Orthotics - Knowledge

1089:, the orthosis must take over the stability and stance phase control when walking. Different knee-securing functional elements are needed depending on the weakness of these muscles. In order to compensate for functional deviations with slightly weakness of these muscle groups, a free moving mechanical knee joint with the mechanical pivot point behind the anatomical knee pivot point can be sufficient. In the case of significant weakness, knee flexion when walking must be controlled by functional elements that mechanically secure the knee joint during the early stance phases between loading response and mid stance. Stance phase control knee joints which lock the knee in the early stance phases and release it for knee flexion during the swing phase can be used here, with these joints, a natural gait pattern can be achieved despite mechanically securing against unwanted knee flexion. In these cases, locked knee joints are often used, and while they have a good safety function, the knee joint remains mechanically locked during the swing phase while walking. Patients with locked knee joints have to manage the swing phase with a stiff leg, which only works if the patient develops compensatory mechanisms, such as by raising the body's center of gravity in the swing phase ( 1075:, the orthosis has to transfer large forces that the strong muscle group would otherwise take over. These forces are transmitted in a similar way to a ski boot during downhill skiing via the functional elements of the foot part, ankle joint and lower leg shell. Dynamic functional elements are preferable for the ankle joint as static functional elements would completely block the dorsiflexion, which would have to be compensated for by the upper body, resulting in an increased energy cost when walking. The functional element's resistance to protect against unwanted dorsiflexion should be able to be adapted according to the weakness of the plantar flexors. In the case of very weak plantar flexors, the functional element's resistance against undesired dorsiflexion must be very high in order to compensate for the functional deviations this causes. Adjustable functional elements allow the resistance to be adjusted exactly to the weakness of the muscle, and scientific studies recommend adjustable resistance in patients with paralysis or weakness of the plantar flexors. 586: – they are in the foreground of an optimal supply and are individually manufactured. If the physical examination of a patient is carried out precisely, the clinical picture often shows a combination of several functional deviations. Each functional deviation can be slight or severe. The combination of the functional deviation and its characteristics leads to a detailed indication. A major advantage of custom-made products is that the various necessary orthotic functions when doing the configuration of the orthotics can be optimally matched to the determined functional deviations. Another advantage of custom-made products is that each orthosis is made to fit the individual body shape of the patient. Custom-fabricated products were traditionally made by following a trace of the extremity with measurements to assist in creating a well-fitted device. Subsequently, the advent of plastics and later even more modern materials such as 1187:, different functional elements to compensate for their weakness can be integrated into the ankle joint; if both muscle groups are affected, the elements should be integrated into one orthotic joint. The necessary dynamics and resistance to movements in the ankle can be adapted via adjustable functional elements in the ankle joint of the orthosis, which allows it to compensate for muscle weaknesses, provide safety when standing and walking, and still allow as much mobility as possible. For example, adjustable spring units with pre-compression can enable an exact adaptation of both static and dynamic resistance to the measured degree of muscle weakness. Studies show the positive effects of these new technologies. It is of great advantage if the resistances for these two functional elements can be set separately. 1936: 1510: 408: 1004:. The forefoot lever required for energy-saving walking in the gait phases from mid-stance to pre-swing cannot be activated by the plantar flexors. This leads to excessive dorsiflexion in the ankle joint in terminal stance and a loss of energy while walking. The center of gravity of the body lowers towards the end of the stance phase and the knee of the contralateral leg is flexed excessively. With each step, the center of gravity must be raised above the leg by straightening the excessively flexed knee. Since the plantar flexors originate above the knee joint, they also have a knee-extension effect in the stance phase. 1230:

polypropylene are still called "DAFO" (dynamic ankle-foot orthosis), "SAFO" (solid ankle-foot orthosis) or "Hinged AFO". DAFOs are not stable enough to transfer the high forces required to balance the weak plantar flexors when standing and walking, and SAFOs block the mobility of the ankle joint. A "Hinged AFO" only allowed for the compensation that could be achieved with the orthotic joints of the time, for example, they commonly block plantar flexion, as the joints cannot simultaneously transmit the large forces that are required to compensate for muscle deviations while also offering the necessary dynamics.

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unlocked knee joint can provide only minor compensation for paralysis-related issues while standing and walking, an orthotic knee joint with a rearward displacement of the pivot point can be installed in order to increase safety. However, even with this, a KAFO with a non-locked knee joint should only be used in cases of minor paralysis of the knee and hip extensors. With more severe paralysis and low levels of strength in these muscle groups, there is a significant risk of falling. A typical designation for a KAFO with a unlocked knee joint is, among other things, "KAFO with knee joint for movement control".

873:, rapid care with an orthosis is necessary. Often areas of the brain are affected that contain "programs" for controlling the musculoskeletal system. With the help of an orthosis, physiological standing and walking can be relearned, preventing long term health consequences caused by an abnormal gait pattern. According to Vladimir Janda, when configuring the orthotic it is important to understand that the muscle groups are not paralyzed, but are controlled by the brain with wrong impulses, and this is why a muscle function test can lead to incorrect results when assessing the ability to stand and walk. 335: 1837: 1210: 1560: 628:. The orthotist creates another detailed physical examination and compares it with the prescription from the physician. The orthotist describes the configuration of the orthosis, which shows which orthotic functions are required to compensate for the functional deviation of the neuromuscular or skeletal system and which functional elements must be integrated into the orthosis for this. Ideally, the necessary orthotic functions and the functional elements to be integrated are discussed in an interdisciplinary team between physician, 1405: 801: 862: 1725: 927: 2070: 641: 1057:

of the drop foot orthosis type is therefore not suitable for the care of patients with weakness in other muscle groups, as these patients require additional functional elements to be taken into account. Initial contact with the heel should be achieved by lifting the foot through the orthosis, and if the dorsiflexors are very weak, control of the rapid drop of the forefoot should be taken over by dynamic functional elements that allow for adjustable resistance of

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order to be able to walk efficiently, without stumbling, and without compensating mechanisms, the joint should allow knee flexion of approximately 60° in the swing phase. The first promising developments of automatic knee joints, or stance phase locking knee joints, emerged in the 1990s. In the beginning there were automatic mechanical constructions that took over the locking and unlocking, now automatic electromechanical and automatic

519: 5331: 1061:. Orthoses should be adapted to the functional deviation of the dorsiflexors in order to correct the shock absorption of the heel rocker lever during loading response, but should not block plantar flexion of the ankle joint as this leads to excessive flexion in the knee and hip and an increase in the energy needed for walking. This is why static functional elements are not recommended when there are newer technical alternatives. 853:

groups. The compensatory gait is an unconscious reaction to the lack of security when standing or walking that usually worsens with increasing age; if the right functional elements are integrated into the orthosis to counter this, and maintain physiological mobility, the right motor impulses are sent to create new cerebral connections. The goal of an orthotic is the best possible approximation of the physiological gait pattern.

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transfer their weight away from the ulcer to facilitate treatment. The anterior support shell is designed with a lateral hinged attachment to take advantage of the medial tibial flare structure to enhance the weight-bearing properties of the orthosis. A flexible, polyethylene hinge attaches the support shell to the L-shaped member and straps securely attach the anterior support shell to the user's lower leg.

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patient's anatomy. Since the dynamics of the orthosis are executed via the orthotic joints, it is possible to manufacture the orthotic shells as stable and torsion-resistant, which is necessary for the quality and function of the orthosis. The orthosis thus offers the necessary stability to regain the security that has been lost due to paralysis when standing and walking.

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standing exercises, and this makes the work of mobilizing the patient at an early stage easier. With the right functional elements that maintain physiological mobility and provide security when standing and walking, the necessary motor impulses to create new cerebral connections can occur. Clinical studies confirm the importance of orthoses in stroke rehabilitation.

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in order to not stumble, the leg must be swung forward and out in a circular arc (circumduction) or the hip must be raised unnaturally to swing the stiff leg. Each of these incorrect gait patterns can lead to secondary diseases in the bone and muscle system, and such compensatory movement patterns lead to increased energy consumption when walking. The film

605: – they are used for fast supply in the case of diseases that occur frequently. They are manufactured industrially and in some cases can be adapted to the anatomical body conditions. Semi-finished products are also referred to as prefabricated products and custom fitted products, but in these cases it is not custom-fabricated. 947:. When determining the strength levels of the six major muscle groups as part of the patient's medical history, fatigue can be taken into account by using a standardized six-minute walking test. According to Vladimir Janda the muscle function test is carried out in combination with the six-minute walk test in the following steps: 943:

severity, can lead to considerable restrictions in everyday life. Persistent stress, such as from walking, causes a deterioration in muscle function and has a significant effect on the spatial and temporal parameters of walking, for example by significantly reducing the cadence and walking speed. Fatigue can be measured as

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Rehabilitation braces are used to limit the movement of the knee in both medial and lateral directions, these braces often have an adjustable range of motion, and can be used to limit flexion and extension following ACL reconstruction. They are primarily used after injury or surgery to immobilize the

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by realigning the knee joint. In this way a KO may help reduce osteoarthritis pain, however, there is no clear evidence about the most effective orthosis or the best approach to rehabilitation. A knee brace is not meant to treat an injury or disease on its own, but is used as a component of treatment

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acting on the foot joints while standing, walking or running. They may be either pre-moulded (also called pre-fabricated) or custom made according to a cast or impression of the foot. They are used by everyone from athletes to the elderly to accommodate biomechanical deformities and a variety of soft

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Relief Orthoses are used when there is degeneration to a joint (from "wear and tear" for example) or after an injury such as a torn ligament. Relief orthoses are also used after operations such as operations on the joint ligaments, other bony, muscular structures, or after a complete replacement of a

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The mechanical knee joint of a KAFO with locked and unlocked knee joint is locked when walking in the stance phase, providing the necessary stability and security for the user. The knee joint is then automatically unlocked in the swing phase, allowing the leg to be swung through without stumbling. In

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An unlocked knee joint can move freely both when standing and when walking, both in the stance phase and in the swing phase. In order for the leg to swing through without stumbling, knee flexion of approximately 60° is allowed; the user does not need to unlock the knee joint to sit. As a KAFO with an

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is additionally hindered in his urge to move by such orthoses. For centuries, KAFOs were built with mechanical knee joints that stiffened the knee of the paralyzed leg, and even today, such orthotic fittings are still common. Typical designations for a KAFO with a locked knee joint include "KAFO with

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A drop foot orthosis is an AFO that only has one functional element for lifting the forefoot in order to compensate for a weakness in the dorsiflexors. If other muscle groups, such as the plantar flexors, are weak, additional functional elements must be taken into account, making a drop foot orthosis

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fibers, and new knowledge about processing these materials into composite materials, the weight of orthotics has been reduced significantly. In addition to the weight reduction, these materials and technologies have created the possibility of making some areas of an orthosis so rigid that it can take

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are weak, an orthosis should lift the forefoot during the swing phase in order to reduce the risk of the patient stumbling. An orthosis that has only one functional element for lifting the forefoot in order to compensate for a weakness in the dorsiflexors is also known as a drop foot orthosis. An AFO

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Patients with paralysis due to cerebral palsy or traumatic brain injury are usually treated with an ankle-foot orthosis (AFO). Although in these patients the muscles are not paralyzed but being sent the wrong impulses from the brain, the functional elements used in the orthotics are the same for both

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An AFO can also be used to immobilize the ankle and lower leg in the presence of arthritis or a fracture. Ankle–foot orthoses are the most commonly used orthoses, making up about 26% of all orthoses provided in the United States. According to a review of Medicare payments from 2001 to 2006, the base

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systems are available that make standing and walking safer and more comfortable. Various terms are used for a KAFO with a locked and unlocked knee joint. Typical designations are "KAFO with automatic knee joint" or "KAFO with stance phase control knee joint". In scientific articles, the English term

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The mechanical knee joint is locked both when standing and also when walking (in both the stance and swing phases) in order to achieve the necessary stability. To sit, the user can unlock the knee joint. When walking with a locked knee joint it is difficult for the user to swing the leg forward and,

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to call for a new standardization of the terminology. With a focus on caring for children with cerebral palsy there is a recommendation to investigate the potential for gait pattern improvement via the design and manufacture of orthotics made of polypropylene. On the other hand, integrating orthotic

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This sequence of muscle function test and six-minute walk test is used to determine whether muscular fatigue can be induced. If the test reveals muscular fatigue, the strength levels and measured fatigue should be included in the planning of an orthosis, and when determining the functional elements.

