964:
occurred 140â200kya, with the mutations that define macrohaplogroups L0 and L1-6. These two haplogroups are found throughout Africa at varying frequencies and thus exhibit an entangled pattern of mtDNA variation. However the distribution of some subclades of haplogroup L is structured around geographic or ethnic units. For example, the deepest clades of haplogroup L0, L0d and L0k are almost exclusively restricted to the
Khoisan of southern Africa. L0d has also been detected among the Sandawe of Tanzania, which suggests an ancient connection between the Khoisan and East African populations.
968:
81:
1237:, frequencies have been reported at 6.6%. According to some researchers L lineages in Iberia are associated to Islamic invasions, while for others it may be due to more ancient processes as well as more recent ones through the introduction of these lineages by means of the modern slave trade. The highest frequency (18.2%) of Sub-Saharan lineages found so far in Europe were observed by Alvarez et al. 2010 in the
201:, which places the split between ca. 806–447 kya. In terms of mtDNA, however, it appears that modern humans and Neanderthals form a sister clade, with Denisovans as basal outgroup. The split of Neanderthal and modern human mtDNA is dated to about 498–295 kya, i.e. significantly younger than the date estimated based on nuclear DNA. This has been explained as reflecting early
1265:. In 2015 study found that a prehistoric episode would be the main contributor to the sub-Saharan presence in Mediterranean Europe and Iberia. A 2018 study ascribed high levels of African admixture in Spain and Portugal to two separate episodes, one during the North African Islamic expansions into Iberia and one later one, possibly related to the slave trade.
3754:
Achilli, Alessandro; Olivieri, Anna; Pala, Maria; Metspalu, Ene; Fornarino, Simona; Battaglia, Vincenza; Accetturo, Matteo; Kutuev, Ildus; Khusnutdinova, Elsa; Pennarun, Erwan; Cerutti, Nicoletta; Di
Gaetano, Cornelia; Crobu, Francesca; Palli, Domenico; Matullo, Giuseppe; Santachiara-Benerecetti, A.
4323:
Bobillo, Maria
Cecilia; Zimmermann, Bettina; Sala, Andrea; Huber, Gabriela; Röck, Alexander; Bandelt, Hans-JĂŒrgen; Corach, Daniel; Parson, Walther (July 2010). "Amerindian mitochondrial DNA haplogroups predominate in the population of Argentina: towards a first nationwide forensic mitochondrial DNA
2706:
Behar, Doron M.; Villems, Richard; Soodyall, Himla; Blue-Smith, Jason; Pereira, Luisa; Metspalu, Ene; Scozzari, Rosaria; Makkan, Heeran; Tzur, Shay; Comas, David; Bertranpetit, Jaume; Quintana-Murci, Lluis; Tyler-Smith, Chris; Wells, R. Spencer; Rosset, Saharon; Genographic, Consortium. (May 2008).
4518:
Peñaloza-Espinosa, Rosenda I.; Arenas-Aranda, Diego.; Cerda-Flores, Ricardo M.; Buentello-Malo, Leonor.; GonzĂĄlez-Valencia, Gerardo.; Torres, Javier.; Ălvarez, Berenice.; Mendoza, Irma.; Flores, Mario.; Sandoval, Lucila.; Loeza, Francisco.; Ramos, Irma.; Muñoz, Leopoldo.; Salamanca, Fabio. (2007).
963:
The mutations that are used to identify the basal lineages of haplogroup L, are ancient and may be 150,000 years old. The deep time depth of these lineages entails that substructure of this haplogroup within Africa is complex and, at present, poorly understood. The first split within haplogroup L
1092:
from
Morocco, Tunisia and Libya. Frequency was the highest in Libyan Jews 3.6%. Moroccan Arabs have more elevated SSA maternal admixture at around 21% to 36% Via L-mtDNA sequences, Highest frequencies of L-mtDNA is reported to Moroccan Arabs of The Surrounding area of El jadida at 33%.
3526:
Turchi, Chiara; Buscemi, Loredana; Giacchino, Erika; Onofri, Valerio; Fendt, Liane; Parson, Walther; Tagliabracci, Adriano (June 2009). "Polymorphisms of mtDNA control region in
Tunisian and Moroccan populations: An enrichment of forensic mtDNA databases with Northern Africa data".
3562:
Behar, Doron M.; Metspalu, Ene; Kivisild, Toomas; Rosset, Saharon; Tzur, Shay; Hadid, Yarin; Yudkovsky, Guennady; Rosengarten, Dror; Pereira, Luisa; Amorim, Antonio; Kutuev, Ildus; Gurwitz, David; Bonne-Tamir, Batsheva; Villems, Richard; Skorecki, Karl (30 April 2008).
2956:
Marina Silva, Farida
Alshamali, Paula Silva, Carla Carrilho, FlĂĄvio Mandlate, Maria Jesus Trovoada, Viktor ÄernĂœ, LuĂsa Pereira, Pedro Soares, "60,000 years of interactions between Central and Eastern Africa documented by major African mitochondrial haplogroup L2",
3681:ÄernĂœ, Viktor; Mulligan, Connie J.; RĂdl, Jakub; ĆœaloudkovĂĄ, Martina; Edens, Christopher M.; HĂĄjek, Martin; Pereira, LuĂsa (June 2008). "Regional differences in the distribution of the sub-Saharan, West Eurasian, and South Asian mtDNA lineages in Yemen".
213:
mtDNA from Africa may have replaced the original
Neanderthal mtDNA entirely even when assuming minimal admixture. The Neanderthal and Denisovan lineages diverged before about 430 kya, and Denisovan mtDNA was not affected by the introgression.
232:
The deep time depth of these lineages entails that substructure of this haplogroup within Africa is complex and poorly understood. Date estimates are necessarily imprecise. The intervals cited above represent high and low estimates of the
4072:
Ottoni, Claudio; Martinez-Labarga, Cristina; Vitelli, Luciana; Scano, Giuseppina; Fabrini, Enrico; Contini, Irene; Biondi, Gianfranco; Rickards, Olga (December 2009). "Human mitochondrial DNA variation in
Southern Italy".
4116:
HernĂĄndez, Candela L.; Soares, Pedro; Dugoujon, Jean M.; Novelletto, Andrea; RodrĂguez, Juan N.; Rito, Teresa; Oliveira, Marisa; Melhaoui, Mohammed; Baali, Abdellatif; Pereira, Luisa; CalderĂłn, Rosario (28 October 2015).
3472:
Cherni L, Loueslati BY, Pereira L, EnnafaĂą H, Amorim A, El Gaaied AB (February 2005). "Female gene pools of Berber and Arab neighboring communities in central
Tunisia: microstructure of mtDNA variation in North Africa".
3908:
Casas MJ, Hagelberg E, Fregel R, Larruga JM, GonzĂĄlez AM (December 2006). "Human mitochondrial DNA diversity in an archaeological site in al-Andalus: genetic impact of migrations from North Africa in medieval Spain".
2645:
Posth, Cosimo; WiĂing, Christoph; Kitagawa, Keiko; Pagani, Luca; van
Holstein, Laura; Racimo, Fernando; Wehrberger, Kurt; Conard, Nicholas J.; Kind, Claus Joachim; Bocherens, Hervé; Krause, Johannes (December 2017).
4033:
Alvarez L, Santos C, Ramos A, Pratdesaba R, Francalacci P, Aluja MP (August 2010). "Mitochondrial DNA patterns in the Iberian Northern plateau: population dynamics and substructure of the Zamora province".
3997:
Alvarez L, Santos C, Ramos A, Pratdesaba R, Francalacci P, Aluja MP (August 2010). "Mitochondrial DNA patterns in the Iberian Northern plateau: population dynamics and substructure of the Zamora province".
4060:
As regards sub-Saharan Hgs (L1b, L2b, and L3b), the high frequency found in the southern regions of Zamora, 18.2% in Sayago and 8.1% in Bajo Duero, is comparable to that described for the South of Portugal
3097:
the presence of haplogroups N1 and J in Tanzania suggest "back" migration from the Middle East or Eurasia into eastern Africa, which has been inferred from previous studies of other populations in eastern
4367:
Bedoya, Gabriel; Montoya, Patricia; GarcĂa, Jenny; Soto, Ivan; Bourgeois, Stephane; Carvajal, Luis; Labuda, Damian; Alvarez, Victor; Ospina, Jorge; Hedrick, Philip W.; Ruiz-Linares, AndrĂ©s (9 May 2006).
2983:
Heinz, Tanja; Pala, Maria; GĂłmez-Carballa, Alberto; Richards, Martin B.; Salas, Antonio (March 2017). "Updating the African human mitochondrial DNA tree: Relevance to forensic and population genetics".
197:. The split of the modern human lineage from the Neanderthal and Denisovan lineage is dated to between ca. 760–550 kya based on full genome analysis. This is consistent with the estimate based on
855:
is a minor haplogroup of East Africa that arose around 70 kya but did not participate in the out-of-Africa migration. The haplogroup formerly named L7 has been re-classified as a subclade of L4, named
3113:
Rosa, Alexandra; Brehm, Antonio; Kivisild, Toomas; Metspalu, Ene; Villems, Richard (July 2004). "MtDNA Profile of West Africa Guineans: Towards a Better Understanding of the Senegambia Region".
1285:. In Brazil, Pena et al. report that 85% of self-identified Afro-Brazilians have Haplogroup L mtDNA sequences. Haplogroup L lineages are also found at moderate frequencies in self-identified
2916:
Tishkoff, S. A.; Gonder, M. K.; Henn, B. M.; Mortensen, H.; Knight, A.; Gignoux, C.; Fernandopulle, N.; Lema, G.; Nyambo, T. B.; Ramakrishnan, U.; Reed, F. A.; Mountain, J. L. (2007-07-21).
3232:
Kivisild, Toomas; Reidla, Maere; Metspalu, Ene; Rosa, Alexandra; Brehm, Antonio; Pennarun, Erwan; Parik, JĂŒri; Geberhiwot, Tarekegn; Usanga, Esien; Villems, Richard (November 2004).
