74:
266:
280:
213:
88:
238:
252:
199:
472:. The expansion was halted in 1578, and the Ottomans retired from most of the highlands. During the following centuries, the Ottoman administration largely refrained from further interventions, relying on a system of indirect rule. Only on the island of Massawa itself was there an Ottoman governor, who controlled trade and taxes; in Sawakin the Ottoman authorities appointed a customs officer.
510:
In 1701, Suakin and the other
Ottoman possessions on the African coast were put under the authority of the governor in Jeddah. After its combination with Jeddah, the eyalet gained importance. Owing to the great distance from the capital, the Ottomans had little control over the Pasha of Jeddah, and
724:
Part of the reasoning behind
Ottoman expansion was to aid fellow Muslim states in the new role it had taken on, but economic issues were pertinent as well. Though weapons were usually given unilaterally, the Muslim states could provide another source of revenue through the selling of firearms, as
913:
Immediately, therefore, after the complete conquest of the Red Sea basin had been accomplished, a new province was formed âthe Eyalet of Jeddah and Habecb (Abyssinia), with Jeddah for its chief town. It included the coast of Hejaz and, on the other side, that of Africa; the latter comprising the
770:
Habesh, along with other 16th century conquests, was not under the timar system as were lands conquered in Europe and
Anatolia. Rather, it was a salyaneli province, in which taxes "were collected directly for the centre and were transferred to the central treasury after the local expenses were
759:, Habesh did not provide much revenue for the Ottomans, partly because the spice trade was not very profitable, but more importantly because the rich hinterlands were unconquered, with the Ottomans holding only the dry and hot coasts. Given that Yemen often cost more in upkeep than it sent to
552:, thus also gaining control over the ports of Sawakin and Massawa. Muhammad Ali's control of Habesh was only temporary; after the Wahhabi emergence came to an end, it reverted to Ottoman rule in 1827. Massawa and Sawakin were given to him again in 1846, until his death in 1849.
680:
and the Somali coast). The
Ottoman navy was still relatively weak and in its infancy, so Ottoman land forces would have to capture key areas to ensure that the weak navy would have some influence and strengthen. Selman also recognized a religious duty to conquer Habesh.
716:), they would have controlled the whole region, both directly and through their allies. Despite the possible economic gain from taxing Habesh proper, the Ottomans were more concerned with overcoming and outmaneuvering the Portuguese in the Red Sea and Indian Ocean.
782:
Although
Ottoman interest in Habesh had dwindled by the end of the 16th century, it was still strategically located and therefore still guarded by Ottoman galleys until the 17th century. After that, the Ottomans left the area.
559:
as a separate entity. Thus Habesh ceased to exist in its traditional form and starting from 1869 was replaced by a series of subsequent
Egyptian governorates. In 1871, after the removal from office of wali
529:
rebels of most of Hejaz in 1803, the appointment to the governorship of Jeddah was said to be little esteemed, and considered tantamount to exile. Burckhardt also noted that the Pasha styled himself
1466:
725:
those were greatly in demand there. More important, however, was the Red Sea trade, despite its relatively small revenue. The
Ottomans even constructed a canal some time after 1532 between the
1410:
568:
of Jeddah was installed in its place. This reorganization lasted only one year, and the walilik was brought back the following year. The Eyalet of Jeddah was then transformed into the
771:
deducted". Due to the aridity of the province, little in the way of taxes on agriculture were collected; the most important source of revenue was the customs duty collected through
1402:
The
Ottoman Response to European Expansion: Studies on Ottoman-Portuguese Relations in the Indian Ocean and Ottoman Administration in the Arab Lands During the Sixteenth Century
712:
Finally, there was a pre-emptive element to the
Ottoman invasion of Ethiopia. If the Portuguese had built fortresses and taken control of the Red Sea ports first (especially
708:, wrote a letter to Sultan SĂŒleyman to provide him with military help in order to expel the Portuguese from Hormuz. The ruler of Gujerat also sought Ottoman military help.
1459:
736:, the Ottomans were interested in the area because of the prospect of capturing slaves from other African regions via the ports. Then to use that for galleys, provisions,
453:
in 1555, and the province of Habesh was formed in 1557. Massawa being of secondary economical importance, the administrative capital was soon moved across the Red Sea to
1452:
752:, and the amount of merchandise and trade consisting of "gold, musk, and ivory" present at Berbera, on the Somali coast, was described by Selman as "limitless".
672:
Specific
Ottoman interest in Habeshistan arose from its pivotal geographic position in the region: it had ports and coastline on both the Red Sea (and near the
2342:
2372:
2337:
2362:
2163:
779:, and Suakin in Sudan. Individuals would be allowed to collect duties, but in return would have to send a specified amount to the Sultan every year.