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Patients with paralysis after stroke who are able to walk have the option of analysing the gait pattern in order to determine the optimal function of an orthosis. One way of assessing is the classification according to the "N.A.P. Gait Classification", which is a physiotherapeutic treatment concept.

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For the quality and function of a paralysis orthosis, it is important that the orthotic shell is in total-contact with the patient's leg to create an optimal fit, which is why a custom-made orthotic is often preferred. As reducing the weight of an orthosis significantly lessens the energy needed to

985:. The patient's foot cannot be sufficiently lifted during the swing phase while walking, as the necessary concentric work of the dorsiflexors can not be activated. There is a risk of stumbling, and the patient cannot influence the shock absorption when walking (gait phase, loading response), as the 735:

According to Vladimir Janda, a muscle function test is carried out to determine strength levels. The degree of paralysis is given for each muscle group on a scale from 0 to 5, with the value 0 indicating complete paralysis (0%) and the value 5 indicating normal strength (100%). The values between 0

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In the United States, while orthotists require a prescription from a licensed healthcare provider, physical therapists are not legally authorized to prescribe orthoses. In the U.K., orthotists will often accept referrals from doctors or other healthcare professionals for orthotic assessment without

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A knee orthosis (KO) or knee brace extends above and below the knee joint and is generally worn to support or align the knee. In the case of diseases causing neurological or muscular impairment of muscles surrounding the knee, a KO can prevent flexion, extension, or instability of the knee. If the

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can be integrated into the ankle joint of the orthosis depending on the degree of paralysis of the two muscle groups. It is of great advantage if the resistances for these two functional elements can be set separately. The functional elements to compensate for paralysis of the knee-securing muscle

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This assessment is a two step process, in the first step, the patient is viewed from the side of the leg to be assessed, either directly or via a video recording. In gait type 1 the knee angle is hyperextended, while in type 2 the knee angle is flexed. In the second step the patient is viewed from

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Upper-limb (or upper extremity) orthoses are mechanical or electromechanical devices applied externally to the arm, or segments of it, in order to restore or improve function or structural characteristics of the arm segments enclosed in the device. In general, musculoskeletal problems that may be

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A soft brace, sometimes called soft support or a bandage, belong to the field of orthoses and are supposed to protect the joints from excessive loads. Soft braces are also classified according to regions of the body. In sport, bandages are used to protect bones and joints, and prevent and protect

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A custom-made ankle/foot orthosis can be used for the treatment of patients with foot ulcers, it is a rigid L-shaped support member with a rigid anterior support shell on an articulated hinge. The plantar portion of the L-shaped member has at least one ulcer-protecting hollow to allow the user to

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are integrated into the knee joint of the orthosis via knee-securing functional elements. A KAFO can use a variety of combinations of different variants in the stiffness of the foot shell, the different variants of the functional elements of a dynamic ankle joint, the variants in the shape of the

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A custom-made AFO can compensate for functional deviations of muscle groups, it should be configured according to the patient data through a function and load calculation so that it meets the functional and load requirements. In calculating or configuring an AFO, variants are optimally matched to

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are weak, there is an increased risk of falling when walking, as between loading response to the mid-stance the knee extensors control knee flexion inadequately, or not at all. To control the knee, the patient develops compensatory mechanisms that lead to an incorrect gait pattern, for example by

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is supplied with wrong impulses from the central nervous system, which leads to uncertainty when standing and walking, an unconscious compensatory gait can occur. When configuring an orthosis functional elements that can restore safety when standing and walking must be used in these cases; a foot

792:) can cause incorrect motor impulses that often result in clearly visible deviations in gait. The usefulness of muscle strength tests is therefore limited, as even with high degrees of strength, disturbances to the gait pattern can occur due to the incorrect control of the central nervous system. 876:

An important basic requirement for regaining the ability to walk is that the patient trains early on to stand on both legs safely and well balanced. An orthosis with functional elements to support balance and safety when standing and walking can be integrated into physical therapy from the first

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In addition, an orthosis can be individually configured through the use of orthosis joints. In this way, the combination of the orthotic joints and the adjustability of the functional elements can be adjusted to compensate for any existing functional deviations that have resulted from the muscle

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mold of the body part in question. This method is still extensively used throughout the industry. By introducing composite materials made of carbon fiber materials and aramid fibers embedded in an epoxy resin matrix, the weight of modern orthoses is extremely reduced. With this technique, modern

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are supplied with incorrect impulses from the central nervous system. This can lead to insufficient foot lifting during swing phase of walking, and in these cases, an orthosis that only has functional elements to support the dorsiflexors can be helpful. Such an orthosis is also called drop foot

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The International Committee of the Red Cross published its manufacturing guidelines for ankle–foot orthoses in 2006, and, unfortunately, today's terminologies are still based those guidelines and therefore require a particularly high level of explanation. The intent was to provide standardized

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in order to determine the necessary functions of an orthosis, just as in the case of diseases or injuries to the spinal/peripheral nervous system. However, patients with multiple sclerosis may experience muscular fatigue as well. The fatigue can be more or less pronounced and, depending on the

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involving the T10 to L3 vertebrae, and a body jacket may be used to stabilize more involved fractures of the spine. There are several types of orthoses for managing cervical spine pathology. The halo brace is the most restrictive cervical thoracic orthosis in use; it is used to immobilize the

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Prophylactic braces are used primarily by athletes participating in contact sports. Evidence indicates that prophylactic knee braces, like the ones football linemen wear that are often rigid with a knee hinge, are ineffective in reducing anterior cruciate ligament tears, but may be helpful in

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The production of a custom-made orthotic also allows the integration of orthotic joints, which means the dynamics of the orthotic can be matched exactly with the pivot points of the patient's anatomical joints. As a result, the dynamics of the orthosis take place exactly where dictated by the

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Because new technologies are not widely used, AFOs are often made from polypropylene-based plastic, mostly in the shape of a continuous "L" shape, with the upright part behind the calf and the lower part under the foot, however, this only offers the rigidity of the material. AFOs made of

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Both custom-fabricated products and semi-finished products are used in long-term care and are manufactured or adapted by the orthotist or by trained orthopedic technicians according to the prescription. In many countries the physician or clinician defines the functional deviations in his

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Functional braces are designed for use by people who have already experienced a knee injury and need support while recovering from it, or to help people who have pain associated with arthritis. They are intended to reduce the rotation of the knee, support stability, reduce the chance of

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weakness. The goal of a high-quality orthotic fitting is to adjust the functional elements so precisely that the orthosis provides the necessary support while restricting the dynamics of the lower extremities as little as possible to preserve the remaining functionality of the muscles.

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One way of classifying gait is according to the "Amsterdam Gait Classification", which describes five gait types. To assess the gait pattern, the patient is viewed directly, or via a video recording, from the side of the leg being assessed. At the point when the leg is

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The functional elements of an orthosis ensure the flexion and extension movements of the ankle, knee and hip joints. They correct and control the movements and secure the joints against undesired incorrect movements, and help avoid falls when standing or walking.

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orthoses can achieve perfect stiffness in the areas where this is necessary (e.g., the connection between the ankle and knee joint) and flexibility in the areas where flexibility is required (e.g., in the area of the forefoot on the foot part of an orthosis).

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An orthotist is a specialist responsible for the customising, manufacture, and repair of orthoses. The manufacture of modern orthoses requires both artistic skills in modeling body shapes and manual skills in processing traditional and innovative materials—

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of the dorsiflexors is limited. After initial heel contact the forefoot either slaps too quickly on the floor via the heel rocker, which creates an audible noise, or the foot does touch the floor with forefoot first, which disrupts gait development.

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terminology, orthoses are classified by an acronym describing the anatomical joints they support. Some examples include KAFO, or knee-ankle-foot orthoses, which span the knee, ankle, and foot; TLSO, or thoracic-lumbar-sacral orthoses, supporting the

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of the knee, the letter "b" is added to the gait type. Patients are thus classified as gait types 1a, 1b, 2a or 2b. The goal of orthotic fitting for patients who are able to walk is the best possible approximation of the physiological gait pattern.

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It is now possible to combine the required rigidity of the orthotic shells with the dynamics in the ankle, with this, other new technologies, and the possibility of producing lightweight but rigid orthoses, new demands have been made of orthotics:

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alleviated by the use of upper limb orthoses include those resulting from trauma or disease (arthritis for example). They may also benefit individuals who have a neurological impairment from a stroke, spinal cord injury, or peripheral neuropathy.

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Knee orthosis with toothed gear segment joints for the care of patients e.g. after a cruciate ligament tear. Designation of the orthosis according to the body parts included in the orthosis fitting: the knee, English abbreviation: KO for knee

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over the forces of the weakened muscles (e.g. the connection from the ankle joint to the frontal contact surface on the shin), while at the same time leaving areas requiring less support very flexible (e.g. the flexible part of the forefoot).

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Kerkum YL, Harlaar J, Buizer AI, van den Noort JC, Becher JG, Brehm MA (May 2016). "An individual approach for optimizing ankle-foot orthoses to improve mobility in children with spastic cerebral palsy walking with excessive knee flexion".

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individual requirements for the functional elements of the ankle joint, for the stiffness of the foot shell, and for the shape of the lower leg shell. The size of these components is selected by matching their resilience to the load data.

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procedures for the manufacture of high-quality modern, durable and economical devices to people with disabilities throughout the world. However, with the new technologies available, the main types mentioned are in need of revision today.

667:). They are intended to correct or improve functional limitations or to replace functions that have been lost as a result of the paralysis. Functional leg length differences caused by paralysis can be compensated for by using orthosis. 1225:

published in its 2006 Manufacturing Guidelines for Ankle-Foot Orthoses, with the aim of providing people with disabilities worldwide standardized processes for the production of high-quality, modern, durable and economical devices.

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The plantar flexors contribute significantly to being able to stand upright by actuating the forefoot lever and thereby increasing the standing area when standing. This group of muscles moves the foot in the direction of plantar

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HKAFO is the abbreviation for hip-knee-ankle-foot orthoses; which is the English name for an orthosis that spans the hip, the knee, the ankle and the foot. In the treatment of paralyzed patients, a HKAFO is used when there is a

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joints with modern functional elements into the production of older technologies using polypropylene is unusual because the orthotic shells made of polypropylene either could not transfer the high forces or would be too soft.

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orthosis. When configuring a foot lifter orthosis, adjustable functional elements for setting the resistance can be included, which make it possible to adapt the passive lowering of the forefoot (plantar flexion) to the

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The combination of strength levels of the muscle groups determines the type of orthosis (AFO or KAFO) and the functional elements necessary to compensate for restrictions caused by the reduced muscular strength levels.

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exaggerated activation of the plantar flexors, leading into hyperextension of the knee, or when initial contact is with the forefoot and not the heel in order to prevent the knee-flexing effect of the heel rocker.

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Jewett hyperextension body brace fitted to adolescent female patient in full support body suit. Designated TLSO as the orthosis fits the thoracic, lumbar and sacroiliac regions, making for a thoraco-lumbo-sacral

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and other paralyzes of the dorsiflexors and plantar flexors. Designation of the orthosis according to the body parts included in the orthosis fitting: ankle and foot, English abbreviation: AFO for ankle-foot

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Aoife, Healy; Roozbeh, Naemi; Nachiappan, Chockalingam (30 June 2014). "The Effectiveness of Footwear and Other Removable Off-loading Devices in the Treatment of Diabetic Foot Ulcers: A Systematic Review".

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Gatt, Alfred; Grech, Mark; Chockalingam, Nachiappan; Formosa, Cynthia (17 May 2017). "A Preliminary Study on the Effect of Computer-Aided Designed and Manufactured Orthoses on Chronic Plantar Heel Pain".

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or to optimize performance in sport. At present, the scientific literature does not provide sufficient high quality research to allow for strong conclusions on their effectiveness and cost-effectiveness.

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ligaments or cartilage of the knee are affected, a KO can provide stabilization to the knee by replacing their functions. For instance, knee braces can be used to relieve pressure from diseases such as

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While there was a multitude of AFOs with differing designs in clinical practice, there was also a clear lack of details regarding the design and the materials used for manufacture, leading Eddison and

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AFO is the abbreviation for ankle-foot orthoses, which is the English name for an orthosis that spans the ankle and foot. In the treatment of paralyzed patients, they are mainly used when there is a

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hyperextension, and increase the agility and strength of the knee. The majority of these are made of elastic. They are the least expensive of all braces and are easily found in a variety of sizes.

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along with drugs, physical therapy and possibly surgery. When used properly, a knee brace may help an individual to stay active by enhancing the position and movement of the knee or reducing pain.