2489:
Soares, Pedro; Ermini, Luca; Thomson, Noel; Mormina, Maru; Rito, Teresa; Röhl, Arne; Salas, Antonio; Oppenheimer, Stephen; Macaulay, Vincent; Richards, Martin B. (June 2009).
3944:
Brehm A, Pereira L, Kivisild T, Amorim A (December 2003). "Mitochondrial portraits of the Madeira and Açores archipelagos witness different genetic pools of its settlers".
813:
799:
was formerly classified as L1e, but is now recognized as having diverged from L1 at about 120 kya. It is also mostly associated with pygmies, with highest frequency in
225:") is dated to ca. 230–150 kya. The emergence of haplogroup L1-6 by definition dates a later time, at an estimated 200–130 kya, possibly in a population in
2884:
Ferreira, Renata C; Rodrigues, Camila R; Broach, James R; Briones, Marcelo RS (2017-09-18). "Neandertal signatures in modern human mitochondrial genome haplogroups?".
825:
diverged from L3'4'6 at about the same time, ca. 90 kya. It is now a minor haplogroup with distribution mostly limited to the Horn of Africa and southern East Africa.
3316:
Salas, Antonio; Richards, Martin; De la Fe, TomĂĄs; Lareu, MarĂa-Victoria; Sobrino, Beatriz; SĂĄnchez-Diz, Paula; Macaulay, Vincent; Carracedo, Ăngel (November 2002).
2537:
Age estimates (ka, 95% CI in angular brackets): ML whole-mtDNA age estimate: 178.8 , Ï whole-mtDNA age estimate: 185.2 , Ï synonymous age estimate (ka): 174.8 :
2825:
Briggs, A. W.; Good, J. M.; Green, R. E.; Krause, J.; Maricic, T.; et al. (2009-07-16). "Targeted Retrieval and Analysis of Five Neandertal mtDNA Genomes".
4274:
Bobillo, Maria Cecilia; Zimmermann, Bettina; Sala, Andrea; Huber, Gabriela; Röck, Alexander; Bandelt, Hans-JĂŒrgen; Corach, Daniel; Parson, Walther (July 2010).
4276:"Amerindian mitochondrial DNA haplogroups predominate in the population of Argentina: towards a first nationwide forensic mitochondrial DNA sequence database"
702:
Haplogroup L1-6 (also L1'2'3'4'5'6) split off undifferentiated haplogroup L roughly 20,000 years after Mitochondrial Eve, or at roughly 170,000 years ago (
3855:
Pereira L, Cunha C, Alves C, Amorim A (April 2005). "African female heritage in Iberia: a reassessment of mtDNA lineage distribution in present times".
3282:
3012:
Soares, Pedro; Ermini, Luca; Thomson, Noel; Mormina, Maru; Rito, Teresa; Röhl, Arne; Salas, Antonio; Oppenheimer, Stephen; MacAulay, Vincent (2009).
1273:
Haplogroup L lineages are found in the African diaspora of the Americas as well as indigenous Americans. Haplogroup L lineages are predominant among
1180:
4878:
202:
180:
3717:
205:
from Africa into the Neanderthal genome, around 270 kya or earlier, i.e. around the time of the first emergence of anatomically modern humans (
110:) mtDNA phylogenetic tree. As such, it represents the most ancestral mitochondrial lineage of all currently living modern humans, also dubbed "
4176:
Bycroft, Clare; Fernandez-Rozadilla, Ceres; Ruiz-Ponte, Clara; Quintela, InĂ©s; Carracedo, Ăngel; Donnelly, Peter; Myers, Simon (2019-02-01).
838:
event (Out-of-Africa migration), possibly in East Africa. The mtDNA of all non-Africans is derived from L3, divided into two main lineages,
3755:
Silvana; Cavalli-Sforza, L. Luca; Semino, Ornella; Villems, Richard; Bandelt, Hans-JĂŒrgen; Piazza, Alberto; Torroni, Antonio (April 2007).
17:
3624:"The trans-Saharan slave trade - clues from interpolation analyses and high-resolution characterization of mitochondrial DNA lineages"
2539:
Rito, Teresa; Richards, Martin B.; Fernandes, VerĂłnica; Alshamali, Farida; Cerny, Viktor; Pereira, LuĂsa; Soares, Pedro (2013-11-13).
1213:(11.38%). Relatively high frequencies of 7.40% and 8.30% were also reported respectively in South Spain, in the present population of
1088:
have frequencies of haplogroup L lineages that range from 3% to 45%. Haplogroup L has also been found at a small frequency of 2.2% in
730:
emerges around 70 kya and is closely associated with the out-of-Africa event; it may have arisen either in East Africa or in Asia.
1293:, a minor contribution of African lineages was observed throughout the country. Haplogroup L lineages were also reported at 8% in
3365:
Chen, Yu-Sheng; Olckers, Antonel; Schurr, Theodore G.; Kogelnik, Andreas M.; Huoponen, Kirsi; Wallace, Douglas C. (April 2000).
3622:
Harich, Nourdin; Costa, Marta D; Fernandes, VerĂłnica; Kandil, Mostafa; Pereira, Joana B; Silva, Nuno M; Pereira, LuĂsa (2010).
2455:
1064:
population. Various South Africa's ethnic minority have different frequencies of Haplogroup L lineages. It's found 47% in the
4873:
4581:
816:
it is now spread throughout Central Sub-Saharan Africa, at the expense of the previously more widespread L0, L1 and L5.
4594:
1102:
97:
4119:"Early Holocenic and Historic mtDNA African Signatures in the Iberian Peninsula: The Andalusian Region as a Paradigm"
738:
are sister clades of L3, but they are limited to East Africa and did not participate in the out-of-Africa migration.
198:
2648:"Deeply divergent archaic mitochondrial genome provides lower time boundary for African gene flow into Neanderthals"
4868:
4370:"Admixture dynamics in Hispanics: A shift in the nuclear genetic ancestry of a South American population isolate"
3367:"mtDNA Variation in the South African Kung and Khweâand Their Genetic Relationships to Other African Populations"
812:
diverged from L(1'4'6)'2 at about 90 kya, associated with the peopling of East West Africa. As a result of the
129:; L1-6 is estimated to have formed ca. 170 kya, and L0 ca. 150 kya. The formation of L0 is associated with the
1222:
1205:
where frequencies are only high in the south and west of the country. Increasing frequencies are observed for
229:. Haplogroup L0 emerges from the basal haplogroup L1-6* somewhat later, at an estimated 190–110 kya.
89:
4178:"Patterns of genetic differentiation and the footprints of historical migrations in the Iberian Peninsula"
3299:
1312:
Haplogroup L are detected in various Amerindian groups in ranging frequencies. It was found in 8% in the
237:
following Soares et al. (2009), the most likely ages are to be taken near the center of these intervals.
218:
2918:"History of Click-Speaking Populations of Africa Inferred from mtDNA and Y Chromosome Genetic Variation"
1189:(Spain and Portugal) where regional frequencies as high as 18.2% have been reported and some regions of
4610:
3413:
Quintana, Lluis et al 2003, MtDNA diversity in Central Africa: from hunter-gathering to agriculturalism
758:
126:
4485:
762:
101:
3804:
Abu-Amero, Khaled K; GonzĂĄlez, Ana M; Larruga, Jose M; Bosley, Thomas M; Cabrera, Vicente M (2007).
3734:
4883:
896:
of Tanzania, which suggests an ancient connection between the Khoisan and East African speakers of
1185:
In Europe, haplogroup L is found at low frequencies, typically less than 1% with the exception of
118:
72:
856:
3234:"Ethiopian Mitochondrial DNA Heritage: Tracking Gene Flow Across and Around the Gate of Tears"
4824:
4819:
4786:
4693:
4671:
4666:
4661:
4650:
4642:
4637:
3757:"Mitochondrial DNA Variation of Modern Tuscans Supports the Near Eastern Origin of Etruscans"
874:
851:
830:
821:
808:
795:
774:
766:
735:
731:
727:
719:
715:
711:
697:
693:
689:
685:
681:
677:
468:
453:
431:
409:
387:
332:
162:
158:
154:
150:
146:
142:
68:
4851:
4846:
4841:
4836:
4829:
4812:
4804:
4781:
4776:
4766:
4759:
4754:
4749:
4744:
4736:
4731:
4726:
4721:
4713:
4708:
4703:
4698:
4683:
4678:
4381:
4189:
4130:
3635:
3576:
3186:
2885:
2834:
2659:
2552:
1282:
1061:
843:
839:
1289:. Alves Silva reports that 28% of a sample of White Brazilians belong to haplogroup L. In
8:
4517:
4385:
4233:
Pena, S.D.J.; Bastos-Rodrigues, L.; Pimenta, J.R.; Bydlowski, S.P. (11 September 2009).