483:, he could not "find precise data regarding the administrative and financial structure of the province" or information on any agricultural taxation.
426:
were controlled by the Ottomans. Jeddah was then expanded for the purpose of protecting the borders of the Ottoman Empire from Portuguese invasions.
2357:
476:
1524:
1475:
705:
2235:
692:, the Ottomans, being the successor of those states, was charged with protecting and providing safe passage to all undertaking the
479:'s Ottoman sources on Habesh come from the late 16th century, with some from the 17th century. Despite the seminal nature of his
2367:
457:(from the end of the 16th century until the early 19th century; Medina temporarily served as the capital in the 18th century).
73:
1170:
1093:
1024:
984:
900:
860:
814:
2230:
475:
There is very little in the way of source material for Ottoman rule in the eyalet of Habesh after the 16th century. Most of
533:(or governor) of not only Jeddah, but also Sawakin and Habesh, and he kept custom-house officers at Sawakin and Massawa.
2347:
2224:
1057:
395:, the Ottomans had no "effective, long term control" outside of the ports where there was a direct Ottoman presence.
429:
The Ottoman Empire then began extending its borders throughout the rest of the Red Sea coast. Muslim rulers from
335:
1047:
839:
Lippincott's Pronouncing Gazetteer: A Complete Pronouncing Gazetteer Or Geographical Dictionary of the World ...
522:, and the title was bestowed upon individuals who had never attempted to take possession of their governorship.
468:
was established in the 1560s. In 1571, the governor of Habesh moved to break a siege of Suakin by forces of the
700:. In the same vein, other Muslim states in the region saw the Ottomans as their defenders as Muslim brothers:
500:
437:
were dominant in the African Red Sea coast until the Ottoman Turks arrived in the 16th century. The ports of
974:
763:
as taxes, and that Habesh had much less in the way of agricultural taxes (but just as high a salary for the
2079:
518:
described the pashalik of Jeddah as having been "reduced to perfect insignificance" by the power of the
2091:
1934:
409:
1960:
1653:
960:
2255:
1597:
469:
326:
1231:
1199:
503:
itself. In the 18th century, it was attached to the eyalet of HabeĆ, and governors of the rank of
2352:
1975:
1444:
676:, where Ottoman blockades could be performed if necessary) and on the Indian Ocean (specifically
2250:
2018:
1944:
837:
1268:
1014:
926:
804:
2306:
2296:
2245:
1834:
1786:
1160:
1083:
914:
ports of Suakin, Massowah, Zeila, Berbera, Obok, Tadjuru, Ac, with the territory behind them.
544:, he received the administration of Habesh in 1813. His son Ahmad Tushun Pasha was appointed
541:
537:
515:
496:
696:. Portuguese hegemony in the Red Sea and Indian Ocean, however, gave them some control over
2265:
1902:
1648:
1536:
499:. As Jeddah developed into an important centre of trade, the Ottomans turned Jeddah into a
8:
684:
After the 1517 conquests, the Ottomans also were interested in the region because of the
491:
When the Ottomans became dominant in the Hejaz in 1517, Jeddah had been established as a
1430:"Power Without Pashas: The Anatomy of Na'ib Au-tonomy in Ottoman Eritrea (17th-19th C.)"
1225:
1193:
2286:
2260:
2214:
2209:
2007:
1950:
1678:
745:
565:
556:
555:
In 1866, however, Habesh was taken away from Jeddah and formally incorporated into the
519:
273:
231:
87:
49:
1723:
2219:
2182:
1985:
1965:
1582:
1166:
1089:
1053:
1020:
980:
896:
810:
434:
2291:
2199:
2048:
2043:
1855:
1774:
1627:
1617:
1612:
713:
369:
218:
204:
864:
446:
2301:
2194:
2187:
2130:
2053:
1955:
1769:
1743:
1718:
1713:
1587:
1567:
1541:
1514:
890:
733:
632:
318:
22:
1270:
Voyage dans la Turquie d'Europe: description physique et géologique de la Thrace
561:
2074:
2069:
2038:
2033:
2028:
2013:
1939:
1928:
1830:
1793:
1764:
1708:
1703:
1602:
1592:
1577:
1162:
Secondary Cities and Urban Networking in the Indian Ocean Realm: C. 1400 - 1800
760:
415:
346:
1673:
418:
conquered the Turkic Mamluk Sultanate in Egypt and Syria, during the reign of
2331:
2140:
2135:
2114:
2109:
2086:
2023:
1980:
1970:
1923:
1918:
1759:
1738:
1683:
1668:
1658:
1632:
1572:
1519:
673:
569:
259:
1883:
1698:
1622:
2281:
1850:
1845:
1840:
1814:
1809:
1781:
1733:
1728:
1693:
1663:
1562:
1557:
392:
384:
298:
245:
1991:
1688:
1607:
756:
741:
1085:
Quseir: An Ottoman And Napoleonic Fortress On The Red Sea Coast Of Egypt
2240:
928:
Almanach de Gotha: annuaire généalogique, diplomatique et statistique
450:
744:, an ambitious Ottoman Red Sea admiral, the coast (specifically the
729:
and the Red Sea so that spices could go directly to Constantinople.