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An ankle joint based on new technology is the connection between the foot shell and the lower leg shell and at the same time contains all the necessary adjustable functional elements of an AFO.

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Eddison, Nicola; Benyahia, Salma; Chockalingam, Nachiappan (19 July 2021). "The Effect of Spinal Orthoses on Immobilizing the Cervical Spine: A Systematic Review of Research Methodologies".

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Negrini, Stefano; Minozzi, Silvia; Bettany-Saltikov, Josette; Chockalingam, Nachiappan; Grivas, Theodoros B.; Kotwicki, Tomasz; Maruyama, Toru; Romano, Michele; Zaina, Fabio (18 June 2015).

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Kobayashi T, Leung AK, Akazawa Y, Hutchins SW (March 2013). "The effect of varying the plantarflexion resistance of an ankle-foot orthosis on knee joint kinematics in patients with stroke".

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are weak, the muscles of the forefoot lever are either inadequately activated or not activated at all. The patient has no balance when standing and has to support themself with aids such as

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Determination of the strength levels of the large muscle groups, taking into account the muscular fatigue typical of MS patients using the example of the muscle group of the dorsal extensors

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can be fluid. An example is compensating for a leg length discrepancy, equivalent to replacing a missing part of a limb. Another example is the replacement of the forefoot after a forefoot

611: – these include short-term orthoses or bandages for a limited duration of therapy and are manufactured industrially. Finished products are also referred to as off-the-shelf products. 1771:(JIA) custom-made and pre-fabricated foot orthoses may also reduce foot pain. Foot orthoses may also be used in conjunction with properly fitted orthopedic footwear in the prevention of 715:

The dorsiflexors move the foot through concentric muscle work around the axis of the ankle in the direction of dorsiflexion and control the plantar flexion through eccentric muscle work.

84: 4946: 1849:. They mostly consist of textiles, some of which have supportive elements. The supporting functions are low compared to paralysis and relief orthoses, though they are sometimes used 2283: 3145: 4267:(July 2013). "The effectiveness of footwear as an intervention to prevent or to reduce biomechanical risk factors associated with diabetic foot ulceration: A systematic review". 451:. The use of the International Standard is promoted to reduce the widespread variation in the description of orthoses, which is often a barrier to interpreting research studies. 804:

The Amsterdam Gait Classification facilitates the assessment of the gait pattern in CP patients and patients with traumatic brain injury and helps to determine the gait type.

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Description of the functions of the large muscle groups used to define the functional elements of a paralysis orthosis intended to compensate for restricted muscle functions

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of the knee or hip extensors. They have two orthotic joints: an ankle joint between the foot and lower leg shells and a knee joint between the lower leg and thigh shells.

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All orthoses that affect the foot, the ankle joint, the lower leg, the knee joint, the thigh or the hip joint belong to the category of orthoses for the lower extremities.

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Provides dynamics in the ankle but prevents the physiological plantar flexion caused by the heel lever, as the movement of the orthosis takes place behind the ankle joint

2430:"Optimizing spring hinged ankle foot orthoses for patients with neurological gait disorders using separate adjustability of plantarflexion and dorsiflexion resistance" 3771:

Alnajjar, Fady; Zaier, Riadh; Khalid, Sumayya; Gochoo, Munkhjargal (28 December 2020). "Trends and Technologies in Rehabilitation of Foot Drop: A Systematic Review".

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KAFO is the abbreviation for knee-ankle-foot orthoses, which spans the knee, ankle and foot. In the treatment of paralyzed patients, a KAFO is used when there is a

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Ankle-foot orthosis (AFO) manufactured using old technology from polypropylene in a variant that is also called "Hinged AFO". It can be used to support an isolated

462:. This treatment is often made from a combination of a prosthesis to replace the forefoot and an orthosis to replace the lost muscular function (ortho prosthesis). 4926: 3963:

Eddison N, Chockalingam N (April 2013). "The effect of tuning ankle foot orthoses-footwear combination on the gait parameters of children with cerebral palsy".

1515:

AFO with stiff carbon fiber frame and dynamic ankle joint for adjustable stiffness through separately adjustable spring resistance in plantar- and dorsiflexion

2546:"Stiffness modification of two ankle-foot orthosis types to optimize gait in individuals with non-spastic calf muscle weakness – a proof-of-concept study" 5039: 4936: 1518:

Designation of the orthosis according to the body parts included in the orthosis fitting: ankle and foot, English abbreviation: AFO for ankle-foot orthoses.

3269:"Association between perceived fatigue and gait parameters measured by an instrumented treadmill in people with multiple sclerosis: a cross-sectional study" 731:

The hip extensors stretch the hip joint in the direction of the hip extension and, at the same time, extend the knee in the direction of the knee extension.

3026:

Nudo RJ, Barbay S (2009). "The Mechanisms and Neurophysiology of Recovery from Stroke". In Stein J, Harvey RL, Macko RF, Winstein CJ, Zorowitz RD (eds.).

1217:, but it will block plantar flexion. This AFO cannot transmit the high forces required to counterbalance weak plantar flexors while standing and walking. 3869:"Do research papers provide enough information on design and material used in ankle foot orthoses for children with cerebral palsy? A systematic review" 4967: 2935:

Esquenazi A (2008). "Assessment and orthotic management of gait dysfunction in individuals with brain injury". In Hsu JD, Michael JW, Fisk JR (eds.).

2870:

Rodda J, Graham HK (November 2001). "Classification of gait patterns in spastic hemiplegia and spastic diplegia: a basis for a management algorithm".

768:. In these patients, knowledge of the strength levels of the large muscle groups is necessary to configure the orthotic for the necessary functions. 176: 1369:"Hinged" simply means a flexible connection between the two parts of the orthosis. The joint itself does not offer any further functional elements. 1976: 663:

orthoses are used for partial or complete paralysis, as well as complete functional failure of muscles or muscle groups, or incomplete paralysis (

2192:"Suggested Guidelines for the Prescription of Orthotic Services, Device Delivery, Education, and Follow-up Care: A Multidisciplinary White Paper" 3320:"Prevalence of Walking-Related Motor Fatigue in Persons With Multiple Sclerosis: Decline in Walking Distance Induced by the 6-Minute Walk Test" 1970:

Spinal orthoses may also be used in the treatment of spinal fractures. A Jewett brace, for instance, may be used to aid healing of an anterior

431: 1728:

A custom ankle-foot orthotic (AFO) specifically designed and fabricated based on a runner's individual foot and ankle anatomy and biomechanics

1586:

KAFOs can be roughly divided into three variants, depending on whether the mechanical knee joint is: locked, unlocked or locked and unlocked.

880:

Patients with paralysis after a stroke are often treated with an ankle-foot orthosis (AFO), as after a stroke stumbling can occur if only the

4941: 2151:"A systematic review to determine best practice reporting guidelines for AFO interventions in studies involving children with cerebral palsy" 2726:"The Effects of Varying Ankle Foot Orthosis Stiffness on Gait in Children with Spastic Cerebral Palsy Who Walk with Excessive Knee Flexion" 1621:

Stance Control Orthoses SCO is often used, but as this term differs from the ICS classification, one of the first two terms is preferable.

3842: 2294: 1775:. A real-time weight bearing orthotic can be created using a neutral position casting device and the Vertical Foot Alignment System VFAS. 93: 4779: 1058: 901:

According to this classification, the gait pattern is assessed in the mid-stance phase and described as one of four possible gait types.

747: 415:

Orthotic devices are classified into four areas of the body according to the international classification system (ICS): orthotics of the

5130: 3101:

Owen E (September 2010). "The importance of being earnest about shank and thigh kinematics especially when using ankle-foot orthoses".

865:

The N.A.P. Gait classification facilitates the assessment of the gait pattern in stroke patients and helps to determine the gait type.

1531:

Depending on which functional elements are integrated in the ankle joint used, such an orthosis can enable the following functions:

4582: 4155:, Rooney JE, "Method and apparatus for the treatment of plantar ulcers and foot deformities", issued 20 Septembere 2005 1222: 2670:"Ankle foot orthoses in cerebral palsy: Effects of ankle stiffness on trunk kinematics, gait stability and energy cost of walking" 54: 5165: 5029: 4931: 1097:). Stance phase control knee joints and locked joints can both be mechanically "unlocked" so the knee can be flexed to sit down. 703:

is needed to determine the strength levels of the affected leg's six major muscle groups and the orthosis's necessary functions.

3633:"How can push-off be preserved during use of an ankle foot orthosis in children with hemiplegia? A prospective controlled study" 2840:

Fatone S (2009). "Chapter 31: Orthotic Management in Stroke". In Stein J, Harvey RL, Macko RF, Winstein CJ, Zarowitz RD (eds.).

648:

with incomplete paraplegia (lesion height L3) with a knee-ankle-foot orthosis with an integrated stance phase control knee joint

5272: 1947:, a condition describing an abnormal curvature of the spine, may in certain cases be treated with spinal orthoses, such as the 1935: 4362: 906: 4136: 4109: 3755: 3695:"Modifying ankle foot orthosis stiffness in patients with calf muscle weakness: gait responses on group and individual level" 3615: 3574: 3525:

Kerkum YL (2016). "The effect of ankle foot orthosis stiffness on trunk movement and walking energy cost in cerebral palsy".

3495: 3455: 3417: 3379: 3175: 3085: 3035: 2974: 2946: 2849: 2799: 2602:"Modifying ankle foot orthosis stiffness in patients with calf muscle weakness: gait responses on group and individual level" 2133: 897:

lifter orthosis is not suitable as it only compensates for the functional deviations caused by weakness of the dorsiflexors.

3750:. AAOS Atlas of Orthoses and Assistive Devices. Philadelphia: John D. Hsu, John W. Michael, John R. Fisk. pp. 487–500. 4998: 1696: 5241: 4469: 4454: 765: 3059:

Neurological early rehabilitation using the example of a stroke – analyzes for the development of quality assurance

1471:

plus the body parts included in the orthosis fitting: ankle and foot, English abbreviation: AFO for ankle-foot orthoses

1363:

plus the body parts included in the orthosis fitting: ankle and foot, English abbreviation: AFO for ankle-foot orthoses

1315:

plus the body parts included in the orthosis fitting: ankle and foot, English abbreviation: AFO for ankle-foot orthoses

1267:

plus the body parts included in the orthosis fitting: ankle and foot, English abbreviation: AFO for ankle-foot orthoses

237: 5135: 5034: 4988: 3563:

Meadows B, Bowers RJ, Owen E (2008). "Biomechanics of the hip, knee and ankle". In Hsu JD, Michael JW, Fisk JR (eds.).

4520:"A systematic review of randomised controlled trials assessing effectiveness of prosthetic and orthotic interventions" 3054:

Die neurologische Frührehabilitation am Beispiel Schlaganfall – Analysen zur Entwicklung einer Qualitätssicherung

1157:

Despite the necessary rigidity, the orthoses should not block the functionality of the muscles, but rather promote it.

748:

Physical examination for paralysis due to diseases or injuries to the spinal cord and/or the peripheral nervous system

209: 5334: 4694:

Nickel VL, Perry J, Garrett A, Heppenstall M (October 1968). "The halo. A spinal skeletal traction fixation device".

3146:"Report of a Consensus Conference on the Orthotic Management of Stroke Patients, Non-Articulated Ankle-Foot Ortheses" 2824: 566: 319: 152: 3671: 548: 195: 4833: 1920:

Measurement of pelvic tilt during physical examination to determine whether spinal orthoses are indicated to treat

672: 587: 3631:

Desloovere K, Molenaers G, Van Gestel L, Huenaerts C, Van Campenhout A, Callewaert B, et al. (October 2006).

5236: 4772: 4222:

Hawke F, Burns J, Radford JA, du Toit V (July 2008). "Custom-made foot orthoses for the treatment of foot pain".

216: 17: 938:, the degree of strength of the six major muscle groups of the affected leg should be determined as part of the 913:

of the knee. If instead the patient stands on the inner edge of the foot (eversion), which is associated with a

427:, and orthotics for the head. Orthoses are also classified by function: paralysis orthoses and relief orthoses. 5150: 5094: 4173:"A case-series study to explore the efficacy of foot orthoses in treating first metatarsophalangeal joint pain" 2789: 771: 544: 5201: 4962: 4838: 4126: 2378:"Effect of carbon-composite knee-ankle-foot orthoses on walking efficiency and gait in former polio patients" 1967:, compliance is hampered by patient concerns about appearance and movement restrictions caused by the brace. 1768: 1706:

Otherwise correct the shape and/or function of the body, to provide easier movement capability or reduce pain

1546:

Adjustable resistance for stabilization when standing and walking for weak plantar flexors with energy return

986: 886: 5375: 5206: 5003: 4338:

Whiteside S, Allen MJ, Barringer WJ, Beiswenger WD, Brncick MD, Bulgarelli TD, et al. (January 2007).