4193:
4134:
3639:
3580:
3190:
2838:
2663:
2556:
1107:
Haplogroup L is also found in West Asia at low to moderate frequencies, most notably in
778:
diverged from L at about 140,000 years ago. Its emergence is associated with the early
4544:
4461:
4436:
4412:
4399:
4369:
4349:
4300:
4275:
4210:
4177:
4153:
4118:
4098:
3979:
3890:
3832:
3805:
3781:
3756:
3658:
3623:
3599:
3564:
3508:
3449:
3424:
3391:
3366:
3258:
3233:
3209:
3174:
3148:
3038:
3013:
2866:
2807:
2733:
2708:
2680:
2647:
2575:
2540:
2515:
2490:
2443:
1249:, Haplogroup L lineages are present in some regions at frequencies between 2 and 3% in
932:
835:
779:
130:
3425:"Reconstruction of major maternal and paternal lineages of the Cape Muslim population"
3342:
3317:
1209:(3.26%) and northern Portugal (3.21%), through the center (5.02%) and to the south of
873:
Haplogroup L0 arose between about 200 and 130 kya, that is, at about the same time as
30:
This article is about the human mtDNA haplogroup. For the human Y-DNA haplogroup, see
4795:
4606:
4536:
4497:
4466:
4417:
4341:
4305:
4256:
4215:
4158:
4090:
4051:
4015:
3971:
3926:
3882:
3837:
3786:
3726:
3698:
3663:
3604:
3544:
3500:
3454:
3396:
3347:
3291:
3263:
3214:
3140:
3126:
3088:
3043:
3014:"Correcting for Purifying Selection: An Improved Human Mitochondrial Molecular Clock"
3001:
2939:
2858:
2850:
2799:
2778:"Updated comprehensive phylogenetic tree of global human mitochondrial DNA variation"
2738:
2685:
2624:
2580:
2520:
2491:"Correcting for Purifying Selection: An Improved Human Mitochondrial Molecular Clock"
1274:
1218:
940:
723:
309:
270:
222:
174:
111:
4548:
4353:
4251:
4234:
3894:
3440:
3284:
Phylogenetics and speciation of African Bradypterus and the Apalis thoracica complex
3152:
2811:
4528:
4456:
4448:
4407:
4389:
4333:
4295:
4287:
4246:
4205:
4197:
4148:
4138:
4102:
4082:
4043:
4007:
3983:
3961:
3953:
3918:
3872:
3864:
3827:
3817:
3806:"Eurasian and African mitochondrial DNA influences in the Saudi Arabian population"
3776:
3768:
3690:
3653:
3643:
3594:
3584:
3536:
3512:
3490:
3482:
3444:
3436:
3386:
3378:
3337:
3329:
3253:
3245:
3204:
3194:
3130:
3122:
3078:
3033:
3025:
2993:
2962:
2929:
2870:
2842:
2789:
2728:
2720:
2675:
2667:
2614:
2570:
2560:
2510:
2502:
2460:
1164:
1111:
where frequencies as high as 60% have been reported. It is also found at 15.50% in
967:
746:
31:
971:
Macro-haplogroup L (mtDNA) composition within Africa. Approximate frequencies in:
4143:
3589:
3540:
2997:
2565:
1306:
1286:
1278:
1206:
1148:
903:
Haplogroup L0f is present in relatively small frequencies in Tanzania among the
897:
882:
3565:"Counting the Founders: The Matrilineal Genetic Ancestry of the Jewish Diaspora"
80:
4374:
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
4201:
3029:
2724:
2506:
1234:
1160:
1144:
904:
893:
226:
186:
58:
4519:"Characterization of mtDNA Haplogroups in 14 Mexican Indigenous Populations".
4337:
4291:
4086:
3957:
888:
Its subclades are L0d and L0k. Both are almost exclusively restricted to the
753:), dated to before 50 kya. This suggests that an earlier wave of expansion of
4862:
4624:
3730:
3648:
3295:
2854:
2833:(5938). American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS): 318â321.
1302:
1136:
1085:
1065:
868:
750:
527:
122:
4394:
4175:
3083:
3066:
2934:
2917:
2846:
2619:
2602:
1171:
were linked to the presence of haplogroup L in the Saudi Arabian gene pool.
4771:
4540:
4501:
4470:
4421:
4345:
4309:
4260:
4219:
4162:
4094:
4055:
4019:
3975:
3930:
3886:
3841:
3822:
3790:
3702:
3667:
3608:
3548:
3504:
3458:
3400:
3351:
3267:
3218:
3199:
3144:
3092:
3047:
3005:
2943:
2862:
2803:
2742:
2689:
2628:
2584:
2524:
2449:
1168:
1120:
1081:
936:
787:
206:
190:
106:
4532:
4486:"Sex-biased gene flow in African Americans but not in American Caucasians"
3868:
3486:
1072:, 14% in Indian muslims, 20% in other muslim population in South Africa.
3966:
3135:
1317:
1193:
where frequencies between 2 and 3% have been found. Overall frequency in
1140:
1089:
944:
742:
4403:
3877:
3495:
3065:
Gonder MK, Mortensen HM, Reed FA, de Sousa A, Tishkoff SA (March 2007).
2671:
2601:
Gonder MK, Mortensen HM, Reed FA, de Sousa A, Tishkoff SA (March 2007).
4047:
4011:
3922:
3694:
3423:
Isaacs, Shafieka; Geduld-Ullah, Tasneem; Benjeddou, Mongi (July 2013).
2794:
2777:
1258:
1124:
1069:
1021:
912:
710:
in the estimate of Soares et al. 2009). It diverged, in its turn, into
194:
4565:
The Genetic Heritage of the Maltese Islands: A Matrilineal perspective
2966:
1290:
1221:
by Casas et al. 2006. Significant frequencies were also found in the
4563:
4232:
4452:
3772:
3382:
3333:
3249:
2890:
1294:
1210:
1198:
1112:
1011:
987:
948:
916:
911:. L0a is most prevalent in South-East African populations (25% in
4484:
Gonçalves VF, Prosdocimi F, Santos LS, Ortega JM, Pena SD (2007).
4071:
3067:"Whole-mtDNA genome sequence analysis of ancient African lineages"
2603:"Whole-mtDNA genome sequence analysis of ancient African lineages"
185:
The outgroup for mtDNA phylogeny of modern humans is the mtDNA of
4115:
2978:
2484:
1305:, haplogroup L lineages were reported at a frequency of 0.90% in
1254:
1238:
1226:
1132:
1039:
1032:
955:, ranging from low to high frequencies depending on the country.
908:
889:
786:, and it is now mostly found in Bantu & Semi Bantu speaking
234:
134:
4513:
4511:
4483:
3719:
Mitochondrial DNA analysis of four ethnic groups of Afghanistan
3172:
2982:
1298:
1262:
1242:
1230:
1225:, with L haplogroups constituting about 13% of the lineages in
1214:
1194:
1186:
1152:
1128:
1116:
1007:
952:
878:
783:
138:
3803:
2883:
2705:
2538:
834:
diverged from L3'4 at about 70 kya, likely shortly before the
3471:
1313:
1250:
1246:
1202:
1190:
1156:
1108:
1003:
981:
892:
of southern Africa, but L0d has also been detected among the
800:
4587:
4508:
4032:
3996:
3525:
145:, dated ca. 150 kya and 130 kya, respectively. Haplogroups
3907:
3753:
3680:
3561:
3422:
3064:
2915:
2600:
4322:
4273:
3943:
3621:
3315:
3231:
3173:
Abu-Amero KK, Larruga JM, Cabrera VM, GonzĂĄlez AM (2008).
3011:
2488:
209:). Posth et al. (2017) suggest the possibility that early
4437:"mtDNA affinities of the peoples of North-Central Mexico"
3364:
3112:
2644:
927:
Putting aside its sub-branches, haplogroups M and N, the
757:
left Africa between about 200–130 kya (during the
4366:
3854:
3175:"Mitochondrial DNA structure in the Arabian Peninsula"
2775:
1080:
Haplogroup L is also found at moderate frequencies in
289:
146, 182, 4312, 10664, 10915, 11914, 13276, 16230
2824:
1323:
4239:
Brazilian Journal of Medical and Biological Research
4235:"DNA tests probe the genomic ancestry of Brazilians"
141:
interglacial. L is further subdivided into L1-6 and
1167:and expansion of foreign empires that encapsulated
2541:"The First Modern Human Dispersals across Africa"
1181:Genetic history of the human population of Europe
4860:
4803:
4800:
4646:
4584:, Macro-haplogroup L by van Oven & Kayser M.
2776:van Oven, Mannis; Manfred Kayser (13 Oct 2008).
741:Undifferentiated L1'2'3'4'5'6 has been found in
4434:
3749:
3747:
1245:in Spain and in Alcacer do Sal in Portugal. In
181:Interbreeding between archaic and modern humans
84:Overview of the main divisions of haplogroup L.
2977:point estimate 168.5 ka (136.3–201.1 ka
1316:-Coyolillo and 7.1% in Chibcha speaking group
3744:
803:pygmies from Eastern Central Africa at 15%.
4595:human mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) haplogroups
3555:
3318:"The Making of the African mtDNA Landscape"
2911:
2909:
2907:
2905:
2903:
2901:
2640:
2638:
4435:Green LD, Derr JN, Knight A (March 2000).
4460:
4411:
4393:
4299:
4250:
4209:
4152:
4142:
3965:
3876:
3831:
3821:
3780:
3683:American Journal of Physical Anthropology
3657:
3647:
3598:
3588:
3494:
3448:
3390:
3341:
3257:
3208:
3198:
3134:
3082:
3060:
3058:
3037:
2933:
2889:
2793:
2732:
2709:"The Dawn of Human Matrilineal Diversity"
2679:
2618:
2574:
2564:
2514:
1060:Haplogroup L reaches 100% in many native
935:; L is at 96â100%, apart. It is found in
782:by anatomically modern humans during the
3529:Forensic Science International: Genetics
3407:
2986:Forensic Science International: Genetics
2898:
2635:
2596:
2594:
2479:
2477:
2475:
966:
881:. It is associated with the peopling of
79:
4561:
4326:International Journal of Legal Medicine
4280:International Journal of Legal Medicine
3108:
3106:
2701:
2699:
769:with Neanderthals before disappearing.
14:
4879:Recent African origin of modern humans
4861:
4735:
4687:
4654:
4649:
4631:
4628:
4615:
4605:
3761:The American Journal of Human Genetics
3371:The American Journal of Human Genetics
3322:The American Journal of Human Genetics
3238:The American Journal of Human Genetics
3168:
3166:
3164:
3162:
3055:
3018:The American Journal of Human Genetics
2769:
2713:The American Journal of Human Genetics
2495:The American Journal of Human Genetics
2456:Recent African origin of modern humans
4682:
4677:
3715:
3280:
2591:
2472:
931:haplogroups are predominant all over
4828:
4823:
4818:
4808:
4793:
4790:
4785:
4780:
4775:
4770:
4765:
4758:
4753:
4748:
4743:
4740:
4730:
4725:
4720:
4717:
4712:
4707:
4702:
4697:
4692:
4670:
4665:
4660:
4657:
4641:
4636:
4623:
4618:
4602:
3103:
2696:
3159:
907:who are known to be older than the
137:, ca. 140 kya, at the onset of the
24:
4441:American Journal of Human Genetics
1324:Haplogroup L Frequencies (> 1%)
1103:Genetic history of the Middle East
98:mitochondrial DNA macro-haplogroup
25:
4895:
4575:
3127:10.1046/j.1529-8817.2004.00100.x
1297:, and at 4.50% in North-Central
1233:. In the Spanish archipelago of
1031:Africans (!Xung, !Kung and Khwe
133:by populations ancestral to the
125:. The split occurred during the
4582:PhyloTree.org â mtDNA subtree L
4555:
4490:Genetics and Molecular Research
4477:
4428:
4360:
4316:
4267:
4252:10.1590/s0100-879x2009005000026
4226:
4169:
4109:
4065:
4026:
3990:
3937:
3901:
3848:
3797:
3709:
3674:
3615:
3519:
3465:
3441:10.1590/S1415-47572013005000019
3416:
3358:
3309:
3274:
3225:
3071:Molecular Biology and Evolution
3010:(table 2). 150 ka suggested in:
2971:
2950:
2922:Molecular Biology and Evolution
1268:
1075:
1055:
922:
885:after about 140,000 years ago.