2204:
1429:
460:
The Ottoman Turks made multiple advances further inland conquering
1474:
1879:
1412:
The Emirs of Mecca and the Ottoman Government of Hijaz, 1840-1908
888:
772:
609:
603:
597:
526:
461:
442:
419:
388:
373:
306:
100:
36:
30:
564:, the position of the Jeddah wali was briefly abolished and the
1495:
776:
657:
651:
621:
549:
504:
492:
454:
438:
377:
357:
349:
104:
45:
16:
Administrative division of the Ottoman Empire from 1554 to 1872
376:
basin. On the Northeast Africa littoral, the eyalet comprised
749:
677:
645:
615:
591:
573:
465:
430:
423:
422:. As such, territories of the Sultanate including Jeddah and
365:
340:
302:
1877:
737:
726:
639:
545:
530:
1352:
1301:
1299:
1250:
1248:
1113:
1111:
1318:
1316:
1314:
1415:, The Institute for Graduate Studies in Social Sciences
802:
1376:
1340:
1296:
1284:
1245:
1142:
1140:
1138:
1108:
688:. Having conquered the former Muslim defenders of the
1364:
1328:
1311:
1223:
942:
1224:
John Lewis Burckhardt (1829). Sir W. Ouseley (ed.).
511:
their authority over the region was mostly nominal.
1135:
1123:
976:
Nation Shapes: The Story Behind the World's Borders
1219:
1217:
1215:
1081:
1045:
829:
2329:
1191:
954:
775:(tax farming) on goods flowing through Massawa,
767:), the province was probably very unprofitable.
631:Sanjak of Yemen (until c. 1849, then became the
972:
1476:Administrative divisions of the Ottoman Empire
1212:
1158:
1012:
884:
882:
835:
2343:States and territories disestablished in 1872
1460:
1260:
1077:
1075:
486:
2373:1872 disestablishments in the Ottoman Empire
1487:
1266:
1088:. American Univ in Cairo Press. p. 35.
1052:. University of Florida Press. p. 31.
879:
579:
2338:States and territories established in 1554
2162:
1467:
1453:
1185:
1072:
889:National Archives (Great Britain) (2004).
86:
2363:1554 establishments in the Ottoman Empire
1019:. Otto Harrassowitz Verlag. p. 951.
798:
796:
124:503,000 km (194,000 sq mi)
1152:
1008:
1006:
1004:
1002:
966:
2358:Eyalets of the Ottoman Empire in Africa
1399:
1382:
1370:
1358:
1346:
1334:
1322:
1305:
1290:
1117:
948:
853:
2330:
861:"Some Provinces of the Ottoman Empire"
793:
383:Like Ottoman control in North Africa,
364:. It extended on the areas of coastal
2161:
1876:
1486:
1448:
1427:
1408:
1254:
1146:
1129:
999:
809:. Taylor & Francis. p. 403.
1039:
931:. J. Perthes. 1867. pp. 827â829
330:
31:
322:
92:The Eyalet of Jeddah-Habesh in 1795
26:
13:
1421:
803:David Lea; Annamarie Rowe (2001).
14:
2384:
1049:A Pawn in World Politics: Eritrea
895:. Archive Editions. p. 328.
740:, and other goods. According to
1198:. Hurst & Blackett. p.
1195:Turkey: its history and progress
806:A political chronology of Africa
403:
278:
264:
250:
236:
211:
197:
72:
1409:Numan, Nurtaç (November 2005),
1165:. Lexington Books. p. 51.
2225:PolishâLithuanian Commonwealth
1016:Encyclopaedia Aethiopica: D-Ha
919:
507:started to be appointed here.
1:
2368:1554 establishments in Africa
1488:
1392:
863:. Geonames.de. Archived from
842:J.B. Lippincott. p. 1968
667:
2236:Principality of Transylvania
719:
525:Even before the takeover by
341:
37:
7:
372:of Eritrea that border the
354:Eyalet of Jeddah and Habesh
352:. It was also known as the
10:
2389:
1082:Charles le Qusene (2007).
1046:Okbazghi Yohannes (1991).
