325:
40:
173:
255:
190:
157:
al. (2012) arrive at a more recent date, of roughly 70–60,000 years ago. Soares et al. also suggest that L3 most likely expanded from East Africa into
Eurasia sometime around 65–55,000 years ago as part of the recent out-of-Africa event, as well as from East Africa into Central Africa from 60 to 35,000 years ago. In 2016, Soares et al. again suggested that haplogroup L3 emerged in East Africa, leading to the Out-of-Africa migration, around 70–60,000 years ago.
222:. According to this hypothesis, after an initial out-of-Africa migration of bearers of pre-L3 (L3'4*) around 125 kya, there would have been a back-migration of females carrying L3 from Eurasia to East Africa sometime after 70 kya. The hypothesis suggests that this back-migration is aligned with bearers of paternal haplogroup
2729:
Posth C, Renaud G, Mittnik M, Drucker DG, Rougier H, Cupillard C, Valentin F, Thevenet C, Furtwängler A, Wißing C, Francken M, Malina M, Bolus M, Lari M, Gigli E, Capecchi G, Crevecoeur I, Beauval C, Flas D, Germonpré M, van der Plicht J, Cottiaux R, Gély B, Ronchitelli A, Wehrberger K, Grigorescu D,
807:
to between the 7th and 11th centuries CE. All of the clade-bearing individuals were inhumed at the Gran
Canaria site, with most of these specimens found to belong to the L3b1a subclade (3/4; 75%) with the rest from both islands (8/11; 72%) deriving from Eurasian subclades. The Guanche skeletons also
156:
and expanded to West Asia, and further to South and
Southeast Asia in the course of a few millennia, and some research suggests that L3 participated in this migration out of Africa. A 2007 estimate for the age of L3 suggested a range of 104–84,000 years ago. More recent analyses, including Soares et
245:
than to West
Africans, and suggests that several other groups (including the ancestors of West Africans, East Africans and the ancestors of non-Africans) commonly derived from a human population originating in East Africa between about 80,000-60,000 years ago, which they suggest was also the source
233:
Vai et al. (2019) suggest, from a newly discovered old and deeply-rooted branch of maternal haplogroup N found in early
Neolithic North African remains, that haplogroup L3 originated in East Africa between 70,000 and 60,000 years ago, and both spread within Africa and left Africa as part of the
3789:
Llorente, M. Gallego; Jones, E. R.; Eriksson, A.; Siska, V.; Arthur, K. W.; Arthur, J. W.; Curtis, M. C.; Stock, J. T.; Coltorti, M.; Pieruccini, P.; Stretton, S.; Brock, F.; Higham, T.; Park, Y.; Hofreiter, M.; Bradley, D. G.; Bhak, J.; Pinhasi, R.; Manica, A. (13 November 2015).
229:
According to other research, though earlier migrations out of Africa of anatomically modern humans occurred, current
Eurasian populations descend instead from a later migration from Africa dated between about 65,000 and 50,000 years ago (associated with the migration out of L3).
184:
Haplogroups M and N diverge from L3 outside Africa after the expansion of L3 from the continent; later migrations during the Upper
Paleolithic and Neolithic led some lineages back to North Africa. (Haplogroups are indicated in black circles in their probable area of
2730:
Svoboda J, Semal P, Caramelli D, Bocherens H, Harvati K, Conard NJ, Haak W, Powell A, Krause J (2016). "Pleistocene
Mitochondrial Genomes Suggest a Single Major Dispersal of Non-Africans and a Late Glacial Population Turnover in Europe".
234:
Out-of-Africa migration, with haplogroup N diverging from it soon after (between 65,000 and 50,000 years ago) either in Arabia or possibly North Africa, and haplogroup M originating in the Middle East around the same time as N.
168:
form sister clades of L3 which arose in East Africa at roughly the same time but which did not participate in the out-of-Africa migration. The ancestral clade L3'4'6 has been estimated at 110 kya, and the L3'4 clade at 95 kya.