221:of modern human mtDNA (dubbed "
3429:Genetics and Molecular Biology
2877:
2818:
2749:
2531:
1714:Alvarez-Iglesias et al. (2009)
1223:Autonomous regions of Portugal
877:, before the beginning of the
13:
1:
2466:
765:) and left genetic traces by
4144:10.1371/journal.pone.0139784
3716:Whale, John William (2012).
3590:10.1371/journal.pone.0002062
3541:10.1016/j.fsigen.2009.01.014
2998:10.1016/j.fsigen.2016.12.016
2566:10.1371/journal.pone.0080031
1096:
240:
90:human mitochondrial genetics
18:Haplogroup L3'4 (mtDNA)
7:
2437:
1084:. For example, the various
1042:(Baka, Bi-Aka and Ba-Kola).
745:fossils from the Caucasus (
219:most recent common ancestor
131:peopling of Southern Africa
100:that is at the root of the
27:Human mitochondrial lineage
10:
4900:
4874:Anatomically modern humans
4590:
4202:10.1038/s41467-018-08272-w
3281:Solms, Lisel Esme (2013).
3030:10.1016/j.ajhg.2009.05.001
2725:10.1016/j.ajhg.2008.04.002
2507:10.1016/j.ajhg.2009.05.001
1878:Spain (Castilla-La Mancha)
1178:
1100:
866:
814:South East Bantu migration
759:Penultimate Glacial Period
724:recent out-of Africa event
675:
178:
172:
127:Penultimate Glacial Period
29:
4338:10.1007/s00414-009-0366-3
4292:10.1007/s00414-009-0366-3
4087:10.3109/03014460903198509
3958:10.1007/s00439-003-1024-3
2173:Barral-Arca et al. (2016)
2116:Portugal (Alcacer do Sal)
1901:Barral-Arca et al. (2016)
1884:Barral-Arca et al. (2016)
1867:Barral-Arca et al. (2016)
1850:Barral-Arca et al. (2016)
1833:Barral-Arca et al. (2016)
1816:Barral-Arca et al. (2016)
1799:Barral-Arca et al. (2016)
1782:Barral-Arca et al. (2016)
1657:Spain (Priego de Cordoba)
1174:
958:
763:Skhul and Qafzeh hominins
613:
600:
593:
580:
573:
560:
553:
540:
533:
466:
451:
444:
429:
422:
407:
400:
385:
378:
356:
343:
336:
326:
314:
285:
277:
265:
257:
252:
168:
102:anatomically modern human
64:
54:
46:
39:
4850:
4845:
4840:
4835:
4811:
3810:BMC Evolutionary Biology
3649:10.1186/1471-2148-10-138
3628:BMC Evolutionary Biology
3115:Annals of Human Genetics
1759:Spain (Balearic Islands)
4869:Human mtDNA haplogroups
4562:Caruana, Josef (2016).
4395:10.1073/pnas.0508716103
4075:Annals of Human Biology
2847:10.1126/science.1174462
2309:Abu-Amero et al. (2007)
1935:HernĂĄndez et al. (2015)
1918:HernĂĄndez et al. (2015)
1793:Spain (Castilla y Leon)
1765:Picornell et al. (2005)
915:), and L0b is found in
298:Haplogroup L phylogeny
258:Possible time of origin
245:
235:95% confidence interval
117:Its two sub-clades are
4036:Am. J. Phys. Anthropol
4000:Am. J. Phys. Anthropol
3911:Am. J. Phys. Anthropol
3823:10.1186/1471-2148-7-32
3200:10.1186/1471-2148-8-45
2405:Mexico (North-Central)
2190:Kivisild et al. (2004)
1334:Population or Country
1309:of European ancestry.
1155:from Israel, 2.44% in
1052:
85:
4593:Phylogenetic tree of
4533:10.1353/hub.2007.0042
4182:Nature Communications
3869:10.1353/hub.2005.0041
3487:10.1353/hub.2005.0028
3084:10.1093/molbev/msl209
2935:10.1093/molbev/msm155
2766:(Soares et al. 2009).
2652:Nature Communications
2620:10.1093/molbev/msl209
2377:Achilli et al. (2007)
2360:Achilli et al. (2007)
2326:Achilli et al. (2007)
2292:Achilli et al. (2007)
2275:Achilli et al. (2007)
2258:Achilli et al. (2007)
2241:Achilli et al. (2007)
2235:Palestinians (Israel)
2156:Pereira et al. (2010)
2139:Pereira et al. (2010)
2122:Pereira et al. (2010)
2071:Pereira et al. (2005)
2054:Pereira et al. (2005)
2037:Pereira et al. (2005)
2020:Pereira et al. (2005)
2003:Achilli et al. (2007)
1986:Achilli et al. (2007)
1969:Achilli et al. (2007)
1952:Achilli et al. (2007)
1697:Alvarez et al. (2010)
1680:Alvarez et al. (2010)
1646:Pereira et al. (2005)
1629:Pereira et al. (2005)
1612:Alvarez et al. (2007)
1595:Caruana et al. (2016)
1544:Achilli et al. (2007)
1527:Achilli et al. (2007)
970:
862:
722:(90 kya) before the
698:Haplogroup L6 (mtDNA)
694:Haplogroup L5 (mtDNA)
690:Haplogroup L4 (mtDNA)
686:Haplogroup L3 (mtDNA)
682:Haplogroup L2 (mtDNA)
678:Haplogroup L1 (mtDNA)
676:Further information:
179:Further information:
83:
4324:sequence database".
2428:Corach et al. (2009)
2394:Bedoya et al. (2006)
2388:Colombia (Antioquia)
1578:Ottoni et al. (2009)
1561:Ottoni et al. (2009)
1510:Turchi et al. (2009)
1493:Turchi et al. (2009)
1476:Turchi et al. (2009)
1459:Turchi et al. (2009)
1442:Turchi et al. (2009)
1408:Turchi et al. (2009)
1283:Afro-Latin-Americans
4386:2006PNAS..103.7234B
4194:2019NatCo..10..551B
4135:2015PLoSO..1039784H
3640:2010BMCEE..10..138H
3581:2008PLoSO...3.2062B
3191:2008BMCEE...8...45A
2839:2009Sci...325..318B
2672:10.1038/ncomms16046
2664:2017NatCo...816046P
2557:2013PLoSO...880031R
2411:Green et al. (2000)
2343:Behar et al. (2008)
2224:Behar et al. (2008)
2207:Behar et al. (2008)
2105:Brehm et al. (2003)
2088:Brehm et al. (2003)
1895:Spain (Extremadura)
1748:Brehm et al. (2003)
1731:Casas et al. (2006)
1663:Casas et al. (2006)
1487:Algeria (Mozabites)
1425:Frigi et al. (2006)
1391:Behar et al. (2008)
1374:Behar et al. (2008)
1357:Behar et al. (2008)
4048:10.1002/ajpa.21252
4012:10.1002/ajpa.21252
3923:10.1002/ajpa.20463
3695:10.1002/ajpa.20784
2795:10.1002/humu.20921
2444:Peopling of Africa
2133:Portugal (Coruche)
2082:Portugal (Madeira)
2048:Portugal (Central)
1980:Portugal (Central)
1640:Spain (North East)
1555:Italy (Basilicata)
1419:Tunisia (Takrouna)
1253:(2.90%), parts of
1090:North African Jews
1086:Berber populations
1053:
933:sub-Saharan Africa
836:Southern Dispersal
780:peopling of Africa
286:Defining mutations
86:
4857:
4856:
4798:
4607:Mitochondrial Eve
4380:(19): 7234â7239.
3740:on 2 August 2017.
2967:10.1038/srep12526
2961:2015; 5: 12526,
2928:(10): 2180â2195.
2435:
2434:
2218:Bedouins (Israel)
2099:Portugal (Açores)
1776:Spain (Andalusia)
1708:Spain (Catalonia)
1470:Morocco (Berbers)
1275:African Americans
1219:Priego de Cordoba
1045:Ba-Mbuti Pygmies.
941:Arabian Peninsula
749:) and the Altai (
674:
673:
669:
668:
660:
659:
651:
650:
642:
641:
633:
632:
624:
623:
515:
514:
506:
505:
497:
496:
488:
487:
479:
478:
367:
366:
293:
292:
271:Mitochondrial Eve
223:Mitochondrial Eve
199:Y-chromosomal DNA
175:Mitochondrial Eve
112:Mitochondrial Eve
78:
77:
16:(Redirected from
4891:
4794:
4588:
4570:
4569:
4559:
4553:
4552:
4515:
4506:
4505:
4481:
4475:
4474:
4464:
4432:
4426:
4425:
4415:
4397:
4364:
4358:
4357:
4320:
4314:
4313:
4303:
4271:
4265:
4264:
4254:
4230:
4224:
4223:
4213:
4173:
4167:
4166:
4156:
4146:
4129:(10): e0139784.