487:Move of the seat to Jeddah
410:Ottoman conquest of Habesh
407:
398:
2348:Ottoman period in Eritrea
2274:
2241:Principality of Wallachia
2175:
2171:
2157:
2123:
2102:
2062:
2000:
1911:
1895:
1891:
1872:
1823:
1802:
1752:
1641:
1550:
1507:
1503:
1482:
1192:Sir James Porter (1854).
979:. ABC-CLIO. p. 295.
449:, who had been appointed
294:
176:
172:
168:
164:
154:
144:
140:
132:
128:
118:
110:
96:
85:
69:
55:
44:
21:
2256:Principality of Bulgaria
2205:Principality of Moldavia
1428:Miran, Jonathan (2007).
973:Fred M. Shelley (2013).
786:
755:Despite the promises of
580:Administrative divisions
540:successfully fought the
360:was its chief town, and
2246:Principality of Romania
1434:Eritrean Studies Review
1400:Ăzbaran, Salih (1994),
1273:. Bertrand. p. 148
1230:. H. Colburn. pp.
1159:Kenneth R Hall (2008).
1013:Siegbert Uhlig (2005).
836:Thomas Baldwin (1856).
587:Sanjaks of the Eyalet:
495:under the authority of
380:and their hinterlands.
2251:Principality of Serbia
710:
628:Sanjaks in the 1860s:
156:âą Disestablished
2307:Principality of Samos
1267:A. Viquesnel (1868).
748:) was also rich with
702:
572:, with a governor in
557:Egyptian vice-kingdom
516:John Lewis Burckhardt
497:Beylerbeylik of Egypt
2266:Septinsular Republic
1525:Muhammad Ali dynasty
961:"History of Arabia."
867:on 28 September 2013
704:The Shah of Hormuz,
1361:, pp. 108â109.
146:âą Established
2287:Khedivate of Egypt
2261:Kingdom of Imereti
2215:Republic of Ragusa
2210:Sharifate of Mecca
746:Dahlak Archipelago
274:Emirate of Diriyah
232:Khedivate of Egypt
50:the Ottoman Empire
2323:
2322:
2319:
2318:
2315:
2314:
2220:Serbian Despotate
2183:Cossack Hetmanate
2153:
2152:
2149:
2148:
1868:
1867:
1864:
1863:
1227:Travels in Arabia
1172:978-0-7391-2835-0
1095:978-977-416-009-7
1026:978-3-447-05238-2
986:978-1-61069-106-2
902:978-1-84097-070-8
816:978-1-85743-116-2
732:According to Dom
665:
664:
542:OttomanâSaudi War
445:were occupied by
435:Arabian Peninsula
339:
312:
311:
290:
289:
286:
285:
224:
223:
2380:
2292:Kurdish emirates
2200:Khanate of Kazan
2173:
2172:
2159:
2158:
1893:
1892:
1874:
1873:
1505:
1504:
1493:
1490:
1484:
1483:
1469:
1462:
1455:
1446:
1445:
1441:
1416:
1405:
1386:
1380:
1374:
1368:
1362:
1356:
1350:
1344:
1338:
1332:
1326:
1320:
1309:
1303:
1294:
1288:
1282:
1281:
1279:
1278:
1264:
1258:
1257:, p. 61-62.
1252:
1243:
1242:
1240:
1239:
1221:
1210:
1209:
1207:
1206:
1189:
1183:
1182:
1180:
1179:
1156:
1150:
1144:
1133:
1127:
1121:
1115:
1106:
1105:
1103:
1102:
1079:
1070:
1069:
1067:
1066:
1043:
1037:
1036:
1034:
1033:
1010:
997:
996:
994:
993:
970:
964:
958:
952:
946:
940:
939:
937:
936:
923:
917:
916:
910:
909:
892:Islam: 1916-1917
886:
877:
876:
874:
872:
857:
851:
850:
848:
847:
833:
827:
826:
824:
823:
800:
584:
583:
370:Northeast Africa
362:Habesh and Hejaz
344:
334:
332:
324:
282:
281:
268:
267:
254:
253:
240:
239:
228:
227:
219:Ethiopian Empire
215:
214:
205:Mamluk Sultanate
201:
200:
194:
193:
178:
177:
90:
76:
40:
34:
33:
28:
19:
18:
2388:
2387:
2383:
2382:
2381:
2379:
2378:
2377:
2328:
2327:
2324:
2311:
2302:Eastern Rumelia
2270:
2231:Duchy of Syrmia
2195:Crimean Khanate
2188:Ottoman Ukraine
2167:
2145:
2119:
2098:
2058:
1996:
1976:Mamuret-ul-Aziz
1907:
1887:
1860:
1819:
1798:
1748:
1637:
1546:
1499:
1491:
1478:
1473:
1424:
1422:Further reading
1419:
1395:
1390:
1389:
1381:
1377:
1369:
1365:
1357:
1353:
1345:
1341:
1333:
1329:
1321:
1312:
1304:
1297:
1289:
1285:
1276:
1274:
1265:
1261:
1253:
1246:
1237:
1235:
1222:
1213:
1204:
1202:
1190:
1186:
1177:
1175:
1173:
1157:
1153:
1145:
1136:
1128:
1124:
1116:
1109:
1100:
1098:
1096:
1080:
1073:
1064:
1062:
1060:
1044:
1040:
1031:
1029:
1027:
1011:
1000:
991:
989:
987:
971:
967:
963:Britannica.com.