3535:
Bandelt, H. J.; Alves-Silva, J.; Guimarães, P. E.; Santos, M. S.; Brehm, A.; Pereira, L.; Coppa, A.; Larruga, J. M.; Rengo, C.; Scozzari, R.; Torroni, A.; Prata, M. J.; Amorim, A.; Prado, V. F.; Pena, S. D. (Nov 2011).
3689:
Stevanovitch, A.; Gilles, A.; Bouzaid, E.; Kefi, R.; Paris, F.; Gayraud, R. P.; Spadoni, J. L.; El-Chenawi, F.; Beraud-Colomb, E. (2004). "Mitochondrial DNA Sequence
Diversity in a Sedentary Population from Egypt".
3106:
Hernández, Candela L; Soares, Pedro; Dugoujon, Jean M; Novelletto, Andrea; Rodríguez, Juan N; Rito, Teresa; Oliveira, Marisa; Melhaoui, Mohammed; Baali, Abdellatif; Pereira, Luisa; Calderón, Rosario (2015).
3383:
Salas, Antonio; Richards, Martin; De la Fe, Tomás; Lareu, María-Victoria; Sobrino, Beatriz; Sánchez-Diz, Paula; Macaulay, Vincent; Carracedo, Ángel (2002-11). "The Making of the
African mtDNA Landscape".
2279:
Soares, P.; Alshamali, F.; Pereira, J. B.; Fernandes, V.; Silva, N. M.; Afonso, C.; Costa, M. D.; Musilova, E.; Macaulay, V. (2011-11-16). "The Expansion of mtDNA Haplogroup L3 within and out of Africa".
226:, which it also proposes to have originated in Eurasia. These new Eurasian lineages are then suggested to have largely replaced the old autochthonous male and female North-East African lineages.
787:
and Ptolemaic periods. The Ancient Egyptian mummies bore Near eastern genomic component most closely related to modern near easterners. Additionally, haplogroup L3 has been observed in ancient
3326:
Fendt, Liane; Röck, Alexander; Zimmermann, Bettina; Bodner, Martin; Thye, Thorsten; Tschentscher, Frank; Owusu-Dabo, Ellis; Göbel, Tanja M.K.; Schneider, Peter M.; Parson, Walther (2012).
2925:
Pardiñas, AF; Martínez, JL; Roca, A; García-Vazquez, E; López, B (2014). "Over the sands and far away: Interpreting an Iberian mitochondrial lineage with ancient Western African origins".
2849:
Martina Kujanova; Luisa Pereira; Veronica Fernandes; Joana B. Pereira; Viktor Cerny (2009). "Near Eastern Neolithic Genetic Input in a Small Oasis of the Egyptian Western Desert".
289:
that are today carried by most people outside Africa. There is at least one relatively deep non-M, non-N clade of L3 outside Africa, L3f1b6, which is found at a frequency of 1% in
4016:
Prendergast, Mary E.; Lipson, Mark; Sawchuk, Elizabeth A.; Olalde, Iñigo; Ogola, Christine A.; Rohland, Nadin; Sirak, Kendra A.; Adamski, Nicole; Bernardos, Rebecca (2019-05-30).
176:
Proposed migration route depicting the origin of L3 in Africa and its dispersal both out of and within the continent, with two possible models (as depicted by Vai et al.) :
3183:
3735:"Ancient DNA analysis of 8000 BC near eastern farmers supports an early neolithic pioneer maritime colonization of Mainland Europe through Cyprus and the Aegean Islands"
3179:
3019:
768:
2832:
2575:
3646:
Fadhlaoui-Zid, K.; Plaza, S.; Calafell, F.; Ben Amor, M.; Comas, D.; Bennamar, A.; Gaaied, El (2004). "Mitochondrial DNA Heterogeneity in Tunisian Berbers".
2574:
Behar, Doron M.; Villems, Richard; Soodyall, Himla; Blue-Smith, Jason; Pereira, Luisa; Metspalu, Ene; Scozzari, Rosaria; Makkan, Heeran; et al. (2008).
