474:
effect of typhoons and the difficult content of the sea soil." Erosion of materials and cracking and bubbling of any concrete components became a large problem. To combat bubbling and eventual holes, engineers used a cloth-covered template over the concrete. This would improve the color and density of the pieces, making them both more aesthetically pleasing and sturdier. To reduce cracking, engineers used low-strength early-stretching technology when constructing box girders. This technology involves casting (molding) the girder, or bridge panel, letting it harden for no more than three days, and then squeezing it before it reaches its full density. This gives the girder more room to stretch after the bridge is constructed, preventing cracks in the concrete over time.
445:
instead of the concrete piles also made the bridge far more constructible especially in the extremely difficult working conditions that they would be facing. It is not strange to see waves in the bay reaching 25 feet tall. In these conditions it would be almost impossible to construct the bridge without the use of some new construction technology and vehicles. During the construction of the bridge two massive cranes were used, one being 2,200 tons and the other being 3,000 tons. These heavy duty cranes were used to transport massive girders from the shore to the part of the bridge where they would then lift it and put it into place. The steel piles used were also transported using these cranes.
754:
189:
1095:
487:
89:
153:
141:
768:
410:
782:
1266:
449:
tides are somewhat difficult to read, but they are clearly accounted for. The steel piles are the structural supports that resist the tidal loads. The piles are driven deep into the sea bed to reduce the movement on them. Having a small moment or force causing bending in the piles keeps the bridge upright. The steel is extremely strong against corrosion and are therefore the best material that could have been used in the piles.
510:: hǎi-tiān yī-zhōu) is built in the middle of the bridge. This centre consists of shopping/exhibition/parking/restaurant facilities, a hotel and a 145.6 m-high (478 ft) lookout tower which serves as a tourist attraction from where to enjoy a bird's eye view of the bridge and the ocean. The service centre is built on an island, which is a platform resting on piers to avoid obstructing the sea current in the bay.
22:
444:
Many bridges use concrete piles to support the deck but the
Hangzhou Bay Bridge took a different approach and used steel piles. This choice was made based on the fact that the steel piles would be much stronger against corrosion from the extremely high tidal forces in the bay. Using the steel piles
448:
The load paths in this structure are somewhat easy to follow. The gravity load on the bridge as well as the rest of the loading on the deck such as cars are the easiest to follow which is further explained in the qualification as structural art section. The loads on the bridge due to the extreme
473:
Another construction challenge involved the weather in the region. Wang Yong, chief director of the
Hangzhou Bay Trans-Oceanic Bridge Construction Command Post, described the bridge as being built "in the world's most complicated sea environment, with one of the three biggest tides on Earth, the
452:
When looking at the loading due to wind loads on the bridge the main portion that is important to analyze is the main spans. Because the two main spans are relative short the wind loading is insignificant. The wind loads however would be accounted for due to the outward bend of the towers that
477:
The third major challenge faced by designers and engineers was an area of toxic methane gas that was discovered roughly 50 meters underground below the location of the bridge. No drilling could be completed before the gas pressure was alleviated. To do this, steel pipes measuring 60 cm in
469:
Because of the many difficulties facing such a tremendous build, almost 600 experts spent nearly a decade designing the bridge. Even after nearly a decade of design, studies, and planning, many different challenges were encountered, the first being the challenge of offshore construction. As a
367:
The bridge across the
Hangzhou Bay was the subject of various feasibility studies for over a decade before the final plans were approved in 2003. An earlier plan placed the bridge further east, closer to the mouth of the bay, which provided an even shorter travel distance between Ningbo and
346:
Construction of the bridge was completed on June 14, 2007, and an opening ceremony was held on June 26, 2007. The bridge was opened to public May 1, 2008, after a considerable period of testing and evaluation. The bridge shortened the highway travel distance between Ningbo and
470:
solution, several parts of the bridge had to be completed on land and then transported to the area for which they were built. Some components that were constructed using this process were piers, box girders (bridge panels), and even the bridge foundations.
380:
in the mouth of the bay. The
Shanghai government sought to feature Yangshan as the chief port on China's east coast and refused to allow a cross-bay bridge to be built on its territory, which would improve access to the
358:
It is not to be confused with "Outer
Hangzhou Bay Bridge", a project under study which would ring the bay islands between Shanghai and Ningbo. An official name does not yet exist, hence the terminology clash.
