German colonial projects before 1871

286: 33: 877: 1054: 893: 278: 1205: 1174: 564: 572: 3368: 885: 189: 725: 365: 181: 509:, had no personal ties or inclinations to sustain a navy and colonies and focused more on the expansion of the Prussian army, on which the greater part of the financial resources of the Prussian state were spent. In 1717 he revoked the charter of the BAC and by treaties in 1717 and 1720, sold his African colonies to the Dutch West India Company for 7,200 ducats and 12 "Moors". 502:

never had more than sixteen ships at any time, and between 1693 and 1702, fifteen ships were lost to French attacks. In November 1695, French forces looted the Brandenburg (but not the Danish) colony on Saint Thomas. In 1731, the Brandenburg-Prussian company on Saint Thomas became insolvent, and abandoned the island in 1735. Their last assets were sold at auction in 1738.

988:". Between 1851 and 1856 the settlement grew to 1,812 members. By this time however the capital of the Colonization Association was almost exhausted and in 1857 Fa. Chr. Matth. Schröder & Co ceased trading. Thereafter the Brazilian government took over the payment of bonuses to the colonists. By 1870 the colony had 6500 inhabitants. 956:. Adolph Schramm was sent to Rio de Janeiro for negotiations, but these proved protracted; on 30 June 1847, Sieveking died and with the general political situation in Germany deteriorating, the "Society for the Promotion of Emigration to the Southern Provinces of Brazil" was quietly dissolved in the autumn of 1847. 134: 1085:

had never formally claimed sovereignty over them. Ratification of the agreement was to be completed within 6 months. In November, Sieveking published a booklet with various reports on the Chathams under the title "Warrekauri" and a prospectus entitled "The German Antipodes Colony". In December 1841,

788:

Calls for colonial expansion were central to German liberals’ efforts to establish their concept of the nation-state. Indeed, in discussions about national identity, Liberals' emphasis on the symbolically important question of colonies was central to their assertion of social, cultural and political

774:

issued an edict granting the privilege of engaging in the slave trade to his subjects in Altona and the other royal enclaves of Holstein, authorising them also to use foreign goods for the purpose. Danish subjects were entitled to a remission of the customs duty on any slaves purchased in Africa who

711:

In serious financial difficulties, the company was reconstituted in the summer of 1781 as the new Imperial Company of Trieste and Antwerp for Asian Commerce (Société Impériale pour le Commerce Asiatique de Trieste et d’Anvers), with Bolts no longer in charge. The new company focused on the China tea

1235:

as head of the Technical Naval Commission in his "Memorandum on the formation of a German fleet" called for the establishment of German fleet bases around the world to protect German trade. With the dissolution of the empire the following year, these colonial ambitions could not be realised, but in

464:

further west. The first Brandenburg ship arrived at St. Thomas in 1686 with 450 slaves from Groß Friedrichsburg. In 1688, 300 Europeans and several hundred slaves lived on the Brandenburg estates. The demand for slaves on Caribbean plantations always exceeded the capacity of the fleets of European

1129:

German colonial policy after 1848 was driven by commercial considerations. Unlike neighbouring countries, there was no strong impetus towards missionary activities or the Germanisation of indigenous peoples as an inherent good. In the 1850s and 1860s, the first German commercial enterprises were

983:

The area for colonisation was smaller than the one planned three years earlier. The Association undertook to settle a fixed number of colonialists each year, and slave labor was explicitly excluded. The colony was to be named "Dona Francisca" in honour of the Princess of Joinville, with the first

696:

and on 12 July the captain signed a treaty with Nicobarese chiefs ceding all of the islands to Austria. The ship then sailed away, leaving 6 settlers behind with slaves and cattle to start the new Austrian colony. They were left to their own devices until 1783, when the Danish sent a warship from

225:

India Company, including a monopoly on transport with the Hanau-Indies. However, from the outset there was a lack of resources to finance a project in this scale, and a lack of people willing to colonise it. The project ended in a financial fiasco for the county of Hanau. An attempt to sell it to

224:

to Hanau. This territory was to be many times larger than Hanau itself (which was just under 1,400 square kilometres). The intention was to compensate for the financial hardships of Hanau by achieving a positive trade balance with a colony. The contract secured extensive rights for the Dutch West

501:

After a short period of prosperity a gradual decline of the colonies began after 1695. The reasons for this lay partly in the limited financial and military resources available to Brandenburg-Prussia, but also in the determination of the French to drive out an effective commercial rival. The BAC

979:

he was more amenable. However, there were now fewer Hamburg merchants willing to commit to the enterprise - the new "Colonization Association of 1849 in Hamburg" attracted fewer partners than its predecessor. It was founded by Fa. Chr. Matth. Schröder & Co and Adolph Schramm, with Friedrich

800:

founded a secret Otaheiti Society for the establishment of a colony in the South Seas in Tahiti, together with Carl and Wilhelm Georgii, the Kurz brothers, Georg Sellner, Immanuel Hoch, Christian Klaiber, Friedrich Hölder and Christian Friedrich Hochstetter. At the end of 1808, the group was

1089:

Although the New Zealand Company had been told in early December 1841 to end the arrangement as the Crown would not relinquish sovereignty, Ward continued to negotiate. On 15 February 1842, a provisional committee met to found the German Colonisation Society. It consisted of Karl Sieveking,

657:, agreed to its final abolition. This secured British and Dutch agreement to his succession plans. The company officially ceased trading on 16 February 1734, and was wound up on 16 February 1737. The factory at Banquibazar was retained until the 1740s under direct Imperial ownership. 602:, was mainly supplied by the inhabitants of Antwerp and Ghent. The seven directors were chosen from leading figures in trade and finance: Jacques De Pret, Louis-François de Coninck and Pietro Proli, from Antwerp; Jacques Maelcamp, Paulo De Kimpe and Jacques Baut, from Ghent; and the 60:

to set up trading posts; in some instances they also sought direct territorial and administrative control over these. After 1806, attempts at securing possession of territories overseas were abandoned; instead, private trading companies took the lead in the Pacific while

1219:

and another for a renewed settlement of Germans under colonial government in the Nicobar Islands, but all such initiatives were repeatedly rebuffed by the German government on the grounds of expense and a desire not to antagonise Britain. For example, German traders in

935:

Senate was planning to extend its activities into South America. Anxious not to lose their pre-eminent position, a group of them founded a "Society for the Promotion of Emigration to the Southern Provinces of Brazil" in the autumn of 1846. Sponsoring companies included

167:

in 1528, which they called "Little Venice". A small number of German settlers and a larger number of slaves were sent to the colony. Most of the Germans died, and the governors devoted most of their energies to expeditions into the interior to search for