4113:
4107:
4106:
4069:
4063:
4062:
4030:
4024:
4023:
3994:
3988:
3987:
3969:
3941:
3935:
3934:
3905:
3899:
3898:
3880:
3852:
3846:
3845:
3835:
3825:
3801:
3795:
3794:
3784:
3751:
3742:
3741:
3739:
3733:. Archived from
3724:
3713:
3707:
3706:
3678:
3672:
3671:
3661:
3651:
3619:
3613:
3612:
3602:
3592:
3559:
3553:
3552:
3523:
3517:
3516:
3498:
3469:
3463:
3462:
3452:
3420:
3414:
3411:
3405:
3404:
3394:
3377:(4): 1362â1383.
3362:
3356:
3355:
3345:
3328:(5): 1082â1111.
3313:
3307:
3306:
3304:
3298:. Archived from
3289:
3278:
3272:
3271:
3261:
3229:
3223:
3222:
3212:
3202:
3170:
3157:
3156:
3138:
3110:
3101:
3100:
3086:
3062:
3053:
3051:
3041:
3009:
2975:
2969:
2954:
2948:
2947:
2937:
2913:
2896:
2895:
2893:
2881:
2875:
2874:
2822:
2816:
2815:
2797:
2788:(2): E386âE394.
2773:
2767:
2765:
2763:
2762:
2753:
2747:
2746:
2736:
2719:(5): 1130â1140.
2703:
2694:
2693:
2683:
2642:
2633:
2632:
2622:
2598:
2589:
2588:
2578:
2568:
2535:
2529:
2528:
2518:
2481:
2461:Middle Stone Age
2065:Portugal (South)
2031:Portugal (North)
1997:Portugal (South)
1963:Portugal (North)
1827:Spain (Asturias)
1742:Spain (Canaries)
1538:Italy (Volterra)
1328:
1327:
1287:White Brazilians
1229:and 3.4% in the
1165:Arab slave trade
747:Mezmaiskaya cave
709:
707:
596:
595:
576:
575:
556:
555:
536:
535:
447:
446:
425:
424:
403:
402:
381:
380:
339:
338:
329:
328:
317:
316:
305:
304:
295:
294:
250:
249:
189:, specifically
37:
36:
32:Haplogroup L-M20
21:
4899:
4898:
4894:
4893:
4892:
4890:
4889:
4888:
4884:Human evolution
4859:
4858:
4578:
4573:
4560:
4556:
4516:
4509:
4482:
4478:
4433:
4429:
4365:
4361:
4321:
4317:
4272:
4268:
4245:(10): 870â876.
4231:
4227:
4174:
4170:
4114:
4110:
4070:
4066:
4031:
4027:
3995:
3991:
3942:
3938:
3906:
3902:
3853:
3849:
3802:
3798:
3752:
3745:
3737:
3722:
3714:
3710:
3679:
3675:
3620:
3616:
3560:
3556:
3524:
3520:
3470:
3466:
3421:
3417:
3412:
3408:
3363:
3359:
3314:
3310:
3302:
3287:
3279:
3275:
3230:
3226:
3171:
3160:
3111:
3104:
3063:
3056:
2981:) according to
2976:
2972:
2955:
2951:
2914:
2899:
2882:
2878:
2823:
2819:
2774:
2770:
2760:
2758:
2757:
2755:
2754:
2750:
2704:
2697:
2643:
2636:
2607:Mol. Biol. Evol
2599:
2592:
2536:
2532:
2483:151.6â233.6 ka
2482:
2473:
2469:
2440:
2337:Druzes (Israel)
2150:Portugal (Pias)
1929:Spain (Granada)
1844:Spain (Galicia)
1623:Spain (Galicia)
1436:Tunisia (Zriba)
1326:
1307:White Americans
1279:Afro-Caribbeans
1271:
1183:
1177:
1105:
1099:
1078:
1058:
1051:
961:
925:
898:click languages
883:Southern Africa
871:
865:
726:of ca. 70 kya.
718:(120 kya), and
705:
703:
700:
670:
661:
652:
643:
634:
625:
516:
507:
498:
489:
480:
368:
253:Haplogroup L1-6
248:
243:
183:
177:
171:
55:Place of origin
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
4897:
4887:
4886:
4881:
4876:
4871:
4855:
4854:
4849:
4844:
4839:
4833:
4832:
4827:
4822:
4816:
4815:
4810:
4807:
4802:
4799:
4792:
4789:
4784:
4779:
4774:
4769:
4763:
4762:
4757:
4752:
4747:
4742:
4739:
4734:
4729:
4724:
4719:
4716:
4711:
4706:
4701:
4696:
4690:
4689:
4686:
4681:
4675:
4674:
4669:
4664:
4659:
4656:
4653:
4648:
4645:
4640:
4634:
4633:
4630:
4627:
4621:
4620:
4617:
4614:
4604:
4600:
4599:
4586:
4585:
4577:
4576:External links
4574:
4572:
4571:
4554:
4527:(3): 313â320.
4507:
4476:
4453:10.1086/302801
4427:
4359:
4332:(4): 263â268.
4315:
4286:(4): 263â268.
4266:
4225:
4168:
4108:
4081:(6): 785â811.
4064:
4025:
3989:
3946:Human Genetics
3936:
3900:
3847:
3796:
3773:10.1086/512822
3767:(4): 759â768.
3743:
3708:
3689:(2): 128â137.
3673:
3614:
3554:
3535:(3): 166â172.
3518:
3464:
3435:(2): 167â176.
3415:
3406:
3383:10.1086/302848
3357:
3334:10.1086/344348
3308:
3305:on 2011-09-10.
3273:
3250:10.1086/425161
3244:(5): 752â770.
3224:
3179:BMC Evol. Biol
3158:
3121:(4): 340â352.
3102:
3054:
2970:
2949:
2897:
2891:10.1101/190363
2876:
2817:
2782:Human Mutation
2768:
2748:
2695:
2634:
2590:
2551:(11): e80031.
2530:
2501:(6): 740â759.
2487:according to:
2470:
2468:
2465:
2464:
2463:
2458:
2453:
2446:
2439:
2436:
2433:
2432:
2429:
2426:
2423:
2420:
2416:
2415:
2412:
2409:
2406:
2403:
2399:
2398:
2395:
2392:
2389:
2386:
2382:
2381:
2378:
2375:
2372:
2369:
2365:
2364:
2361:
2358:
2355:
2352:
2348:
2347:
2344:
2341:
2338:
2335:
2331:
2330:
2327:
2324:
2321:
2318:
2314:
2313:
2310:
2307:
2304:
2301:
2297:
2296:
2293:
2290:
2287:
2284:
2280:
2279:
2276:
2273:
2270:
2267:
2263:
2262:
2259:
2256:
2253:
2250:
2246:
2245:
2242:
2239:
2236:
2233:
2229:
2228:
2225:
2222:
2219:
2216:
2212:
2211:
2208:
2205:
2202:
2199:
2195:
2194:
2191:
2188:
2185:
2182:
2178:
2177:
2174:
2171:
2168:
2165:
2161:
2160:
2157:
2154:
2151:
2148:
2144:
2143:
2140:
2137:
2134:
2131:
2127:
2126:
2123:
2120:
2117:
2114:
2110:
2109:
2106:
2103:
2100:
2097:
2093:
2092:
2089:
2086:
2083:
2080:
2076:
2075:
2072:
2069:
2066:
2063:
2059:
2058:
2055:
2052:
2049:
2046:
2042:
2041:
2038:
2035:
2032:
2029:
2025:
2024:
2021:
2018:
2015:
2012:
2008:
2007:
2004:
2001:
1998:
1995:
1991:
1990:
1987:
1984:
1981:
1978:
1974:
1973:
1970:
1967:
1964:
1961:
1957:
1956:
1953:
1950:
1947:
1944:
1940:
1939:
1936:
1933:
1930:
1927:
1923:
1922:
1919:
1916:
1913:
1912:Spain (Huelva)
1910:
1906:
1905:
1902:
1899:
1896:
1893:
1889:
1888:
1885:
1882:
1879:
1876:
1872:
1871:
1868:
1865:
1862:
1861:Spain (Madrid)
1859:
1855:
1854:
1851:
1848:
1845:
1842:
1838:
1837:
1834:
1831:
1828:
1825:
1821:
1820:
1817:
1814:
1811:
1810:Spain (AragĂłn)
1808:
1804:
1803:
1800:
1797:
1794:
1791:
1787:
1786:
1783:
1780:
1777:
1774:
1770:
1769:
1766:
1763:
1760:
1757:
1753:
1752:
1749:
1746:
1743:
1740:
1736:
1735:
1732:
1729:
1726:
1723:
1719:
1718:
1715:
1712:
1709:
1706:
1702:
1701:
1698:
1695:
1692:
1691:Spain (Sayago)
1689:
1685:
1684:
1681:
1678:
1675:
1674:Spain (Zamora)
1672:
1668:
1667:
1664:
1661:
1658:
1655:
1651:
1650:
1647:
1644:
1641:
1638:
1634:
1633:
1630:
1627:
1624:
1621:
1617:
1616:
1613:
1610:
1607:
1604:
1600:
1599:
1596:
1593:
1590:
1587:
1583:
1582:
1579:
1576:
1573:
1572:Italy (Sicily)
1570:
1566:
1565:
1562:
1559:
1556:
1553:
1549:
1548:
1545:
1542:
1539:
1536:
1532:
1531:
1528:
1525:
1522:
1521:Italy (Latium)
1519:
1515:
1514:
1511:
1508:
1505:
1502:
1498:
1497:
1494:
1491:
1488:
1485:
1481:
1480:
1477:
1474:
1471:
1468:
1464:
1463:
1460:
1457:
1454:
1451:
1447:
1446:
1443:
1440:
1437:
1434:
1430:
1429:
1426:
1423:
1420:
1417:
1413:
1412:
1409:
1406:
1403:
1400:
1396:
1395:
1392:
1389:
1386:
1385:Morocco (Jews)
1383:
1379:
1378:
1375:
1372:
1369:
1368:Tunisia (Jews)
1366:
1362:
1361:
1358:
1355:
1352:
1349:
1345:
1344:
1341:
1338:
1337:Number tested
1335:
1332:
1325:
1322:
1320:ethnic group.