959:
955:
947:
943:
934:
932:
925:
924:
920:
907:
905:
903:
887:
880:
870:
868:
859:
858:
854:
845:
843:
834:
830:
821:
819:
817:
801:
794:
789:
734:Andre de Oviedo
722:
670:
633:Eyalet of Yemen
582:
520:Sharif of Mecca
489:
412:
406:
401:
327:Ottoman Turkish
305:
301:
279:
265:
251:
237:
212:
198:
157:
147:
121:
91:
81:
78:
77:
65:
35:
29:
17:
12:
11:
5:
2386:
2376:
2375:
2370:
2365:
2360:
2355:
2353:Ottoman Arabia
2350:
2345:
2340:
2321:
2320:
2317:
2316:
2313:
2312:
2310:
2309:
2304:
2299:
2297:Mamluk of Iraq
2294:
2289:
2284:
2278:
2276:
2272:
2271:
2269:
2268:
2263:
2258:
2253:
2248:
2243:
2238:
2233:
2228:
2222:
2217:
2212:
2207:
2202:
2197:
2192:
2191:
2190:
2179:
2177:
2169:
2168:
2166:and autonomies
2155:
2154:
2151:
2150:
2147:
2146:
2144:
2143:
2138:
2133:
2127:
2125:
2121:
2120:
2118:
2117:
2112:
2106:
2104:
2100:
2099:
2097:
2096:
2095:
2094:
2084:
2083:
2082:
2072:
2066:
2064:
2060:
2059:
2057:
2056:
2051:
2046:
2041:
2036:
2031:
2026:
2021:
2019:Constantinople
2016:
2011:
2004:
2002:
1998:
1997:
1995:
1994:
1989:
1983:
1978:
1973:
1968:
1963:
1958:
1953:
1948:
1945:Constantinople
1942:
1937:
1932:
1926:
1921:
1915:
1913:
1909:
1908:
1906:
1905:
1899:
1897:
1889:
1888:
1884:mutasarrıfates
1870:
1869:
1866:
1865:
1862:
1861:
1859:
1858:
1853:
1848:
1843:
1838:
1835:Mamluk of Iraq
1827:
1825:
1821:
1820:
1818:
1817:
1812:
1806:
1804:
1800:
1799:
1797:
1796:
1791:
1790:
1789:
1779:
1778:
1777:
1767:
1762:
1756:
1754:
1750:
1749:
1747:
1746:
1741:
1736:
1731:
1726:
1721:
1716:
1711:
1706:
1701:
1696:
1691:
1686:
1681:
1676:
1671:
1666:
1661:
1656:
1651:
1645:
1643:
1639:
1638:
1636:
1635:
1630:
1625:
1620:
1615:
1610:
1605:
1600:
1595:
1590:
1585:
1580:
1575:
1570:
1565:
1560:
1554:
1552:
1548:
1547:
1545:
1544:
1539:
1534:
1529:
1528:
1527:
1517:
1511:
1509:
1501:
1500:
1480:
1479:
1472:
1471:
1464:
1457:
1449:
1443:
1442:
1423:
1420:
1418:
1417:
1406:
1396:
1394:
1391:
1388:
1387:
1385:, p. 196.
1375:
1363:
1351:
1349:, p. 192.
1339:
1327:
1310:
1308:, p. 108.
1295:
1293:, p. 191.
1283:
1259:
1244:
1211:
1184:
1171:
1151:
1134:
1122:
1120:, p. 195.
1107:
1094:
1071:
1058:
1038:
1025:
998:
985:
965:
953:
951:, p. 194.