172:. In 1556, the Spanish crown revoked the Welsers' privilege and resumed control of the territory. The Welsers were treated as heroes in much 19th century German fiction, and regarded as an inspiration for German colonial projects in the 1880s and 1890s. 712:

trade, particularly lucrative since the American War of Independence meant that few British, Dutch or French ships were sailing to Asia. As a neutral country, Austria could be sure that its ships would not be attacked on the high seas. However, with the

344:

and other princes of the empire to participate in the creation of a new East India Company. The Emperor declined as he considered it dangerous to disturb the interest of the other European powers. In 1651, Frederick William agreed to purchase the

903:

encouraged European settlers to Brazil. In a decree of 1808 he opened the country to non-Portuguese immigration and granted non-Catholics the right to own land. He particularly wanted Europeans to settle the south of the country where few but

653:. However, both Britain and the Dutch Republic refused to do this while the Ostend Company continued to operate. Eventually, in May 1727, the Emperor suspended its charter for seven years and, in March 1731, under the terms of the 490:, but since Courland was no longer present on the island which had in the meantime been claimed by England, the agreement was nullified, and negotiations with England yielded nothing. In 1695, Brandenburg-Prussia tried to purchase 633:

prices, great profits were made in the China trade. Between 1719 and 1728, the Ostend Company transported 7 million pounds of tea from China (roughly half of the total amount brought to western Europe), about the same as the

708:, and profits reached as high as 75,000 pounds per year. The Austrian trade in Delagoa Bay caused the ivory price to rise sharply dramatically prompting the Portuguese to expel the Austrian colonists, which they did in 1781. 1660: 816:. In the first ten years sheep farming was successfully carried on. However, due to financial mismanagement, the colony had to be repeatedly bailed out by the Duchy. It passed into the possession of the Duke of 465:

traders to deliver more captives, so there was a reliable market for Prussia to sell slaves. Between 1682 and 1715, the Prussians landed at least 19,240 slaves in the various European colonies in the Caribbean.

477:

in 1687, but the island was also claimed by several other European powers, and when a second expedition in 1692 found the island in Danish hands, the plan was abandoned. In 1689, Brandenburg-Prussia annexed

524:, a popular hero, made several attempts to persuade Prussia to return to colonial politics. Among other things, he wrote a memorandum recommending the occupation of a not yet colonised coastal strip on the 85:

to the American colonies. In addition, some princes of German states were involved in colonial ventures through leasing professional troops for use in the colonies of European powers, such as during the

444:, an agreement was reached that allowed the Brandenburg African Company to lease part of Saint Thomas as a base for 30 years, while sovereignty rested with Denmark and administration with the 261:, but after the Dutch Republic ceded the territory to England, the Bavarian scheme was abandoned in 1675. There are accounts that in the early 1730s, there was a plan for the Elector 428:

To provide a market for slaves imported from Africa, Frederick William needed a base in the Caribbean. In 1684, Brandenburg-Prussia was denied the purchase of the French islands of

1240:

and began setting up the overseas naval stations planned in 1848, thereby finally providing the required military infrastructure for the future acquisition of German colonies.

641:

The commercial success of the company irked the established traders of the other European East India companies, who made every effort to hinder its activities. Following the

1668: 2849: 975:, and he was keen to settle them. Previously, as the son of the French king, he had not welcomed the idea of large-scale German colonisation; following the deposition of 2528:

Franz von Pollack-Parnau, "Eine österreich-ostindische Handelskompanie, 1775-1785: Beitrag zur österreichische Wirtschaftsgeschichte unter Maria Theresia und Joseph II"

328:. When Frederick William became elector in 1640, he invited Dutch engineers to Brandenburg, sent Brandenburg engineers to study in the Netherlands, and in 1646 married 52:

in 1884 did Germany begin to acquire new overseas possessions, but it had a much longer relationship with colonialism dating back to the 1520s. Before the end of the

113:

In the mid-seventeenth century, the main motivation for German states seeking to establish colonial ventures was to rebuild their economies in the aftermath of the

2354: 1026:. They brought skills and assets as artisans, farmers and merchants to Chile, contributing to development. Initial immigration was promoted by German expatriate 770:

trade - French slavers in particular purchased cowries sourced in the Indian Ocean, exchanged in Altona, and used to buy slaves in West Africa. On 9 April 1764

997: 2988:

Penny, H. Glenn (2017). "Material Connections: German Schools, Things, and Soft Power in Argentina and Chile from the 1880s through the Interwar Period".

912:

also sought new, loyal soldiers who would support him in the event that those of Portuguese origin turned against him. Dom Pedro's wife was a Habsburg,

125:

which had rapidly transformed itself from a minor state to a world commercial and naval power; various German rulers wished to emulate its example.

3245: 2499: 945: 285: 2406:

Walter Markov, “L'expansion autrichienne outre-mer et les intérêts portugaises 1777-81”, Congresso Internacional de História dos Descobrimentos,

960: 401:, the Elector hoped to replicate the mercantile successes of the Dutch East India Company. In 1683 the red eagle of Brandenburg was hoisted over 677:

with a proposal to found a company to explore trade with Africa, India, and China. She agreed, granting a ten-year charter to the newly-formed

449: 193: 2959:"Relaciones de dependencia entre trabajadores y empresas chilenas situadas en el extranjero. San Carlos de Bariloche, Argentina (1895-1920)" 1422: 2961:[Dependence Relationships between Workers and Chilean Companies located abroad. San Car-los de Bariloche, Argentina (1895-1920)]. 32: 1081:

for the still-to-be established German Colonisation Society to purchase the Chatham Islands for 10,000 pounds sterling on the basis that

2990: 2901: 1232: 1030:

whose project Chilean authorities adopted in the late 1840s. Germans and German-Chileans developed trade across the Andes, controlling

3479: 1825: 390: 377:

In 1680, the first slaving ship sailed from Brandenburg to Africa. Lacking a port on the North Sea, the Brandenburgers embarked from

313: 262: 2830:

Neun Generationen: Dreihundert Jahre deutscher "Kulturgeschichte" im Lichte der Schicksale einer Hamburger Bürgerfamilie (1648–1948)

121:

in particular appeared to offer the prospect of rapid financial recovery. The main inspiration for German state initiatives was the

3494: 3469: 2339:

Octroi de Sa Majesté l’Imperatrice Reine Apostolique, accordé au Sieur Guillaume Bolts, à Vienne le 5 Juin 1775”, Guillaume Bolts,

1254: 1231:

eventually created a naval power that would be able to enforce colonial aspirations. In 1848 both the Hamburg Naval Commission and

1224:

put forward a proposal for the annexation of the islands, but Bismarck rejected it in March 1870 although he did appoint a consul.

