 17686: 17682: 17672: 17670: 17657: 17656: 17652: 17642: 17640: 17631: 17630: 17626: 17616: 17614: 17605: 17604: 17600: 17595: 17591: 17579: 17578: 17569: 17568: 17564: 17550: 17546: 17538: 17534: 17526: 17522: 17512: 17510: 17509:on 4 March 2016 17497: 17496: 17492: 17482: 17480: 17465: 17461: 17451: 17449: 17445: 17438: 17432: 17428: 17418: 17416: 17415:on 26 June 2015 17403: 17402: 17398: 17388: 17386: 17375: 17374: 17370: 17360: 17358: 17357:on 26 June 2015 17339: 17335: 17326: 17325: 17321: 17316:. 29 July 2019. 17312: 17311: 17307: 17298: 17294: 17284: 17282: 17278: 17272: 17261: 17255: 17254: 17250: 17240: 17238: 17236: 17220: 17216: 17209: 17191: 17187: 17180: 17166: 17162: 17153: 17152: 17148: 17139: 17138: 17134: 17119: 17115: 17105: 17089: 17085: 17075: 17073: 17060: 17059: 17055: 17016: 17012: 17001: 16997: 16982:10.2307/2574763 16966: 16962: 16952: 16950: 16942: 16941: 16937: 16927: 16925: 16915: 16911: 16901: 16899: 16890: 16889: 16885: 16874: 16872: 16863: 16862: 16858: 16850: 16846: 16836: 16834: 16823: 16819: 16807: 16806: 16797: 16796: 16789: 16787: 16776: 16772: 16762: 16760: 16755: 16754: 16750: 16740: 16738: 16733: 16732: 16728: 16718: 16716: 16708: 16707: 16703: 16693: 16691: 16682: 16681: 16677: 16667: 16665: 16661: 16657: 16656: 16652: 16642: 16640: 16631: 16630: 16626: 16616: 16614: 16610: 16609: 16605: 16595: 16593: 16585: 16584: 16580: 16570: 16568: 16559: 16558: 16554: 16541: 16540: 16536: 16526: 16524: 16511: 16510: 16506: 16496: 16494: 16483: 16482: 16478: 16468: 16466: 16455: 16454: 16443: 16433: 16431: 16422: 16421: 16417: 16407: 16405: 16396: 16395: 16391: 16381: 16379: 16370: 16369: 16365: 16355: 16353: 16342: 16341: 16334: 16324: 16322: 16311: 16310: 16303: 16293: 16291: 16290:on 26 June 2012 16280: 16276: 16266: 16264: 16254: 16250: 16240: 16238: 16219: 16215: 16205: 16203: 16186: 16182: 16165: 16161: 16151: 16149: 16140: 16139: 16135: 16125: 16123: 16119: 16115: 16114: 16110: 16100: 16098: 16088: 16084: 16074: 16072: 16068: 16067: 16063: 16053: 16051: 16047: 16043: 16042: 16035: 16025: 16023: 16012: 16011: 16004: 15994: 15992: 15977: 15973: 15963: 15961: 15952: 15951: 15947: 15937: 15935: 15924: 15920: 15910: 15908: 15893: 15886: 15874: 15868: 15864: 15833: 15829: 15812: 15811: 15807: 15797: 15795: 15787: 15786: 15782: 15772: 15770: 15762: 15761: 15757: 15747: 15745: 15732: 15731: 15727: 15717: 15715: 15706: 15705: 15701: 15695: 15688: 15678: 15676: 15672: 15661: 15655: 15651: 15641: 15639: 15635: 15624: 15620: 15619: 15615: 15605: 15603: 15599: 15598: 15594: 15584: 15582: 15572: 15565: 15555: 15553: 15540: 15539: 15535: 15525: 15523: 15508: 15507: 15503: 15493: 15491: 15482: 15481: 15477: 15467: 15465: 15458:El Nuevo Diario 15452: 15451: 15447: 15432: 15431: 15427: 15417: 15415: 15400: 15396: 15386: 15384: 15367: 15363: 15353: 15351: 15350:on 22 July 2015 15340: 15336: 15326: 15324: 15320: 15313: 15311:"Haiti Economy" 15309: 15308: 15304: 15294: 15292: 15288: 15281: 15277: 15276: 15272: 15262: 15260: 15251: 15250: 15246: 15236: 15234: 15223: 15219: 15209: 15207: 15194: 15193: 15189: 15172: 15171: 15167: 15157: 15155: 15142: 15141: 15137: 15127: 15125: 15112: 15111: 15107: 15097: 15095: 15082: 15081: 15077: 15067: 15065: 15052: 15051: 15047: 15038: 15036: 15023: 15019: 15009: 15007: 14992: 14985: 14975: 14973: 14964: 14963: 14959: 14949: 14947: 14924: 14920: 14910: 14908: 14899: 14898: 14891: 14881: 14879: 14866: 14865: 14861: 14851: 14849: 14834: 14830: 14820: 14818: 14805: 14804: 14800: 14790: 14788: 14784: 14780:. UNODC. 2013. 14777: 14773: 14772: 14768: 14758: 14756: 14747: 14746: 14742: 14732: 14730: 14715: 14711: 14701: 14699: 14688: 14684: 14674: 14672: 14671:on 4 March 2016 14665:Dominican Today 14659: 14658: 14654: 14644: 14642: 14638: 14631: 14629:"Rapport UCREF" 14627: 14626: 14622: 14608: 14607: 14603: 14593: 14591: 14582: 14581: 14577: 14567: 14565: 14554: 14550: 14540: 14538: 14529: 14528: 14524: 14514: 14512: 14499: 14498: 14494: 14484: 14482: 14481:on 30 June 2013 14473: 14472: 14468: 14454: 14450: 14439: 14435: 14425: 14423: 14410: 14409: 14405: 14395: 14393: 14384: 14383: 14379: 14369: 14367: 14354: 14353: 14349: 14339: 14337: 14320: 14316: 14306: 14304: 14295: 14294: 14290: 14280: 14278: 14269: 14268: 14264: 14254: 14252: 14239: 14238: 14234: 14224: 14222: 14207: 14203: 14193: 14191: 14176: 14172: 14162: 14160: 14145: 14141: 14131: 14129: 14120: 14119: 14115: 14106: 14102: 14093: 14086: 14077: 14066: 14012: 14008: 13998: 13996: 13987: 13986: 13982: 13920: 13916: 13906: 13904: 13889: 13885: 13875: 13873: 13860: 13859: 13855: 13845: 13843: 13792: 13788: 13782:Wayback Machine 13773: 13769: 13759: 13757: 13744: 13743: 13739: 13729: 13727: 13716: 13712: 13673: 13669: 13659: 13657: 13653: 13647:10.1038/ngeo977 13633:(11): 800–805. 13622: 13616: 13612: 13602: 13600: 13591: 13590: 13586: 13570: 13569: 13562: 13560: 13549: 13545: 13535: 13533: 13518: 13514: 13504:Wayback Machine 13494: 13490: 13480: 13478: 13469: 13468: 13437: 13427: 13425: 13416: 13415: 13411: 13401: 13399: 13384: 13383: 13379: 13369: 13367: 13352: 13345: 13335: 13333: 13318: 13317: 13313: 13303: 13301: 13286: 13282: 13272: 13270: 13259: 13252: 13242: 13240: 13225: 13221: 13211: 13209: 13196: 13195: 13191: 13181: 13179: 13166: 13165: 13161: 13151: 13149: 13136: 13135: 13131: 13121: 13119: 13104: 13100: 13090: 13088: 13073: 13072: 13068: 13058: 13056: 13041: 13037: 13027: 13025: 13012: 13011: 13004: 12994: 12992: 12987:. 7 July 2021. 12979: 12978: 12974: 12964: 12962: 12947: 12946: 12942: 12932: 12930: 12915: 12911: 12892: 12888: 12878: 12876: 12863: 12862: 12858: 12848: 12846: 12831: 12827: 12817: 12815: 12796: 12792: 12782: 12780: 12765: 12764: 12760: 12750: 12748: 12741: 12723: 12719: 12700: 12696: 12686: 12684: 12669: 12665: 12642: 12638: 12628: 12626: 12617: 12616: 12612: 12603: 12594: 12584: 12582: 12565: 12561: 12551: 12549: 12540: 12539: 12535: 12525: 12523: 12510: 12506: 12496: 12494: 12475:Ritchie, Hannah 12472: 12468: 12458: 12456: 12437: 12433: 12423: 12421: 12408: 12407: 12403: 12393: 12391: 12382: 12381: 12377: 12367: 12365: 12352: 12351: 12347: 12337: 12335: 12322: 12321: 12317: 12307: 12305: 12290: 12289: 12285: 12275: 12273: 12260: 12259: 12255: 12236: 12232: 12222: 12220: 12205: 12201: 12191: 12189: 12178: 12174: 12165: 12156: 12146: 12144: 12129: 12125: 12115: 12113: 12100: 12099: 12095: 12085: 12083: 12074: 12073: 12069: 12062: 12044: 12040: 12031: 12020: 12009: 12005: 11986: 11982: 11976:Wayback Machine 11967: 11963: 11953: 11951: 11942: 11941: 11937: 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10945:10.2307/2511314 10929: 10925: 10915: 10913: 10894: 10890: 10885: 10881: 10872: 10868: 10860: 10856: 10849: 10831: 10827: 10817: 10815: 10808: 10792: 10788: 10783:Wayback Machine 10773: 10769: 10760: 10743: 10737:Wayback Machine 10728: 10724: 10715: 10711: 10696:10.2307/2141264 10680: 10676: 10666: 10664: 10660: 10649: 10645: 10644: 10640: 10630:Wayback Machine 10621: 10617: 10613:8 December 1908 10608:Wayback Machine 10599: 10595: 10571: 10567: 10557: 10555: 10523: 10521: 10517: 10503: 10499: 10489: 10487: 10455: 10453: 10449: 10442: 10420: 10416: 10406: 10404: 10376: 10374: 10363: 10353: 10351: 10323: 10321: 10312: 10293: 10274: 10264: 10262: 10247: 10243: 10238: 10234: 10229: 10225: 10215: 10213: 10200: 10199: 10195: 10185: 10183: 10168: 10164: 10154: 10152: 10141: 10137: 10127: 10125: 10112: 10111: 10107: 10097: 10095: 10082: 10081: 10077: 10067: 10065: 10054: 10050: 10040: 10038: 10037:on 30 June 2018 10029: 10028: 10024: 10017: 10003: 9999: 9989: 9987: 9978: 9977: 9973: 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8763: 8762: 8758: 8748: 8746: 8739: 8723: 8719: 8705: 8701: 8691: 8689: 8674:Country Studies 8668: 8667: 8663: 8654: 8635: 8619: 8618: 8606: 8590: 8586: 8577: 8573: 8563: 8561: 8548: 8547: 8543: 8533: 8531: 8522: 8521: 8517: 8510: 8494: 8490: 8480: 8478: 8469: 8468: 8464: 8457: 8439: 8435: 8425: 8423: 8408: 8407: 8403: 8394: 8385: 8375: 8373: 8364: 8363: 8248: 8238: 8236: 8224: 8220: 8197: 8193: 8186: 8172: 8168: 8158: 8156: 8149: 8133: 8129: 8067: 8063: 8053: 8051: 8046: 8045: 8041: 8031: 8029: 8018: 8014: 8004: 8002: 7993: 7992: 7988: 7981: 7965: 7961: 7951: 7949: 7942: 7926: 7922: 7912: 7910: 7895: 7875: 7871: 7861: 7859: 7844: 7824: 7820: 7810: 7808: 7793: 7775: 7771: 7761: 7759: 7754:. p. 321. 