3052: 1911: 1241:

New studies now show the better possibilities for improving the gait pattern through the new technologies.

482: 223: 624:) and derives the indication from this, e.g. orthotic to restore safety when standing and walking after a 5008: 4983: 4812: 3564: 3485: 1090: 1037:

help control of the knee against unwanted flexion when walking between loading response and mid-stance.

387:

is "an externally applied device used to influence the structural and functional characteristics of the

5360: 5277: 5069: 4905: 4817: 4765: 2669: 2028: 1760: 1642:

lower leg shell, and the functional elements of a knee joint to compensate for the user's limitations.

540: 138: 4152: 2429: 407: 205: 4993: 4848: 4384:

Duivenvoorden T, Brouwer RW, van Raaij TM, Verhagen AP, Verhaar JA, Bierma-Zeinstra SM (March 2015).

3253:

Alterations in Temporal-Spatial Gait Parameters in People with Multiple Sclerosis–a Systematic Review

1082: 1011: 184: 1524:- dynamic ankle joint with precompressed spring elements to control plantarflexion and dorsiflexion 736:

and 5 indicate a percentage reduction in muscle function. All strength levels below five are called

5380: 5355: 5170: 5145: 4342:. Alexandria (VA): American Board for Certification in Orthotics, Prosthetics, and Pedorthics, Inc. 1956: 1598: 1053: 978: 529: 493:

are involved in orthotic manufacture. Orthotics also combines knowledge of anatomy and physiology,

3917: 832:

the knee angle and the contact of the foot with the ground are assessed. The five gait types are:

5284: 5231: 5226: 5155: 4264: 2013: 1234: 1094: 848:

Type 5, the knee angle is flexed and foot contact is complete, this is also known as crouch gait.

533: 180: 3193:"Motor fatigue measurement by distance-induced slow down of walking speed in multiple sclerosis" 334: 5267: 5160: 817: 781: 388: 3831: 3745: 3251: 2321:"Functional outcome after lengthening with and without deformity correction in polio patients" 1522:- ventral shell with torsionally rigid reinforcement to focus the dynamics on the ankle joint 842:

Type 3, the knee angle is hyperextended and foot contact is incomplete (only on the forefoot).

4858: 4009: 2098: 1743: 699:

In the case of paralysis due to disease or injury to the spinal/peripheral nervous system, a

478: 358: 4340:

Practice analysis of certified practitioners in the disciplines of orthotics and prosthetics

3191:

Phan-Ba R, Calay P, Grodent P, Delrue G, Lommers E, Delvaux V, et al. (13 April 2012).

2190:

Fisk JR, DeMuth S, Campbell J, DiBello T, Esquenazi A, Lin RS, et al. (February 2016).

772:

Physical examination for paralysis due to diseases or injuries to the central nervous system

5365: 5191: 5175: 5140: 5074: 4531: 3204: 2737: 2724:

Kerkum YL, Buizer AI, van den Noort JC, Becher JG, Harlaar J, Brehm MA (23 November 2015).

1752: 1072: 997: 939: 821: 700: 621: 3484:

Meadows B, Bowers RJ, Owen E (12 July 2016) . "Biomechanics of the hip, knee, and ankle".

3318:

Leone C, Severijns D, Doležalová V, Baert I, Dalgas U, Romberg A, et al. (May 2016).

2600:

Waterval, Niels F. J.; Nollet, Frans; Harlaar, Jaap; Brehm, Merel-Anne (17 October 2019).

1645: 1021: – if the knee flexors are weak, it is more difficult to flex the knee in pre-swing. 8: 5324: 4843: 2008: 1772: 1209: 1027: – if the hip flexors are weak, it is more difficult to flex the knee in pre-swing. 370: 4640: 4605: 4578: 4535: 3208: 2741: 1747:

tissue conditions. Foot orthoses are effective at reducing pain for people with painful

1154:

Despite the necessary rigidity, the orthoses should not block the mobility of the ankle.

965: 5257: 5079: 4807: 4676: 4554: 4519: 4410: 4385: 4199: 4172: 4065: 3988: 3945: 3893: 3868: 3804: 3721: 3694: 3349: 3295: 3268: 3227: 3192: 3126: 2895: 2760: 2725: 2697: 2636: 2601: 2572: 2545: 2457: 2353: 2320: 2265: 1836: 1572: 1564: 1118: 935: 845:

Type 4, the knee angle is flexed and foot contact is incomplete (only on the forefoot).

829: 789: 753: 645: 436: 283: 230: 4316: 3605: 2023: 1964: 5370: 5211: 5114: 5064: 4875: 4711: 4707: 4680: 4645: 4559: 4481: 4446: 4415: 4320: 4284: 4245: 4204: 4132: 4105: 4088:

Prosthetics and orthotics – Vocabulary – Part 3: Terms relating to orthoses

4057: 3980: 3949: 3937: 3898: 3808: 3796: 3788: 3751: 3726: 3652: 3611: 3570: 3542: 3491: 3451: 3413: 3375: 3341: 3300: 3232: 3171: 3118: 3081: 3031: 3008: 2970: 2942: 2887: 2883: 2845: 2820: 2795: 2765: 2701: 2689: 2641: 2623: 2577: 2513: 2461: 2449: 2407: 2399: 2358: 2340: 2257: 2249: 2213: 2172: 2129: 1975:

cervical spine, usually following fracture, and was developed by Vernon L. Nickel at

1963:. As scoliosis most commonly develops in adolescent females who are undergoing their 1756: 1554: 486: 376: 89: 50: 45: 4069: 3992: 3632: 3353: 3130: 2899: 1742:) are devices inserted into shoes to provide support for the foot by redistributing 1282:

Provides functional elements against a drop foot and for stabilization when standing

5304: 5299: 5196: 5109: 4853: 4703: 4668: 4635: 4625: 4621: 4617: 4549: 4539: 4405: 4401: 4397: 4370: 4312: 4280: 4276: 4235: 4231: 4227: 4194: 4184: 4047: 3972: 3929: 3888: 3880: 3780: 3716: 3706: 3648: 3644: 3538: 3534: 3331: 3290: 3280: 3222: 3212: 3110: 3004: 3000: 2879: 2755: 2745: 2681: 2631: 2613: 2567: 2557: 2503: 2499: 2495: 2445: 2441: 2389: 2348: 2332: 2269: 2241: 2203: 2162: 1960: 1850: 1617: 1435:

Stabilization when standing and walking for weak plantar flexors with energy return

914: 800: 752:

Paralysis may be caused by injury to the spinal or peripheral nervous system after

629: 595: 448: 440: 191: 3784: 2074: 1563:

Knee-ankle-foot orthosis for the treatment of patients e.g. with paraplegia after

1559: 1384:

Does not provide safety when standing and walking if the plantar flexors are weak.

640: 5013: 4672: 4544: 4052: 4035: 4004: 4002: 3604:

Michael JW (2008). "Lower limb orthoses". In Hsu JD, Michael JW, Fisk JR (eds.).

3217: 3114: 2750: 2038: 2033: 1948: 1783: 1652: 1580: 1333:

Does not provide safety when standing and walking if the plantar flexors are weak

1127: 1086: 1068: 1034: 974: 944: 910: 861: 737: 680: 494: 392: 287: 3884: 5262: 4870: 3933: 2685: 2428:

Sabbagh, D.; D'Souza, S.; Schäfer, C.; Fior, J.; Gentz, R. (1 September 2022).

1971: 1846: 1807: 1689: 1672: 1114: 1100: 813: 777: 676: 349: 144: 4489: 4434: 4104:. Philadelphia: John D. Hsu, John W. Michael, John R. Fisk. pp. 373–378. 3999: 3711: 3285: 2618: 2562: 2336: 2208: 2191: 2167: 2150: 5349: 5099: 4865: 4061: 3976: 3792: 3546: 3336: 3319: 2627: 2453: 2403: 2344: 2253: 2245: 2048: 2018: 1764: 1724: 1509: 1194:

can also be used for slight weakness of the knee-securing muscle groups, the

926: 776:

Paralysis caused by diseases or injuries to the central nervous system (e.g.

671:

walk with it, the use of light weight and highly resilient materials such as

1778: 1492:

Blocks both plantar flexion and dorsiflexion, with all negative consequences

1404: 1285:

Blocks both plantar flexion and dorsiflexion, with all negative consequences

694: 594:

as materials of choice for construction necessitated the idea of creating a

5216: 5084: 5044: 4649: 4563: 4485: 4450: 4419: 4324: 4288: 4249: 4208: 4189: 3984: 3941: 3902: 3800: 3730: 3656: 3345: 3304: 3236: 3122: 3012: 2891: 2769: 2693: 2645: 2581: 2517: 2411: 2362: 2261: 2217: 2176: 1952: 1594: 881: 757: 591: 498: 4715: 4603: 4435:"Knee braces: current evidence and clinical recommendations for their use" 4083: 2668:

Meyns P, Kerkum YL, Brehm MA, Becher JG, Buizer AI, Harlaar J (May 2020).

2394: 2377: 1040: 909:, if it is the letter "a" is added to the gait. This is associated with a 722:

The knee extensors extend the knee in the direction of the knee extension.

5294: 4366: 4240: 1733: 1161: 839:

Type 2, the knee angle is hyperextended and the foot contact is complete.

490: 109: 4086:. International Organization for Standardization (ISO). September 2020. 2069: 27:

Medical specialty that focuses on the design and application of orthoses

5289: 5104: 4802: 4788: 4630: 3250:

DeCeglie S, Dehner S, Ferro S, Lamb R, Tomaszewski L, Cohen ET (2016).

2508: 2043: 1646:

Hip-knee-ankle-foot orthosis (HKAFO) in the field of paralysis orthoses

1165: 809: 459: 455: 420: 396: 338:

A pair of AFO (Ankle Foot Orthosis) braces being used to aid bilateral

194:

if you can. Unsourced or poorly sourced material may be challenged and

3630: 2376:

Brehm, Ma; Beelen, A; Doorenbosch, Cam; Harlaar, J; Nollet, F (2007).

4383: 3826: 3824: 3822: 3820: 3818: 2544:

Ploeger HE, Waterval NF, Nollet F, Bus SA, Brehm MA (7 August 2019).

2003: 1944: 1921: 1828:

leg and are larger in size than other braces, due to their function.

1814: 1803: 1796: 1748: 1700: 1313:

Designation of the orthosis according to one function: D for dynamic

1214: 982: 966:

Functional deviations in the case of paralysis of large muscle groups

660: 471: 416: 339: 113: 1477:

Designation is misleading as other orthoses also have this function

1190:

An AFO with functional elements to compensate for a weakness of the

1079:

Functional elements in paralysis of knee extensors and hip extensors

725:

The knee flexors bend the knee in the direction of the knee flexion.

518: 5221: 3080:. Stuttgart New York: Renata Horst. pp. 12–15, 63, 66 and 77. 1265:

Designation of the orthosis according to one function: S for solid

1001: 108:

For the branch of medicine dealing with artificial body parts, see

4947:

International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health

4752: 3815: 1916: 1555:

Knee-ankle-foot orthosis (KAFO) in the field of paralysis orthoses

1540:

Adjustable resistance for shock absorption during loading response

4900: 4352:

Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services, PSPS Files 2001–2006.

4337: 1489:

Stabilization when standing and walking for weak plantar flexors.

664: 617: 2989: 1624:

Different functional elements to compensate for weakness of the

1420:

Spring made from flexible material behind (posterior) the ankle

706: 683:

is indispensable for the manufacture of a custom-made orthosis.

4747: 4171:

Welsh BJ, Redmond AC, Chockalingam N, Keenan AM (August 2010).

4010:"Prosthetics and orthotics: Part 3: Terms relating to orthoses" 2723: 1990: 1179:

Depending on the combination of the degree of paralysis of the

1142: 1141:

Through the use of modern materials, such as carbon fibers and

1110: 870: 785: 625: 444: 4518:

Healy A, Farmer S, Pandyan A, Chockalingam N (14 March 2018).

4517: 4170: 3610:(4 ed.). Philadelphia: Mosby Elsevier. pp. 343–355. 3569:(4 ed.). Philadelphia: Mosby Elsevier. pp. 299–309. 1361:

Designation of the orthosis according to one function: Hinged

1206:

unsuitable for patients with weakness in other muscle groups.