1270:
1267:
1235:Canary Islands
1176:
1173:
1163:. Overall the
1145:Saudi Arabians
1135:, 7.5% in the
1098:
1095:
1077:
1074:
1057:
1054:
1050:
1049:
1048:Hadza/Sandawe.
1046:
1043:
1036:
1025:
1015:
997:
991:
985:
979:
972:
960:
957:
924:
921:
905:Sandawe people
894:Sandawe people
867:Main article:
864:
861:
672:
671:
667:
666:
663:
662:
658:
657:
654:
653:
649:
648:
645:
644:
640:
639:
636:
635:
631:
630:
627:
626:
622:
621:
618:
617:
612:
609:
608:
605:
604:
599:
594:
592:
589:
588:
585:
584:
579:
574:
572:
569:
568:
565:
564:
559:
554:
552:
549:
548:
545:
544:
539:
534:
532:
522:
521:
518:
517:
513:
512:
509:
508:
504:
503:
500:
499:
495:
494:
491:
490:
486:
485:
482:
481:
477:
476:
473:
472:
465:
462:
461:
458:
457:
450:
445:
443:
440:
439:
436:
435:
428:
423:
421:
418:
417:
414:
413:
406:
401:
399:
396:
395:
392:
391:
384:
379:
377:
374:
373:
370:
369:
365:
364:
361:
360:
355:
352:
351:
348:
347:
342:
337:
335:
327:
325:
315:
313:
303:
300:
299:
291:
290:
287:
283:
282:
279:
275:
274:
267:
263:
262:
261:200 to 130 kya
259:
255:
254:
247:
244:
242:
239:
227:eastern Africa
187:archaic humans
173:Main article:
170:
167:
76:
75:
66:
62:
61:
59:Eastern Africa
56:
52:
51:
50:230 to 150 kya
48:
47:Time of origin
44:
43:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4896:
4885:
4882:
4880:
4877:
4875:
4872:
4870:
4867:
4866:
4864:
4853:
4848:
4843:
4838:
4834:
4831:
4826:
4821:
4817:
4814:
4806:
4797:
4788:
4783:
4778:
4773:
4768:
4764:
4761:
4756:
4751:
4746:
4738:
4733:
4728:
4723:
4715:
4710:
4705:
4700:
4695:
4691:
4685:
4680:
4676:
4673:
4668:
4663:
4652:
4644:
4639:
4635:
4626:
4622:
4612:
4608:
4601:
4598:
4597:
4596:
4589:
4583:
4580:
4579:
4567:
4566:
4558:
4550:
4546:
4542:
4538:
4534:
4530:
4526:
4522:
4521:Human Biology
4514:
4512:
4503:
4499:
4496:(2): 256â61.
4495:
4491:
4487:
4480:
4472:
4468:
4463:
4458:
4454:
4450:
4447:(3): 989â98.
4446:
4442:
4438:
4431:
4423:
4419:
4414:
4409:
4405:
4401:
4396:
4391:
4387:
4383:
4379:
4375:
4371:
4363:
4355:
4351:
4347:
4343:
4339:
4335:
4331:
4327:
4319:
4311:
4307:
4302:
4297:
4293:
4289:
4285:
4281:
4277:
4270:
4262:
4258:
4253:
4248:
4244:
4240:
4236:
4229:
4221:
4217:
4212:
4207:
4203:
4199:
4195:
4191:
4187:
4183:
4179:
4172:
4164:
4160:
4155:
4150:
4145:
4140:
4136:
4132:
4128:
4124:
4120:
4112:
4104:
4100:
4096:
4092:
4088:
4084:
4080:
4076:
4068:
4061:
4057:
4053:
4049:
4045:
4042:(4): 531â39.
4041:
4037:
4029:
4021:
4017:
4013:
4009:
4006:(4): 531â39.
4005:
4001:
3993:
3985:
3981:
3977:
3973:
3968:
3967:10400.13/3046
3963:
3959:
3955:
3951:
3947:
3940:
3932:
3928:
3924:
3920:
3917:(4): 539â51.
3916:
3912:
3904:
3896:
3892:
3888:
3884:
3879:
3874:
3870:
3866:
3863:(2): 213â29.
3862:
3858:
3857:Human Biology
3851:
3843:
3839:
3834:
3829:
3824:
3819:
3815:
3811:
3807:
3800:
3792:
3788:
3783:
3778:
3774:
3770:
3766:
3762:
3758:
3750:
3748:
3736:
3732:
3728:
3721:
3720:
3712:
3704:
3700:
3696:
3692:
3688:
3684:
3677:
3669:
3665:
3660:
3655:
3650:
3645:
3641:
3637:
3633:
3629:
3625:
3618:
3610:
3606:
3601:
3596:
3591:
3586:
3582:
3578:
3574:
3570:
3566:
3558:
3550:
3546:
3542:
3538:
3534:
3530:
3522:
3514:
3510:
3506:
3502:
3497:
3492:
3488:
3484:
3480:
3476:
3475:Human Biology
3468:
3460:
3456:
3451:
3446:
3442:
3438:
3434:
3430:
3426:
3419:
3410:
3402:
3398:
3393:
3388:
3384:
3380:
3376:
3372:
3368:
3361:
3353:
3349:
3344:
3339:
3335:
3331:
3327:
3323:
3319:
3312:
3301:
3297:
3293:
3286:
3285:
3277:
3269:
3265:
3260:
3255:
3251:
3247:
3243:
3239:
3235:
3228:
3220:
3216:
3211:
3206:
3201:
3196:
3192:
3188:
3184:
3180:
3176:
3169:
3167:
3165:
3163:
3154:
3150:
3146:
3142:
3137:
3136:10400.13/3044
3132:
3128:
3124:
3120:
3116:
3109:
3107:
3099:
3094:
3090:
3085:
3080:
3077:(3): 757â68.
3076:
3072:
3068:
3061:
3059:
3049:
3045:
3040:
3035:
3031:
3027:
3024:(6): 740â59.
3023:
3019:
3015:
3007:
3003:
2999:
2995:
2991:
2987:
2980:
2974:
2968:
2964:
2960:
2953:
2945:
2941:
2936:
2931:
2927:
2923:
2919:
2912:
2910:
2908:
2906:
2904:
2902:
2892:
2887:
2880:
2872:
2868:
2864:
2860:
2856:
2852:
2848:
2844:
2840:
2836:
2832:
2828:
2821:
2813:
2809:
2805:
2801:
2796:
2791:
2787:
2783:
2779:
2772:
2752:
2744:
2740:
2735:
2730:
2726:
2722:
2718:
2714:
2710:
2702:
2700:
2691:
2687:
2682:
2677:
2673:
2669:
2665:
2661:
2657:
2653:
2649:
2641:
2639:
2630:
2626:
2621:
2616:
2613:(3): 757â68.
2612:
2608:
2604:
2597:
2595:
2586:
2582:
2577:
2572:
2567:
2562:
2558:
2554:
2550:
2546:
2542:
2534:
2526:
2522:
2517:
2512:
2508:
2504:
2500:
2496:
2492:
2486:
2480:
2478:
2476:
2471:
2462:
2459:
2457:
2454:
2452:
2451:
2447:
2445:
2442:
2441:
2430:
2427:
2424:
2421:
2419:South America
2418:
2417:
2413:
2410:
2407:
2404:
2402:North America
2401:
2400:
2396:
2393:
2390:
2387:
2385:South America
2384:
2383:
2379:
2376:
2373:
2370:
2367:
2366:
2362:
2359:
2356:
2353:
2350:
2349:
2345:
2342:
2339:
2336:
2333:
2332:
2328:
2325:
2322:
2319:
2316:
2315:
2311:
2308:
2305:
2302:
2299:
2298:
2294:
2291:
2288:
2285:
2282:
2281:
2277:
2274:
2271:
2268:
2265:
2264:
2260:
2257:
2254:
2251:
2248:
2247:
2243:
2240:
2237:
2234:
2231:
2230:
2226:
2223:
2220:
2217:
2214:
2213:
2209:
2206:
2203:
2200:
2197:
2196:
2192:
2189:
2186:
2183:
2180:
2179:
2175:
2172:
2169:
2166:
2163:
2162:
2158:
2155:
2152:
2149:
2146:
2145:
2141:
2138:
2135:
2132:
2129:
2128:
2124:
2121:
2118:
2115:
2112:
2111:
2107:
2104:
2101:
2098:
2095:
2094:
2090:
2087:
2084:
2081:
2078:
2077:
2073:
2070:
2067:
2064:
2061:
2060:
2056:
2053:
2050:
2047:
2044:
2043:
2039:
2036:
2033:
2030:
2027:
2026:
2022:
2019:
2016:
2013:
2010:
2009:
2005:
2002:
1999:
1996:
1993:
1992:
1988:
1985:
1982:
1979:
1976:
1975:
1971:
1968:
1965:
1962:
1959:
1958:
1954:
1951:
1948:
1945:
1942:
1941:
1937:
1934:
1931:
1928:
1925:
1924:
1920:
1917:
1914:
1911:
1908:
1907:
1903:
1900:
1897:
1894:
1891:
1890:
1886:
1883:
1880:
1877:
1874:
1873:
1869:
1866:
1863:
1860:
1857:
1856:
1852:
1849:
1846:
1843:
1840:
1839:
1835:
1832:
1829:
1826:
1823:
1822:
1818:
1815:
1812:
1809:
1806:
1805:
1801:
1798:
1795:
1792:
1789:
1788:
1784:
1781:
1778:
1775:
1772:
1771:
1767:
1764:
1761:
1758:
1755:
1754:
1750:
1747:
1744:
1741:
1738:
1737:
1733:
1730:
1727:
1724:
1721:
1720:
1716:
1713:
1710:
1707:
1704:
1703:
1699:
1696:
1693:
1690:
1687:
1686:
1682:
1679:
1676:
1673:
1670:
1669:
1665:
1662:
1659:
1656:
1653:
1652:
1648:
1645:
1642:
1639:
1636:
1635:
1631:
1628:
1625:
1622:
1619:
1618:
1614:
1611:
1608:
1605:
1602:
1601:
1597:
1594:
1591:
1588:
1585:
1584:
1580:
1577:
1574:
1571:
1568:
1567:
1563:
1560:
1557:
1554:
1551:
1550:
1546:
1543:
1540:
1537:
1534:
1533:
1529:
1526:
1523:
1520:
1517:
1516:
1512:
1509:
1506:
1503:
1500:
1499:
1495:
1492:
1489:
1486:
1483:
1482:
1478:
1475:
1472:
1469:
1466:
1465:
1461:
1458:
1455:
1452:
1449:
1448:
1444:
1441:
1438:
1435:
1432:
1431:
1427:
1424:
1421:
1418:
1415:
1414:
1410:
1407:
1404:
1401:
1398:
1397:
1393:
1390:
1387:
1384:
1381:
1380:
1376:
1373:
1370:
1367:
1364:
1363:
1359:
1356:
1353:
1350:
1347:
1346:
1342:
1339:
1336:
1333:
1330:
1329:
1321:
1319:
1315:
1310:
1308:
1304:
1303:North America
1300:
1296:
1292:
1288:
1284:
1280:
1276:
1266:
1264:
1260:
1256:
1252:
1248:
1244:
1240:
1236:
1232:
1228:
1224:
1220:
1216:
1212:
1208:
1204:
1200:
1197:is higher in
1196:
1192:
1188:
1182:
1172:
1170:
1166:
1162:
1159:and 1.76% in
1158:
1154:
1150:
1146:
1142:
1138:
1134:
1130:
1126:
1122:
1118:
1114:
1110:
1104:
1094:
1091:
1087:
1083:
1073:
1071:
1067:
1066:Cape Coloured
1063:
1062:South African
1047:
1044:
1041:
1037:
1034:
1030:
1026:
1023:
1019:
1016:
1013:
1009:
1005:
1001:
998:
995:
992:
989:
986:
983:
980:
977:
974:
973:
969:
965:
956:
954:
950:
946:
942:
938:
934:
930:
920:
918:
914:
910:
906:
901:
899:
895:
891:
886:
884:
880:
876:
870:
869:Haplogroup L0
860:
858:
854:
853:
847:
845:
841:
837:
833:
832:
826:
824:
823:
817:
815:
811:
810:
804:
802:
798:
797:
791:
790:populations.