7745: 7741: 7731: 7729: 7720: 7719: 7715: 7705: 7703: 7690: 7689: 7685: 7675: 7673: 7660: 7659: 7655: 7645: 7643: 7639: 7632: 7626: 7622: 7612: 7610: 7595: 7591: 7581: 7579: 7562: 7558: 7548: 7546: 7529: 7525: 7515: 7513: 7496: 7492: 7482: 7480: 7465: 7461: 7454: 7450: 7429: 7425: 7415: 7413: 7400: 7399: 7395: 7364: 7360: 7345: 7324: 7320: 7310: 7308: 7301:"En Bas Saline" 7299: 7298: 7294: 7284: 7282: 7273: 7272: 7265: 7255: 7253: 7236: 7232: 7205: 7201: 7191: 7189: 7182: 7166: 7159: 7140: 7136: 7126: 7124: 7116: 7112: 7111: 7107: 7097: 7095: 7086: 7085: 7081: 7071: 7069: 7062: 7055: 7045: 7043: 7041: 7025: 7018: 7008: 7006: 7005:on 9 March 2017 6995: 6991: 6981: 6979: 6966: 6965: 6961: 6954: 6950: 6940: 6938: 6934: 6927: 6923: 6922: 6918: 6908: 6906: 6897: 6896: 6892: 6882: 6880: 6871: 6870: 6866: 6856: 6854: 6850: 6839: 6835: 6834: 6830: 6820: 6818: 6809: 6808: 6804: 6794: 6792: 6775: 6774: 6763: 6753: 6751: 6737: 6736: 6732: 6722: 6720: 6711: 6710: 6706: 6696: 6694: 6681: 6680: 6676: 6666: 6664: 6645: 6644: 6635: 6625: 6623: 6610: 6609: 6605: 6595: 6593: 6584: 6583: 6579: 6569: 6567: 6563: 6556: 6552: 6551: 6547: 6542: 6537: 6528: 6524: 6483: 6476: 6457: 6453: 6447:[ajiti] 6430: 6429: 6426:[a.iti] 6408: 6398: 6397: 6376: 6372: 6371: 6367: 6357: 6348: 6344: 6339: 6329: 6327: 6317: 6315: 6305: 6303: 6293: 6291: 6283: 6264: 6246:played for the 6187: 6181: 6154: 6148: 6124: 6118: 6089: 6040: 6026: 6006: 6004:Haitian cuisine 6000: 5992:Patricia Benoît 5980: 5972:Dany Laferrière 5948:Jacques Roumain 5944:Jean Price-Mars 5923: 5917: 5839: 5833: 5831:Music and dance 5809:Préfète Duffaut 5784:Haitian art is 5774: 5768: 5760: 5754: 5749: 5544: 5538: 5527: 5500: 5494: 5490: 5458: 5457: 5452: 5449: 5447: 5444: 5436: 5430: 5356: 5354:Health in Haiti 5350: 5330:medical schools 5277: 5271: 5248: 5242: 5160: 5078:Chibly Langlois 5043: 5042: 5041: 5040: 5036: 5034: 5030: 5028: 5024: 5022: 5018: 5006: 5000: 4982: 4980:Gens de couleur 4976: 4937:French Antilles 4850: 4844: 4823: 4817: 4808: 4800:Main articles: 4798: 4775: 4742: 4728: 4660: 4654: 4649: 4589:Richard Branson 4585:Hillary Clinton 4581:Michel Martelly 4577: 4530: 4524: 4492: 4486: 4387: 4381: 4365: 4325: 4323:Personal income 4285: 4279: 4267: 4238: 4232: 4156: 4150: 4109:Port-au-Prince 4107: 4063: 4060: 4057: 4056: 4054: 4047: 4044: 4041: 4040: 4038: 4020:pyramid schemes 3993:Napoleonic Code 3981: 3973:Main articles: 3971: 3958:. In 2010, the 3936:Indigenous Army 3932: 3926: 3883: 3877: 3861:arrondissements 3740: 3734: 3644: 3638: 3549:breadfruit tree 3518: 3512: 3460: 3452:Main articles: 3450: 3410: 3380:surface rupture 3357: 3336: 3211:Plateau Central 3203:Plateau Central 3184:Guayamouc River 3116: 3110: 3006:Michel Martelly 2947:Hurricane Hanna 2923: 2917: 2734: 2659: 2653: 2621:founding member 2607:(24 December), 2603:(12 December), 2599:(12 December), 2570:Rafael Trujillo 2562: 2469:Monroe Doctrine 2460: 2442: 2436: 2365:Michel Domingue 2361:Sylvain Salnave 2344: 2282: 2276: 2236: 2230: 2211:of 150 million 2201:French monarchy 2171:commodity crops 2140: 2132:Main articles: 2130: 2062: 2054:Main articles: 2052: 2014:medical doctors 1970: 1962:Main articles: 1960: 1955: 1910:gens de couleur 1878:Charles Leclerc 1860:Battle between 1789:gens de couleur 1745: 1739: 1706:. White French 1695:gens de couleur 1686:French colonial 1672:Saint-Domingue 1653:. They had low 1600: 1592:Main articles: 1590: 1465:, engraving by 1448: 1436:Main articles: 1434: 1429: 1401: 1368: 1363: 1357: 1265:In French, the 1241: 1166:Duvalier family 1081:ceded to France 1036:, and south of 951: 948: 927: 896: 895: 894: 883: 871: 870: 869: 863: 842: 823: 811: 790: 771: 755: 739: 725: 708: 694: 673: 660: 650: 640:15 January 1859 637: 627: 614: 607:9 February 1822 604: 591: 581:17 October 1806 578: 565: 552: 539: 529: 505: 489: 459: 449: 443:Leslie Voltaire 417: 374: 347: 331: 317: 290:18.533; -72.333 289: 287: 283: 280: 275: 272: 270: 268: 267: 266: 260: 252: 251: 248: 241: 238: 226: 225: 211: 206: 203: 196: 193: 175: 172: 165: 162: 151: 146: 145: 143: 140: 133: 130: 111: 110: 109: 104: 96: 95: 90: 77: 70: 63: 55: 48: 39: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 23253: 23243: 23242: 23237: 23232: 23227: 23222: 23217: 23212: 23207: 23202: 23197: 23192: 23187: 23182: 23177: 23172: 23167: 23162: 23157: 23152: 23147: 23142: 23093: 23092: 23087: 23086: 23084: 23083: 23075: 23065: 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22516: 22511: 22506: 22501: 22496: 22491: 22486: 22481: 22479:Czech Republic 22476: 22471: 22466: 22461: 22455: 22453: 22449: 22448: 22446: 22445: 22440: 22435: 22430: 22425: 22419: 22417: 22413: 22412: 22410: 22409: 22404: 22399: 22393: 22391: 22387: 22386: 22384: 22383: 22378: 22373: 22368: 22363: 22358: 22353: 22348: 22343: 22338: 22333: 22328: 22323: 22318: 22313: 22308: 22303: 22298: 22293: 22288: 22283: 22278: 22273: 22268: 22263: 22258: 22253: 22248: 22243: 22238: 22233: 22228: 22223: 22218: 22213: 22208: 22203: 22198: 22193: 22188: 22183: 22178: 22173: 22168: 22163: 22158: 22153: 22148: 22143: 22138: 22133: 22128: 22122: 22120: 22113: 22107: 22106: 22099: 22098: 22091: 22084: 22076: 22067: 22066: 22064: 22063: 22058: 22053: 22048: 22043: 22038: 22032: 22030: 22026: 22025: 22023: 22022: 22017: 22012: 22007: 22002: 21997: 21992: 21987: 21982: 21976: 21974: 21970: 21969: 21966: 21965: 21963: 21962: 21957: 21952: 21947: 21942: 21937: 21932: 21927: 21922: 21917: 21912: 21907: 21902: 21897: 21892: 21887: 21882: 21877: 21872: 21867: 21862: 21857: 21852: 21847: 21842: 21837: 21832: 21827: 21822: 21817: 21812: 21807: 21802: 21796: 21790: 21784: 21783: 21776: 21775: 21768: 21761: 21753: 21744: 21743: 21740: 21739: 21725: 21722: 21721: 21719: 21718: 21713: 21707: 21705: 21701: 21700: 21698: 21697: 21692: 21687: 21685:Cayman Islands 21682: 21677: 21672: 21666: 21664: 21663:United Kingdom 21660: 21659: 21657: 21656: 21651: 21646: 21640: 21638: 21634: 21633: 21631: 21630: 21625: 21620: 21618:St. Barthélemy 21615: 21609: 21607: 21603: 21602: 21600: 21599: 21593: 21591: 21584: 21578: 21577: 21570: 21568: 21565: 21564: 21562: 21561: 21560: 21559: 21554: 21544: 21543: 21542: 21540:Sint Eustatius 21537: 21532: 21522: 21521: 21520: 21515: 21505: 21504: 21503: 21492: 21490: 21486: 21485: 21483: 21482: 21477: 21472: 21467: 21462: 21457: 21452: 21447: 21442: 21437: 21432: 21427: 21422: 21417: 21412: 21407: 21402: 21397: 21392: 21387: 21382: 21377: 21372: 21366: 21364: 21357: 21351: 21350: 21339: 21338: 21331: 21324: 21316: 21307: 21306: 21292: 21289: 21288: 21285: 21284: 21282: 21281: 21276: 21271: 21265: 21263: 21257: 21256: 21254: 21253: 21248: 21243: 21237: 21235: 21229: 21228: 21226: 21225: 21220: 21215: 21209: 21207: 21201: 21200: 21198: 21197: 21192: 21187: 21182: 21177: 21172: 21166: 21164: 21158: 21157: 21155: 21154: 21149: 21144: 21138: 21136: 21127: 21121: 21120: 21117: 21116: 21114: 21113: 21108: 21103: 21098: 21092: 21090: 21084: 21083: 21081: 21080: 21075: 21070: 21065: 21059: 21057: 21051: 21050: 21048: 21047: 21042: 21036: 21034: 21025: 21019: 21018: 21015: 21014: 21012: 21011: 21009:Port-au-Prince 21006: 21001: 20996: 20991: 20986: 20981: 20976: 20970: 20968: 20962: 20961: 20959: 20958: 20953: 20948: 20942: 20940: 20934: 20933: 20931: 20930: 20925: 20919: 20917: 20911: 20910: 20908: 20907: 20902: 20897: 20892: 20887: 20881: 20879: 20873: 20872: 20870: 20869: 20864: 20858: 20856: 20847: 