775:

were to be used on Danish plantations in the Caribbean. Slaving ships were departing for West Africa from Altona as late as 1841.

2958: 2864: 2341:

Recueil de pièces authentiques, relatives aux affaires de la ci-devant Société impériale asiatique de Trieste, gérées à Anvers,

1264: 1121:. The agreement of 12 September 1841, could thus not be fulfilled and on 14 April, the provisional committee dissolved itself. 1062: 1879:""The Welser Phantom": Apparitions of the Welser Venezuela Colony in Nineteenth- and Twentieth-Century German Cultural Memory" 1146:, following which German influence expanded with plantations for coconut, cacao and hevea rubber, especially on the island of 91: 3198: 2850:"Die deutsche Siedlungskolonie Doña Francisca (Brasilien: St. Catharina) im Rahmen gleichzeitiger Projekte und Verhandlungen" 2763: 2721: 2641: 2565: 2204: 2180: 2156: 2118: 2082: 2007: 1980: 1809: 1755: 1701: 1596: 1571: 1544: 1504: 1315: 3238: 805: 117:. With trade and agriculture in many parts of Germany severely affected and the population greatly reduced, the lucrative 2828:(1964). "Das Projekt einer deutschen Siedlungskolonie in Südbrasilien, in Angriff genommen 1846, steckengeblieben 1847". 1934: 1274: 254: 99: 1215:

Proposals for Germany to take various territories continued to appear periodically, including one for the annexation of

3171: 2475: 2296: 409:, and the first "treaties of protection" were signed with local chiefs. In addition, the foundation stone was laid for 329: 1113:

in Hamburg inform Sieveking that John Ward was not authorised to enter into negotiations and letters patent signed by

704:(in modern Mozambique), where he made treaties with the local Mabudu chieftains. A trading post was built, dealing in 3484: 2793: 1023: 437: 425:

was also an important secondary trade commodity for the Prussians. Other goods traded included ivory, gold and salt.

302: 221: 73:

Before 1871 there were many instances of German people migrating to live outside their native land, for example the

1279: 737: 433: 429: 3367: 827:

of 1848-1849, enthusiasm for establishing colonies increased significantly and colonial societies were founded in

473:

Brandenburg-Prussia tried to acquire other Caribbean territories to develop its slave trade. It attempted to take

65:

and colonial associations initiated projects elsewhere, although many never progressed beyond the planning stage.

3474: 3393: 3231: 3215:

Die deutsche Yangtse-Patrouille – Deutsche Kanonenbootpolitik in China im Zeitalter des Imperialismus 1900 – 1914

541: 197: 17: 1772: 3254: 2684: 1284: 646: 591: 506: 924:. By the end of 1824, some 2,000 German-speakers had emigrated to Brazil, and another 4,000 followed by 1830. 716:

normal trading resumed, the price of tea dropped dramatically, and in 1785 the company was declared bankrupt.

410: 3269: 824: 1185:

The Austrian government maintained a similar stance against the establishment of colonies. In 1857 Archduke

937: 3489: 3464: 3405: 3136: 2512: 1496:

The German Colonial Experience: Select Documents on German Rule in Africa, China, and the Pacific 1884-1914

968: 905: 337: 294: 920:

was sent to Germany to recruit colonists. Dom Pedro offered them free passage to Brazil and free land in

95: 2736: 2023:

Burr, George Lincoln (1900). "The Guiana Boundary: A Postscript to the Work of the American Commission".

1331:

Brantlinger, Patrick (1985). "Victorians and Africans: The Genealogy of the Myth of the Dark Continent".

1158:

processing. In 1865 J.C. Godeffroy & Sohn obtained a 25-year lease to the eastern islet of Niuoku of

913: 678: 3071: 3063: 3044: 3052: 1135: 1095: 642: 107: 87: 2075:

Rote Adler an Afrikas Küste. Die brandenburgisch-preussische Kolonie Grossfriedrichsburg in Westafrika

1201:

then began promoting the idea of a renewed Austrian colonisation plan, which the government rejected.

517:, a new Asiatic-Chinese trading company in Emden in 1751, but otherwise took no interest in colonies. 48:

came into existence in 1871, none of its constituent states had any overseas colonies. Only after the

1619: 1237: 445: 1073:'s North Island. On 12 September 1841, a memorandum had been signed in Hamburg by John Ward for the 949: 385:

giving them access to the North Sea. In 1682, at the suggestion of the Dutch merchant and privateer

3378: 3294: 3109: 733: 692:, which had previously been colonised by Denmark but then abandoned. In June 1778 the ship reached 674: 595: 553: 298: 205: 2614: 1623: 750:

was part of the Holy Roman Empire and the German Confederation, although its duke was the king of

482:, but the small rock proved useless for trade or settlement. In 1691, Brandenburg-Prussia and the 269:

to establish a Bavarian colony, however no documentary evidence of such a plan has ever emerged.

1209: 1118: 1027: 876: 654: 2045: 1110: 917: 1259: 1186: 1086:

the Hamburg press reported on the project positively, although papers elsewhere were negative.

1065:

was another company established by Hamburg merchants, in 1842, to found a German colony on the

1042: 964: 771: 713: 610: 393:(BAC), marking the first organised and sustained attempt by a German state to take part in the 333: 3188: 2809: 2753: 2423:

Liesegang, Gerhard (1970). "Nguni Migrations between Delagoa Bay and the Zambezi, 1821-1839".

2194: 1745: 1730: 1534: 1470: 1053: 941: 863:

wrote "Now we want to travel in ships over the sea, here and there to found a young Germany".

3087: 2783: 2711: 2631: 2555: 2108: 1997: 1970: 1799: 1561: 1305: 582:

In 1714 Spain ceded control of its territories in the north of Europe, which then became the

521: 242: 230: 226: 2923:

George F. W., Young (1971), "Bernardo Philippi, Initiator of German Colonization in Chile",

2893: 1494: 212:

entered into a contract leasing a territory of around 100,000 square kilometres between the

3223: 2755:'Schwarz-weiss-rot über Ostafrika !': deutsche Kolonialpläne und afrikanische Realität 1424:

Germanness, Civilization, and Slavery: Southern Brazil as German Colonial Space (1819-1888)

583: 474: 394: 321: 118: 3137:"The Origins of International Rivalry in Samoa: 1845–1884, Chapter ii. The Godeffroy Firm" 1193:

on a scientific expedition to sail around the world. In February 1858, the Novara reached

1170:, but before 1871 the government maintained a firm policy of avoiding colonial expansion. 361:, but as he was ultimately unable to raise this sum, the agreement was cancelled in 1653. 8: 3032: 2825: 2149:

Preußen und Lateinamerika. Im Spannungsfeld von Kommerz, Macht und Kultur. Europa-Übersee

1103: 1074: 1041:

Settlement in Chile had little to do with the German state as the migration preceded the

900: 625:

in Bengal. Between 1724 and 1732, 21 company vessels were sent out, mainly to Bengal and

537: 510: 163:. In lieu of repayment the Welsers accepted a grant of land on the coast of present-day 78: 62: 57: 37: 3318: 1613: 801:

discovered by the police who arrested most of its members on suspicion of high treason.