351:
from 400 km (249 mi) to 180 km (112 mi) and reduced travel time from 4 to 2 hours. At 35.673 km (22 mi) in length, Hangzhou Bay Bridge was among the ten
103:
389:. The Zhejiang Provincial Government was forced to build the bridge further to the west on entirely Zhejiang territory. The Hangzhou Bay Bridge connects
421:
form. This form was chosen for this project because of the strength of the cable stayed bridge in adverse conditions. The bridge was constructed in the
1158:
1194:
441:
season. The bridge form and construction material selections were based on strength against all the different forces the bridge would face.
804:
1204:
1184:
1126:
719:
1189:
1179:
842:
397:, a county in Jiaxing Municipality. The Hangzhou Bay Bridge has significantly shortened driving distance between Ningbo and the
372:, a suburb of Shanghai. The government of Shanghai rejected the plan and focused on building the 32.5 km (20 mi)-long
1300:
694:
575:
1325:
906:
600:
1315:
437:
forces on the planet. The location of the bridge is also prone to earthquakes, as well as extremely high winds during
147:
144:
1199:
61:
159:
156:
513:
The service centre was slightly damaged in a fire on March 23, 2010, but opened to tourists on
December 19, 2010.
32:
1320:
294:
1146:
1136:
286:
1310:
1290:
96:
1131:
1045:
835:
630:
1295:
1153:
1121:
652:
478:
diameter were inserted into the ground, slowly releasing the methane six months prior to drilling.
461:. The bent shape is very good at transferring the wind load to the base supports of the structure.
377:
39:
1230:
1214:
1209:
1174:
1116:
530:
394:
352:
976:
921:
828:
809:
551:
1141:
1083:
1006:
673:
453:
support the tension cables. This theory of widening the bottom of towers was first used by
8:
1057:
891:
426:
418:
398:
320:
698:
579:
1018:
1001:
981:
971:
966:
787:
727:
1235:
1094:
1040:
926:
901:
881:
876:
1305:
1269:
1013:
773:
653:"World's Second-Longest Ocean Crossing Opens - ENR | McGraw-Hill Construction"
499:
486:
369:
88:
1111:
946:
38:
The references used may be made clearer with a different or consistent style of
1251:
1072:
1062:
1028:
961:
951:
911:
422:
382:
373:
43:
604:
1284:
1052:
896:
674:"Hangzhou Bay Bridge, China - The Longest Ocean-Crossing Bridge in the World"
454:
118:
105:
409:
1067:
991:
986:
767:
759:
458:
430:
324:
169:
820:
1023:
996:
941:
916:
871:
866:
644:
319:) is a long 35.7 km (22.2 mi) highway bridge with two separate
781:
956:
936:
931:
886:
814:
434:
311:
390:
368:
Shanghai. Under this plan, the bridge would begin in the north from
183:
795:
490:
Service center with lookout tower at midpoint of
Hangzhou Bay Bridge
1033:
348:
340:
1077:
723:
438:
332:
179:
494:
A 10,000 m (110,000 sq ft) service centre called
851:
507:
393:, a local-level city that is part of Ningbo Municipality, with
386:
336:
302:
328:
194:
401:
region and improved the competitiveness of the Beilun Port.