20841: 20840: 20837: 20836: 20834: 20833: 20828: 20822: 20820: 20814: 20813: 20811: 20810: 20805: 20800: 20795: 20789: 20787: 20781: 20780: 20778: 20777: 20772: 20767: 20762: 20756: 20754: 20745: 20739: 20738: 20735: 20734: 20732: 20731: 20726: 20721: 20715: 20713: 20707: 20706: 20704: 20703: 20698: 20693: 20691:Sainte-Suzanne 20688: 20682: 20680: 20674: 20673: 20671: 20670: 20665: 20660: 20654: 20652: 20646: 20645: 20643: 20642: 20637: 20632: 20626: 20624: 20615: 20609: 20608: 20605: 20604: 20602: 20601: 20596: 20591: 20586: 20581: 20575: 20573: 20567: 20566: 20564: 20563: 20558: 20552: 20550: 20544: 20543: 20541: 20540: 20535: 20529: 20527: 20521: 20520: 20518: 20517: 20512: 20506: 20504: 20498: 20497: 20495: 20494: 20492:Quartier-Morin 20489: 20484: 20478: 20476: 20470: 20469: 20467: 20466: 20461: 20455: 20453: 20447: 20446: 20444: 20443: 20441:Plaine-du-Nord 20438: 20433: 20427: 20425: 20416: 20410: 20409: 20406: 20405: 20403: 20402: 20397: 20391: 20389: 20383: 20382: 20380: 20379: 20374: 20369: 20364: 20358: 20356: 20347: 20341: 20340: 20337: 20336: 20334: 20333: 20331:Navassa Island 20327: 20325: 20321: 20320: 20318: 20317: 20312: 20307: 20302: 20297: 20291: 20289: 20283: 20282: 20280: 20279: 20274: 20269: 20264: 20258: 20256: 20250: 20249: 20247: 20246: 20241: 20236: 20230: 20228: 20219: 20213: 20212: 20209: 20208: 20206: 20205: 20200: 20195: 20189: 20187: 20181: 20180: 20178: 20177: 20172: 20167: 20161: 20159: 20153: 20152: 20150: 20149: 20144: 20139: 20134: 20128: 20126: 20120: 20119: 20117: 20116: 20111: 20105: 20103: 20094: 20088: 20087: 20080: 20078: 20075: 20074: 20072: 20071: 20066: 20061: 20055: 20053: 20047: 20046: 20044: 20043: 20038: 20032: 20030: 20024: 20023: 20021: 20020: 20015: 20010: 20004: 20002: 19996: 19995: 19993: 19992: 19987: 19982: 19976: 19974: 19968: 19967: 19965: 19964: 19959: 19954: 19949: 19943: 19941: 19932: 19926: 19925: 19901: 19900: 19893: 19886: 19878: 19872: 19869: 19868: 19856: 19855: 19853: 19852: 19847: 19840: 19839: 19832: 19824: 19823: 19820: 19819: 19816: 19815: 19813: 19812: 19807: 19802: 19797: 19792: 19787: 19782: 19777: 19772: 19767: 19766: 19765: 19763:Haitian French 19760: 19758:Haitian Creole 19750: 19745: 19740: 19735: 19730: 19725: 19719: 19717: 19711: 19710: 19708: 19707: 19702: 19697: 19692: 19687: 19682: 19677: 19672: 19667: 19662: 19656: 19650: 19644: 19643: 19640: 19639: 19637: 19636: 19631: 19626: 19621: 19616: 19608: 19603: 19598: 19593: 19587: 19581: 19575: 19574: 19571: 19570: 19568: 19567: 19562: 19561: 19560: 19553:Prime Minister 19550: 19549: 19548: 19538: 19533: 19532: 19531: 19526: 19516: 19515: 19514: 19504: 19499: 19498: 19497: 19487: 19482: 19477: 19472: 19466: 19460: 19454: 19453: 19450: 19449: 19447: 19446: 19441: 19436: 19431: 19429:National parks 19426: 19421: 19416: 19411: 19406: 19401: 19396: 19391: 19386: 19381: 19375: 19369: 19363: 19362: 19360: 19359: 19354: 19349: 19344: 19339: 19338: 19337: 19332: 19322: 19317: 19312: 19307: 19302: 19297: 19296: 19295: 19285: 19284: 19283: 19273: 19268: 19263: 19262: 19261: 19256: 19248: 19243: 19238: 19233: 19228: 19223: 19218: 19213: 19212: 19211: 19204:Saint-Domingue 19201: 19196: 19191: 19186: 19185: 19184: 19174: 19169: 19163: 19161: 19155: 19154: 19143: 19142: 19135: 19128: 19120: 19114: 19113: 19108: 19096: 19086: 19076: 19066: 19056: 19040: 19024: 19004: 18992: 18991: 18983: 18974: 18952: 18951:External links 18949: 18948: 18947: 18940: 18927:Wilentz, Amy. 18925: 18908: 18885: 18875:(3): 439–453. 18864: 18846: 18824: 18811: 18797: 18790: 18762:(1/2): 43–68. 18747: 18740: 18735:Dayan, Colin. 18733: 18716: 18713: 18710: 18709: 18690: 18669: 18662: 18642: 18623: 18612:. 8 March 2016 18597: 18567: 18545: 18520: 18504: 18497: 18477: 18442: 18420: 18395: 18373: 18362:on 21 May 2014 18347: 18340: 18320: 18313: 18291: 18277: 18257: 18231: 18213: 18200: 18184: 18165: 18138: 18124: 18100: 18073: 18047: 18022: 17992: 17966: 17937:(2): 433–435. 17917: 17899: 17876: 17853: 17835: 17814: 17793: 17779: 17758: 17737: 17710: 17699:on 31 May 2015 17680: 17650: 17624: 17598: 17589: 17562: 17544: 17532: 17520: 17490: 17459: 17426: 17396: 17368: 17333: 17319: 17305: 17292: 17270: 17248: 17234: 17214: 17207: 17185: 17178: 17160: 17146: 17132: 17113: 17103: 17083: 17053: 17032:10.1086/218523 17010: 16995: 16976:(3): 338–347. 16960: 16935: 16909: 16883: 16856: 16844: 16817: 16770: 16748: 16726: 16701: 16690:on 14 May 2013 16675: 16650: 16624: 16603: 16578: 16552: 16547:HaitiLibre.com 16534: 16504: 16493:. 15 June 2022 16476: 16441: 16415: 16389: 16363: 16332: 16301: 16274: 16248: 16213: 16180: 16159: 16133: 16122:. haitihub.com 16108: 16082: 16061: 16033: 16022:. 22 June 2013 16002: 15971: 15960:. 4 March 2014 15945: 15918: 15884: 15862: 15843:(4): 756–778. 15827: 15805: 15780: 15755: 15725: 15699: 15686: 15649: 15613: 15592: 15563: 15533: 15501: 15475: 15445: 15425: 15394: 15361: 15334: 15302: 15270: 15244: 15229:. Boston.com. 15217: 15187: 15165: 15154:on 5 July 2018 15135: 15105: 15075: 15045: 15017: 14983: 14957: 14918: 14889: 14859: 14828: 14798: 14766: 14740: 14709: 14682: 14652: 14620: 14601: 14590:on 8 June 2017 14575: 14548: 14522: 14492: 14466: 14448: 14433: 14403: 14377: 14347: 14314: 14288: 14262: 14232: 14215:Le Nouvelliste 14201: 14170: 14155:(in Spanish). 14139: 14113: 14100: 14084: 14064: 14027:(6): 534–545. 14006: 13980: 13914: 13883: 13853: 13820:10.1086/623111 13786: 13767: 13737: 13710: 13689:(1): 362–378. 13667: 13610: 13584: 13543: 13512: 13488: 13435: 13409: 13377: 13360:Le Nouvelliste 13343: 13311: 13294:New York Times 13280: 13265:. The Nation. 13250: 13219: 13189: 13159: 13129: 13098: 13066: 13035: 13002: 12972: 12954:Deutsche Welle 12940: 12909: 12902:) – via 12886: 12856: 12825: 12790: 12758: 12739: 12717: 12694: 12663: 12636: 12610: 12592: 12559: 12533: 12504: 12466: 12431: 12401: 12375: 12345: 12315: 12283: 12253: 12230: 12199: 12172: 12154: 12123: 12093: 12067: 12060: 12038: 12018: 12003: 11980: 11961: 11935: 11909: 11902: 11884: 11853: 11827: 11814: 11801: 11771: 11745: 11719: 11689: 11676: 11662: 11642: 11610: 11564: 11521: 11490: 11483: 11461: 11438: 11420: 11401: 11381: 11353: 11336:guardian.co.uk 11322: 11303: 11283: 11264: 11244: 11214: 11188: 11175: 11162: 11136: 11117: 11097: 11066: 11059: 11041: 11023: 11011: 10994:The New Yorker 10981: 10958: 10923: 10888: 10879: 10866: 10854: 10847: 10841:. p. 99. 10825: 10806: 10786: 10767: 10741: 10722: 10709: 10674: 10638: 10615: 10611:New York Times 10593: 10565: 10538:"Chapter XXII" 10515: 10497: 10447: 10440: 10414: 10361: 10310: 10272: 10241: 10232: 10223: 10193: 10162: 10135: 10118:Britannica.com 10105: 10088:Britannica.com 10075: 10048: 10022: 10015: 9997: 9971: 9958:10.1086/526481 9950:10.1086/526481 9928: 9907:10.2307/494418 9885: 9856: 9849: 9829: 9803: 9766: 9740: 9714: 9688: 9658: 9644: 9624: 9610: 9590: 9583: 9563: 9535: 9522: 9509: 9483: 9470: 9455: 9440: 9417: 9397: 9367: 9363:Black Jacobins 9361:C.L.R. James, 9354: 9332: 9310: 9282: 9251: 9225: 9222:. John Murray. 9210: 9175: 9145: 9116: 9097:Corbett, Bob. 9089: 9071: 9053: 9027: 8991: 8965: 8954:on 3 June 2011 8939: 8911: 8892: 8869: 8850: 8830: 8819:on 8 June 2008 8800: 8782: 8756: 8737: 8717: 8699: 8661: 8633: 8604: 8584: 8571: 8554:Britannica.com 8541: 8530:on 6 June 2019 8515: 8508: 8488: 8462: 8455: 8433: 8401: 8383: 8246: 8218: 8191: 8184: 8166: 8147: 8127: 8061: 8039: 8012: 7986: 7979: 7959: 7940: 7920: 7893: 7869: 7842: 7836:. p. 42. 7818: 7791: 7769: 7739: 7713: 7683: 7653: 7635:. p. 46. 