3299: 3277: 3007: 2940: 2493: 2448: 2050: 1718: 1356: 1348: 763: 741: 670: 635: 441: 346: 341: 3346: 3194: 3167: 3011: 2789: 2759: 2717: 2637: 2561: 2481: 2471: 2440: 2292: 2238:"Politics and commerce: a close marriage? The case of the Ostend Company (1722-1731)" 2200: 2176: 2152: 2114: 2078: 2003: 1976: 1805: 1751: 1697: 1627: 1592: 1567: 1540: 1500: 1360: 1311: 1269: 1198: 1190: 972: 921: 909: 892: 747: 622: 483: 402: 386: 148: 103: 53: 49: 1392:"Sixteenth-Century German Participation in New World Colonization: A Historiography" 494:, but England rebuffed their offer. Likewise, England declined an offer to purchase 2999: 2932: 2857:

Jahrbuch für Geschichte Lateinamerikas/Anuario de Historia de América Latina (JbLA)

2599: 2594: 2582: 2432: 2249: 2040: 2032: 1340: 1091: 1022:

scheme. Some immigrants were leaving Europe as consequence of the aftermath of the

976: 953: 908:

lived. Continuing this policy after Brazil declared independence, João's successor

797: 618: 525: 398: 277: 114: 82: 3190:

Ma'afu, Prince of Tonga, Chief of Fiji: The life and times of Fiji's first Tui Lau

3091: 813: 3282: 2779: 1099: 1066: 1011: 755: 693: 689: 209: 2316: 1204: 3036: 1878: 1173: 1143: 1114: 1078: 928: 860: 603: 587: 495: 317: 152: 122: 3098:. Preußische Jahrbücher. Vol. 86. Berlin: Georg Stilke. pp. 149–170. 3003: 2657: 1942: 1166:). These commercial ventures later formed the basis for annexations under the 697:

Tranquebar to remove them, and the survivors abandoned the colony soon after.

229:

was not successful, and the project finally failed due to the outbreak of the

3458: 2444: 1851: 1801:

Staging Blackness and Performing Whiteness in Eighteenth-Century German Drama

1693:

Shadows of Empire in West Africa. New Perspectives on European Fortifications

1615:

The German Allied Troops in the North American War of Independence, 1776–1783

1167: 1031: 1007: 927:

In 1827, Karl Sieveking concluded a trade agreement for Hamburg merchants in

817: 666: 650: 514: 414: 350: 258: 142: 74: 45: 2485: 188: 3437: 3351: 2110:

Slavery Hinterland: Transatlantic Slavery and Continental Europe, 1680-1850

1228: 1019: 479: 266: 217: 3161: 724: 586:. This gave the Austrians access to the North Sea for the first time. The 1563:

Rethinking Leviathan: The Eighteenth-century State in Britain and Germany

1249: 1194: 1102:, Ross, Vidal & Co., Schiller Brothers & Co., Adolph Schramm and 1070: 701: 576: 358: 3029:

Allgemeines Organ für Handel und Gewerbe und damit verwandte Gegenstände

2381:

Steger, Philipp (2005). "The Nicobar Islands: Linking Past and Future".

793: 649:

was to secure international agreement to the succession of his daughter

3432: 3310: 2944: 2832:. Vol. 2. Göttingen: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht. pp. 120–139. 2633:

Liberal Imperialism in Germany: Expansionism and Nationalism, 1848-1884

2054: 1647:

The Hessians: Mercenaries from Hessen-Kassel in the American Revolution

1521:

The Volga Germans: in Russia and the Americas, from 1763 to the present

1352: 1159: 1155: 1131: 422: 364: 354: 3164:

Tala O Niuoku, Te: the German Plantation on Nukulaelae Atoll 1865-1890

2452: 571: 563: 192:

Johann David Welcker: Allegory of the acquisition of Surinam by Count

133: 3323: 2254: 2237: 1747:

The Business of Alchemy: Science and Culture in the Holy Roman Empire

1559: 1117:

on 4 April 1842, confirmed that the Chatham Islands were part of the

1082: 1035: 985: 856: 852: 840: 836: 626: 325: 169: 164: 147:

The first German colonial project was a private business initiative.

2936: 2036: 3328: 3287: 2436: 2289:

The Honourable Company. A History of the English East India Company

1691: 1690:(Ed.) Oneida-Tutu, John Kwadwo; (Ed.)Smith, Victoria Ellen (2018). 1391: 1344: 1015: 1003: 614: 533: 180: 160: 102:

set up regiments for colonial use and even served in them. Various

884: 3398: 3304: 2385:. Archived from the original on 2005. Retrieved 16 December 2018. 2318:

The History and Representation of the History of the Mabudu-Tembe

1139: 848: 832: 828: 809: 759: 751: 700:

Meanwhile, Bolts himself sailed to Africa. In 1778, he docked in

599: 567:

Letters patent from Emperor Charles VI to the Ostend Company 1722

529: 491: 448:. Brandenburg-Prussia was allotted an area near the capital city 381:

on the Baltic; in 1683, an agreement was signed with the city of

213: 1631: 1492: 1216: 1163: 1057:

Objects made by the inhabitants of Wharekauri (Chatham Islands)

932: 767: 487: 418: 378: 156: 2537: 2218: 2216: 820:

and was eventually sold in 1856 to a German-Russian nobleman.

281:

Fort Groß Friedrichsburg at the time of its completion in 1686

3140: 2713:

The Age of the Horse: An Equine Journey Through Human History

1151: 1147: 1018:

received some 6,000 German immigrants as part of a state-led

959:

By 1849, conditions for founding a new colony had improved.

844: 783: 719: 705: 406: 382: 253:), but this found no immediate support. The Bavarian Elector 3253: 40:

showing the Gold Coast colonies (in modern Ghana) (top left)

3025:

Die projektierte Hanseatische Kolonie auf der Chatham-Insel

2553: 2213: 1689: 1221: 1178: 1130:

established in Africa, Samoa and the north-eastern part of

2222:

J. Mertens, "Oostende – Kanton – Oostende, 1719–1720", in

312:

The colonial ambitions of Brandenburg-Prussia began under

2811:

Diplomatisches Archiv für die Zeit- und Staatengeschichte

2583:"The scope and structure of the Danish negro slave trade" 2226:(State Archives in Belgium, Brussels, 1980), pp. 224-228. 630: 2106: 1109:

After the Crown became aware of the project, it had its

888:

The first edition of the Brazilian Colonie-Zeitung, 1862

3162:

Suamalie N.T. Iosefa; Doug Munro; Niko Besnier (1991).