836:

Type 1, the knee angle is normal and foot contact is complete.

824:

in order to determine the necessary functions of an orthosis.

4757: 4693: 4570: 4386:"Braces and orthoses for treating osteoarthritis of the knee" 3866: 3317: 2788:

Nollet F, Noppe CT (2008). Hsu JD, Michael J, Fisk J (eds.).

2485: 2427: 2375: 1927: 1676: 1568: 1350: 761: 424: 2230: 2124:

Hohmann, Dietrich; Uhlig, Ralf; Mannerfelt, Lennart (1990).

1455: 1101:

Ankle–foot orthoses (AFO) in the field of paralysis orthoses

795: 399:

are professionals who specialize in designing these braces.

4662: 3693:

Waterval NF, Nollet F, Harlaar J, Brehm MA (October 2019).

2284:"Standards of proficiency – Prosthetists / orthotists" 1302: 1254: 1221:

In 2006, before these new technologies were available, the

4505:

Orthotics: clinical practice and rehabilitation technology

3692: 3374:. Hoboken, New Jersey: David A. Winter. pp. 236–239. 2599: 2128:(8., neu bearb. und erw. Aufl ed.). Stuttgart: Enke. 728:

The hip flexors bend the hip joint toward the hip flexion.

3770: 3190: 2189: 1779:

Ankle–foot orthoses (AFO) in the field of relief orthoses

695:

Determination of strength levels for physical examination

4737: 4502: 4221: 2916:

Grunt S. "Geh-Orthesen bei Kindern mit Cerebralparese".

2543: 2148: 1820:

resisting medial and lateral collateral ligament tears.

1105: 4742: 3867:

Eddison N, Mulholland M, Chockalingam N (August 2017).

3249: 1466:

Designation of the orthosis according to one function:

1415:

Designation of the orthosis according to one function:

1065:

Functional elements in paralysis of the plantar flexors

1041:

Functional elements in paralysis of large muscle groups

4732: 4696:

The Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery. American Volume

4301: 4262: 4036:"Clinical Benefits of Stance Control Orthosis Systems" 2667: 2123: 1093:

limping) or by swinging the orthotic leg to the side (

4937:

Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities

4125:

Wolters BW (2008). Hsu JD, Michael J, Fisk J (eds.).

3918:"Ankle Foot Orthoses: Standardisation of terminology" 1387:

Blocks plantar flexion with all negative consequences

951:

First muscle function test (without muscular fatigue)

4733:

International Society of Prosthetists and Orthotists

3441: 3439: 3437: 3435: 3433: 3431: 3429: 2149:

Ridgewell E, Dobson F, Bach T, Baker R (June 2010).

1050:

Functional elements in paralysis of the dorsiflexors

4470:"Braces and splints for musculoskeletal conditions" 4033: 3962: 3915: 3448:

Gehen verstehen – Ganganalyse in der Physiotherapie

3153:

International Society for Prosthetics and Orthotics

1423:A DAFO often also known as "Posterior Leaf Spring" 1109:Ankle-foot orthosis for the care of patients after 957:

Second muscle function test (with muscular fatigue)