7620: 7589: 7556: 7523: 7490: 7459: 7448: 7423: 7393: 7358: 7343: 7318: 7292: 7263: 7230: 7199: 7180: 7157: 7134: 7105: 7079: 7053: 7039: 7016: 6989: 6959: 6948: 6916: 6890: 6864: 6828: 6802: 6761: 6730: 6704: 6674: 6633: 6616:Haiti Observer 6603: 6577: 6544: 6543: 6541: 6538: 6536: 6535: 6522: 6474: 6467:Haitian Creole 6451: 6439:Haitian Creole 6365: 6345: 6343: 6340: 6338: 6337: 6325: 6313: 6301: 6281: 6280: 6275: 6270: 6263: 6260: 6183:Main article: 6180: 6177: 6173:Carnival music 6147: 6144: 6120:Main article: 6117: 6114: 6088: 6085: 6056:Massif du Nord 6025: 6022: 6010:creole cuisine 6002:Main article: 5999: 5996: 5988:Arnold Antonin 5979: 5976: 5932:Haitian Creole 5919:Main article: 5916: 5913: 5837:Music of Haiti 5832: 5829: 5825:Serge Jolimeau 5770:Main article: 5767: 5764: 5756:Main article: 5753: 5750: 5746: 5745: 5742: 5737: 5732: 5728: 5727: 5724: 5719: 5714: 5710: 5709: 5706: 5701: 5696: 5692: 5691: 5688: 5683: 5671: 5667: 5666: 5663: 5658: 5653: 5649: 5648: 5645: 5640: 5628: 5624: 5623: 5620: 5615: 5603: 5599: 5598: 5595: 5590: 5578: 5574: 5573: 5570: 5565: 5560: 5556: 5555: 5520: 5517: 5512: 5510:Port-au-Prince 5507: 5504: 5492:Port-au-Prince 5482: 5481: 5479: 5476: 5471: 5466: 5463: 5460: 5459: 5453: 5448: 5445: 5442: 5437: 5429: 5428:Largest cities 5426: 5420:, the largest 5352:Main article: 5349: 5346: 5308:World Factbook 5273:Main article: 5270: 5267: 5244:Main article: 5241: 5238: 5168:Haitian Creole 5159: 5156: 5035: 5029: 5023: 5017: 5009: 5008: 5007: 5002:Main article: 4999: 4996: 4978:Main article: 4975: 4972: 4846:Main article: 4843: 4840: 4819:Main article: 4816: 4813: 4797: 4796:Communications 4794: 4774: 4771: 4738:Main article: 4727: 4724: 4656:Main article: 4653: 4652:Transportation 4650: 4648: 4647:Infrastructure 4645: 4576: 4573: 4557:Marriott Hotel 4555:, a four-star 4526:Main article: 4523: 4520: 4500:Haitian dollar 4496:Haitian gourde 4490:Haitian gourde 4488:Main article: 4485: 4482: 4380: 4377: 4364: 4361: 4324: 4321: 4281:Main article: 4278: 4275: 4271:World Factbook 4266: 4263: 4246:European Union 4231: 4228: 4201:Brazilian army 4180:Haitian gourde 4152:Main article: 4149: 4146: 4106: 4103: 3979:Crime in Haiti 3970: 3967: 3928:Main article: 3925: 3922: 3879:Main article: 3876: 3873: 3857: 3856: 3846: 3836: 3826: 3816: 3813:Port-au-Prince 3806: 3796: 3786: 3776: 3766: 3736:Main article: 3733: 3730: 3640:Main article: 3637: 3634: 3514:Main article: 3511: 3508: 3449: 3446: 3408: 3390:tectonic plate 3356: 3353: 3335: 3332: 3320:Navassa Island 3296:arrondissement 3277:Étang Saumatre 3259:Xaragua Region 3237:Lac de Péligre 3221:Massif du Nord 3207:Massif du Nord 3192:Massif du Nord 3188:Plaine du Nord 3176:Massif du Nord 3171:Plaine du Nord 3165:Massif du Nord 3112:Main article: 3109: 3106: 3036:Protests began 2991:United Nations 2916: 2913: 2852:flash flooding 2814:Hérard Abraham 2780:Leslie Manigat 2733: 2730: 2655:Main article: 2652: 2649: 2645:Port-au-Prince 2625:United Nations 2595:(8 December), 2561: 2558: 2542:Sténio Vincent 2523:infrastructure 2485:Woodrow Wilson 2438:Main article: 2435: 2432: 2392:Anténor Firmin 2369:Lysius Salomon 2343: 2340: 2336:Fabre Geffrard 2278:Main article: 2275: 2272: 2232:Main article: 2229: 2226: 2193:King Charles X 2191:In July 1825, 2129: 2126: 2056:State of Haiti 2051: 2048: 1959: 1956: 1954: 1951: 1884:had died from 1866:Haitian rebels 1842:Peace of Basel 1741:Main article: 1738: 1735: 1716:Port-au-Prince 1594:Saint-Domingue 1589: 1586: 1530:Laws of Burgos 1467:Theodor de Bry 1433: 1430: 1428: 1425: 1414:cave paintings 1397:Main article: 1382:The island of 1367: 1364: 1359:Main article: 1356: 1353: 1325:Haitian Creole 1252:Taíno language 1246:(also earlier 1240: 1237: 1197:United Nations 1085:Saint-Domingue 1077:Spanish Empire 1050:Port-au-Prince 1009: 1008: 1003: 997: 996: 991: 985: 984: 979: 973: 972: 969: 963: 962: 949: 942: 939: 938: 925: 921: 920: 910: 906: 905: 886: 876: 875: 866: 856: 855: 843: 840: 837: 836: 824: 821: 818: 817: 814: 804: 803: 791: 788: 785: 784: 772: 769: 766: 765: 762: 748: 747: 740: 738:• Density 737: 734: 733: 726: 723: 720: 719: 713: 712: 709: 706: 703: 702: 695: 692: 689: 688: 682: 681: 678: 677: 674: 668: 665: 664: 663:15 August 1934 661: 658: 655: 654: 651: 645: 642: 641: 638: 635: 632: 631: 630:26 August 1849 628: 622: 619: 618: 615: 612: 609: 608: 605: 599: 596: 595: 592: 586: 583: 582: 579: 576:Northern State 573: 570: 569: 566: 560: 557: 556: 553: 547: 544: 543: 540: 537: 534: 533: 532:1 January 1804 530: 527: 524: 523: 520: 519: 513: 512: 506: 500: 497: 496: 490: 484: 481: 480: 475: 471: 470: 467: 466: 460: 457:Prime Minister 454: 451: 450: 448: 447: 444: 441: 440:Smith Augustin 438: 435: 434:Laurent St Cyr 432: 427: 420: 418: 412: 409: 408: 405: 404: 394: 388: 387: 382: 376: 375: 373: 372: 369: 367:folk religions 363: 357: 350: 348: 345: 341: 340: 325: 319: 318: 316: 315: 313:Haitian Creole 310: 304: 302: 298: 297: 264:Port-au-Prince 261: 258: 254: 253: 242: 232: 231: 228: 227: 209: 208: 178: 177: 168:"Inite se fòs" 119: 113: 112: 105: 98: 97: 91: 84: 83: 82: 79: 78: 73:Haitian Creole 49: 46: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 23252: 23241: 23238: 23236: 23233: 23231: 23228: 23226: 23223: 23221: 23218: 23216: 23213: 23211: 23208: 23206: 23203: 23201: 23198: 23196: 23193: 23191: 23188: 23186: 23183: 23181: 23178: 23176: 23173: 23171: 23168: 23166: 23163: 23161: 23158: 23156: 23153: 23151: 23148: 23146: 23143: 23141: 23138: 23137: 23135: 23128: 23125: 23080: 23076: 23072: 23067: 23066: 23063: 23057: 23054: 23052: 23049: 23048: 23046: 23042: 23036: 23033: 23031: 23028: 23026: 23023: 23021: 23018: 23016: 23013: 23011: 23008: 23006: 23003: 23002: 23000: 22996: 22990: 22987: 22985: 22982: 22980: 22977: 22975: 22972: 22970: 22967: 22965: 22962: 22960: 22957: 22956: 22954: 22950: 22944: 22941: 22939: 22936: 22934: 22931: 22929: 22926: 22924: 22921: 22919: 22916: 22915: 22913: 22909: 22903: 22900: 22898: 22895: 22893: 22890: 22888: 22885: 22883: 22880: 22878: 22875: 22873: 22870: 22868: 22865: 22863: 22860: 22858: 22855: 22853: 22850: 22848: 22845: 22843: 22840: 22838: 22835: 22833: 22830: 22829: 22827: 22823: 22816: 22805: 22801: 22791: 22788: 22786: 22783: 22781: 22778: 22776: 22773: 22772: 22770: 22766: 22761: 22757: 22752: 22748: 22741: 22736: 22734: 22729: 22727: 22722: 22721: 22718: 22706: 22698: 22697: 22694: 22688: 22685: 22683: 22680: 22679: 22677: 22673: 22667: 22664: 22662: 22659: 22657: 22654: 22652: 22649: 22647: 22644: 22642: 22639: 22637: 22634: 22632: 22629: 22628: 22626: 22622: 22616: 22613: 22611: 22608: 22606: 22603: 22602: 22600: 22596: 22586: 22583: 22582: 22580: 22576: 22570: 22567: 22565: 22562: 22560: 22557: 22555: 22552: 22550: 22547: 22545: 22542: 22540: 22537: 22535: 22532: 22530: 22527: 22525: 22522: 22520: 22517: 22515: 22512: 22510: 22507: 22505: 22502: 22500: 22497: 22495: 22492: 22490: 22487: 22485: 22482: 22480: 22477: 22475: 22472: 22470: 22467: 22465: 22462: 22460: 22457: 22456: 22454: 22450: 22444: 22441: 22439: 22436: 22434: 22431: 22429: 22426: 22424: 22421: 22420: 22418: 22414: 22408: 22405: 22403: 22402:New Brunswick 22400: 22398: 22395: 22394: 22392: 22388: 22382: 22379: 22377: 22374: 22372: 22369: 22367: 22364: 22362: 22359: 22357: 22354: 22352: 22349: 22347: 22344: 22342: 22339: 22337: 22334: 22332: 22329: 22327: 22324: 22322: 22319: 22317: 22314: 22312: 22309: 22307: 22304: 22302: 22299: 22297: 22294: 22292: 22289: 22287: 22284: 22282: 22279: 22277: 22274: 22272: 22269: 22267: 22264: 22262: 22259: 22257: 22254: 22252: 22251:Guinea-Bissau 22249: 22247: 22244: 22242: 22239: 22237: 22234: 22232: 22229: 22227: 22224: 22222: 22219: 22217: 22214: 22212: 22209: 22207: 22204: 22202: 22199: 22197: 22194: 22192: 22189: 22187: 22184: 22182: 22179: 22177: 22174: 22172: 22169: 22167: 22164: 22162: 22159: 22157: 22154: 22152: 22149: 22147: 22144: 22142: 22139: 22137: 22134: 22132: 22129: 22127: 22124: 22123: 22121: 22117: 22114: 22112: 22108: 22104: 22097: 22092: 22090: 22085: 22083: 22078: 22077: 22074: 22062: 22059: 22057: 22054: 22052: 22049: 22047: 22044: 22042: 22039: 22037: 22034: 22033: 22031: 22027: 22021: 22018: 22016: 22013: 22011: 22008: 22006: 22003: 22001: 21998: 21996: 21993: 21991: 21988: 21986: 21983: 