941:
918:
901:
878:
852:
828:
815:
791:
790:
788:
785:
761:Constantinople
721:
718:
669:
666:
663:
662:
661:
660:
654:
648:
642:
636:
626:
625:
624:
618:
612:
606:
600:
594:
581:
578:
488:
485:
481:Habesh Eyaleti
477:Cengiz Orhonlu
464:. A sanjak of
405:
402:
400:
397:
342:EyÄlet-i កabeĆ
310:
309:
296:
292:
291:
288:
287:
284:
283:
276:
270:
269:
262:
256:
255:
248:
242:
241:
234:
225:
222:
221:
216:
208:
207:
202:
190:
189:
184:
174:
173:
170:
169:
166:
165:
162:
161:
158:
155:
152:
151:
148:
145:
142:
141:
138:
137:
134:
130:
129:
126:
125:
122:
119:
116:
115:
112:
108:
107:
98:
94:
93:
83:
82:
79:
71:
70:
67:
66:
64:
63:
60:
56:
53:
52:
42:
41:
38:EyÄlet-i កabeĆ
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2385:
2374:
2371:
2369:
2366:
2364:
2361:
2359:
2356:
2354:
2351:
2349:
2346:
2344:
2341:
2339:
2336:
2335:
2333:
2326:
2308:
2305:
2303:
2300:
2298:
2295:
2293:
2290:
2288:
2285:
2283:
2280:
2279:
2277:
2273:
2267:
2264:
2262:
2259:
2257:
2254:
2252:
2249:
2247:
2244:
2242:
2239:
2237:
2234:
2232:
2229:
2226:
2223:
2221:
2218:
2216:
2213:
2211:
2208:
2206:
2203:
2201:
2198:
2196:
2193:
2189:
2186:
2185:
2184:
2181:
2180:
2178:
2174:
2170:
2165:
2160:
2156:
2142:
2139:
2137:
2134:
2132:
2129:
2128:
2126:
2122:
2116:
2113:
2111:
2108:
2107:
2105:
2101:
2093:
2090:
2089:
2088:
2085:
2081:
2080:Mount Lebanon
2078:
2077:
2076:
2073:
2071:
2068:
2067:
2065:
2061:
2055:
2052:
2050:
2047:
2045:
2042:
2040:
2037:
2035:
2032:
2030:
2027:
2025:
2022:
2020:
2017:
2015:
2012:
2009:
2006:
2005:
2003:
1999:
1993:
1990:
1987:
1984:
1982:
1979:
1977:
1974:
1972:
1969:
1967:
1964:
1962:
1959:
1957:
1954:
1952:
1949:
1946:
1943:
1941:
1938:
1936:
1933:
1930:
1927:
1925:
1922:
1920:
1917:
1916:
1914:
1910:
1904:
1901:
1900:
1898:
1894:
1890:
1885:
1881:
1875:
1871:
1857:
1854:
1852:
1849:
1847:
1844:
1842:
1839:
1836:
1832:
1829:
1828:
1826:
1822:
1816:
1813:
1811:
1808:
1807:
1805:
1801:
1795:
1792:
1788:
1787:Mount Lebanon
1785:
1784:
1783:
1780:
1776:
1773:
1772:
1771:
1768:
1766:
1763:
1761:
1758:
1757:
1755:
1751:
1745:
1742:
1740:
1737:
1735:
1732:
1730:
1727:
1725:
1722:
1720:
1717:
1715:
1712:
1710:
1707:
1705:
1702:
1700:
1697:
1695:
1692:
1690:
1687:
1685:
1682:
1680:
1677:
1675:
1672:
1670:
1667:
1665:
1662:
1660:
1657:
1655:
1652:
1650:
1647:
1646:
1644:
1640:
1634:
1631:
1629:
1626:
1624:
1621:
1619:
1616:
1614:
1611:
1609:
1606:
1604:
1601:
1599:
1596:
1594:
1591:
1589:
1586:
1584:
1581:
1579:
1576:
1574:
1571:
1569:
1566:
1564:
1561:
1559:
1556:
1555:
1553:
1549:
1543:
1540:
1538:
1535:
1533:
1530:
1526:
1523:
1522:
1521:
1518:
1516:
1513:
1512:
1510:
1506:
1502:
1497:
1485:
1481:
1477:
1470:
1465:
1463:
1458:
1456:
1451:
1450:
1447:
1439:
1435:
1431:
1426:
1425:
1414:
1413:
1407:
1403:
1398:
1397:
1384:
1379:
1373:, p. 35.
1372:
1367:
1360:
1355:
1348:
1343:
1337:, p. 96.
1336:
1331:
1325:, p. 95.
1324:
1319:
1317:
1315:
1307:
1302:
1300:
1292:
1287:
1272:
1271:
1263:
1256:
1251:
1249:
1233:
1229:
1228:
1220:
1218:
1216:
1201:
1197:
1196:
1188:
1174:
1168:
1164:
1163:
1155:
1149:, p. 61.