531:"World's longest trans-sea bridge linked up successfully"
74:
Bridge in
Jiaxing / Cixi City People's Republic of China
570:
568:
749:
593:
625:
623:
621:
565:
552:"World's longest sea bridge to open in east China"
1159:List of lists of covered bridges in North America
1282:
805:Chinapage.org: Hangzhou Bay Trans-oceanic Bridge
618:
836:
695:"Hangzhou Bay Bridge Burns during Renovation"
650:
578:. CRIEnglish.com. 2008-07-20. Archived from
850:
433:, which all experience some of the highest
843:
829:
404:
62:Learn how and when to remove this message
485:
408:
376:from Shanghai to its off-shore port at
1283:
824:
331:. It connects the municipalities of
323:portions, built across the mouth of
15:
633:. Main.constructionreviewonline.com
13:
1093:
417:The Hangzhou Bay Bridge is of the
14:
1337:
1127:medieval stone bridges in Germany
745:
481:
327:in the eastern coastal region of
1265:
1264:
780:
766:
752:
697:. English.cri.cn. Archived from
496:Land between the Sea and the Sky
187:
151:
139:
87:
20:
712:
687:
666:
544:
523:
307:
298:
290:
1:
1301:Cable-stayed bridges in China
1084:Visual index to various types
603:. Scandnet AB. Archived from
516:
464:
413:Hangzhou Bay Bridge (section)
353:longest trans-oceanic bridges
907:Cantilever spar cable-stayed
726:. 2010-12-19. Archived from
576:"Hangzhou Bay Bridge, China"
160:Hangzhou Bay Ring Expressway
7:
217:35.673 km (22 mi)
10:
1342:
1326:Cross-sea bridges in China
631:"Constructionreviewonline"
362:
225:448 m (1,470 ft)
195:People's Republic of China
148:Shenyang–Haikou Expressway
1316:Bridges completed in 2007
1260:
1244:
1223:
1167:
1104:
1091:
859:
720:"(Chinese)"海天一洲"今天正式开门迎客"
676:. Road Traffic Technology
276:
271:
263:
258:
250:
242:
234:
229:
221:
213:
205:
200:
175:
165:
134:
95:
86:
79:
1195:Continuous truss bridges
1168:Lists of bridges by size
1105:Lists of bridges by type
554:. People's Daily Online
533:. People's Daily Online
1154:List of bridge–tunnels
1098:
922:Double-beam drawbridge
655:. Enr.construction.com
491:
457:when constructing the
414:
405:Structural description
1321:Toll bridges in China
1147:vertical-lift bridges
1097:
601:"Hangzhou Bay Bridge"
489:
412:
1205:Masonry arch bridges
1185:Cable-stayed bridges
427:Yangtze River Deltas
316:Han-tseu-uae du-jiau
1311:Yangtze River Delta
1291:Bridges in Zhejiang
1132:multi-level bridges
810:Hangzhou Bay Bridge
798:Hangzhou Bay Bridge
582:on January 16, 2013
419:cable stayed bridge
399:Yangtze River Delta
308:Hángzhōu Wān Dàqiáo
295:traditional Chinese
283:Hangzhou Bay Bridge
209:Cable-stayed bridge
115: /
81:Hangzhou Bay Bridge
1190:Cantilever bridges
1180:Suspension bridges
1122:cantilever bridges
1099:
1019:Navigable aqueduct
788:Engineering portal
651:Andrea Ding-Kemp.
492:
415:
287:simplified Chinese
235:Construction start
119:30.450°N 121.133°E
1296:Bridges in Ningbo
1278:
1277:
1236:Bridge to nowhere
1137:road–rail bridges
854:-related articles
280:
279:
72:
71:
64:
1333:
1268:
1267:
1224:Additional lists
860:Structural types
845:
838:
831:
822:
821:
790:
785:
784:
776:
774:Transport portal
771:
770:
762:
757:
756:
755:
739:
738:
736:
735:
716:
710:
709:
707:
706:
701:on July 12, 2012