363: 4743:British Association of Prosthetists and Orthotists 4507:. New York: Churchill Livingstone. pp. 11–12. 4131:. Philadelphia: Mosby Elsevier. pp. 379–389. 2941:. Philadelphia: Mosby Elsevier. pp. 441–447. 2794:. Philadelphia: Mosby Elsevier. pp. 411–417. 1815:Prophylactic, functional and rehabilitation braces 1797:Knee orthoses (KO) in the field of relief orthoses 1381:Provides a functional element against a drop foot. 1330:Provides a functional element against a drop foot. 3562: 3483: 3426: 3372:Biomechanics and Motor Control of Human Movements 2481: 2479: 2477: 2475: 2473: 2471: 1901:Upper-extremity orthoses (with special functions) 1486:Provides functional elements against a drop foot. 1432:Provides functional elements against a drop foot. 508: 5347: 4606:"Braces for idiopathic scoliosis in adolescents" 4467: 3168:N.A.P. – Therapieren in der Neuroorthopädie 3078:N.A.P. – Therapieren in der Neuroorthopädie 2595: 2593: 2591: 2105:. International Organization for Standardization 1977:Rancho Los Amigos National Rehabilitation Center 1931:Halo brace used to immobilize the cervical spine 4748:The Orthotics & Prosthetics Virtual Library 4738:American Academy of Orthotists and Prosthetists 4034:Zacharias, Britta; Kannenberg, Andreas (2012). 3599: 3597: 3595: 3593: 3558: 3556: 3479: 3477: 3475: 3473: 3471: 3469: 3467: 2539: 2537: 2535: 2533: 2531: 2529: 2527: 1866: 1710: 889:of the dorsal flexors during loading response. 820:, the gait pattern is analysed as part of the 4014:International Organization for Standardization 3699:Journal of Neuroengineering and Rehabilitation 3520: 3518: 3516: 3514: 3410:Gait Analysis Noraml and Pathological Function 3407: 3365: 3363: 3273:Journal of Neuroengineering and Rehabilitation 3065:(PhD thesis) (in German). Universität Hamburg. 2783: 2781: 2779: 2719: 2717: 2715: 2713: 2711: 2606:Journal of NeuroEngineering and Rehabilitation 2468: 379:that focuses on the design and application of 190:Please review the contents of the article and 112:. For the specialist in orthotic devices, see 4942:Declaration on the Rights of Disabled Persons 4773: 4503:Redford JB, Basmajian JV, Trautman P (1995). 4432: 3403: 3401: 3399: 3397: 3395: 3393: 3391: 2960: 2958: 2865: 2863: 2861: 2663: 2661: 2659: 2657: 2655: 2588: 2319:Emara, Khaled M.; Khames, Ahmed (June 2008). 4461: 3607:AAOS Atlas of Orthoses and Assistive Devices 3590: 3566:AAOS Atlas of Orthoses and Assistive Devices 3553: 3464: 3445: 2938:AAOS Atlas of Orthoses and Assistive Devices 2791:Orthoses for persons with postpolio syndrome 2524: 1508: 1454: 1403: 1373:Designation given by the Red Cross in 2006: 1349: 1322:Designation given by the Red Cross in 2006: 1301: 1274:Designation given by the Red Cross in 2006: 1253: 383:, sometimes known as braces or calipers. An 4753:PFA Footcare Association (Canadian Chapter) 4390:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 4224:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 3511: 3360: 2869: 2787: 2776: 2708: 2318: 1671:Control, guide, limit and/or immobilize an 1602:Swiss lock" or "KAFO with drop lock lock". 1498:Resistance in Plantarflexion not adjustable 1339:Resistance in Plantarflexion not adjustable 547:. Unsourced material may be challenged and 153:Learn how and when to remove these messages 5330: 5131:Augmentative and alternative communication 4780: 4766: 4576: 4468:Gravlee JR, Van Durme DJ (February 2007). 4331: 4128:Knee orthoses for sports-related disorders 4076: 3388: 3025: 2955: 2858: 2652: 1613:KAFO with locked and unlocked knee joint - 1597:impressively shows how the main character 1543:Adjustable resistance to prevent drop foot 1444:Stiffness in Plantarflexion not adjustable 1393:Stiffness in Plantarflexion not adjustable 1291:Stiffness in Plantarflexion not adjustable 921: 85:Https://en.wikipedia.org/Splint (medicine) 4639: 4629: 4553: 4543: 4409: 4346: 4269:Journal of Diabetes and Its Complications 4239: 4198: 4188: 4151: 4051: 3892: 3743: 3720: 3710: 3335: 3294: 3284: 3226: 3216: 2934: 2759: 2749: 2635: 2617: 2571: 2561: 2507: 2393: 2369: 2352: 2207: 2166: 1993:are an example of orthoses for the head. 1793:cost of an AFO was about $ 500 to $ 700. 1655:of the pelvic stabilizing trunk muscles. 1501:Resistance in Dorsiflexion not adjustable 1396:Resistance in Dorsiflexion not adjustable 1342:Resistance in Dorsiflexion not adjustable 954:Six-minute walk test directly followed by 796:Cerebral palsy and traumatic brain injury 567:Learn how and when to remove this message 320:Learn how and when to remove this message 4040:JPO Journal of Prosthetics and Orthotics 3916:Eddison N, Chockalingam N (March 2021). 3030:. New York: Springer. pp. 123–134. 2911: 2909: 2844:. New York: Springer. pp. 522–523. 2674:European Journal of Paediatric Neurology 2093: 2091: 2089: 2087: 2085: 1934: 1926: 1915: 1835: 1782: 1723: 1558: 1447:Stiffness in Dorsiflexion not adjustable 1294:Stiffness in Dorsiflexion not adjustable 1223:International Committee of the Red Cross 1208: 1104: 925: 860: 799: 705: 639: 406: 375:'to straighten, to align') is a 333: 5166:Disproportionality in special education 4667:. Publish Ahead of Print (2): e93–e98. 4610:Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 4124: 3965:Prosthetics and Orthotics International 3603: 3103:Prosthetics and Orthotics International 3050: 2155:Prosthetics and Orthotics International 1751:, and may be effective for people with 1679:or body segment for a particular reason 1528:Not mentioned by the Red Cross in 2006 1481:Not mentioned by the Red Cross in 2006 1427:Not mentioned by the Red Cross in 2006 892:In cases where the muscle group of the 14: 5348: 4585:from the original on 25 September 2010 4433:Paluska SA, McKeag DB (January 2000). 3524: 3369: 3266: 3143: 2839: 1857: 1682:Restrict movement in a given direction 905:the front to determine if the foot is 635: 4761: 3669: 3324:Neurorehabilitation and Neural Repair 3165: 3075: 2967:Motorisches Strategietraining und PNF 2964: 2906: 2814: 2423: 2421: 2293:. London. August 2013. Archived from 2082: 1845:injuries. Bandages should also allow 1719: 1667:Relief orthosis may also be used to: 1067: – in order to compensate for a 655: 454:The transition from an orthosis to a 4665:Journal of Prosthetics and Orthotics 4099: 3170:. Stuttgart New York: Renata Horst. 3100: 3028:Stroke Recovery & Rehabilitation 2842:Stroke Recovery & Rehabilitation 1520:Plus further descriptions, such as: 545:adding citations to reliable sources 512: 266: 159: 118: 68: 29: 5273:Disability in children's literature 4102:Orthoses in total joint replacement 3832:"ICRC AFO Manufacturing Guidelines" 2291:Health and Care Professions Council 24: 5136:Emotional or behavioral disability 4457:from the original on 14 July 2014. 4177:Journal of Foot and Ankle Research 3873:Journal of Children's Orthopaedics 2817:Manuelle Muskelfunktionsdiagnostik 2550:Journal of Foot and Ankle Research 2418: 2382:Journal of Rehabilitation Medicine 2126:Orthopädische Technik: 22 Tabellen 1905: 1658: 25: 5392: 4726: 4317:10.2174/1573399810666140918121438 3848:from the original on 7 March 2016 2915: 869:In the case of paralysis after a 402: 134:This article has multiple issues. 5329: 5320: 5319: 4708:10.2106/00004623-196850070-00009 4363:"Knee braces for osteoarthritis" 3773:Expert Review of Medical Devices 2884:10.1046/j.1468-1331.2001.00042.x 2068: 1985: 1875:Clavicular and shoulder orthoses 1375:AFO with Tamarack Flexure Joint 1160:Despite the necessary rigidity, 994:Paralysis of the plantar flexors 934:In the case of paralysis due to 517: 271: 256: 164: 123: 73: 34: 4687: 4656: 4597: 4577:Lansang Jr RS (18 March 2009). 4511: 4496: 4426: 4377: 4355: 4295: 4256: 4215: 4164: 4145: 4118: 4093: 4027: 3956: 3909: 3860: 3764: 3737: 3686: 3663: 3624: 3311: 3260: 3243: 3184: 3159: 3137: 3094: 3069: 3044: 3019: 2983: 2928: 2833: 2808: 1738:Foot orthoses (commonly called 1692:forces for a particular purpose 1606:KAFO with unlocked knee joint - 1008:Paralysis of the knee extensors 812:patients with paralysis due to 142:or discuss these issues on the 5151:Disability and LGBT identities 4787: 4622:10.1002/14651858.CD006850.pub3 4402:10.1002/14651858.CD004020.pub3 4281:10.1016/j.jdiacomp.2013.03.001 4263:Healy, Aoife; Naemi, Roozbeh; 4232:10.1002/14651858.CD006801.pub2 3649:10.1016/j.gaitpost.2006.08.003 3539:10.1016/j.gaitpost.2016.07.070 3408:Perry J, Burnfield JM (2010). 3005:10.1016/j.gaitpost.2016.03.001 2500:10.1016/j.gaitpost.2012.07.028 2446:10.1016/j.gaitpost.2022.07.101 2312: 2276: 2224: 2183: 2142: 2117: 2062: 1831: 1534:provides dynamics in the ankle 1031:Paralysis of the hip extensors 616:prescription, e.g. paralysis ( 509:Prescription and manufacturing 297:and remove irrelevant content. 192:add the appropriate references 99:Proposed since September 2024. 60:Proposed since September 2024. 13: 1: 4963:Services for mental disorders 3785:10.1080/17434440.2021.1857729 2872:European Journal of Neurology 2073:The dictionary definition of 2055: 1769:juvenile idiopathic arthritis 1767:(bunions). For children with 1590:KAFO with locked knee joint - 1019:Paralysis of the knee flexors 971:Paralysis of the dorsiflexors 295:relocate relevant information 4968:Services for disabled people 4673:10.1097/JPO.0000000000000382 4545:10.1371/journal.pone.0192094 4053:10.1097/jpo.0b013e3182435db3 3672:"The new generation of AFOs" 3218:10.1371/journal.pone.0034744 3115:10.3109/03093646.2010.485597 2751:10.1371/journal.pone.0142878 1912:Halo-gravity traction device 1892:Forearm-wrist-thumb orthoses 1867:Types of upper-limb orthoses 1711:Ulcer healing orthoses (UHO) 1081: – in the case of weak 1025:Paralysis of the hip flexors 465: 290:on an aspect of the subject. 7: 5251:Arts, media, culture, sport 3885:10.1302/1863-2548.11.160256 3747:Orthoses for cerebral palsy 2234:Foot & Ankle Specialist 2099:"Prosthetics and orthotics" 1996: 1895:Forearm-wrist-hand orthoses 1703:after the removal of a cast 766:Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease 364: 177:reliable medical references 82:It has been suggested that 43:It has been suggested that 10: 5397: 5278:Disability in horror films 5070:Activities of daily living 3934:10.1016/j.foot.2020.101702 2686:10.1016/j.ejpn.2020.02.009 2325:International Orthopaedics 2029:Neuromechanics of orthoses 1909: 1731: 584:Custom-fabricated products 505:requiring a prescription. 469: 107: 5315: 5250: 5184: 5123: 5057: 5022: 4976: 4955: 4919: 4893: 4886: 4826: 4795: 4474:American Family Physician 4439:American Family Physician 3712:10.1186/s12984-019-0600-2 3286:10.1186/s12984-015-0028-2 2619:10.1186/s12984-019-0600-2 2563:10.1186/s13047-019-0348-8 2337:10.1007/s00264-007-0322-0 2209:10.7205/MILMED-D-15-00542 2168:10.3109/03093641003674288 1685:Assist movement generally 1168:should not be stimulated. 856: 756:, or by diseases such as 632:, orthotist and patient. 579:Orthoses are offered as: 353: 183:or relies too heavily on 5171:Sexuality and disability 5146:Disability and disasters 5058:Structural and assistive 4581:. eMedicine from WebMD. 4305:Current Diabetes Reviews 4265:Chockalingam, Nachiappan 3977:10.1177/0309364612450706 3337:10.1177/1545968315597070 2436:. ESMAC 2022 Abstracts. 2246:10.1177/1938640017709906 1957:Charleston bending brace 1495:Alignment not adjustable 1441:Alignment not adjustable 1417:"Posterior Leaf Spring" 1390:Alignment not adjustable 1336:Alignment not adjustable 1288:Alignment not adjustable 411:Codification of Orthoses 5285:Disability in the media 5156:Disability and religion 5095:Personal Care Assistant 3446:Götz-Neumann K (2006). 