2739:

Die Gründung des Deutschen Kolonialinstituts in Hamburg

931:. On 30 March 1846, he warned Hamburg traders that the 436:. In November 1685, after a failed attempt to purchase 265:

to take possession of a tract of land in Guiana on the

2629: 998:

German colonization of Valdivia, Osorno and Llanquihue

866: 98:

for the Dutch East India Company while the princes of

2102: 2100: 2098: 2096: 2094: 1591:. Vol. 11. Nasou Limited. 1971. pp. 546–7. 1456:. . Hamburg: Hans Christians Verlag. pp. 67–114. 1454:

Hamburg und die Kolonialpolitik des Deutschen Reiches

2547: 2242:

Tijdschrift voor Sociale en Economische Geschiedenis

1142:. Its Valparaiso agent August Unshelm sailed to the 413:. In 1687, Prussia signed a treaty with the Emir of 2554:Jan Hogendorn; Marion Johnson (18 September 2003). 2274:

Européens et espaces maritimes: vers 1690-vers 1790

1532: 1493:Arthur J. Knoll; Hermann J. Hiery (10 March 2010). 778: 606:Thomas Ray, a merchant and banker based in Ostend. 2894:"Los industriales alemanes de Valdivia, 1850-1914" 2091: 804:In 1828 a group of settlers founded the estate of 106:regiments also fought with the British during the 3031:, volume 7 (Köln 1841) and volume 8 (Köln 1842), 2963:Trashumante: Revista Americana de Historia Social 1649:. Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press. 1236:1867 Adalbert of Prussia became commander of the 1208:The German gunboat “Meteor” in action during the 247:Call for the Founding of German Overseas Colonies 3456: 2751: 2517:The History of the European Commerce with India, 1797: 1611: 1488: 1486: 1484: 1482: 272: 3027:, (in drei Abschnitten). In August von Binzer: 2956: 2778: 2709: 2623: 2538:Petra Schellen: Altona, gebaut aus Sklaven-Gold 2192: 2146: 2072: 1743: 1124: 184:Map of the proposed colony of Hanau-India, 1669 3217:, Verlag Dr. Dieter Winkler, Bochum 2004, p.58 2745: 2580: 2560:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 56–58. 1964: 1962: 1960: 1830:fuggerandwelserstreetdecolonized.wordpress.com 1791: 1560:German Historical Institute in London (1999). 1526: 963:had received large estates in the province of 660: 547: 397:. With his state still impoverished after the 68: 3239: 2891: 2616:The British and Foreign Anti-slavery Reporter 2410:Volume V, II parte, Lisboa, 1961, pp.281-291. 2199:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 128–. 2186: 1995: 1968: 1479: 1303: 544:seriously considered Nettelbeck's proposals. 389:, Frederick William granted a charter to the 251:Aufruf zur Gründung deutscher Überseekolonien 194:Friedrich Casimir, Count of Hanau-Lichtenberg 3186: 3082: 3080: 2922: 2498:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 1539:. Syracuse University Press. pp. 639–. 1472:Frankfurter Ober-Post-Amts-Zeitung: 1842,1/3 295:Brandenburg-Prussia § Navy and colonies 128: 3180: 2785:Richard Wagner - sein Leben und seine Werke 2772: 2703: 2664:. Consortium of European Research Libraries 2544:, 12 June 2017, accessed 16 September 2017. 2147:Carreras, Sandra; Maihold, Günther (2004). 1989: 1957: 1773:"Frederick William, Elector of Brandenburg" 1750:. Princeton University Press. p. 141. 1622:. Joel Munsell's Sons, Albany, NY. p. 1566:. German Historical Institute. p. 64. 1447: 1445: 1330: 1297: 289:The ruins of Fort Groß Friedrichsburg today 56:in 1806, various German states established 3246: 3232: 2991:Comparative Studies in Society and History 2887: 2885: 2843: 2841: 2839: 2716:. Open Road + Grove/Atlantic. p. 36. 2142: 2140: 2138: 2136: 2134: 2132: 2130: 1941:. Hanauer Geschichtsverein. Archived from 1876: 1553: 812:as a colony leased to the German Duchy of 784:Colonies and German national consciousness 728:Christian VI of Denmark with a black slave 720:Danish colonies-Altona and the slave trade 3425: 3134: 3086: 3077: 2981: 2950: 2598: 2470:. Bloomington: Indiana University Press. 2422: 2377: 2375: 2276:. Bordeaux University Press. p. 198. 2253: 2068: 2066: 2064: 2044: 1737: 1589:Standard Encyclopaedia of Southern Africa 1451: 1416: 1414: 1412: 468: 340:as his advisor and tried to persuade the 3255:Former German colonies and protectorates 2918: 2916: 2355:"Denmark in the Indian Ocean, 1616-1845" 2314: 2267: 2265: 2113:. Boydell & Brewer. pp. 26–30. 1442: 1385: 1383: 1373:R. Robinson, J. Gallagher and A. Denny, 1255:Austrian colonization of Nicobar Islands 1203: 1172: 1052: 891: 883: 875: 723: 575:View of the Ostend Company's factory in 570: 562: 505:The grandson of Frederick William, King 363: 284: 276: 257:was interested in a project to colonise 187: 179: 151:ruled German territories as well as the 132: 31: 2925:The Hispanic American Historical Review 2882: 2847: 2836: 2824: 2127: 1927: 1667:. University of Giessen. Archived from 1475:. Thurn & Taxis. 1842. p. 499. 1465: 1463: 1420: 1034:establishing the settlement from which 980:Gültzow and Ernst Merck joining later. 