206:
The possibility of an origin of L3 in Asia was proposed by Cabrera et al. (2018) based on the similar coalescence dates of L3 and its Eurasian-distributed
3210:"Migration of Chadic speaking pastoralists within Africa based on population structure of Chad Basin and phylogeography of mitochondrial L3f haplogroup"
3413:
4209:
3849:
Llorente, M. Gallego; Jones, E. R.; Eriksson, A.; Siska, V.; Arthur, K. W.; Arthur, J. W.; Curtis, M. C.; Stock, J. T.; Coltorti, M. (2015-11-13).
2401:"Mitochondrial HVRI and whole mitogenome sequence variations portray similar scenarios on the genetic structure and ancestry of northeast Africans"
180:
Haplogroup N differentiates from L3 in Africa, with a subsequent spread out of Africa, and differentiation of haplogroup M from L3 outside Africa.
2342:
Vai S, Sarno S, Lari M, Luiselli D, Manzi G, Gallinaro M, Mataich S, Hübner A, Modi A, Pilli E, Tafuri MA, Caramelli D, di Lernia S (March 2019).
4237:
140:
of modern humans of about 70–50,000 years ago. It is inherited by all modern non-African populations, as well as by some populations in Africa.
3045:
3634:
3488:
Plaza, Stéphanie; Salas, Antonio; Calafell, Francesc; Corte-Real, Francisco; Bertranpetit, Jaume; Carracedo, Ángel; Comas, David (2004).
2400:
815:
A variety of L3 have been uncovered in ancient remains associated with the Pastoral Neolithic and Pastoral Iron Age of East Africa.
332:
L3 has seven equidistant descendants: L3a, L3b'f, L3c'd, L3e'i'k'x, L3h, M, N. Five are African, while two are associated with the
2682:
3967:"Genomic Analyses of Pre-European Conquest Human Remains from the Canary Islands Reveal Close Affinity to Modern North Africans"
2785:"A Rare Deep-Rooting D0 African Y-chromosomal Haplogroup and its Implications for the Expansion of Modern Humans Out of Africa"
333:
324:
2705:
17:
2446:"Carriers of mitochondrial DNA macrohaplogroup L3 basal lineages migrated back to Africa from Asia around 70,000 years ago"
316:
of major L3 branches within Africa than outside of it, the two major non-African branches being the L3 offshoots M and N.
3429:
Bandelt, HJ; Alves-Silva, J; Guimarães, PE; Santos, MS; Brehm, A; Pereira, L; Coppa, A; Larruga, JM; et al. (2001).
3023:
4114:
3583:
Asmahan Bekada; Lara R. Arauna; Tahria Deba; Francesc Calafell; Soraya Benhamamouch; David Comas (September 24, 2015).
1861:
122:
812:, which suggests that they originated from ancestral Berber populations inhabiting northwestern Affoundnat a high ncy
779:
el-Meleq archaeological site in Middle Egypt, with the rest deriving from Eurasian subclades, which date from the Pre-
3538:"Phylogeography of the human mitochondrial haplogroup L3e: a snapshot of African prehistory and Atlantic slave trade"
3431:"Phylogeography of the human mitochondrial haplogroup L3e: a snapshot of African prehistory and Atlantic slave trade"
3109:"Early Holocenic and Historic mtDNA African Signatures in the Iberian Peninsula: The Andalusian Region as a Paradigm"
2616:
4232:
3274:
Kivisild, T; Reidla, M; Metspalu, E; Rosa, A; Brehm, A; Pennarun, E; Parik, J; Geberhiwot, T; et al. (2004).
3180:"Genetic Patterns of Y-chromosome and Mitochondrial DNA Variation, with Implications to the Peopling of the Sudan"
372:
4214:
202:
Return to Africa and expansion to Asia of basal L3 lineages with subsequent differentiation in both continents.
3208:Černý, Viktor; Fernandes, Verónica; Costa, Marta D; Hájek, Martin; Mulligan, Connie J; Pereira, Luísa (2009).
3073:
424:
to West-Central Africa. Some subclades spread from Central Africa to East Africa with the Bantu migration.