21981: 21978: 21977: 21975: 21971: 21961: 21958: 21956: 21953: 21951: 21950:United States 21948: 21946: 21943: 21941: 21938: 21936: 21933: 21931: 21928: 21926: 21923: 21921: 21918: 21916: 21913: 21911: 21908: 21906: 21903: 21901: 21898: 21896: 21893: 21891: 21888: 21886: 21883: 21881: 21878: 21876: 21873: 21871: 21868: 21866: 21863: 21861: 21858: 21856: 21853: 21851: 21848: 21846: 21843: 21841: 21838: 21836: 21833: 21831: 21828: 21826: 21823: 21821: 21818: 21816: 21813: 21811: 21808: 21806: 21803: 21801: 21798: 21797: 21794: 21791: 21789: 21785: 21781: 21774: 21769: 21767: 21762: 21760: 21755: 21754: 21751: 21737: 21736: 21723: 21717: 21714: 21712: 21709: 21708: 21706: 21704:United States 21702: 21696: 21693: 21691: 21688: 21686: 21683: 21681: 21678: 21676: 21673: 21671: 21668: 21667: 21665: 21661: 21655: 21652: 21650: 21647: 21645: 21642: 21641: 21639: 21635: 21629: 21626: 21624: 21621: 21619: 21616: 21614: 21611: 21610: 21608: 21604: 21598: 21595: 21594: 21592: 21588: 21585: 21583: 21579: 21574: 21558: 21555: 21553: 21552:Nueva Esparta 21550: 21549: 21548: 21545: 21541: 21538: 21536: 21533: 21531: 21528: 21527: 21526: 21523: 21519: 21516: 21514: 21511: 21510: 21509: 21506: 21502: 21499: 21498: 21497: 21494: 21493: 21491: 21487: 21481: 21480:United States 21478: 21476: 21473: 21471: 21468: 21466: 21463: 21461: 21458: 21456: 21453: 21451: 21448: 21446: 21443: 21441: 21438: 21436: 21433: 21431: 21428: 21426: 21423: 21421: 21418: 21416: 21413: 21411: 21408: 21406: 21403: 21401: 21398: 21396: 21393: 21391: 21388: 21386: 21383: 21381: 21378: 21376: 21373: 21371: 21368: 21367: 21365: 21361: 21358: 21356: 21352: 21348: 21347:North America 21344: 21337: 21332: 21330: 21325: 21323: 21318: 21317: 21314: 21304: 21303: 21290: 21280: 21277: 21275: 21272: 21270: 21267: 21266: 21264: 21262: 21258: 21252: 21249: 21247: 21246:Port-à-Piment 21244: 21242: 21239: 21238: 21236: 21234: 21230: 21224: 21221: 21219: 21218:Chardonnières 21216: 21214: 21211: 21210: 21208: 21206: 21202: 21196: 21193: 21191: 21188: 21186: 21183: 21181: 21178: 21176: 21173: 21171: 21168: 21167: 21165: 21163: 21159: 21153: 21150: 21148: 21145: 21143: 21140: 21139: 21137: 21135: 21131: 21128: 21126: 21122: 21112: 21109: 21107: 21104: 21102: 21099: 21097: 21094: 21093: 21091: 21089: 21085: 21079: 21076: 21074: 21071: 21069: 21066: 21064: 21063:Anse-à-Pitres 21061: 21060: 21058: 21056: 21052: 21046: 21043: 21041: 21038: 21037: 21035: 21033: 21029: 21026: 21024: 21020: 21010: 21007: 21005: 21002: 21000: 20997: 20995: 20992: 20990: 20987: 20985: 20982: 20980: 20977: 20975: 20972: 20971: 20969: 20967: 20963: 20957: 20954: 20952: 20949: 20947: 20944: 20943: 20941: 20939: 20935: 20929: 20926: 20924: 20923:Anse-à-Galets 20921: 20920: 20918: 20916: 20912: 20906: 20903: 20901: 20898: 20896: 20893: 20891: 20888: 20886: 20883: 20882: 20880: 20878: 20874: 20868: 20865: 20863: 20860: 20859: 20857: 20855: 20851: 20848: 20846: 20842: 20832: 20829: 20827: 20826:Anse-à-Foleur 20824: 20823: 20821: 20819: 20815: 20809: 20806: 20804: 20801: 20799: 20796: 20794: 20791: 20790: 20788: 20786: 20782: 20776: 20773: 20771: 20768: 20766: 20765:Bombardopolis 20763: 20761: 20760:Baie-de-Henne 20758: 20757: 20755: 20753: 20749: 20746: 20744: 20740: 20730: 20727: 20725: 20724:Mombin-Crochu 20722: 20720: 20717: 20716: 20714: 20712: 20708: 20702: 20699: 20697: 20696:Terrier-Rouge 20694: 20692: 20689: 20687: 20684: 20683: 20681: 20679: 20675: 20669: 20666: 20664: 20663:Mont-Organisé 20661: 20659: 20656: 20655: 20653: 20651: 20647: 20641: 20638: 20636: 20633: 20631: 20628: 20627: 20625: 20623: 20619: 20616: 20614: 20610: 20600: 20599:Saint-Raphaël 20597: 20595: 20592: 20590: 20587: 20585: 20582: 20580: 20577: 20576: 20574: 20572: 20568: 20562: 20559: 20557: 20554: 20553: 20551: 20549: 20545: 20539: 20536: 20534: 20531: 20530: 20528: 20526: 20522: 20516: 20513: 20511: 20508: 20507: 20505: 20503: 20499: 20493: 20490: 20488: 20485: 20483: 20480: 20479: 20477: 20475: 20471: 20465: 20462: 20460: 20457: 20456: 20454: 20452: 20448: 20442: 20439: 20437: 20434: 20432: 20429: 20428: 20426: 20424: 20420: 20417: 20415: 20411: 20401: 20398: 20396: 20393: 20392: 20390: 20388: 20384: 20378: 20375: 20373: 20370: 20368: 20365: 20363: 20360: 20359: 20357: 20355: 20351: 20348: 20346: 20342: 20332: 20329: 20328: 20326: 20322: 20316: 20313: 20311: 20308: 20306: 20303: 20301: 20298: 20296: 20293: 20292: 20290: 20288: 20284: 20278: 20275: 20273: 20270: 20268: 20265: 20263: 20260: 20259: 20257: 20255: 20251: 20245: 20242: 20240: 20237: 20235: 20232: 20231: 20229: 20227: 20223: 20220: 20218: 20214: 20204: 20201: 20199: 20196: 20194: 20191: 20190: 20188: 20186: 20182: 20176: 20173: 20171: 20168: 20166: 20163: 20162: 20160: 20158: 20154: 20148: 20145: 20143: 20140: 20138: 20135: 20133: 20132:Cerca-Cavajal 20130: 20129: 20127: 20125: 20121: 20115: 20112: 20110: 20107: 20106: 20104: 20102: 20098: 20095: 20093: 20089: 20084: 20070: 20067: 20065: 20062: 20060: 20057: 20056: 20054: 20052: 20048: 20042: 20039: 20037: 20034: 20033: 20031: 20029: 20025: 20019: 20016: 20014: 20011: 20009: 20006: 20005: 20003: 20001: 19997: 19991: 19988: 19986: 19983: 19981: 19978: 19977: 19975: 19973: 19969: 19963: 19960: 19958: 19957:Grande Saline 19955: 19953: 19950: 19948: 19945: 19944: 19942: 19940: 19936: 19933: 19931: 19927: 19923: 19919: 19915: 19911: 19907: 19899: 19894: 19892: 19887: 19885: 19880: 19879: 19876: 19870: 19863: 19851: 19848: 19846: 19843: 19842: 19837: 19833: 19830: 19826: 19825: 19821: 19811: 19808: 19806: 19803: 19801: 19798: 19796: 19793: 19791: 19788: 19786: 19783: 19781: 19778: 19776: 19773: 19771: 19768: 19764: 19761: 19759: 19756: 19755: 19754: 19751: 19749: 19746: 19744: 19741: 19739: 19736: 19734: 19731: 19729: 19726: 19724: 19721: 19720: 19718: 19716: 19712: 19706: 19703: 19701: 19698: 19696: 19693: 19691: 19688: 19686: 19683: 19681: 19678: 19676: 19675:Ethnic groups 19673: 19671: 19668: 19666: 19663: 19661: 19658: 19657: 19654: 19651: 19649: 19645: 19635: 19632: 19630: 19627: 19625: 19622: 19620: 19617: 19615: 19609: 19607: 19604: 19602: 19601:External debt 19599: 19597: 19594: 19592: 19589: 19588: 19585: 19582: 19580: 19576: 19566: 19565:Supreme Court 19563: 19559: 19556: 19555: 19554: 19551: 19547: 19544: 19543: 19542: 19539: 19537: 19534: 19530: 19527: 19525: 19522: 19521: 19520: 19517: 19513: 19510: 19509: 19508: 19505: 19503: 19500: 19496: 19493: 19492: 19491: 19488: 19486: 19483: 19481: 19478: 19476: 19473: 19471: 19468: 19467: 19464: 19461: 19459: 19455: 19445: 19442: 19440: 19437: 19435: 19432: 19430: 19427: 19425: 19422: 19420: 19417: 19415: 19412: 19410: 19407: 19405: 19402: 19400: 19399:Deforestation 19397: 19395: 19392: 19390: 19387: 19385: 19382: 19380: 19377: 19376: 19373: 19370: 19368: 19364: 19358: 19355: 19353: 19350: 19348: 19345: 19343: 19340: 19336: 19333: 19331: 19328: 19327: 19326: 19323: 19321: 19318: 19316: 19313: 19311: 19308: 19306: 19303: 19301: 19298: 19294: 19291: 19290: 19289: 19286: 19282: 19279: 19278: 19277: 19274: 19272: 19271:Second Empire 19269: 19267: 19264: 19260: 19257: 19255: 19252: 19251: 19249: 19247: 19244: 19242: 19239: 19237: 19234: 19232: 19231:1804 massacre 19229: 19227: 19224: 19222: 19221:Le Jeune Case 19219: 19217: 19214: 19210: 19207: 19206: 19205: 19202: 19200: 19197: 19195: 19192: 19190: 19187: 19183: 19180: 19179: 19178: 19175: 19173: 19170: 19168: 19165: 19164: 19162: 19160: 19156: 19152: 19148: 19141: 19136: 19134: 19129: 19127: 19122: 19121: 19118: 19112: 19109: 19106: 19105: 19100: 19097: 19094: 19090: 19089:Haiti profile 19087: 19085: 19077: 19074: 19070: 19067: 19064: 19060: 19057: 19054: 19050: 19049: 19044: 19041: 19037: 19036: 19030: 19029:"Haiti" 19025: 19021: 19020: 19014: 19013:"Hayti" 19009: 19005: 19002: 18999: 18998: 18997: 18996: 18990: 18984: 18981: 18975: 18973: 18969: 18966: 18960: 18959: 18958: 18957: 18945: 18941: 18938: 