645:, the main foreign policy objective of 14: 3457: 3096:Hamburger Kolonisationspläne 1840–1842 3070:, volume 7, 23 December 1841, p.658, ( 3043:, volume 7, 16 December 1841, p.645, ( 2372: 2235: 2229: 2061: 1901: 1644: 1409: 1265:Couronian colonization of the Americas 1238:Navy of the North German Confederation 1048: 880:1840s map of the Dona Francisca colony 754:. In particular, the Holstein city of 372: 368:The navy of Brandenburg-Prussia at sea 3227: 3139:. George Allen and Unwin Ltd, London 2987: 2913: 2788:. BoD – Books on Demand. p. 37. 2418: 2416: 2310: 2308: 2271: 2262: 2002:. Xlibris Corporation. pp. 49–. 1744:Pamela H. Smith (20 September 2016). 1380: 823:During the period of the short-lived 766:. It was an important centre for the 762:, maintained a lively trade with the 594:in December 1722 on the model of the 3386: 2587:Scandinavian Economic History Review 2352: 2286: 2022: 1909:Deutsche Kolonien - Traum und Trauma 1804:. Taylor & Francis. p. 87. 1770: 1580: 1460: 1002:From 1850 to 1875 the region around 901:João VI, king of Portugal and Brazil 417:which allowed it to use the fort of 236: 27:Colonies predating the German Empire 2758:. LIT Verlag Münster. p. 161. 2682: 2107:Felix Brahm; Eve Rosenhaft (2016). 1275:German colonization of the Americas 867:German settlements in South America 746:In the 18th and 19th centuries the 679:Austrian Asiatic Company of Trieste 314:Frederick William the Great Elector 175: 155:, and he was deeply in debt to the 92:Charles Eugene, Duke of Württemberg 24: 3155: 3128: 3062:, Jg. 8, 14 February 1842, p.91, ( 3051:, volume 8, 1 January 1842, p.1, ( 2557:The Shell Money of the Slave Trade 2465: 2413: 2305: 2291:. London: Macmillan. p. 241. 2224:Doorheen de nationale geschiedenis 1969:Horst Gründer (19 February 2018). 1826:"Koloniale Aktivitäten der Welser" 1696:. Palgrave Macmillan. p. 34. 1661:"Graf Friedrich Casimir von Hanau" 1536:The Encyclopedia of New York State 1389: 336:. He engaged former Dutch admiral 25: 3506: 3187:John Spurway (23 February 2015). 3116:. National Library of New Zealand 3068:Die Kolonie auf der Chatham-Insel 2619:. Lancelot Wild. 1840. p. 2. 2193:S. H. Steinberg (17 April 2014). 1972:Geschichte der deutschen Kolonien 1911:. Berlin, 2nd edition, 2005, p.23 1304:Mark Allinson (30 October 2014). 1069:, about 650 km southeast of 558: 307: 303:Saint Thomas (Brandenburg colony) 3480:German diaspora in the Caribbean 3366: 3166:. Institute of Pacific Studies. 2892:Bernedo Pinto, Patricio (1999), 2073:van dear Heyden, Ulrich (2001). 1907:Gisela Graichen, Horst Gründer: 1798:Wendy Sutherland (15 May 2017). 1280:German interest in the Caribbean 779:German Confederation (1806-1871) 738:German interest in the Caribbean 598:. The capital of 6 million 3495:European colonisation of Africa 3470:Early modern history of Germany 3207: 3102: 3018: 2957:Muñoz Sougarret, Jorge (2014). 2818: 2802: 2730: 2676: 2650: 2630:Matthew P. Fitzpatrick (2008). 2607: 2574: 2531: 2522: 2506: 2459: 2400: 2396:The Andaman and Nicobar Islands 2388: 2346: 2333: 2280: 2165: 2016: 1996:Odeen Ishmael (December 2013). 1914: 1870: 1844: 1818: 1764: 1683: 1653: 1638: 1605: 1499:. University Press of America. 1187:Ferdinand Maximilian of Austria 1150:where German firms monopolised 1138:expanded its business into the 198:Staatliche Kunsthalle Karlsruhe 2710:Susanna Forrest (2 May 2017). 2689:landesarchiv.sachsen-anhalt.de 2636:. Berghahn Books. p. 85. 2600:10.1080/03585522.1971.10407697 2581:Green-Pedersen, Sv.E. (1971). 2046:2027/coo1.ark:/13960/t2988sk9d 2025:The American Historical Review 1513: 1367: 1324: 1307:Germany and Austria since 1814 1285:List of former German colonies 513:invested 270,000 taler in the 507:Frederick William I of Prussia 456:, and other territories named 13: 1: 2848:Schramm, Percy Ernst (1964). 2691:. Landesarchiv Sachsen-Anhalt 1877:Montenegro, Giovanna (2018). 1430:(PhD). University of Michigan 1290: 1096:Joh. Ces. Godeffroy & Son 1094:, De Chapeaurouge & Co., 1024:German revolutions of 1848–49 896:Colônia Dona Francisca (1866) 671:Honourable East India Company 590:was chartered by the Emperor 273:Brandenburg-Prussian colonies 241:In 1657 the Bavarian scholar 3193:. ANU Press. pp. 665–. 2863:(1): 283–324. Archived from 2315:Kloppers, Roelie J. (2003). 2173:Deutsche Kolonialgeschichte. 1618:. Translated from German by 1533:Peter R. Eisenstadt (2005). 1125:Expanding trade and the navy 1063:German Colonization Society 938:Chr. Matt. Schröder & Co 108:American War of Independence 7: 2814:. Cotta. 1828. p. 121. 1310:. Routledge. pp. 33–. 1243: 1043:formation of modern Germany 914:Maria Leopoldina of Austria 661:Austrian East India Company 548:Austrian trade and colonies 421:for supplies and trading - 69:Holy Roman Empire (to 1806) 10: 3511: 3135:Masterman, Sylvia (1934). 2737:Johanna Elisabeth Becker: 2658:"Reichenbach, Karl L. Von" 2466:D., Newitt, M. D. (1995). 2425:African Historical Studies 2196:A Short History of Germany 1779:. Encyclopaedia Britannica 1452:Washausen, Helmut (1968). 1233:Prince Adalbert of Prussia 995: 916:, and her confidant Major 731: 643:Pragmatic Sanction of 1713 609:The company possessed two 551: 391:Brandenburg Africa Company 292: 140: 88:American Revolutionary War 3418: 3377: 3362: 3339: 3268: 3261: 3114:paperspast.natlib.govt.nz 3004:10.1017/S0010417517000159 2752:Jutta Bückendorf (1997). 