3910:"Ancient Egyptian mummy genomes suggest an increase of Sub-Saharan African ancestry in post-Roman periods"
3410:
738:– Primarily found in East Africa with branches of L3h1b1 sporadically found in the Sahel and North Africa.
2783:
Haber M, Jones AL, Connel BA, Asan, Arciero E, Huanming Y, Thomas MG, Xue Y, Tyler-Smith C (June 2019).
312:". L3 is the haplogroup from which all modern humans outside Africa derive. However, there is a greater
1877:
744:– Found in Northeast Africa and Socotra. Split from other L3h branches as early as 65–69 ka during the
87:
2887:
Wallace, D; Brown, MD; Lott, MT (1999). "Mitochondrial DNA variation in human evolution and disease".
4187:
130:
349:
possibly due to migration from Africa, and North Africa possibly due to back-migration from Eurasia.
2294:
482:– Settled from East-Central Africa to Central-West Africa and into North Africa and Berber regions.
545:
to Central Africa. Some subclades spread to East Africa with the Bantu migration. Found among the
2968:
Maca-Meyer, Nicole; González, Ana M; Larruga, José M; Flores, Carlos; Cabrera, Vicente M (2001).
760:
301:
266:
and some other parts of East Africa, in contrast to others parts of Africa where the haplogroups
2848:
2289:
3276:"Ethiopian Mitochondrial DNA Heritage: Tracking Gene Flow Across and Around the Gate of Tears"
254:
2411:
2142:. Point estimates of 71.6 kya by Soares et al. (2009) and of 70.2 by Fernandes et al. (2015).
2091:
2086:
2053:
1960:
1938:
1933:
1928:
1917:
1909:
1904:
1834:
609:-speaking populations. L3e is also the most common L3 subclade amongst African Americans and
309:
305:
271:
267:
219:
165:
161:
218:
of the oldest known subclades of M and N, and the comparable age of the paternal haplogroup
39:
4029:
3921:
3862:
3803:
3596:
3221:
3120:
2465:
2457:
2355:
2168:
2118:
2113:
2108:
2103:
2096:
2079:
2071:
2048:
2043:
2033:
2026:
2021:
2016:
2011:
2003:
1998:
1993:
1988:
1980:
1975:
1970:
1965:
1950:
1945:
1782:
1777:
784:
353:
341:
286:
282:
211:
207:
102:
98:
49:
45:
8:
1849:
619:– Spread from West-Central Africa to Southwest Africa with the Bantu migration. Found in
476:– Carried from Central Africa into Southern and Eastern Africa with the Bantu migration.
362:
4033:
3925:
3866:
3807:
3600:
3582:
3225:
3124:
2833:
Ancient Human DNA from Shum Laka (Cameroon) in the Context of African Population History
2461:
2359:
2172:
490:– Carried from Central Africa into Southern and Eastern Africa with the Bantu migration.
172:
4204:
4058:
4017:
3942:
3909:
3761:
3734:
3715:
3671:
3619:
3584:
3517:
3470:
3447:
3430:
3352:
3327:
3300:
3275:
3244:
3209:
3143:
3108:
2950:
2809:
2784:
2765:
2711:
2603:
2547:
2490:
2445:
2376:
2343:
2218:
2205:
2156:
1221:
of haplogroup L3 subclades is based on the paper by Mannis van Oven and Manfred Kayser
804:
745:
274:
represent around two thirds of mtDNA lineages. L3 sublineages are also frequent in the
149:
137:
3784:
3162:
2900:
531:– Extremely rare lineage with only two samples found so far in Eastern Africa and the
506:– Primarily distributed in East Africa. Also found in North Africa and Central Africa.
4110:
4063:
4045:
4018:"Ancient DNA reveals a multistep spread of the first herders into sub-Saharan Africa"
3998:
3947:
3890:
3831:
3766:
3707:
3703:
3663:
3659:
3624:
3565:
3557:
3509:
3474:
3462:
3397:
3393:
3357:
3305:
3249:
3148:
3001:
2996:
2969:
2942:
2904:
2866:
2814:
2769:
2757:
2701:
2663:
2608:
2539:
2518:"Updated comprehensive phylogenetic tree of global human mitochondrial DNA variation"
2495:
2381:
2315:
2307:
2222:
2210:
2192:
2184:
2062:
1873:
1839:
1821:
1218:
780:
602:
542:
436:– Subclade found in Northeast Africa, the Maghreb, and Middle East. Emerged 12–14 ka.