18937:0-671-70628-4 18934: 18930: 18926: 18923: 18922:0-465-07050-7 18919: 18915: 18914: 18909: 18906: 18902: 18898: 18894: 18890: 18886: 18882: 18878: 18874: 18870: 18865: 18862: 18858: 18854: 18850: 18847: 18835: 18834: 18829: 18825: 18820: 18819: 18812: 18809: 18805: 18802: 18798: 18795: 18791: 18787: 18783: 18779: 18775: 18770: 18765: 18761: 18757: 18753: 18748: 18745: 18742:Ferrer, Ada. 18741: 18738: 18734: 18731: 18730:1-56656-359-3 18727: 18723: 18719: 18718: 18705: 18701: 18694: 18679: 18673: 18665: 18659: 18655: 18654: 18646: 18638: 18634: 18627: 18611: 18607: 18601: 18585: 18581: 18580:Haitian Music 18577: 18571: 18556: 18549: 18533: 18527: 18525: 18517: 18511: 18509: 18500: 18494: 18490: 18489: 18481: 18473: 18469: 18465: 18461: 18457: 18453: 18446: 18430: 18424: 18408: 18402: 18400: 18383: 18377: 18361: 18357: 18351: 18343: 18337: 18333: 18332: 18324: 18316: 18310: 18306: 18302: 18295: 18280: 18274: 18270: 18269: 18261: 18245: 18241: 18235: 18227: 18223: 18217: 18210: 18204: 18197: 18191: 18189: 18180: 18176: 18169: 18153: 18149: 18142: 18127: 18121: 18117: 18116: 18107: 18105: 18088: 18084: 18077: 18061: 18057: 18051: 18036: 18032: 18026: 18010: 18003: 17996: 17980: 17976: 17970: 17962: 17958: 17953: 17948: 17944: 17940: 17936: 17932: 17928: 17921: 17913: 17909: 17903: 17888:. Ipsnews.net 17887: 17880: 17864: 17857: 17849: 17845: 17839: 17824: 17818: 17803: 17797: 17789: 17783: 17768: 17762: 17747: 17741: 17725: 17721: 17714: 17698: 17694: 17690: 17684: 17668: 17664: 17660: 17654: 17638: 17634: 17628: 17612: 17608: 17602: 17596:Lewis, p. 18. 17593: 17585: 17573: 17565: 17559: 17555: 17548: 17542:, p. 445 17541: 17536: 17530:, p. 190 17529: 17524: 17508: 17504: 17500: 17494: 17478: 17474: 17470: 17463: 17444: 17437: 17430: 17414: 17410: 17406: 17400: 17385: 17383: 17378: 17372: 17356: 17352: 17348: 17344: 17337: 17329: 17323: 17315: 17309: 17302: 17296: 17277: 17273: 17267: 17260: 17259: 17252: 17237: 17235:9780814777084 17231: 17227: 17226: 17218: 17210: 17204: 17200: 17196: 17189: 17181: 17175: 17171: 17164: 17156: 17150: 17142: 17136: 17128: 17124: 17117: 17110: 17106: 17100: 17096: 17095: 17087: 17071: 17067: 17063: 17057: 17049: 17045: 17041: 17037: 17033: 17029: 17025: 17021: 17014: 17006: 16999: 16991: 16987: 16983: 16979: 16975: 16971: 16970:Social Forces 16964: 16949: 16945: 16939: 16924: 16920: 16913: 16897: 16893: 16887: 16870: 16866: 16860: 16853: 16852:Haiti in Cuba 16848: 16832: 16828: 16821: 16813: 16801: 16785: 16781: 16774: 16758: 16752: 16736: 16730: 16715: 16711: 16705: 16689: 16685: 16679: 16660: 16654: 16638: 16634: 16628: 16613: 16607: 16592: 16588: 16582: 16567:. 20 May 2024 16566: 16562: 16556: 16548: 16544: 16538: 16522: 16518: 16517:dreamintv.com 16514: 16508: 16492: 16491: 16486: 16480: 16464: 16463: 16458: 16452: 16450: 16448: 16446: 16429: 16425: 16419: 16403: 16399: 16393: 16377: 16373: 16367: 16351: 16350: 16349:Boston Review 16345: 16339: 16337: 16320: 16319: 16314: 16308: 16306: 16289: 16285: 16278: 16263: 16262:Travel Weekly 16259: 16252: 16236: 16232: 16231: 16225: 16217: 16201: 16197: 16196:The Telegraph 16192: 16184: 16176: 16175: 16170: 16163: 16147: 16143: 16137: 16118: 16112: 16097: 16093: 16086: 16071: 16065: 16046: 16040: 16038: 16021: 16020: 16019:The Economist 16015: 16009: 16007: 15990: 15986: 15982: 15975: 15959: 15955: 15949: 15933: 15929: 15922: 15906: 15902: 15901:The Chronicle 15898: 15891: 15889: 15880: 15879:haiti-now.org 15873: 15866: 15858: 15854: 15850: 15846: 15842: 15838: 15831: 15823: 15819: 15815: 15809: 15794: 15790: 15784: 15769: 15765: 15759: 15743: 15739: 15738:Vant Bèf Info 15735: 15729: 15713: 15709: 15703: 15693: 15691: 15671: 15667: 15660: 15653: 15634: 15630: 15623: 15617: 15602: 15596: 15581: 15577: 15570: 15568: 15551: 15547: 15543: 15537: 15521: 15517: 15516: 15511: 15505: 15489: 15485: 15479: 15463: 15459: 15455: 15449: 15441: 15440: 15435: 15429: 15413: 15409: 15405: 15398: 15382: 15378: 15377: 15372: 15365: 15349: 15345: 15338: 15319: 15312: 15306: 15287: 15280: 15274: 15258: 15254: 15248: 15232: 15228: 15221: 15205: 15201: 15197: 15191: 15183: 15179: 15175: 15169: 15153: 15149: 15145: 15139: 15123: 15119: 15115: 15109: 15093: 15089: 15085: 15079: 15063: 15059: 15055: 15049: 15034: 15030: 15029: 15021: 15005: 15001: 14997: 14990: 14988: 14971: 14967: 14961: 14945: 14941: 14937: 14933: 14929: 14922: 14906: 14902: 14896: 14894: 14877: 14873: 14869: 14863: 14847: 14843: 14839: 14832: 14816: 14812: 14808: 14802: 14783: 14776: 14770: 14754: 14750: 14744: 14728: 14724: 14720: 14713: 14697: 14693: 14686: 14670: 14666: 14662: 14656: 14641:on 1 May 2006 14637: 14630: 14624: 14616: 14612: 14605: 14589: 14585: 14579: 14563: 14559: 14552: 14536: 14532: 14526: 14510: 14506: 14502: 14496: 14480: 14476: 14475:"Haitian Law" 14470: 14462: 14458: 14452: 14444: 14437: 14421: 14417: 14413: 14407: 14391: 14387: 14381: 14365: 14361: 14357: 14351: 14335: 14331: 14330: 14325: 14318: 14302: 14298: 14292: 14276: 14272: 14266: 14250: 14246: 14242: 14236: 14220: 14216: 14212: 14205: 14189: 14185: 14181: 14174: 14158: 14154: 14150: 14143: 14127: 14123: 14117: 14110: 14104: 14097: 14091: 14089: 14081: 14075: 14073: 14071: 14069: 14060: 14056: 14051: 14046: 14042: 14038: 14034: 14030: 14026: 14022: 14018: 14010: 13994: 13990: 13984: 13976: 13972: 13967: 13962: 13958: 13954: 13950: 13946: 13942: 13938: 13934: 13930: 13926: 13918: 13902: 13898: 13897:EnviroSociety 13894: 13887: 13871: 13867: 13863: 13857: 13841: 13837: 13833: 13829: 13825: 13821: 13817: 13813: 13809: 13805: 13801: 13797: 13790: 13783: 13779: 13776: 13771: 13755: 13751: 13747: 13741: 13725: 13721: 13714: 13705: 13700: 13696: 13692: 13688: 13684: 13683: 13678: 13671: 13652: 13648: 13644: 13640: 13636: 13632: 13628: 13621: 13614: 13598: 13594: 13588: 13580: 13574: 13558: 13554: 13547: 13531: 13527: 13523: 13516: 13509: 13505: 13501: 13498: 13492: 13476: 13472: 13466: 13464: 13462: 13460: 13458: 13456: 13454: 13452: 13450: 13448: 13446: 13444: 13442: 13440: 13423: 13419: 13413: 13397: 13393: 13392: 13387: 13381: 13365: 13362:(in French). 13361: 13357: 13350: 13348: 13331: 13327: 13326: 13321: 13315: 13299: 13295: 13291: 13284: 13268: 13264: 13257: 13255: 13238: 13234: 13230: 13223: 13207: 13203: 13199: 13193: 13177: 13173: 13169: 13163: 13147: 13143: 13139: 13133: 13117: 13113: 13109: 13102: 13086: 13082: 13081: 13076: 13070: 13054: 13050: 13046: 13039: 13023: 13019: 13015: 13009: 13007: 12990: 12986: 12982: 12976: 12960: 12956: 12955: 12950: 12944: 12928: 12924: 12920: 12913: 12905: 12901: 12897: 12890: 12874: 12870: 12866: 12860: 12844: 12840: 12836: 12829: 12813: 12809: 12808: 12802: 12794: 12778: 12774: 12773: 12772:The Economist 12768: 12762: 12746: 12742: 12736: 12732: 12728: 12721: 12713: 12709: 12705: 12698: 12682: 12678: 12674: 12667: 12659: 12655: 12654: 12648: 12640: 12624: 12620: 12614: 12607: 12601: 12599: 12597: 12580: 12576: 12571: 12563: 12547: 12543: 12537: 12521: 12516: 12508: 12492: 12488: 12484: 12480: 12476: 12470: 12454: 12450: 12449: 12443: 12435: 12419: 12415: 12411: 12405: 12389: 12385: 12379: 12363: 12359: 12355: 12349: 12333: 12329: 12325: 12319: 12303: 12299: 12298: 12293: 12287: 12272:on 5 May 2009 12271: 12267: 12263: 12257: 12249: 12245: 12241: 12234: 12218: 12214: 12210: 12203: 12187: 12183: 12176: 12169: 12163: 12161: 12159: 12142: 12138: 12134: 12127: 12111: 12107: 12103: 12097: 12081: 12077: 12071: 12063: 12057: 12052: 12051: 12042: 12035: 12029: 12027: 12025: 12023: 12014: 12007: 12001: 11997: 11993: 11989: 11984: 11977: 11973: 11970: 11965: 11949: 11945: 11939: 11923: 11919: 11913: 11905: 11899: 11895: 11888: 11872: 11868: 11864: 11857: 11841: 11837: 11831: 11824: 11818: 11811: 11805: 11789: 11785: 11782: 11775: 11768: 11764: 11763: 11759: 11756: 11749: 11742: 11738: 11735: 11731: 11726: 11724: 11707: 11703: 11699: 11698:Carter, Jimmy 11693: 11686: 11680: 11665: 11663:9781451643978 11659: 11655: 11654: 11646: 11630: 11626: 11622: 11614: 11607: 11605: 11590: 11586: 11582: 11578: 11574: 11568: 11552: 11548: 11544: 11540: 11536: 11532: 11525: 11509: 11505: 11501: 11494: 11486: 11480: 11476: 11472: 11465: 11457: 11453: 11449: 11442: 11434: 11430: 11424: 11408: 11404: 11398: 11395:. Heinemann. 