789:
785:
781:
777:
776:
770:
768:
767:interbreeding
764:
760:
756:
752:
751:Denisova Cave
748:
744:
739:
737:
733:
729:
725:
721:
717:
713:
699:
695:
691:
687:
683:
679:
665:
664:
656:
655:
647:
646:
638:
637:
629:
628:
620:
619:
616:
611:
610:
607:
606:
603:
598:
597:
591:
590:
587:
586:
583:
578:
577:
571:
570:
567:
566:
563:
558:
557:
551:
550:
547:
546:
543:
538:
537:
530:
529:
524:
523:
520:
519:
511:
510:
502:
501:
493:
492:
484:
483:
475:
474:
471:
470:
464:
463:
460:
459:
456:
455:
449:
448:
442:
441:
438:
437:
434:
433:
427:
426:
420:
419:
416:
415:
412:
411:
405:
404:
398:
397:
394:
393:
390:
389:
383:
382:
376:
375:
372:
371:
363:
362:
359:
354:
353:
350:
349:
346:
341:
340:
334:
331:
330:
323:
319:
318:
312:
311:
307:
306:
302:
301:
297:
296:
288:
284:
280:
276:
272:
268:
264:
260:
256:
251:
238:
236:
230:
228:
224:
220:
215:
212:
208:
204:
200:
196:
192:
188:
182:
176:
166:
164:
161:(80 kya) and
160:
156:
152:
148:
144:
140:
136:
132:
128:
124:
120:
115:
113:
109:
108:
103:
99:
95:
91:
82:
74:
70:
67:
63:
60:
57:
53:
49:
45:
42:
38:
33:
19:
4592:
4591:
4564:
4557:
4524:
4520:
4493:
4489:
4479:
4444:
4440:
4430:
4377:
4373:
4362:
4329:
4325:
4318:
4283:
4279:
4269:
4242:
4238:
4228:
4185:
4181:
4171:
4126:
4122:
4111:
4078:
4074:
4067:
4059:
4039:
4035:
4028:
4003:
3999:
3992:
3952:(1): 77â86.
3949:
3945:
3939:
3914:
3910:
3903:
3878:10216/109268
3860:
3856:
3850:
3813:
3809:
3799:
3764:
3760:
3735:the original
3718:
3711:
3686:
3682:
3676:
3631:
3627:
3617:
3575:(4): e2062.
3572:
3568:
3557:
3532:
3528:
3521:
3496:10216/109267
3481:(1): 61â70.
3478:
3474:
3467:
3432:
3428:
3418:
3409:
3374:
3370:
3360:
3325:
3321:
3311:
3300:the original
3283:
3276:
3241:
3237:
3227:
3182:
3178:
3118:
3114:
3096:
3074:
3070:
3021:
3017:
2989:
2985:
2973:
2958:
2952:
2925:
2921:
2879:
2830:
2826:
2820:
2785:
2781:
2771:
2751:
2716:
2712:
2658:(1): 16046.
2655:
2651:
2610:
2606:
2548:
2544:
2533:
2498:
2494:
2450:Homo sapiens
2448:
2303:Saudi Arabia
2201:Yemen (Jews)
1725:South Iberia
1501:North Africa
1484:North Africa
1467:North Africa
1450:North Africa
1433:North Africa
1416:North Africa
1399:North Africa
1382:North Africa
1365:North Africa
1351:Libya (Jews)
1348:North Africa
1311:
1272:
1269:The Americas
1184:
1169:Saudi Arabia
1123:, 12.55% in
1121:Palestinians
1119:, 13.68% in
1106:
1082:North Africa
1079:
1076:North Africa
1059:
1056:South Africa
1028:
1017:
999:
993:
975:
962:
937:North Africa
928:
926:
923:Distribution
902:
887:
872:
850:
848:
829:
827:
820:
818:
807:
805:
794:
792:
788:West African
773:
771:
755:Homo sapiens
754:
740:
701:
614:
601:
581:
561:
541:
526:
467:
452:
430:
408:
386:
357:
344:
321:
308:
231:
216:
211:Homo sapiens
210:
207:Jebel Irhoud
191:Neanderthals
184:
116:
107:Homo sapiens
105:
93:
87:
41:Haplogroup L
40:
2992:: 156â159.
1151:, 2.60% in
1147:, 2.84% in
1143:, 6.66% in
1141:Afghanistan
1131:, 9.15% in
1127:, 9.48% in
945:Middle East
849:Haplogroup
828:Haplogroup
819:Haplogroup
806:Haplogroup
793:Haplogroup
772:Haplogroup
743:Neanderthal
714:(150 kya),
708:36 kya
278:Descendants
157:(90 kya),
149:(120 kya),
65:Descendants
4863:Categories
4188:(1): 551.
3725:(Thesis).
3634:(1): 138.
3290:(Thesis).
2467:References
1340:Reference
1259:Basilicata
1179:See also:
1125:Jordanians
1101:See also:
1070:Cape Malay
1022:Mozambique
913:Mozambique
195:Denisovans
165:(70 kya).
3816:(1): 32.
3731:883630158
3296:956378078
3185:(1): 45.
2855:0036-8075
2764: kya
2422:Argentina
2368:West Asia
2351:West Asia
2334:West Asia
2317:West Asia
2300:West Asia
2283:West Asia
2266:West Asia
2249:West Asia
2232:West Asia
2215:West Asia
2198:West Asia
2181:West Asia
1291:Argentina
1097:West Asia
1068:, 44% in
1018:Southeast
281:L1, L2-L6
241:Phylogeny
203:gene flow
4549:35654242
4541:18078204
4502:17573655
4471:10712213
4422:16648268
4404:30049673
4354:13260716
4346:19680675
4310:19680675
4261:19738982
4220:30710075
4163:26509580
4123:PLOS ONE
4095:19852679
4056:20127843
4020:20127843
3976:14513360
3931:16685727
3895:20901589
3887:16201138
3842:17331239
3791:17357081
3703:18257024
3668:20459715
3609:18446216
3569:PLOS ONE
3549:19414164
3505:16114817
3459:23885197
3401:10739760
3352:12395296
3268:15457403
3219:18269758
3153:15391342
3145:15225159
3093:17194802
3048:19500773
3006:28086175
2959:Sci Rep.
2944:17656633
2863:19608918
2812:27566749
2804:18853457
2743:18439549
2690:28675384
2629:17194802
2585:24236171
2545:PLOS ONE
2525:19500773
2438:See also
2252:Jordania
2167:Portugal
2014:Portugal
1946:Portugal
1295:Colombia
1211:Portugal
1201:than in
1199:Portugal
1149:Lebanese
1113:Bedouins
1033:khoisans
1029:Southern
1020:Africa (
1012:Tanzania
1002:Africa (
988:Ethiopia
949:Americas
917:Ethiopia
266:Ancestor
4809:
4801:
4791:
4741:
4718:
4688:
4658:
4655:
4647:
4632:
4619:
4616:
4603:
4462:1288179
4413:1464326
4382:Bibcode
4301:1287189
4211:6358624
4190:Bibcode
4154:4624789
4131:Bibcode
4103:1788055
3984:8870699
3833:1810519
3782:1852723
3659:2875235
3636:Bibcode
3600:2323359
3577:Bibcode
3513:7022459
3450:3715281
3392:1288201
3259:1182106
3210:2268671
3187:Bibcode
3039:2694979
2886:bioRxiv
2871:7117454
2835:Bibcode
2827:Science
2734:2427203
2681:5500885
2660:Bibcode
2576:3827445
2553:Bibcode
2516:2694979
2320:Lebanon
2261:12.50%
2244:13.68%
2227:15.50%
2210:16.81%
2193:45.70%
2125:22.00%
2091:12.90%
2074:11.38%
2006:10.84%
1700:18.18%
1598:15.90%
1513:20.70%
1504:Algeria
1496:12.90%
1462:26.80%
1453:Morocco
1411:48.40%
1402:Tunisia
1331:Region
1255:Tuscany
1239:comarca
1227:Madeira
1207:Galicia
1133:Syrians
1040:Pygmies
1038:Mbenga
1027:Native
996:Africa.