1612:Eelking, Max von (1893). 1523:, Penn State Press, 2010. 1375:Africa and the Victorians 1227:The establishment of the 1136:J.C. Godeffroy & Sohn 967:as the dowry of his wife 871: 588:Ostend East-India Company 446:Danish West India Company 338:Aernoult Gijsels van Lier 137:Location of Little Venice 129:Little Venice (Venezuela) 96:Württemberg Cape Regiment 3485:History of the Caribbean 2175:C.H. Beck, Munich 2008, 1587:"Württemberg Regiment". 1421:Cassidy, Eugene (2015). 1197:. The expedition leader 991: 835:, followed by others in 734:Danish overseas colonies 681:with Bolts at its head. 675:Maria Theresa of Austria 638:during the same period. 629:. Thanks to the rise in 596:Dutch East India Company 554:Austrian colonial policy 411:Fort Groß Friedrichsburg 299:Brandenburger Gold Coast 206:Dutch West India Company 3060:Britisches Hoheitsrecht 2468:A history of Mozambique 2353:Stow, Randolph (1979). 2343:Antwerp, 1787, pp.45-49 2236:Baguet, Jelten (2015). 1858:. Catholic Encyclopedia 1645:Atwood, Rodney (1980). 1377:, London, 1965, p. 175. 1210:Battle of Havana (1870) 1134:. For example, in 1855 1038:in Argentina grew out. 1028:Bernhard Eunom Philippi 961:The Prince of Joinville 798:Carl Ludwig Reichenbach 792:On 2 February 1806, in 684:In 1776 Bolts sent the 655:Second Treaty of Vienna 520:Between 1774 and 1814, 486:agreed to partition of 316:who had studied at the 3475:Former German colonies 1999:THE TRAIL OF DIPLOMACY 1665:Hesse’s (post)colonial 1260:Couronian colonization 1212: 1182: 1058: 897: 889: 881: 772:Frederick V of Denmark 729: 579: 568: 469:Peak trade and decline 369: 334:House of Orange-Nassau 290: 282: 201: 185: 138: 41: 3110:"The Chatham Islands" 1852:"Bartholomeus Welser" 1207: 1176: 1119:colony of New Zealand 1056: 996:Further information: 895: 887: 879: 789:hegemony in Germany. 727: 574: 566: 367: 357:in India for 120,000 288: 280: 263:Maximilian II Emanuel 243:Johann Joachim Becher 231:Third Anglo-Dutch War 191: 183: 136: 77:invited to Russia by 63:joint-stock companies 35: 2826:Schramm, Percy Ernst 2519:London, 1812, p.316. 2383:University of Vienna 2272:Butel, Paul (1997). 1177:German Consulate in 950:AJ Schön & Söhne 942:Ross, Vidal & Co 918:Georg Anton Schäffer 584:Austrian Netherlands 542:Frederick William II 395:Atlantic slave trade 119:Atlantic slave trade 3490:African slave trade 3465:Brandenburg-Prussia 3088:Sieveking, Heinrich 2741:. Hamburg 2005, p.6 2394:Lowis,R. F. (1912) 2287:Keay, John (1991). 1975:. UTB. p. 17. 1920:Ferdinand Hahnzog: 1771:Skalweit, Stephen. 1104:Robert Miles Sloman 1075:New Zealand Company 1049:The Chatham Islands 984:city to be called " 686:Joseph und Theresia 538:Frederick the Great 511:Frederick the Great 373:Brandenburg slaving 79:Catherine the Great 58:chartered companies 38:Brandenburg-Prussia 3213:Cord Eberspächer: 2171:Sebastian Conrad: 1935:"Hanauisch-Indien" 1924:, Hanau 1959 p.21. 1729:has generic name ( 1213: 1183: 1059: 940:, CJ John's sons, 898: 890: 882: 764:Danish West Indies 758:, not yet part of 742:Danish slave trade 730: 669:, formerly of the 647:Emperor Charles VI 636:East India Company 580: 569: 522:Joachim Nettelbeck 370: 342:Holy Roman Emperor 291: 283: 202: 186: 139: 42: 3452: 3451: 3448: 3447: 3414: 3413: 3360: 3359: 3295:South West Africa 3200:978-1-925021-18-9 2870:on 1 January 2019 2782:(27 April 2016). 2765:978-3-8258-2755-7 2723:978-0-8021-8951-6 2643:978-1-84545-520-0 2567:978-0-521-54110-7 2206:978-1-107-66016-8 2181:978-3-406-56248-8 2158:978-3-8258-6306-7 2120:978-1-78327-112-2 2084:978-3-933889-04-1 2009:978-1-4931-2654-5 1982:978-3-8252-4972-4 1811:978-1-317-05085-8 1757:978-1-4008-8357-8 1703:978-3-319-39281-3 1620:J. G. Rosengarten 1598:978-0-625-00324-2 1573:978-0-19-920189-1 1546:978-0-8156-0808-0 1506:978-0-7618-5096-0 1390:Labell, Shellie. 1317:978-1-4441-8652-9 1270:German Brazilians 1199:Karl von Scherzer 1162:Atoll (in modern 1111:chargé d'affaires 922:Rio Grande do Sul 910:Pedro I of Brazil 906:indigenous people 748:Duchy of Holstein 484:Duchy of Courland 403:Cape Three Points 237:Bavarian projects 149:Emperor Charles V 54:Holy Roman Empire 50:Berlin Conference 16:(Redirected from 3502: 3441: 3423: 3422: 3384: 3383: 3370: 3319:Kapitaï and Koba 3313: 3266: 3265: 3248: 3241: 3234: 3225: 3224: 3218: 3211: 3205: 3204: 3184: 3178: 3177: 3159: 3153: 3152: 3150: 3148: 3132: 3126: 3125: 3123: 3121: 3106: 3100: 3099: 3084: 3075: 3022: 3016: 3015: 2985: 2979: 2978: 2976: 2974: 2954: 2948: 2947: 2920: 2911: 2910: 2898: 2889: 2880: 2879: 2877: 2875: 2869: 2854: 2845: 2834: 2833: 2822: 2816: 2815: 2806: 2800: 2799: 2776: 2770: 2769: 2749: 2743: 2734: 2728: 2727: 2707: 2701: 2700: 2698: 2696: 2680: 2674: 2673: 2671: 2669: 2654: 2648: 2647: 2627: 2621: 2620: 2611: 2605: 2604: 2602: 2578: 2572: 2571: 2551: 2545: 2535: 2529: 2526: 2520: 2513:David Macpherson 2510: 2504: 2503: 2497: 2489: 2463: 2457: 2456: 2420: 2411: 2404: 2398: 2392: 2386: 2379: 