11394: 11393: 11385: 11378: 11372: 11370: 11368: 11366: 11364: 11362: 11360: 11358: 11341: 11337: 11333: 11326: 11310: 11306: 11304:9781841629230 11300: 11296: 11295: 11287: 11271: 11267: 11261: 11257: 11256: 11248: 11232: 11228: 11224: 11218: 11202: 11198: 11192: 11185: 11179: 11172: 11166: 11150: 11146: 11140: 11124: 11120: 11114: 11110: 11109: 11101: 11085: 11081: 11077: 11070: 11062: 11056: 11052: 11045: 11037: 11033: 11027: 11021:, p. 102 11020: 11015: 10999: 10995: 10991: 10985: 10977: 10972: 10971: 10962: 10954: 10950: 10946: 10942: 10938: 10934: 10927: 10911: 10907: 10903: 10899: 10892: 10883: 10876: 10870: 10863: 10858: 10850: 10848:9780813522036 10844: 10840: 10836: 10829: 10813: 10809: 10807:9780029215968 10803: 10799: 10798: 10790: 10784: 10780: 10777: 10771: 10764: 10758: 10756: 10754: 10752: 10750: 10748: 10746: 10738: 10734: 10731: 10726: 10719: 10713: 10705: 10701: 10697: 10693: 10689: 10685: 10678: 10659: 10655: 10648: 10642: 10635: 10631: 10627: 10624: 10619: 10612: 10609: 10605: 10602: 10597: 10589: 10585: 10581: 10580: 10575: 10569: 10553: 10549: 10545: 10544: 10539: 10535: 10530: 10529:public domain 10519: 10512: 10508: 10507: 10501: 10485: 10481: 10477: 10476: 10471: 10470:"Chapter XVI" 10467: 10462: 10461:public domain 10451: 10443: 10441:0-8160-3811-2 10437: 10433: 10428: 10427: 10418: 10402: 10398: 10394: 10393: 10388: 10383: 10382:public domain 10372: 10370: 10368: 10366: 10349: 10345: 10341: 10340: 10335: 10330: 10329:public domain 10319: 10317: 10315: 10306: 10301: 10300: 10291: 10289: 10287: 10285: 10283: 10281: 10279: 10277: 10260: 10256: 10252: 10245: 10236: 10227: 10211: 10207: 10203: 10197: 10181: 10177: 10175: 10166: 10150: 10146: 10139: 10123: 10119: 10115: 10109: 10093: 10089: 10085: 10079: 10063: 10059: 10052: 10036: 10032: 10026: 10018: 10012: 10008: 10001: 9985: 9981: 9975: 9967: 9963: 9959: 9955: 9951: 9947: 9943: 9939: 9932: 9924: 9920: 9916: 9912: 9908: 9904: 9900: 9896: 9889: 9873: 9869: 9868: 9860: 9852: 9846: 9842: 9841: 9833: 9817: 9810: 9808: 9791: 9787: 9786: 9781: 9779: 9770: 9754: 9750: 9744: 9728: 9724: 9718: 9702: 9698: 9692: 9676: 9672: 9668: 9662: 9647: 9641: 9637: 9636: 9628: 9613: 9607: 9603: 9602: 9594: 9586: 9580: 9576: 9575: 9567: 9551: 9547: 9546: 9539: 9533:15 July 1805. 9532: 9526: 9519: 9513: 9497: 9493: 9487: 9480: 9474: 9466: 9459: 9451: 9444: 9437: 9424: 9420: 9418:9780786474707 9414: 9411:. McFarland. 9410: 9409: 9401: 9385: 9381: 9377: 9371: 9364: 9358: 9351: 9339: 9335: 9329: 9326:. Routledge. 9325: 9321: 9314: 9307: 9301: 9299: 9297: 9295: 9293: 9291: 9289: 9287: 9270: 9266: 9262: 9255: 9239: 9235: 9229: 9221: 9214: 9207: 9194: 9190: 9186: 9179: 9163: 9159: 9155: 9149: 9133: 9129: 9128: 9120: 9104: 9100: 9093: 9085: 9081: 9075: 9067: 9060: 9058: 9041: 9037: 9031: 9015: 9011: 9010: 9005: 9001: 8995: 8979: 8975: 8969: 8953: 8949: 8943: 8927: 8923: 8922: 8915: 8899: 8895: 8889: 8885: 8884: 8879: 8873: 8857: 8853: 8847: 8843: 8842: 8834: 8818: 8814: 8807: 8805: 8797: 8791: 8789: 8787: 8770: 8766: 8760: 8744: 8740: 8734: 8730: 8729: 8721: 8714: 8710: 8703: 8687: 8683: 8679: 8675: 8671: 8665: 8658: 8652: 8650: 8648: 8646: 8644: 8642: 8640: 8638: 8629: 8623: 8615: 8611: 8607: 8601: 8597: 8596: 8588: 8581: 8575: 8559: 8555: 8551: 8545: 8529: 8525: 8519: 8511: 8505: 8501: 8500: 8492: 8476: 8472: 8466: 8458: 8452: 8447: 8446: 8437: 8421: 8417: 8416: 8411: 8405: 8398: 8392: 8390: 8388: 8371: 8367: 8361: 8359: 8357: 8355: 8353: 8351: 8349: 8347: 8345: 8343: 8341: 8339: 8337: 8335: 8333: 8331: 8329: 8327: 8325: 8323: 8321: 8319: 8317: 8315: 8313: 8311: 8309: 8307: 8305: 8303: 8301: 8299: 8297: 8295: 8293: 8291: 8289: 8287: 8285: 8283: 8281: 8279: 8277: 8275: 8273: 8271: 8269: 8267: 8265: 8263: 8261: 8259: 8257: 8255: 8253: 8251: 8235: 8231: 8230: 8222: 8214: 8210: 8206: 8202: 8195: 8187: 8181: 8177: 8170: 8154: 8150: 8144: 8140: 8139: 8131: 8123: 8119: 8114: 8109: 8105: 8101: 8097: 8093: 8089: 8085: 8081: 8077: 8073: 8065: 8049: 8043: 8027: 8023: 8016: 8000: 7996: 7990: 7982: 7976: 7972: 7971: 7963: 7947: 7943: 7937: 7933: 7932: 7924: 7908: 7904: 7900: 7896: 7890: 7887:. p. 1. 7886: 7882: 7881: 7873: 7857: 7853: 7849: 7845: 7839: 7835: 7831: 7830: 7822: 7806: 7802: 7798: 7794: 7788: 7784: 7780: 7773: 7757: 7753: 7752: 7743: 7727: 7723: 7717: 7701: 7697: 7693: 7687: 7671: 7667: 7663: 7657: 7638: 7631: 7624: 7608: 7604: 7600: 7593: 7577: 7573: 7572: 7567: 7560: 7544: 7540: 7539: 7534: 7527: 7511: 7507: 7506: 7501: 7494: 7478: 7474: 7470: 7463: 7457: 7451: 7449:0-8240-5624-8 7445: 7441: 7437: 7436: 7427: 7411: 7407: 7403: 7397: 7389: 7385: 7381: 7377: 7373: 7369: 7362: 7354: 7350: 7346: 7340: 7336: 7332: 7328: 7322: 7306: 7302: 7296: 7280: 7276: 7270: 7268: 7251: 7247: 7246: 7241: 7234: 7226: 7222: 7218: 7214: 7210: 7203: 7187: 7183: 7177: 7173: 7172: 7164: 7162: 7153: 7149: 7145: 7138: 7122: 7115: 7109: 7093: 7089: 7083: 7067: 7060: 7058: 7042: 7036: 7032: 7031: 7023: 7021: 7004: 7000: 6993: 6977: 6973: 6969: 6963: 6957: 6952: 6933: 6926: 6920: 6904: 6900: 6894: 6878: 6874: 6868: 6849: 6845: 6838: 6832: 6816: 6812: 6806: 6790: 6786: 6782: 6778: 6772: 6770: 6768: 6766: 6750: 6746: 6745: 6740: 6734: 6718: 6714: 6708: 6692: 6688: 6684: 6678: 6662: 6658: 6654: 6653: 6648: 6642: 6640: 6638: 6621: 6617: 6613: 6607: 6591: 6587: 6581: 6562: 6555: 6549: 6545: 6532: 6526: 6519: 6515: 6511: 6507: 6503: 6499: 6495: 6491: 6487: 6481: 6479: 6472: 6468: 6464: 6460: 6455: 6448: 6444: 6440: 6433: 6427: 6422: 6417: 6413: 6412: 6401: 6394: 6369: 6362: 6355: 6353: 6351: 6346: 6336: 6326: 6324: 6323:Latin America 6314: 6312: 6302: 6300: 6290: 6289: 6286: 6279: 6276: 6274: 6271: 6269: 6266: 6265: 6259: 6257: 6253: 6249: 6245: 6241: 6240:Olympic Games 6236: 6234: 6230: 6226: 6222: 6218: 6214: 6210: 6206: 6202: 6195: 6191: 6186: 6176: 6174: 6170: 6166: 6162: 6159: 6153: 6143: 6141: 6137: 6133: 6132:Haitian Vodou 6129: 6123: 6113: 6111: 6108:rests in the 6107: 6106: 6097: 6093: 6084: 6082: 6078: 6076: 6071: 6069: 6065: 6061: 6057: 6053: 6049: 6045: 6039: 6030: 6021: 6019: 6015: 6014:Cajun cuisine 6011: 6005: 5995: 5993: 5989: 5985: 5975: 5973: 5969: 5965: 5961: 5960:René Depestre 5957: 5953: 5949: 5945: 5941: 5937: 5933: 5928: 5922: 5912: 5910: 5909:Jazz Guignard 5906: 5902: 5900: 5895: 5893: 5890:, and attend 5889: 5888: 5883: 5879: 5875: 5871: 5867: 5863: 5860: 5856: 5852: 5848: 5844: 5838: 5828: 5826: 5822: 5818: 5814: 5810: 5806: 5802: 5797: 5795: 5791: 5787: 5778: 5773: 5763: 5759: 5743: 5741: 5738: 5736: 5733: 5730: 5729: 5725: 5723: 5720: 5718: 5715: 5712: 5711: 5707: 5705: 5702: 5700: 5697: 5694: 5693: 5689: 5687: 5684: 5682: 5678:in Metro P.P. 5672: 5669: 5668: 5664: 5662: 5659: 5657: 5654: 5651: 5650: 5646: 5644: 5641: 5639: 5635:in Metro P.P. 5631:Pétion-Ville 5629: 5626: 5625: 5621: 5619: 5616: 5614: 5610:in Metro P.P. 5604: 5601: 5600: 5596: 5594: 5591: 5589: 5585:in Metro P.P. 5579: 5576: 5575: 5571: 5569: 5566: 5564: 5561: 5558: 5557: 5554: 5550:in Metro P.P. 5542: 5537: 5533:in Metro P.P. 5525: 5518: 5516: 5513: 5511: 5508: 5505: 5503: 5498: 5493: 5488: 5483: 5480: 5477: 5475: 5472: 5470: 5467: 5464: 5462: 5461: 5456: 5440: 5435: 5425: 5423: 5422:solar-powered 5419: 5415: 5410: 5408: 5402: 5400: 5396: 5392: 5388: 5384: 5380: 5376: 5372: 5367: 5365: 5361: 5355: 5345: 5343: 5339: 5335: 5331: 5327: 5323: 5318: 5316: 5311: 5309: 5305: 5301: 5295: 5293: 5292:French system 5286: 5281: 5276: 5266: 5264: 5260: 5256: 5251: 5247: 5237: 5235: 5231: 5227: 5223: 5219: 5215: 5211: 5206: 5204: 5200: 5196: 5195:French Guiana 5192: 5191: 