1148:
1143:
1141:
1139:
1132:, p. 60.
1131:
1126:
1119:
1114:
1112:
1097:
1091:
1087:
1086:
1078:
1076:
1061:
1059:0-8130-1044-6
1055:
1051:
1050:
1042:
1028:
1022:
1018:
1017:
1009:
1007:
1005:
1003:
988:
982:
978:
977:
969:
962:
957:
950:
945:
930:
929:
922:
915:
904:
898:
894:
893:
885:
883:
866:
862:
856:
841:
840:
832:
818:
812:
808:
807:
799:
797:
792:
784:
780:
778:
774:
768:
766:
762:
758:
753:
751:
747:
743:
739:
735:
730:
728:
717:
715:
709:
707:
701:
699:
695:
691:
687:
682:
679:
675:
674:Bab-el-Mandeb
659:
655:
653:
649:
647:
643:
641:
637:
634:
630:
629:
627:
623:
619:
617:
613:
611:
607:
605:
601:
599:
595:
593:
589:
588:
586:
585:
577:
575:
571:
570:Hejaz Vilayet
567:
566:mutasarrıflık
563:
558:
553:
551:
547:
543:
539:
534:
532:
528:
523:
521:
517:
512:
508:
506:
502:
498:
494:
484:
482:
478:
473:
471:
467:
463:
458:
456:
452:
448:
447:Ăzdemir Pasha
444:
440:
436:
432:
427:
425:
421:
417:
416:Ottoman Turks
414:In 1517, the
411:
404:Establishment
396:
394:
390:
386:
381:
379:
375:
371:
367:
363:
359:
355:
351:
348:
343:
337:
328:
320:
316:
315:Habesh Eyalet
308:
304:
300:
297:
295:Today part of
293:
277:
275:
272:
271:
263:
261:
260:Hejaz Vilayet
258:
257:
249:
247:
244:
243:
235:
233:
230:
229:
226:
220:
217:
210:
209:
206:
203:
196:
195:
192:
191:
188:
185:
183:
180:
179:
175:
171:
167:
163:
159:
153:
149:
143:
139:
135:
131:
127:
123:
117:
113:
109:
106:
102:
99:
95:
89:
84:
75:
68:
61:
58:
57:
54:
51:
47:
43:
39:
24:
20:
2325:
2282:Cretan State
1961:HĂŒdavendigĂąr
1903:Tripolitania
1598:HĂŒdavendigĂąr
1537:Tripolitania
1531:
1437:
1433:
1411:
1404:, Isis Press
1401:
1383:Ăzbaran 1994
1378:
1371:Ăzbaran 1994
1366:
1359:Ăzbaran 1994
1354:
1347:Ăzbaran 1994
1342:
1335:Ăzbaran 1994
1330:
1323:Ăzbaran 1994
1306:Ăzbaran 1994
1291:Ăzbaran 1994
1286:
1275:. Retrieved
1269:
1262:
1236:. Retrieved
1226:
1203:. Retrieved
1194:
1187:
1176:. Retrieved
1161:
1154:
1125:
1118:Ăzbaran 1994
1099:. Retrieved
1084:
1063:. Retrieved
1048:
1041:
1030:. Retrieved
1015:
990:. Retrieved
975:
968:
956:
949:Ăzbaran 1994
944:
933:. Retrieved
927:
921:
912:
906:. Retrieved
891:
869:. Retrieved
865:the original
855:
844:. Retrieved
838:
831:
820:. Retrieved
805:
781:
769:
764:
754:
731:
723:
711:
703:
697:
693:
689:
685:
683:
671:
562:HurĆid Pasha
554:
538:Muhammad Ali
535:
524:
513:
509:
501:beylerbeylik
490:
480:
474:
470:Funj kingdom
459:
428:
413:
382:
361:
353:
323:Ű„ÙۧÙŰ© ۧÙŰۚێ۩
314:
313:
299:Saudi Arabia
246:Egypt Eyalet
187:Succeeded by
186:
181:
27:Ű„ÙۧÙŰ© ۧÙŰۚێ۩
2227:(1672â1676)
2124:Mesopotamia
1935:Archipelago
1878:1867â1922 (
1824:Mesopotamia
1679:Herzegovina
1654:Archipelago
1492: 1365
871:25 February
757:Selman Reis
742:Selman Reis
706:Sharafaldin
182:Preceded by
120:âą 1856
2332:Categories
2275:Autonomies
2008:Adrianople
1951:Diyarbekir
1947:(Istanbul)
1649:Adrianople
1583:Diyarbekir
1393:References
1277:2013-06-01
1255:Numan 2005
1238:2013-06-02
1205:2013-06-01
1178:2013-06-01
1147:Numan 2005
1130:Numan 2005
1101:2013-06-10
1065:2013-07-23
1032:2013-06-01
992:2013-06-10
935:2013-06-01
908:2013-06-01
846:2013-06-01
822:2013-06-01
765:beylerbeyi
668:Importance
656:Sanjak of
650:Sanjak of
644:Sanjak of
638:Sanjak of
620:Sanjak of
614:Sanjak of
608:Sanjak of
602:Sanjak of
596:Sanjak of
590:Sanjak of
408:See also:
2092:Jerusalem
1988:(Trabzon)
1986:Trebizond
1966:Kastamonu
1856:Shahrizor
1775:Jerusalem
1628:Trebizond
1618:Kurdistan
1613:Kastamonu
720:Resources
514:In 1829,
451:beylerbey
345:) was an
336:romanized
331:ۧÛۧÙŰȘ Űۚێ
62:1813â1872
59:1554â1802
32:ۧÛۧÙŰȘ Űۚێ
2049:Salonica
2044:Manastir
2010:(Edirne)
1931:(Ankara)
1912:Anatolia
1880:vilayets
1770:Damascus
1724:TemeĆvar
1719:Silistra
1714:Salonica
1588:Dulkadir
1568:Anatolia
1551:Anatolia
1494:â 1867 (
1440:: 33â88.