3267:Kalron A (April 2015). 2969:. Georg Thieme Verlag. 2014:Comparison of orthotics 1965:adolescent growth spurt 1881:Functional arm orthoses 1840:Knee bandage/Knee brace 922:Multiple sclerosis (MS) 620:) of the calf muscles ( 588:carbon fiber composites 5268:Disability in the arts 5161:Disability and poverty 5100:Physical accessibility 4579:"Upper Limb Orthotics" 4190:10.1186/1757-1146-3-17 3256:. CMSC Annual Meeting. 1941: 1932: 1924: 1889:Forearm-wrist orthoses 1841: 1789: 1744:ground reaction forces 1729: 1576: 1513: 1468:FR for Floor reaction 1459: 1412:Posterior Leaf Spring 1408: 1354: 1306: 1258: 1218: 1123: 931: 866: 818:traumatic brain injury 805: 782:traumatic brain injury 711: 649: 603:Semi-finished products 432:International Standard 412: 342: 4859:driver rehabilitation 4153:US patent 6945946 3744:Novacheck TF (2008). 3450:. Stuttgart: Thieme. 2819:. Urban und Fischer. 2395:10.2340/16501977-0110 1938: 1930: 1919: 1910:Further information: 1839: 1786: 1727: 1562: 1512: 1458: 1407: 1353: 1305: 1257: 1212: 1108: 929: 864: 803: 709: 643: 410: 337: 5192:Models of disability 5176:Youth and disability 5141:Invisible disability 5090:Orthotics and braces 5075:Assistive technology 4887:Rights, law, support 4373:on 28 February 2012. 3490:. pp. 299–309. 3412:. Thorofare: SLACK. 1872:Upper-limb orthoses 1773:diabetic foot ulcers 1763:(MTP) joint pain or 1753:rheumatoid arthritis 1537:Adjustable alignment 940:physical examination 822:physical examination 701:physical examination 541:improve this section 423:, orthotics for the 92:into this article. ( 53:into this article. ( 5376:Rehabilitation team 4844:Learning disability 4536:2018PLoSO..1392094H 4492:on 4 December 2010. 4445:(2): 411–8, 423–4. 3487:Musculoskeletal Key 3209:2012PLoSO...734744P 2878:(Suppl 5): 98–108. 2742:2015PLoSO..1042878K 2024:Orthotic horseshoes 2009:Cognitive orthotics 1858:Upper limb orthoses 1761:metatarsophalangeal 1249: 636:Lower limb orthoses 419:, orthotics of the 284:a different subject 5258:Disability culture 5185:Disability studies 5080:Independent living 4808:Disability studies 3637:Gait & Posture 3527:Gait & Posture 3370:Winter DA (2009). 3051:Corsten T (2010). 2993:Gait & Posture 2488:Gait & Posture 2434:Gait & Posture 1942: 1933: 1925: 1842: 1790: 1730: 1720:Foot orthoses (FO) 1577: 1573:multiple sclerosis 1565:spinal cord injury 1514: 1460: 1409: 1355: 1307: 1259: 1248: 1219: 1124: 1119:multiple sclerosis 936:multiple sclerosis 932: 867: 806: 790:multiple sclerosis 754:spinal cord injury 712: 656:Paralysis orthoses 650: 646:spinal cord injury 630:physical therapist 413: 343: 5361:Orthopedic braces 5343: 5342: 5212:Neuroqueer theory 5115:Web accessibility 5065:Accessible toilet 5053: 5052: 4906:Disability rights 4901:Ableism/disablism 4138:978-0-323-03931-4 4111:978-0-323-03931-4 4084:"ISO 8549-3:2020" 3757:978-0-323-03931-4 3617:978-0-323-03931-4 3576:978-0-323-03931-4 3497:978-0-323-03931-4 3457:978-3-13-132373-6 3419:978-1-55642-766-4 3381:978-0-470-39818-0 3177:978-3-13-146881-9 3144:Bowers R (2004). 3087:978-3-13-146881-9 3037:978-1-933864-12-9 2976:978-3-13-151351-9 2948:978-0-323-03931-4 2851:978-1-933864-12-9 2801:978-0-323-03931-4 2300:on 6 October 2013 2202:(2 Suppl): 11–7. 2196:Military Medicine 2135:978-3-432-82508-3 1757:plantar fasciitis 1552: 1551: 609:Finished products 577: 576: 569: 501:and engineering. 421:upper extremities 417:lower extremities 377:medical specialty 374: 362: 330: 329: 322: 312: 311: 265: 264: 241: 157: 106: 105: 101: 67: 66: 62: 46:Splint (medicine) 16:(Redirected from 5388: 5333: 5332: 5323: 5322: 5305:Special Olympics 5197:Inspiration porn 5110:Universal design 4911:Pejorative terms 4891: 4890: 4854:Physical therapy 4782: 4775: 4768: 4759: 4758: 4720: 4719: 4691: 4685: 4684: 4660: 4654: 4653: 4643: 4633: 4601: 4595: 4594: 4592: 4590: 4574: 4568: 4567: 4557: 4547: 4515: 4509: 4508: 4500: 4494: 4493: 4488:. Archived from 4465: 4459: 4458: 4430: 4424: 4423: 4413: 4381: 4375: 4374: 4369:. Archived from 4359: 4353: 4350: 4344: 4343: 4335: 4329: 4328: 4299: 4293: 4292: 4260: 4254: 4253: 4243: 4219: 4213: 4212: 4202: 4192: 4168: 4162: 4161: 4160: 4156: 4149: 4143: 4142: 4122: 4116: 4115: 4097: 4091: 4090: 4080: 4074: 4073: 4055: 4031: 4025: 4024: 4022: 4020: 4006: 3997: 3996: 3960: 3954: 3953: 3913: 3907: 3906: 3896: 3864: 3858: 3857: 3855: 3853: 3847: 3836: 3828: 3813: 3812: 3768: 3762: 3761: 3741: 3735: 3734: 3724: 3714: 3690: 3684: 3683: 3676:The O&P EDGE 3670:Muñoz S (2018). 3667: 3661: 3660: 3628: 3622: 3621: 3601: 3588: 3587: 3585: 3583: 3560: 3551: 3550: 3522: 3509: 3508: 3506: 3504: 3481: 3462: 3461: 3443: 3424: 3423: 3405: 3386: 3385: 3367: 3358: 3357: 3339: 3315: 3309: 3308: 3298: 3288: 3264: 3258: 3257: 3247: 3241: 3240: 3230: 3220: 3188: 3182: 3181: 3166:Horst R (2011). 3163: 3157: 3156: 3150: 3141: 3135: 3134: 3098: 3092: 3091: 3076:Horst R (2011). 3073: 3067: 3066: 3064: 3048: 3042: 3041: 3023: 3017: 3016: 2987: 2981: 2980: 2965:Horst R (2005). 2962: 2953: 2952: 2932: 2926: 2925: 2913: 2904: 2903: 2867: 2856: 2855: 2837: 2831: 2830: 2815:Janda V (2000). 2812: 2806: 2805: 2785: 2774: 2773: 2763: 2753: 2736:(11): e0142878. 2721: 2706: 2705: 2665: 2650: 2649: 2639: 2621: 2597: 2586: 2585: 2575: 2565: 2541: 2522: 2521: 2511: 2483: 2466: 2465: 2425: 2416: 2415: 2397: 2373: 2367: 2366: 2356: 2316: 2310: 2309: 2307: 2305: 2299: 2288: 2280: 2274: 2273: 2228: 2222: 2221: 2211: 2187: 2181: 2180: 2170: 2146: 2140: 2139: 2121: 2115: 2114: 2112: 2110: 2095: 2080: 2072: 2066: 1961:Providence brace 1851:prophylactically 1749:high-arched feet 1618:electrohydraulic 1250: 1247: 915:valgus deformity 622:M. Triceps Surae 596:plaster of Paris 572: 565: 561: 558: 552: 521: 513: 393:skeletal systems 369: 367: 357: 355: 325: 318: 307: 304: 298: 275: 274: 267: 260: 259: 251: 248: 242: 240: 199: 168: 167: 160: 149: 127: 126: 119: 97: 77: 76: 69: 58: 38: 37: 30: 21: 5396: 5395: 5391: 5390: 5389: 5387: 5386: 5385: 5381:Skeletal system 5356:Muscular system 5346: 5345: 5344: 5339: 5311: 5246: 5180: 5119: 5049: 5023:Activist groups 5018: 4972: 4951: 4915: 4882: 4822: 4791: 4786: 4729: 4724: 4723: 4692: 4688: 4661: 4657: 4616:(6): CD006850. 4602: 4598: 4588: 4586: 4575: 4571: 4530:(3): e0192094. 4516: 4512: 4501: 4497: 4466: 4462: 4431: 4427: 4396:(3): CD004020. 4382: 4378: 4361: 4360: 4356: 4351: 4347: 4336: 4332: 4300: 4296: 4261: 4257: 4226:(3): CD006801. 4220: 4216: 4169: 4165: 4158: 4150: 4146: 4139: 4123: 4119: 4112: 4100:Lima D (2008). 4098: 4094: 4082: 4081: 4077: 4032: 4028: 4018: 4016: 4008: 4007: 4000: 3961: 3957: 3914: 3910: 3865: 3861: 3851: 3849: 3845: 3834: 3830: 3829: 3816: 3769: 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1192:plantar flexors 1185:plantar flexors 1136:plantar flexors 1103: 1073:plantar flexors 1059:plantar flexion 1052: – if the 1043: 1010: – if the 998:plantar flexors 996: – If the 968: 945:muscle weakness 924: 911:varus deformity 894:plantar flexors 859: 798: 774: 750: 738:muscle weakness 697: 658: 638: 573: 562: 556: 553: 538: 522: 511: 495:pathophysiology 474: 468: 447:regions of the 405: 386: 326: 315: 314: 313: 308: 302: 299: 292: 276: 272: 261: 257: 252: 246: 243: 200: 189: 185:primary sources 169: 165: 128: 124: 117: 102: 78: 74: 63: 39: 35: 28: 23: 22: 18:Halo (medicine) 15: 12: 11: 5: 5394: 5384: 5383: 5378: 5373: 5368: 5363: 5358: 5341: 5340: 5338: 5337: 5327: 5316: 5313: 5312: 5310: 5309: 5308: 5307: 5302: 5297: 5287: 5282: 5281: 5280: 5275: 5265: 5263:Disability art 5260: 5254: 5252: 5248: 5247: 5245: 5244: 5239: 5234: 5229: 5224: 5219: 5214: 5209: 5204: 5199: 5194: 5188: 5186: 5182: 5181: 5179: 5178: 5173: 5168: 5163: 5158: 5153: 5148: 5143: 5138: 5133: 5127: 5125: 5121: 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3259: 3242: 3183: 3176: 3158: 3136: 3093: 3086: 3068: 3043: 3036: 3018: 2982: 2975: 2954: 2947: 2927: 2905: 2857: 2850: 2832: 2825: 2807: 2800: 2775: 2707: 2651: 2587: 2523: 2467: 2417: 2388:(8): 651–657. 2368: 2331:(3): 403–407. 2311: 2275: 2240:(2): 112–116. 2223: 2182: 2141: 2134: 2116: 2081: 2060: 2059: 2057: 2054: 2052: 2051: 2046: 2041: 2036: 2031: 2026: 2021: 2016: 2011: 2006: 2000: 1998: 1995: 1987: 1984: 1972:wedge fracture 1907: 1904: 1903: 1902: 1899: 1896: 1893: 1890: 1887: 1886: 1885: 1884:Elbow orthoses 1882: 1879: 1876: 1868: 1865: 1859: 1856: 1847:proprioception 1833: 1830: 1816: 1813: 1808:osteoarthritis 1798: 1795: 1780: 1777: 1732:Main article: 1721: 1718: 1712: 1709: 1708: 1707: 1704: 1697:rehabilitation 1693: 1690:weight-bearing 1686: 1683: 1680: 1660: 1657: 1647: 1644: 1633:groups of the 1556: 1553: 1550: 1549: 1548: 1547: 1544: 1541: 1538: 1535: 1529: 1526: 1516: 1505: 1504: 1503: 1502: 1499: 1496: 1493: 1490: 1487: 1482: 1479: 1464: 1461:AFO known as: 1451: 1450: 1449: 1448: 1445: 1442: 1439: 1436: 1433: 1428: 1425: 1413: 1410:AFO known as: 1400: 1399: 1398: 1397: 1394: 1391: 1388: 1385: 1382: 1377: 1371: 1359: 1356:AFO known as: 1346: 1345: 1344: 1343: 1340: 1337: 1334: 1331: 1326: 1320: 1311: 1308:AFO known as: 1298: 1297: 1296: 1295: 1292: 1289: 1286: 1283: 1278: 1272: 1263: 1260:AFO known as: 1196:knee extensors 1170: 1169: 1158: 1155: 1115:cerebral palsy 1102: 1099: 1083:knee extensors 1042: 1039: 1012:knee extensors 987:eccentric work 967: 964: 959: 958: 955: 952: 923: 920: 887:eccentric work 858: 855: 850: 849: 846: 843: 840: 837: 814:cerebral palsy 797: 794: 778:cerebral palsy 773: 770: 749: 746: 733: 732: 729: 726: 723: 720: 716: 696: 693: 657: 654: 644:Patient after 637: 634: 613: 612: 606: 600: 575: 574: 525: 523: 516: 510: 507: 470:Main article: 467: 464: 404: 403:Classification 401: 384: 328: 327: 310: 309: 282:may relate to 279: 277: 270: 263: 262: 255: 253: 172: 170: 163: 158: 132: 131: 129: 122: 104: 103: 81: 79: 72: 65: 64: 42: 40: 33: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 5393: 5382: 5379: 5377: 5374: 5372: 5369: 5367: 5364: 5362: 5359: 5357: 5354: 5353: 5351: 5336: 5328: 5326: 5318: 5317: 5314: 5306: 5303: 5301: 5298: 5296: 5293: 5292: 5291: 5288: 5286: 5283: 5279: 5276: 5274: 5271: 5270: 5269: 5266: 5264: 5261: 5259: 5256: 5255: 5253: 5249: 5243: 5240: 5238: 5235: 5233: 5230: 5228: 5225: 5223: 5220: 5218: 5215: 5213: 5210: 5208: 5205: 5203: 5200: 5198: 5195: 5193: 5190: 5189: 5187: 5183: 5177: 5174: 5172: 5169: 5167: 5164: 5162: 5159: 5157: 5154: 5152: 5149: 5147: 5144: 5142: 5139: 5137: 5134: 5132: 5129: 5128: 5126: 5124:Social issues 5122: 5116: 5113: 5111: 5108: 5106: 5103: 5101: 5098: 5096: 5093: 5091: 5088: 5086: 5083: 5081: 5078: 5076: 5073: 5071: 5068: 5066: 5063: 5062: 5060: 5056: 5046: 5043: 5041: 5038: 5036: 5033: 5031: 5028: 5027: 5025: 5021: 5015: 5012: 5010: 5007: 5005: 5002: 5000: 4997: 4995: 4992: 4990: 4987: 4985: 4982: 4981: 4979: 4975: 4969: 4966: 4964: 4961: 4960: 4958: 4954: 4948: 4945: 4943: 4940: 4938: 4935: 4933: 4930: 4928: 4925: 4924: 4922: 4918: 4912: 4909: 4907: 4904: 4902: 4899: 4898: 4896: 4892: 4889: 4885: 4877: 4874: 4872: 4869: 4868: 4867: 4866:Special needs 4864: 4860: 4857: 4856: 4855: 4852: 4850: 4849:Mainstreaming 4847: 4845: 4842: 4840: 4837: 4835: 4832: 4831: 4829: 4825: 4819: 4816: 4814: 4813:Medical model 4811: 4809: 4806: 4804: 4801: 4800: 4798: 4794: 4790: 4783: 4778: 4776: 4771: 4769: 4764: 4763: 4760: 4754: 4751: 4749: 4746: 4744: 4741: 4739: 4736: 4734: 4731: 4730: 4717: 4713: 4709: 4705: 4702:(7): 1400–9. 