5190:collectivités 5186: 5185: 5181: 5177: 5173: 5169: 5165: 5155: 5153: 5149: 5145: 5141: 5136: 5134: 5130: 5126: 5122: 5118: 5117: 5116:devil worship 5111: 5109: 5105: 5101: 5097: 5093: 5089: 5085: 5081: 5079: 5076: 5071: 5069: 5065: 5060: 5056: 5053:and 29% were 5052: 5048: 5016: 5014: 5005: 4995: 4992: 4987: 4981: 4971: 4968: 4966: 4965:French Guiana 4962: 4958: 4954: 4950: 4946: 4942: 4938: 4934: 4930: 4926: 4922: 4918: 4914: 4910: 4909:United States 4905: 4903: 4899: 4895: 4891: 4887: 4883: 4879: 4875: 4866: 4862: 4854: 4849: 4839: 4837: 4832: 4828: 4822: 4812: 4807: 4803: 4793: 4790: 4784: 4779: 4770: 4767: 4764: 4762: 4758: 4754: 4750: 4746: 4741: 4732: 4723: 4719: 4717: 4713: 4709: 4705: 4701: 4696: 4694: 4690: 4686: 4682: 4678: 4674: 4664: 4659: 4644: 4641: 4637: 4631: 4629: 4625: 4621: 4616: 4614: 4610: 4606: 4602: 4598: 4594: 4590: 4586: 4582: 4572: 4570: 4566: 4562: 4558: 4554: 4550: 4545: 4538: 4534: 4529: 4519: 4517: 4513: 4512:dola ameriken 4509: 4505: 4501: 4497: 4491: 4481: 4479: 4475: 4471: 4468:, sugarcane, 4467: 4463: 4459: 4455: 4451: 4447: 4443: 4439: 4435: 4431: 4427: 4423: 4419: 4415: 4411: 4407: 4402: 4400: 4391: 4386: 4376: 4372: 4370: 4360: 4358: 4357:house servant 4354: 4353: 4347: 4344: 4340: 4334: 4329: 4320: 4316: 4314: 4304: 4300: 4298: 4289: 4284: 4274: 4272: 4262: 4258: 4255: 4251: 4247: 4243: 4237: 4227: 4225: 4220: 4218: 4214: 4210: 4206: 4202: 4196: 4194: 4190: 4186: 4181: 4177: 4173: 4169: 4168:freedom index 4160: 4155: 4145: 4142: 4140: 4135: 4133: 4132: 4126: 4124: 4120: 4116: 4112: 4102: 4100: 4096: 4095:Grande Ravine 4092: 4086: 4084: 4080: 4077:In 2010, the 4075: 4073: 4036: 4032: 4028: 4023: 4021: 4017: 4013: 4009: 4005: 4001: 3996: 3994: 3985: 3980: 3976: 3966: 3963: 3961: 3957: 3953: 3949: 3945: 3940: 3937: 3931: 3921: 3919: 3918:African Union 3914: 3912: 3908: 3902: 3896: 3892: 3888: 3882: 3872: 3870: 3866: 3862: 3854: 3850: 3847: 3844: 3840: 3837: 3834: 3830: 3827: 3824: 3820: 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3189: 3185: 3181: 3177: 3173: 3172: 3167: 3166: 3161: 3160:Marien Region 3156: 3154: 3148: 3145: 3141: 3137: 3133: 3129: 3120: 3115: 3105: 3103: 3102:Garry Conille 3099: 3095: 3091: 3087: 3083: 3078: 3074: 3073:intensified. 3072: 3068: 3064: 3060: 3059:gang violence 3056: 3052: 3048: 3047:Martine Moïse 3044: 3039: 3037: 3033: 3029: 3028:Jovenel Moïse 3025: 3021: 3016: 3011: 3007: 3003: 2998: 2996: 2992: 2988: 2984: 2980: 2976: 2968: 2964: 2959: 2955: 2952: 2951:Hurricane Ike 2948: 2944: 2940: 2936: 2932: 2928: 2922: 2912: 2910: 2906: 2902: 2899: 2895: 2890: 2885: 2883: 2879: 2875: 2871: 2867: 2866:Fanmi Lavalas 2863: 2859: 2855: 2853: 2850:and creating 2849: 2845: 2841: 2836: 2834: 2830: 2826: 2821: 2819: 2815: 2810: 2808: 2807:Prosper Avril 2804: 2800: 2796: 2792: 2791:coup followed 2787: 2785: 2781: 2777: 2774:. 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Haiti.org 18158:2 September 18066:21 February 17828:14 December 17807:14 December 17643:15 November 17580:|work= 17540:Meehan 1963 17528:Kinzie 1856 17076:25 February 16953:22 December 16808:|last= 16790:14 December 16591:www.bbc.com 16527:17 November 16267:13 February 16241:13 February 16206:13 February 16174:TravelPulse 16126:16 February 16075:14 December 15911:29 December 15773:12 December 15679:18 February 15642:14 December 15606:1 September 15439:Yahoo! News 15418:14 December 15158:1 September 14560:. Pbs.org. 14245:Haiti Libre 14153:www.oas.org 13935:(1): 5978. 13563:18 November 13481:3 September 12965:19 November 12933:16 November 12869:Haiti Libre 12751:25 February 12368:16 February 12276:16 February 11846:19 February 11635:29 December 11606:] said. 11595:9 September 11557:9 September 11315:9 September 11227:indiana.edu 11090:26 December 10939:(1): 1–26. 10908:(2): 1–17. 10818:8 September 10558:8 September 10490:8 September 9380:The Gazette 9046:25 November 8823:19 February 8415:Smithsonian 8376:5 September 8005:19 November 7885:AuthorHouse 7549:10 February 7311:2 September 7211:: 854–865. 6941:1 September 6857:8 September 6821:21 November 6723:1 September 6105:Santa María 6096:Santa María 6018:soup joumou 6016:), and its 5801:indigéniste 5794:Haitian art 5786:distinctive 5772:Haitian art 5563:Cap-Haïtien 5502:Cap-Haïtien 5401:each year. 5334:law schools 5070:in nature. 5068:Pentecostal 5064:Evangelical 5055:Protestants 4949:Puerto Rico 4929:the Bahamas 4923:(primarily 4773:Bus service 4722:countries. 4693:Petit-Goâve 4681:Cap-Haïtien 4605:power plant 4593:Ben Stiller 4565:Cap-Haïtien 4466:pigeon peas 4379:Agriculture 4369:shantytowns 4363:Real estate 4343:Remittances 4333:Cap-Haïtien 4297:Petrocaribe 4230:Foreign aid 4224:Petrocaribe 4091:Cité Soleil 4010:, his wife 3773:Cap-Haïtien 3744:departments 3622:Haitian boa 3448:Environment 3308:Île à Vache 3273:Trou Caïman 3241:Péligre Dam 3051:Ariel Henry 2894:coup d'état 2862:René Préval 2689:an uprising 2665:"Papa Doc" 2585:Élie Lescot 2461: 1919 2380:force Haiti 2040:New Orleans 2029:Confederacy 1812:, endorsed 1769:Vincent Ogé 1655:birth rates 1540:encomiendas 1494:Cap-Haïtien 1489:Santa María 1461:landing on 1376:caciquedoms 1115:French Army 1092:plantations 1038:The Bahamas 893: 0.552 503:Lower house 487:Upper house 474:Legislature 371:0.2% others 361:no religion 288: / 23134:Categories 22877:Montserrat 22534:Mozambique 22529:Montenegro 22356:Seychelles 22296:Mauritania 22286:Madagascar 22276:Luxembourg 22181:Cape Verde 21850:Costa Rica 21690:Montserrat 21623:St. Martin 21518:Martinique 21513:Guadeloupe 21395:Costa Rica 21274:Port-Salut 21068:Belle-Anse 20770:Jean-Rabel 20743:Nord-Ouest 20305:Chambellan 20239:Dame-Marie 20217:Grand'Anse 20203:Saut-d'Eau 20198:Mirebalais 20170:Lascahobas 20064:Saint-Marc 20013:Gros-Morne 20008:Anse-Rouge 19952:Dessalines 19930:Artibonite 19805:Television 19770:Literature 19613:(currency) 19519:Parliament 19485:Government 19419:Hispaniola 18956:Government 18413:23 January 18388:23 January 17772:21 October 17751:21 October 17617:21 October 17419:11 January 16837:14 October 16763:14 January 16741:14 January 16643:29 January 16617:29 January 16325:11 January 15985:Reuters UK 15818:World Bank 15748:4 November 15263:16 January 15210:16 October 15000:apnews.com 14675:5 February 14541:15 January 14426:29 January 14396:21 October 14021:BioScience 13999:6 December 13730:13 January 13603:11 January 13536:28 January 13152:18 January 13122:18 January 12818:7 February 12585:12 January 12479:Roser, Max 12424:12 January 12394:12 January 11535:Commentary 11514:3 November 11471:Power Mad! 11338:. London. 11145:"amhe.org" 11129:8 February 10862:Heinl 1996 10690:(4): 752. 10667:13 January 10586:. p. 10407:9 February 10354:9 February 10265:15 October 10216:27 October 10174:US Gazette 9822:21 October 9749:"Haitians" 9681:7 February 9344:10 October 9138:2 November 9109:19 October 8426:16 October 8239:2 December 7903:2011907203 7852:2010908468 7801:2005012816 7516:24 October 7483:18 October 7416:23 January 7256:24 January 6795:15 October 6667:24 January 6626:28 January 6540:References 6273:Madan Sara 6036:See also: 5984:Raoul Peck 5915:Literature 5872:movement, 5843:Hispaniola 5661:Nord-Ouest 5581:Carrefour 5529:Carrefour 5519:1,234,742 5474:Department 5383:meningitis 5377:diseases, 5360:vaccinated 5240:Emigration 5236:variants. 5226:Portuguese 5108:syncretism 4991:affranchis 4894:mixed-race 4882:trafficked 4831:sanitation 4783:Port-Salut 4716:Saint-Marc 4712:warehouses 4454:pistachios 4430:watercress 4213:World Bank 4072:West Point 3819:Grand'Anse 3789:Artibonite 3759:Nord-Ouest 3569:royal palm 3553:mango tree 3480:catchments 3370:There are 3364:Saut-d'Eau 3128:Hispaniola 2995:Artibonite 2979:earthquake 2919:See also: 2491:Washington 2327:Dame-Marie 2249:Dominicans 2221:diplomatic 2154:, also an 1700:mixed-race 1680:As in its 1610:Hispaniola 1572:. 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