691:
685:
684:
682:
681:
670:
664:
663:
661:
660:
648:
642:
641:
639:
638:
627:
616:
615:
613:
612:
597:
591:
590:
588:
587:
572:
563:
562:
560:
559:
548:
542:
541:
539:
538:
527:
317:
300:
292:
243:Construction end
193:
191:
190:
155:
154:
143:
142:
130:
129:
127:
126:
125:
120:
116:
113:
112:
111:
108:
91:
77:
76:
67:
60:
56:
53:
47:
24:
23:
16:
1341:
1340:
1336:
1335:
1334:
1332:
1331:
1330:
1281:
1280:
1279:
1274:
1256:
1240:
1231:Bridge failures
1219:
1163:
1117:bascule bridges
1112:List of bridges
1100:
1089:
977:Rolling bascule
855:
849:
786:
779:
772:
765:
758:
753:
751:
748:
743:
742:
733:
731:
718:
717:
713:
704:
702:
693:
692:
688:
679:
677:
672:
671:
667:
658:
656:
649:
645:
636:
634:
629:
628:
619:
610:
608:
599:
598:
594:
585:
583:
574:
573:
566:
557:
555:
550:
549:
545:
536:
534:
529:
528:
524:
519:
484:
467:
407:
365:
201:Characteristics
188:
186:
152:
140:
124:30.450; 121.133
123:
121:
117:
114:
109:
106:
104:
102:
101:
82:
75:
68:
57:
51:
48:
37:
31:has an unclear
25:
21:
12:
11:
5:
1339:
1329:
1328:
1323:
1318:
1313:
1308:
1303:
1298:
1293:
1276:
1275:
1273:
1272:
1261:
1258:
1257:
1255:
1254:
1252:Bridges in art
1248:
1246:
1242:
1241:
1239:
1238:
1233:
1227:
1225:
1221:
1220:
1218:
1217:
1212:
1207:
1202:
1197:
1192:
1187:
1182:
1177:
1171:
1169:
1165:
1164:
1162:
1161:
1156:
1151:
1150:
1149:
1144:
1139:
1134:
1129:
1124:
1119:
1108:
1106:
1102:
1101:
1092:
1090:
1088:
1087:
1080:
1075:
1070:
1065:
1060:
1055:
1050:
1049:
1048:
1038:
1037:
1036:
1026:
1021:
1016:
1011:
1010:
1009:
1004:
999:
994:
989:
984:
979:
974:
969:
964:
959:
954:
944:
939:
934:
929:
924:
919:
914:
909:
904:
899:
894:
889:
884:
879:
874:
869:
863:
861:
857:
856:
848:
847:
840:
833:
825:
819:
818:
807:
802:
792:
791:
777:
763:
747:
746:External links
744:
741:
740:
711:
686:
665:
643:
617:
592:
564:
543:
521:
520:
518:
515:
483:
482:Service Center
480:
466:
463:
423:Qiantang River
406:
403:
383:Port of Ningbo
374:Donghai Bridge
364:
361:
278:
277:
274:
273:
269:
268:
265:
261:
260:
256:
255:
252:
248:
247:
244:
240:
239:
236:
232:
231:
227:
226:
223:
219:
218:
215:
211:
210:
207:
203:
202:
198:
197:
177:
173:
172:
167:
163:
162:
136:
132:
131:
99:
93:
92:
84:
83:
80:
73:
70:
69:
33:citation style
28:
26:
19:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1338:
1327:
1324:
1322:
1319:
1317:
1314:
1312:
1309:
1307:
1304:
1302:
1299:
1297:
1294:
1292:
1289:
1288:
1286:
1271:
1263:
1262:
1259:
1253:
1250:
1249:
1247:
1243:
1237:
1234:
1232:
1229:
1228:
1226:
1222:
1216:
1213:
1211:
1208:
1206:
1203:
1201:
1198:
1196:
1193:
1191:
1188:
1186:
1183:
1181:
1178:
1176:
1173:
1172:
1170:
1166:
1160:
1157:
1155:
1152:
1148:
1145:
1143:
1140:
1138:
1135:
1133:
1130:
1128:
1125:
1123:
1120:
1118:
1115:
1114:
1113:
1110:
1109:
1107:
1103:
1096:
1086:
1085:
1081:
1079:
1076:
1074:
1071:
1069:
1066:
1064:
1061:
1059:
1056:
1054:
1051:
1047:
1044:
1043:
1042:
1039:
1035:
1032:
1031:
1030:
1027:
1025:
1022:
1020:
1017:
1015:
1012:
1008:
1007:Vertical-lift
1005:
1003:
1000:
998:
995:
993:
990:
988:
985:
983:
980:
978:
975:
973:
970:
968:
965:
963:
960:
958:
955:
953:
950:
949:
948:
945:
943:
940:
938:
935:
933:
930:
928:
925:
923:
920:
918:
915:
913:
910:
908:
905:
903:
900:
898:
895:
893:
890:
888:
885:
883:
882:Bridge–tunnel
880:
878:
875:
873:
870:
868:
865:
864:
862:
858:
853:
846:
841:
839:
834:
832:
827:
826:
823:
817:
816:
811:
808:
806:
803:
801:
799:
794:
793:
789:
783:
778:
775:
769:
764:
761:
750:
730:on 2012-10-15
729:
725:
721:
715:
700:
696:
690:
675:
669:
654:
647:
632:
626:
624:
622:
607:on 2012-02-26
606:
602:
596:
581:
577:
571:
569:
553:
547:
532:
526:
522:
514:
511:
509:
505:
501:
497:
488:
479:
475:
471:
462:
460:
456:
455:Gustav Eiffel
450:
446:
442:
440:
436:
432:
428:
424:
420:
411:
402:
400:
396:
392:
388:
384:
379:
375:
371:
360:
356:
354:
350:
344:
342:
338:
334:
330:
326:
322:
318:
315:
313:
304:
296:
288:
284:
275:
270:
266:
262:
257:
253:
249:
246:June 14, 2007
245:
241:
237:
233:
228:
224:
220:
216:
212:
208:
204:
199:
196:
185:
181:
178:
174:
171:
168:
164:
161:
158:
149:
146:
138:Six lanes of
137:
133:
128:
100:
98:
94:
90:
85:
78:
66:
63:
55:
45:
41:
35:
34:
29:This article
27:
18:
17:
1200:Arch bridges
1142:toll bridges
1082:
1058:Through arch
892:Cable-stayed
813:
797:
760:China portal
732:. Retrieved
728:the original
714:
703:. Retrieved
699:the original
689:
678:. Retrieved
668:
657:. Retrieved
646:
635:. Retrieved
609:. Retrieved
605:the original
595:
584:. Retrieved
580:the original
556:. Retrieved
546:
535:. Retrieved
525:
512:
503:
495:
493:
476:
472:
468:
459:Eiffel Tower
451:
447:
443:
431:Hangzhou Bay
416:
366:
357:
345:
325:Hangzhou Bay
321:cable-stayed
309:
306:
282:
281:
238:June 8, 2003
222:Longest span
214:Total length
170:Hangzhou Bay
58:
49:
30:
1002:Transporter
982:Submersible
967:Retractable
254:May 1, 2008
122: /
97:Coordinates
1285:Categories
1041:Suspension
957:Drawbridge
927:Extradosed
902:Cantilever
887:Burr Truss
877:Box girder
815:Structurae
734:2011-02-25
705:2010-07-05
680:2010-07-05
659:2010-07-05
637:2010-07-05
611:2012-02-27
586:2012-02-27
558:2008-05-03
537:2008-05-03
517:References
465:Challenges
435:tidal bore
343:province.
259:Statistics
44:footnoting
1175:By length
1014:Multi-way
796:Official
184:Cixi City
1270:Category
1034:Vlotbrug
947:Moveable
378:Yangshan
349:Shanghai
341:Zhejiang
272:Location
110:121°08′E
52:May 2019
40:citation
1306:Jiaxing
1245:Related
1215:Tallest
1210:Highest
1078:Viaduct
1073:Tubular
1063:Trestle
1029:Pontoon
972:Rolling
962:Folding
952:Bascule
912:Covered
800:website
724:Netease
500:Chinese
439:typhoon
370:Jinshan
363:History
333:Jiaxing
267:80 yuan
230:History
180:Jiaxing
166:Crosses
135:Carries
107:30°27′N
1053:Timber
897:Canopy
852:Bridge
508:Pinyin
395:Haiyan
387:Beilun
337:Ningbo
305::
303:pinyin
297::
289::
251:Opened
206:Design
192:
176:Locale
1068:Truss
1046:types
992:Table
987:Swing
329:China
299:杭州灣大橋
291:杭州湾大桥
1024:Pile
997:Tilt
942:Moon
917:Crib
872:Beam
867:Arch
504:海天一洲
429:and
425:and
391:Cixi
335:and
264:Toll
150:and
42:and
937:Log
932:Jet
812:at
385:at
339:in
157:G92
145:G15
1287::
722:.
620:^
567:^
506:,
502::
355:.
312:Wu
310:;
301:;
293:;
182:/
844:e
837:t
830:v
737:.
708:.
683:.
662:.
640:.
614:.
589:.
561:.
540:.
498:(
314::
285:(
65:)
59:(
54:)
50:(
46:.
36:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