433:and the
2176:Vassals
2164:Vassals
2131:Baghdad
2054:Scutari
1956:Erzurum
1831:Baghdad
1794:Tripoli
1709:Rumelia
1704:Podolia
1603:Karaman
1593:Erzurum
1578:Childir
1515:Algiers
1496:eyalets
773:iltizam
610:Massawa
604:Hargigo
598:Sawakin
527:Wahhabi
462:Eritrea
443:Massawa
420:Selim I
399:History
389:Bahrain
374:Red Sea
347:Ottoman
338::
307:Eritrea
133:History
101:Sawakin
97:Capital
2103:Arabia
2075:Beirut
2070:Aleppo
2063:Levant
2039:Kosovo
2034:Janina
2029:Danube
2014:Bosnia
2001:Europe
1940:Bitlis
1929:Angora
1896:Africa
1803:Arabia
1765:Cyprus
1760:Aleppo
1753:Levant
1744:Yanina
1739:Widdin
1684:Kanije
1659:Bosnia
1642:Europe
1573:Ankara
1532:Habesh
1508:Africa
1169:
1092:
1056:
1023:
983:
899:
813:
777:Beylul
750:pearls
714:Dahlak
698:hajjis
658:Medina
652:Jeddah
622:Jeddah
550:firman
505:vizier
493:sanjak
455:Jeddah
439:Suakin
391:, and
378:Suakin
358:Jeddah
350:eyalet
319:Arabic
136:
114:
105:Jeddah
46:Eyalet
23:Arabic
2141:Basra
2136:Mosul
2115:Yemen
2110:Hejaz
2087:Syria
2024:Crete
1981:Sivas
1971:Konya
1924:Aidin
1919:Adana
1851:Rakka
1846:Basra
1841:Mosul
1815:Lahsa
1810:Yemen
1782:Sidon
1734:Varat
1729:Uyvar
1694:Morea
1669:Crete
1664:Budin
1563:Aidin
1558:Adana
1542:Tunis
1520:Egypt
787:Notes
678:Zeila
646:Mecca
616:Zayla
592:Ibrim
574:Mecca
548:by a
536:When
466:Ibrim
431:Sudan
424:Mecca
393:Lahsa
385:Yemen
366:Hejaz
356:, as
303:Sudan
1882:and
1689:Kefe
1674:Egir
1608:Kars
1167:ISBN
1090:ISBN
1054:ISBN
1021:ISBN
981:ISBN
897:ISBN
873:2013
811:ISBN
738:iron
727:Nile
694:hajj
690:hajj
686:hajj
640:Najd
546:wali
531:wali
441:and
368:and
160:1872
150:1554
111:Area
80:Flag
1992:Van
1699:NiĆĄ
1633:Van
1623:Rum
1234:â88
1200:104
48:of
2334::
1489:c.
1436:.
1432:.
1313:^
1298:^
1247:^
1232:87
1214:^
1137:^
1110:^
1074:^
1001:^
911:.
881:^
795:^
576:.
387:,
333:,
329::
325:;
321::
103:,
25::
1886:)
1837:)
1833:(
1498:)
1468:e
1461:t
1454:v
1438:5
1280:.
1241:.
1208:.
1181:.
1104:.
1068:.
1035:.
995:.
938:.
875:.
849:.
825:.
635:)
317:(
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
.svg)
.png)