421:
392:
313:
275:
3719:
3521:
2954:
2715:
2640:
Gonder, M. K.; Mortensen, H. M.; Reed, F. A.; De Sousa, A.; Tishkoff, S. A. (2006).
2551:
258:
Projected spatial distribution of haplogroup L3 in Africa and the Arabian Peninsula.
4053:
4037:
3988:
3978:
3937:
3929:
3880:
3870:
3821:
3811:
3756:
3746:
3699:
3675:
3655:
3614:
3604:
3549:
3501:
3452:
3442:
3347:
3339:
3295:
3287:
3239:
3229:
3158:
3138:
3128:
2991:
2981:
2934:
2896:
2858:
2804:
2796:
2747:
2739:
2693:
2653:
2598:
2590:
2529:
2485:
2475:
2371:
2363:
2299:
2200:
2176:
1814:
1223:
Updated comprehensive phylogenetic tree of global human mitochondrial DNA variation
263:
223:
193:
Proposed migration route according to the Asian origin hypothesis (Cabrera et al.).
3851:"Ancient Ethiopian genome reveals extensive Eurasian admixture in Eastern Africa"
3792:"Ancient Ethiopian genome reveals extensive Eurasian admixture in Eastern Africa"
3751:
3609:
3417:
3411:
Phylogenetic and phylogeographic analysis of African mitochondrial DNA variation.
3343:
3133:
2697:
606:
2800:
281:
L3 is subdivided into several clades, two of which spawned the macrohaplogroups
2594:
2367:
800:
767:, Ethiopia, with the ancient fossil found to be most closely related to modern
764:
610:
512:– Spread from Eastern Africa to Chad and the Sahel around 8–9 ka. Found in the
447:
388:
384:
376:
237:
A study by Lipson et al. (2019) analyzing remains from the Cameroonian site of
215:
53:
3983:
3966:
3553:
3505:
2743:
2480:
2196:
2180:
4226:
4049:
3561:
3490:"Insights into the western Bantu dispersal: mtDNA lineage analysis in Angola"
2311:
2188:
1891:
772:
624:
470:– Carried by migrants from Eastern Africa into the Sahel and Central Africa.
242:
189:
4041:
3875:
3850:
3816:
3791:
3537:
2658:
2641:
2303:
2157:"Ancient West African foragers in the context of African population history"
464:– Carried by migrants from Eastern Africa into the Sahel and Central Africa.
4067:
4002:
3951:
3894:
3835:
3770:
3711:
3667:
3628:
3569:
3513:
3466:
3361:
3309:
3253:
3234:
3152:
3005:
2986:
2946:
2908:
2870:
2818:
2761:
2667:
2612:
2543:
2499:
2385:
2319:
2214:
2038:
1807:
792:
763:
culture. L3x2a was observed in a 4,500 year old hunter-gather excavated in
718:
658:
636:
380:
3457:
808:
bore an autochthonous Maghrebi genomic component that peaks among modern
644:
558:
451:
293:, Spain. It diverged from African L3 lineages at least 10,000 years ago.
153:
73:
3933:
3885:
3826:
2970:"Major genomic mitochondrial lineages delineate early human expansions"
2938:
2862:
2752:
2534:
2517:
1844:
562:
513:
126:
3993:
759:
Haplogroup L3 has been observed in an ancient fossil belonging to the
27:
Widespread human mitochondrial DNA grouping indicating common ancestry
2344:"Ancestral mitochondrial N lineage from the Neolithic 'green' Sahara"
722:
570:
554:
532:
395:
Valley. It is infrequent to nonexistent in Sudan and the Sahel zone.