4701: 4697: 4690: 4682: 4678: 4674: 4670: 4666: 4659: 4651: 4647: 4642: 4637: 4632: 4627: 4623: 4619: 4615: 4611: 4607: 4600: 4584: 4580: 4573: 4565: 4561: 4556: 4551: 4546: 4541: 4537: 4533: 4529: 4525: 4521: 4514: 4506: 4499: 4491: 4487: 4483: 4479: 4475: 4471: 4464: 4456: 4452: 4448: 4444: 4440: 4436: 4429: 4421: 4417: 4412: 4407: 4403: 4399: 4395: 4391: 4387: 4380: 4372: 4368: 4364: 4358: 4349: 4341: 4334: 4326: 4322: 4318: 4314: 4310: 4306: 4298: 4290: 4286: 4282: 4278: 4274: 4270: 4266: 4259: 4251: 4247: 4242: 4241:1959.13/42937 4237: 4233: 4229: 4225: 4218: 4210: 4206: 4201: 4196: 4191: 4186: 4182: 4178: 4174: 4167: 4154: 4148: 4140: 4134: 4130: 4129: 4121: 4113: 4107: 4103: 4096: 4089: 4085: 4079: 4071: 4067: 4063: 4059: 4054: 4049: 4045: 4041: 4037: 4030: 4015: 4011: 4005: 4003: 3994: 3990: 3986: 3982: 3978: 3974: 3971:(2): 95–107. 3970: 3966: 3959: 3951: 3947: 3943: 3939: 3935: 3931: 3927: 3923: 3919: 3912: 3904: 3900: 3895: 3890: 3886: 3882: 3878: 3874: 3870: 3863: 3844: 3840: 3833: 3827: 3825: 3823: 3821: 3819: 3810: 3806: 3802: 3798: 3794: 3790: 3786: 3782: 3778: 3774: 3767: 3759: 3753: 3749: 3748: 3740: 3732: 3728: 3723: 3718: 3713: 3708: 3704: 3700: 3696: 3689: 3681: 3677: 3673: 3666: 3658: 3654: 3650: 3646: 3643:(2): 142–51. 3642: 3638: 3634: 3627: 3619: 3613: 3609: 3608: 3600: 3598: 3596: 3594: 3578: 3572: 3568: 3567: 3559: 3557: 3548: 3544: 3540: 3536: 3532: 3528: 3521: 3519: 3517: 3515: 3499: 3493: 3489: 3488: 3480: 3478: 3476: 3474: 3472: 3470: 3468: 3459: 3453: 3449: 3442: 3440: 3438: 3436: 3434: 3432: 3430: 3421: 3415: 3411: 3404: 3402: 3400: 3398: 3396: 3394: 3392: 3383: 3377: 3373: 3366: 3364: 3355: 3351: 3347: 3343: 3338: 3333: 3330:(4): 373–83. 3329: 3325: 3321: 3314: 3306: 3302: 3297: 3292: 3287: 3282: 3278: 3274: 3270: 3263: 3255: 3254: 3246: 3238: 3234: 3229: 3224: 3219: 3214: 3210: 3206: 3203:(4): e34744. 3202: 3198: 3194: 3187: 3179: 3173: 3169: 3162: 3154: 3147: 3140: 3132: 3128: 3124: 3120: 3116: 3112: 3109:(3): 254–69. 3108: 3104: 3097: 3089: 3083: 3079: 3072: 3060: 3056: 3055: 3047: 3039: 3033: 3029: 3022: 3014: 3010: 3006: 3002: 2998: 2994: 2986: 2978: 2972: 2968: 2961: 2959: 2950: 2944: 2940: 2939: 2931: 2923: 2919: 2912: 2910: 2901: 2897: 2893: 2889: 2885: 2881: 2877: 2873: 2866: 2864: 2862: 2853: 2847: 2843: 2836: 2828: 2826:3-437-46430-2 2822: 2818: 2811: 2803: 2797: 2793: 2792: 2784: 2782: 2780: 2771: 2767: 2762: 2757: 2752: 2747: 2743: 2739: 2735: 2731: 2727: 2720: 2718: 2716: 2714: 2712: 2703: 2699: 2695: 2691: 2687: 2683: 2679: 2675: 2671: 2664: 2662: 2660: 2658: 2656: 2647: 2643: 2638: 2633: 2629: 2625: 2620: 2615: 2611: 2607: 2603: 2596: 2594: 2592: 2583: 2579: 2574: 2569: 2564: 2559: 2555: 2551: 2547: 2540: 2538: 2536: 2534: 2532: 2530: 2528: 2519: 2515: 2510: 2505: 2501: 2497: 2493: 2489: 2482: 2480: 2478: 2476: 2474: 2472: 2463: 2459: 2455: 2451: 2447: 2443: 2440:: S152–S153. 2439: 2435: 2431: 2424: 2422: 2413: 2409: 2405: 2401: 2396: 2391: 2387: 2383: 2379: 2372: 2364: 2360: 2355: 2350: 2346: 2342: 2338: 2334: 2330: 2326: 2322: 2315: 2296: 2292: 2285: 2279: 2271: 2267: 2263: 2259: 2255: 2251: 2247: 2243: 2239: 2235: 2227: 2219: 2215: 2210: 2205: 2201: 2197: 2193: 2186: 2178: 2174: 2169: 2164: 2161:(2): 129–45. 2160: 2156: 2152: 2145: 2137: 2131: 2127: 2120: 2104: 2100: 2094: 2092: 2090: 2088: 2086: 2079:at Wiktionary 2078: 2077: 2071: 2065: 2061: 2050: 2049:Pet orthotics 2047: 2045: 2042: 2040: 2037: 2035: 2032: 2030: 2027: 2025: 2022: 2020: 2019:Dental braces 2017: 2015: 2012: 2010: 2007: 2005: 2002: 2001: 1994: 1992: 1986:Head orthoses 1983: 1980: 1978: 1973: 1968: 1966: 1962: 1958: 1954: 1950: 1946: 1937: 1929: 1923: 1918: 1913: 1900: 1898:Hand orthoses 1897: 1894: 1891: 1888: 1883: 1880: 1877: 1874: 1873: 1871: 1870: 1864: 1855: 1852: 1848: 1838: 1829: 1825: 1821: 1812: 1809: 1805: 1794: 1785: 1776: 1774: 1770: 1766: 1765:hallux valgus 1762: 1758: 1754: 1750: 1745: 1741: 1735: 1726: 1717: 1705: 1702: 1698: 1694: 1691: 1687: 1684: 1681: 1678: 1674: 1670: 1669: 1668: 1665: 1656: 1654: 1643: 1640: 1639:hip extensors 1636: 1631: 1627: 1622: 1619: 1614: 1610: 1607: 1603: 1600: 1596: 1591: 1587: 1584: 1582: 1574: 1570: 1569:poliomyelitis 1566: 1561: 1545: 1542: 1539: 1536: 1533: 1532: 1530: 1527: 1525: 1517: 1511: 1507: 1506: 1500: 1497: 1494: 1491: 1488: 1485: 1484: 1483: 1480: 1478: 1475: 1472: 1469: 1465: 1457: 1453: 1452: 1446: 1443: 1440: 1437: 1434: 1431: 1430: 1429: 1426: 1424: 1421: 1418: 1414: 1406: 1402: 1401: 1395: 1392: 1389: 1386: 1383: 1380: 1379: 1378: 1376: 1372: 1370: 1367: 1366:"Hinged-AFO" 1364: 1360: 1352: 1348: 1347: 1341: 1338: 1335: 1332: 1329: 1328: 1327: 1325: 1324:Flexible AFO 1321: 1319: 1316: 1312: 1304: 1300: 1299: 1293: 1290: 1287: 1284: 1281: 1280: 1279: 1277: 1273: 1271: 1268: 1264: 1256: 1252: 1251: 1246: 1242: 1239: 1236: 1231: 1227: 1224: 1216: 1211: 1207: 1203: 1201: 1200:hip extensors 1197: 1193: 1188: 1186: 1182: 1177: 1174: 1167: 1163: 1159: 1156: 1153: 1152: 1151: 1147: 1144: 1139: 1137: 1133: 1129: 1120: 1116: 1112: 1107: 1098: 1096: 1095:circumduction 1092: 1088: 1087:hip extensors 1084: 1080: 1076: 1074: 1070: 1066: 1062: 1060: 1055: 1051: 1047: 1038: 1036: 1035:hip extensors 1032: 1028: 1026: 1022: 1020: 1016: 1013: 1009: 1005: 1003: 999: 995: 991: 988: 984: 981:results in a 980: 976: 972: 963: 956: 953: 950: 949: 948: 946: 941: 937: 928: 919: 916: 912: 908: 902: 898: 895: 890: 888: 883: 878: 874: 872: 863: 854: 847: 844: 841: 838: 835: 834: 833: 831: 825: 823: 819: 815: 811: 802: 793: 791: 787: 783: 779: 769: 767: 763: 762:poliomyelitis 759: 755: 745: 741: 739: 730: 727: 724: 721: 717: 714: 713: 708: 704: 702: 692: 688: 684: 682: 678: 674: 668: 666: 662: 653: 647: 642: 633: 631: 627: 623: 619: 610: 607: 604: 601: 597: 593: 592:aramid fibers 589: 585: 582: 581: 580: 571: 568: 560: 550: 546: 542: 536: 535: 531: 526:This section 524: 520: 515: 514: 506: 502: 500: 496: 492: 488: 484: 480: 473: 463: 461: 457: 452: 450: 446: 442: 438: 433: 428: 426: 422: 418: 409: 400: 398: 394: 390: 389:neuromuscular 382: 378: 372: 366: 360: 351: 347: 341: 336: 332: 324: 321: 306: 296: 291: 289: 285: 280:This article 278: 269: 268: 254: 250: 239: 236: 232: 229: 225: 222: 218: 215: 211: 208: – 207: 203: 202:Find sources: 197: 193: 187: 186: 182: 178: 173:This article 171: 162: 161: 156: 154: 147: 146: 141: 140: 135: 130: 121: 120: 115: 111: 100: 95: 91: 87: 86: 80: 71: 70: 61: 56: 52: 48: 47: 41: 32: 31: 19: 5227:Anthropology 5217:Deaf studies 5207:Crip as verb 5089: 5085:Mobility aid 5045:Reach Canada 4818:Social model 4699: 4695: 4689: 4664: 4658: 4613: 4609: 4599: 4589:15 September 4587:. 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Retrieved 2102: 2075: 2064: 1989: 1981: 1969: 1953:Boston brace 1943: 1878:Arm orthoses 1861: 1843: 1826: 1822: 1818: 1800: 1791: 1739: 1737: 1714: 1666: 1662: 1649: 1638: 1634: 1629: 1626:dorsiflexors 1625: 1623: 1612: 1611: 1605: 1604: 1599:Forrest Gump 1595:Forrest Gump 1589: 1588: 1585: 1578: 1519: 1476: 1473: 1470: 1467: 1422: 1419: 1416: 1374: 1368: 1365: 1362: 1323: 1317: 1314: 1275: 1269: 1266: 1243: 1240: 1235:Chockalingam 1232: 1228: 1220: 1204: 1199: 1195: 1191: 1189: 1184: 1181:dorsiflexors 1180: 1178: 1175: 1171: 1162:contractures 1148: 1140: 1135: 1132:dorsiflexors 1131: 1125: 1078: 1077: 1064: 1063: 1054:dorsiflexors 1049: 1048: 1044: 1033: – the 1030: 1029: 1024: 1023: 1018: 1017: 1007: 1006: 993: 992: 979:dorsiflexors 970: 969: 960: 933: 903: 899: 893: 891: 882:dorsiflexors 879: 875: 868: 851: 826: 807: 775: 758:spina bifida 751: 742: 734: 698: 689: 685: 673:carbon fiber 669: 659: 651: 614: 608: 602: 583: 578: 563: 554: 539:Please help 527: 503: 499:biomechanics 487:CNC machines 475: 453: 429: 414: 380: 345: 344: 331: 316: 300: 293:Please help 288:undue weight 281: 244: 234: 227: 220: 213: 201: 181:verification 174: 150: 143: 137: 136:Please help 133: 98: 83: 59: 44: 5366:Orthopedics 5300:Paralympics 5295:Deaflympics 5105:Prosthetics 4796:Main topics 4631:2434/721317 4367:Mayo Clinic 2509:10397/11188 1832:Soft braces 1734:Shoe insert 1358:Hinged AFO 491:3D printing 206:"Orthotics" 175:needs more 110:Prosthetics 5350:Categories 5290:Parasports 4827:Approaches 4803:Disability 4789:Disability 4046:(1): 2–7. 3928:: 101702. 3705:(1): 120. 2999:: 104–11. 2918:Pediatrica 2612:(1): 120. 2056:References 2044:Back brace 1276:Rigid AFO 1166:spasticity 830:mid-stance 810:ambulatory 460:amputation 456:prosthesis 430:Under the 397:Orthotists 217:newspapers 139:improve it 5237:Education 5232:Geography 4876:education 4839:Inclusion 4681:238837441 4183:(1): 17. 4062:1040-8800 3950:219517122 3809:227234568 3793:1743-4440 3547:0966-6362 2702:212641072 2680:: 68–74. 2628:1743-0003 2556:(1): 41. 2462:252359961 2454:0966-6362 2404:0001-5555 2345:0341-2695 2304:5 October 2254:1938-6400 2109:11 August 2004:Orthotist 1979:in 1955. 1945:Scoliosis 1940:orthosis. 1922:scoliosis 1804:arthritis 1788:orthoses. 1740:orthotics 1701:fractures 1673:extremity 1215:foot drop 1122:orthoses. 983:drop foot 661:Paralysis 557:July 2023 528:does not 472:Orthotist 466:Orthotist 359:romanized 346:Orthotics 340:foot drop 303:July 2023 247:July 2023 145:talk page 114:Orthotist 5371:Podiatry 5325:Category 5242:Journals 5222:Eugenics 5202:Bodymind 5009:Students 4956:Services 4650:26086959 4641:10616811 4583:Archived 4564:29538382 4524:PLOS ONE 4486:17304865 4455:Archived 4451:10670507 4420:25773267 4325:25245020 4289:23643441 4250:18646168 4209:20799935 4070:75655968 3993:29917264 3985:22833518 3942:33036836 3903:28904631 3852:20 March 3843:Archived 3839:icrc.org 3801:33249938 3731:31623670 3657:16934470 3354:35067172 3346:26216790 3305:25885551 3237:22514661 3197:PLOS ONE 3155:: 87–94. 3131:38130573 3123:20738230 3013:27131186 2924:: 30–34. 2900:45860264 2892:11851738 2770:26600039 2730:PLOS ONE 2694:32147412 2646:31623670 2582:31406508 2518:22921491 2412:17896058 2363:17333186 2262:28513217 2218:26835739 2177:20384548 2076:calipers 1997:See also 1759:, first 1653:weakness 1581:weakness 1474:"FRAFO" 1198:and the 1128:weakness 1091:Duchenne 1069:weakness 1002:crutches 975:weakness 973: – 907:inverted 719:flexion. 681:aluminum 677:titanium 437:thoracic 385:orthosis 381:orthoses 4977:Support 4716:5677293 4555:5851539 4532:Bibcode 4411:7173742 4200:2939594 4019:15 July 3894:5584494 3722:6798503 3582:29 July 3503:11 July 3296:4403837 3228:3326046 3205:Bibcode 2761:4658111 2738:Bibcode 2637:6798503 2573:6686412 2354:2323412 2270:4298371 2103:iso.org 1991:Helmets 1688:Reduce 1664:joint. 1318:"DAFO" 1270:"SAFO" 1130:of the 1071:of the 977:of the 665:paresis 618:paresis 549:removed 534:sources 373: 361:: 286:or has 231:scholar 196:removed 94:Discuss 55:Discuss 4894:Rights 4871:school 4714: 4679: 4648: 4638: 4562: 4552: 4484: 4449: 4418: 4408: 4323: 4287: 4248: 4207: 4197: 4159: 4135: 4108: 4068: 4060: 3991: 3983: 3948: 3940: 3901: 3891: 3807: 3799: 3791: 3754: 3729: 3719: 3655: 3614: 3573: 3545: 3494: 3454: 3416: 3378: 3352: 3344: 3303: 3293: 3279:: 34. 3235: 3225: 3174: 3129: 3121: 3084: 3061:] 3034: 3011: 2973: 2945: 2898: 2890: 2848: 2823: 2798: 2768: 2758: 2700: 2692: 2644: 2634: 2626: 2580: 2570: 2516: 2460: 2452: 2410: 2402: 2361: 2351: 2343: 2268: 2260: 2252: 2216: 2175: 2132: 1463:FRAFO 1143:aramid 1111:stroke 871:stroke 857:Stroke 788:, and 786:stroke 626:stroke 445:sacral 441:lumbar 233: 226: 219: 212: 204: 90:merged 51:merged 5335:Lists 5040:MINDS 4677:S2CID 4066:S2CID 3989:S2CID 3946:S2CID 3846:(PDF) 3835:(PDF) 3805:S2CID 3533:: 2. 3350:S2CID 3149:(PDF) 3127:S2CID 3063:(PDF) 3057:[ 2896:S2CID 2698:S2CID 2458:S2CID 2298:(PDF) 2287:(PDF) 2266:S2CID 1959:, or 1699:from 1677:joint 1310:DAFO 1262:SAFO 449:spine 443:and 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