978:Africa.
909:Khoisan
890:Khoisan
761:, c.f.
531:
324:
135:Khoisan
96:is the
4796:pre-JT
4547:
4539:
4500:
4469:
4459:
4420:
4410:
4402:
4352:
4344:
4308:
4298:
4259:
4218:
4208:
4161:
4151:
4101:
4093:
4054:
4018:
3982:
3974:
3929:
3893:
3885:
3840:
3830:
3789:
3779:
3729:
3701:
3666:
3656:
3607:
3597:
3547:
3511:
3503:
3457:
3447:
3399:
3389:
3350:
3343:385086
3340:
3294:
3266:
3256:
3217:
3207:
3151:
3143:
3098:Africa
3091:
3046:
3036:
3004:
2979:95% CI
2942:
2888:
2869:
2861:
2853:
2810:
2802:
2741:
2731:
2688:
2678:
2627:
2583:
2573:
2523:
2513:
2485:95% CI
2431:2.03%
2414:4.50%
2397:8.00%
2380:1.76%
2371:Turkey
2363:2.44%
2346:2.60%
2329:2.84%
2312:6.66%
2295:9.15%
2278:9.48%
2176:6.16%
2164:Europe
2159:3.90%
2147:Europe
2142:8.70%
2130:Europe
2113:Europe
2108:3.40%
2096:Europe
2079:Europe
2062:Europe
2057:5.02%
2045:Europe
2040:3.21%
2028:Europe
2023:5.83%
2011:Europe
1994:Europe
1989:6.40%
1977:Europe
1972:3.19%
1960:Europe
1955:6.90%
1943:Europe
1938:1.49%
1926:Europe
1921:3.93%
1909:Europe
1904:1.10%
1892:Europe
1887:1.40%
1875:Europe
1870:1.70%
1858:Europe
1841:Europe
1824:Europe
1807:Europe
1790:Europe
1773:Europe
1768:2.20%
1756:Europe
1751:6.60%
1739:Europe
1734:7.40%
1722:Europe
1717:2.97%
1705:Europe
1688:Europe
1683:4.70%
1671:Europe
1666:8.30%
1654:Europe
1649:2.54%
1637:Europe
1632:3.30%
1620:Europe
1615:2.90%
1603:Europe
1586:Europe
1581:2.00%
1569:Europe
1564:2.20%
1552:Europe
1547:2.60%
1535:Europe
1530:2.90%
1518:Europe
1479:3.20%
1445:8.00%
1428:3.03%
1394:1.34%
1377:2.20%
1360:3.60%
1299:Mexico
1263:Sicily
1251:Latium
1243:Sayago
1231:Azores
1215:Huelva
1195:Iberia
1187:Iberia
1175:Europe
1153:Druzes
1137:Hazara
1129:Iraqis
1117:Israel
1008:Uganda
959:Africa
953:Europe
879:Eemian
784:Eemian
696:, and
525:
320:
169:Origin
139:Eemian
4629:L1â6
4545:S2CID
4400:JSTOR
4350:S2CID
4099:S2CID
3980:S2CID
3891:S2CID
3738:(PDF)
3723:(PDF)
3509:S2CID
3303:(PDF)
3288:(PDF)
3149:S2CID
2867:S2CID
2808:S2CID
2761:â36.1
2759:+36.7
2756:166.8
2354:Kurds
2286:Syria
2184:Yemen
1853:2.0%
1836:4.0%
1819:4.3%
1802:2.1%
1785:2.6%
1606:Spain
1589:Malta
1314:Nahua
1301:. In
1247:Italy
1203:Spain
1191:Italy
1161:Turks
1157:Kurds
1115:from
1109:Yemen
1004:Kenya
982:Sudan
976:North
842:and
801:Mbuti
153:and
4537:PMID
4498:PMID
4467:PMID
4418:PMID
4342:PMID
4306:PMID
4257:PMID
4216:PMID
4159:PMID
4091:PMID
4052:PMID
4016:PMID
3972:PMID
3927:PMID
3883:PMID
3838:PMID
3787:PMID
3727:OCLC
3699:PMID
3664:PMID
3605:PMID
3545:PMID
3501:PMID
3455:PMID
3397:PMID
3348:PMID
3292:OCLC
3264:PMID
3215:PMID
3141:PMID
3089:PMID
3044:PMID
3002:PMID
2940:PMID
2859:PMID
2851:ISSN
2800:PMID
2739:PMID
2686:PMID
2625:PMID
2581:PMID
2521:PMID
2269:Iraq
2170:1429
1779:1004
1318:Nasa
1281:and
1261:and
1217:and
1000:East
994:West
734:and
615:L0b
602:L0a
582:L0f
562:L0k
542:L0d
322:L1â6
246:L1-6
217:The
193:and
121:and
119:L1-6
73:L1-6
4529:doi
4457:PMC
4449:doi
4408:PMC
4390:doi
4378:103
4334:doi
4330:124
4296:PMC
4288:doi
4284:124
4247:doi
4206:PMC
4198:doi
4149:PMC
4139:doi
4083:doi
4044:doi
4040:142
4008:doi
4004:142
3962:hdl
3954:doi
3950:114
3919:doi
3915:131
3873:hdl
3865:doi
3828:PMC
3818:doi
3777:PMC
3769:doi
3691:doi
3687:136
3654:PMC
3644:doi
3595:PMC
3585:doi
3537:doi
3491:hdl
3483:doi
3445:PMC
3437:doi
3387:PMC
3379:doi
3338:PMC
3330:doi
3254:PMC
3246:doi
3205:PMC
3195:doi
3131:hdl
3123:doi
3079:doi
3034:PMC
3026:doi
2994:doi
2963:doi
2930:doi
2843:doi
2831:325
2790:doi
2729:PMC
2721:doi
2676:PMC
2668:doi
2615:doi
2571:PMC
2561:doi
2511:PMC
2503:doi
2425:246
2408:223
2391:113
2374:340
2323:176
2306:120
2289:328
2272:116
2255:494
2238:117
2204:119
2187:115
2136:160
2102:179
2085:155
2068:123
2051:239
2034:187
2017:549
2000:203
1983:203
1966:188
1949:594
1932:470
1915:280
1881:207
1864:178
1796:428
1762:231
1745:300
1728:310
1711:101
1677:214
1660:108
1643:118
1609:312
1592:132
1575:154
1541:114
1524:138
1388:149
1241:of
1139:of
857:L4a
704:167
358:L2
345:L1
269:L (
114:".
88:In
4865::
4825:JT
4820:HV
4787:R0
4694:CZ
4672:L6
4667:L5
4662:L4
4651:L3
4643:L2
4638:L1
4625:L0
4613:)
4543:.
4535:.
4525:79
4523:.
4510:^
4492:.
4488:.
4465:.
4455:.
4445:66
4443:.
4439:.
4416:.
4406:.
4398:.
4388:.
4376:.
4372:.
4348:.
4340:.
4328:.
4304:.
4294:.
4282:.
4278:.
4255:.
4243:42
4241:.
4237:.
4214:.
4204:.
4196:.
4186:10
4184:.
4180:.
4157:.
4147:.
4137:.
4127:10
4125:.
4121:.
4097:.
4089:.
4079:36
4077:.
4058:.
4050:.
4038:.
4014:.
4002:.
3978:.
3970:.
3960:.
3948:.
3925:.
3913:.
3889:.
3881:.
3871:.
3861:77
3859:.
3836:.
3826:.
3812:.
3808:.
3785:.
3775:.
3765:80
3763:.
3759:.
3746:^
3697:.
3685:.
3662:.
3652:.
3642:.
3632:10
3630:.
3626:.
3603:.
3593:.
3583:.
3571:.
3567:.
3543:.
3531:.
3507:.
3499:.
3489:.
3479:77
3477:.
3453:.
3443:.
3433:36
3431:.
3427:.
3395:.
3385:.
3375:66
3373:.
3369:.
3346:.
3336:.
3326:71
3324:.
3320:.
3262:.
3252:.
3242:75
3240:.
3236:.
3213:.
3203:.
3193:.
3181:.
3177:.
3161:^
3147:.
3139:.
3129:.
3119:68
3117:.
3105:^
3095:.
3087:.
3075:24
3073:.
3069:.
3057:^
3042:.
3032:.
3022:84
3020:.
3016:.
3000:.
2990:27
2988:.
2938:.
2926:24
2924:.
2920:.
2900:^
2865:.
2857:.
2849:.
2841:.
2829:.
2806:.
2798:.
2786:30
2784:.
2780:.
2737:.
2727:.
2717:82
2715:.
2711:.
2698:^
2684:.
2674:.
2666:.
2654:.
2650:.
2637:^
2623:.
2611:24
2609:.
2605:.
2593:^
2579:.
2569:.
2559:.
2547:.
2543:.
2519:.
2509:.
2499:84
2497:.
2493:.
2474:^
2357:82
2340:77
2221:58
2153:75
2119:50
1898:87
1847:98
1830:99
1813:70
1694:33
1626:92
1558:92
1507:47
1490:85
1473:64
1456:56
1439:50
1422:33
1405:64
1371:37
1354:83
1343:%
1277:,
1257:,
1035:).
1024:).
1014:).
1010:,
1006:,
951:,
947:,
943:,
939:,
919:.
900:.
875:L1
863:L0
859:.
852:L4
846:.
831:L3
822:L6
809:L2
796:L5
775:L1
736:L4
732:L6
728:L3
720:L2
716:L5
712:L1
692:,
688:,
684:,
680:,
528:L0
469:L7
454:L6
432:L5
410:L4
388:L3
333:L1
163:L3
159:L4
155:L6
151:L2
147:L5
143:L1
123:L0
92:,
71:,
69:L0
4852:T
4847:J
4842:V
4837:H
4830:K
4813:U
4805:P
4782:F
4777:B
4772:Z
4767:C
4760:Y
4755:X
4750:W
4745:I
4737:R
4732:S
4727:A
4722:O
4714:Q
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