2370: 2369: 2367: 2365: 2350: 2344: 2337: 2331: 2330: 2328: 2326: 2312: 2303: 2302: 2284: 2278: 2277: 2269: 2260: 2259: 2257: 2255:10.18352/tseg.63 2233: 2227: 2220: 2211: 2210: 2190: 2184: 2169: 2163: 2162: 2144: 2125: 2124: 2104: 2089: 2088: 2070: 2059: 2058: 2048: 2020: 2014: 2013: 1993: 1987: 1986: 1966: 1955: 1954: 1952: 1950: 1931: 1925: 1922:Hanauisch-Indien 1918: 1912: 1905: 1899: 1898: 1896: 1894: 1874: 1868: 1867: 1865: 1863: 1848: 1842: 1841: 1839: 1837: 1822: 1816: 1815: 1795: 1789: 1788: 1786: 1784: 1768: 1762: 1761: 1741: 1735: 1734: 1728: 1724: 1722: 1714: 1712: 1710: 1687: 1681: 1680: 1678: 1676: 1671:on 12 April 2019 1657: 1651: 1650: 1642: 1636: 1635: 1609: 1603: 1602: 1584: 1578: 1577: 1557: 1551: 1550: 1530: 1524: 1517: 1511: 1510: 1490: 1477: 1476: 1467: 1458: 1457: 1449: 1440: 1439: 1437: 1435: 1429: 1418: 1407: 1406: 1404: 1402: 1387: 1378: 1371: 1365: 1364: 1333:Critical Inquiry 1328: 1322: 1321: 1301: 1092:August Abendroth 977:Louis-Philippe I 665:In 1776 Colonel 619:Coromandel Coast 526:Courantyne River 462:Bordeaux Estates 450:Charlotte Amalie 399:Thirty Years War 320:universities of 176:The Hanau-Indies 115:Thirty Years War 94:established the 36:Historic map of 21: 3510: 3509: 3505: 3504: 3503: 3501: 3500: 3499: 3455: 3454: 3453: 3444: 3435: 3410: 3373: 3356: 3335: 3309: 3283:Kionga Triangle 3257: 3252: 3222: 3221: 3212: 3208: 3201: 3185: 3181: 3174: 3160: 3156: 3146: 3144: 3133: 3129: 3119: 3117: 3108: 3107: 3103: 3085: 3078: 3023: 3019: 2986: 2982: 2972: 2970: 2955: 2951: 2937:10.2307/2512693 2921: 2914: 2896: 2890: 2883: 2873: 2871: 2867: 2852: 2846: 2837: 2823: 2819: 2808: 2807: 2803: 2796: 2780:Wilhelm Tappert 2777: 2773: 2766: 2750: 2746: 2735: 2731: 2724: 2708: 2704: 2694: 2692: 2683:Schwahn, Hans. 2681: 2677: 2667: 2665: 2656: 2655: 2651: 2644: 2628: 2624: 2613: 2612: 2608: 2579: 2575: 2568: 2552: 2548: 2536: 2532: 2527: 2523: 2511: 2507: 2491: 2490: 2478: 2464: 2460: 2421: 2414: 2405: 2401: 2393: 2389: 2380: 2373: 2363: 2361: 2351: 2347: 2338: 2334: 2324: 2322: 2313: 2306: 2299: 2285: 2281: 2270: 2263: 2234: 2230: 2221: 2214: 2207: 2191: 2187: 2170: 2166: 2159: 2145: 2128: 2121: 2105: 2092: 2085: 2071: 2062: 2037:10.2307/1834689 2021: 2017: 2010: 1994: 1990: 1983: 1967: 1958: 1948: 1946: 1945:on 23 July 2014 1933: 1932: 1928: 1919: 1915: 1906: 1902: 1892: 1890: 1875: 1871: 1861: 1859: 1850: 1849: 1845: 1835: 1833: 1824: 1823: 1819: 1812: 1796: 1792: 1782: 1780: 1769: 1765: 1758: 1742: 1738: 1726: 1725: 1716: 1715: 1708: 1706: 1704: 1688: 1684: 1674: 1672: 1659: 1658: 1654: 1643: 1639: 1610: 1606: 1599: 1586: 1585: 1581: 1574: 1558: 1554: 1547: 1531: 1527: 1518: 1514: 1507: 1491: 1480: 1469: 1468: 1461: 1450: 1443: 1433: 1431: 1427: 1419: 1410: 1400: 1398: 1388: 1381: 1372: 1368: 1329: 1325: 1318: 1302: 1298: 1293: 1246: 1127: 1067:Chatham Islands 1051: 1032:mountain passes 1000: 994: 874: 869: 859:. In June 1848 808:in present-day 786: 781: 744: 732:Main articles: 722: 714:Treaty of Paris 694:Nancowry Island 690:Nicobar Islands 663: 561: 556: 550: 471: 405:in present-day 375: 349:possessions of 330:Luise Henriette 310: 305: 275: 255:Ferdinand Maria 239: 233:the same year. 227:King Charles II 210:County of Hanau 178: 145: 131: 71: 28: 23: 22: 18:Hanauish-Indies 15: 12: 11: 5: 3508: 3498: 3497: 3492: 3487: 3482: 3477: 3472: 3467: 3450: 3449: 3446: 3445: 3443: 3442: 3429: 3427: 3420: 3416: 3415: 3412: 3411: 3409: 3408: 3403: 3402: 3401: 3394:Kiautschou Bay 3390: 3388: 3381: 3375: 3374: 3372: 3371: 3363: 3361: 3358: 3357: 3355: 3354: 3349: 3343: 3341: 3337: 3336: 3334: 3333: 3332: 3331: 3326: 3321: 3316: 3315: 3314: 3297: 3292: 3291: 3290: 3285: 3274: 3272: 3263: 3259: 3258: 3251: 3250: 3243: 3236: 3228: 3220: 3219: 3206: 3199: 3179: 3173:978-9820200739 3172: 3154: 3127: 3101: 3092:Delbrück, Hans 3076: 3017: 2998:(3): 519–549. 2980: 2965:(in Spanish). 2949: 2931:(3): 478–496, 2912: 2905:(in Spanish), 2881: 2835: 2817: 2801: 2794: 2771: 2764: 2744: 2729: 2722: 2702: 2685:"Askania Nova" 2675: 2662:CERL Thesaurus 2649: 2642: 2622: 2606: 2573: 2566: 2546: 2530: 2521: 2505: 2477:978-0253340061 2476: 2458: 2437:10.2307/216219 2431:(2): 317–337. 2412: 2399: 2387: 2371: 2345: 2332: 2304: 2298:978-0736630481 2297: 2279: 2261: 2228: 2212: 2205: 2185: 2164: 2157: 2151:. LIT Verlag. 2126: 2119: 2090: 2083: 2060: 2015: 2008: 1988: 1981: 1956: 1926: 1913: 1900: 1869: 1843: 1832:. 2 April 2016 1817: 1810: 1790: 1777:britannica.com 1763: 1756: 1736: 1702: 1682: 1652: 1637: 1604: 1597: 1579: 1572: 1552: 1545: 1525: 1519:Fred C. Koch, 1512: 1505: 1478: 1459: 1441: 1408: 1379: 1366: 1345:10.1086/448326 1339:(1): 166–203. 1323: 1316: 1295: 1294: 1292: 1289: 1288: 1287: 1282: 1277: 1272: 1267: 1262: 1257: 1252: 1245: 1242: 1229:Imperial fleet 1144:Samoan Islands 1126: 1123: 1115:Queen Victoria 1079:Karl Sieveking 1050: 1047: 1016:Southern Chile 993: 990: 971:, daughter of 965:Santa Catarina 946:Rob. M. 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German colonial projects before 1871

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