238:
4198:
4132:
Faces of America: How 12 Extraordinary People Discovered Their Pasts
328:
L3 subclade distribution: L3b, L3d, L3e, L3f, L3h, L3i, L3x and L3w.
148:
Haplogroup L3 arose close to 70,000 years ago, near the time of the
4081:
3291:
2692:. Vertebrate Paleobiology and Paleoanthropology. pp. 383–405.
2470:
796:
788:
695:– Subclade is found in Yemen, Ethiopia, and among Gujarati Indians.
640:
290:
52:
lineages, and other mtDNA clades. Numbers represent thousand years
3645:
2924:
2642:"Whole-mtDNA Genome Sequence Analysis of Ancient African Lineages"
3534:
3428:
3105:
809:
717:– Almost exclusively found in East Africa. Found among Ethiopian
670:
666:
662:
654:
574:
346:
297:
711:– Rare haplogroup primarily found in North Africa and the Sahel.
129:. The clade has played a pivotal role in the early dispersal of
3328:"MtDNA diversity of Ghana: a forensic and phylogeographic view"
3077:
2967:
2278:
2139:
776:
620:
546:
4015:
2573:
2443:
296:
According to Maca-Meyer et al. (2001), "L3 is more related to
3688:
2444:
Cabrera VM, Marrero P, Abu-Amero KK, Larruga JM (June 2018).
674:
632:
628:
598:
566:
407:– Found across Eastern Africa. Estimated age of 48.3–57.7 ka.
401:– Found across Eastern Africa. Estimated age of 35.8–39.3 ka.
4147:
Finding Your Roots: The Official Companion to the PBS Series
3487:
1854:
371:– East Africa. Moderate to high frequencies found among the
3489:
2639:
550:
358:
77:
3848:
3788:
3273:
246:
and origin zone of haplogroup L3 around 70,000 years ago.
3325:
3047:
Complex Genetic History of East African Human Populations
2728:
2680:
3207:
214:
derivative clades (ca. 70 kya), the distant location in
3907:
2681:
Soares P, Rito T, Pereira L, Richards M (March 2016).
446:– Northeast Africa, Sahel, Arabian peninsula, Iberia.
4149:. The University of North Carolina Press. p. 11.
3585:"Genetic Heterogeneity in Algerian Human Populations"
771:
populations. Haplogroup L3 has also been found among
597:– Suggested to have originated in the Central Africa/
2782:
2341:
703:(former L3w) – Found in the Horn of Africa and Oman.
44:Ancient dispersal of haplogroup L3, its descendant
3072:See Supplemental_TreeUpdatedOctober.xls under the
3053:(PhD thesis). University of Maryland. p. 118.
430:– Common subclade. Estimated age of 11.7-14.8 ka.
4224:
3964:
3682:
2886:
2070:
2067:
1913:
391:and other minor indigenous populations from the
2920:
2918:
754:
4170:GUR46 on table 1. is a mtDNA haplogroup L3x2a.
4134:. New York University Press. pp. 187–188.
3732:
2515:
605:period. It is the most common L3 sub-clade in
3639:
3173:
3171:
2683:"A Genetic Perspective on African Prehistory"
2439:
2437:
2435:
2433:
2431:
2155:Lipson, Mark; et al. (22 January 2020).
4009:
3908:Schuenemann, Verena J.; et al. (2017).
3101:
3099:
3097:
3095:
3093:
3091:
3089:
3087:
3085:
3068:
3066:
3064:
3062:
3060:
2915:
365:, and parts of Africa due to back-migration.
241:found them to be more similar to modern-day
3269:
3267:
3265:
3263:
2882:
2880:
2633:
1862:human mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) haplogroups
732:– Almost exclusively found in East Africa.
4138:
4123:
3576:
3168:
2842:
2776:
2674:
2516:Van Oven, Mannis; Kayser, Manfred (2009).
2428:
38:
4144:
4129:
4057:
3992:
3982:
3941:
3884:
3874:
3825:
3815:
3760:
3750:
3618:
3608:
3481:
3456:
3446:
3351:
3299:
3243:
3233:
3201:
3142:
3132:
3082:
3057:
2995:
2985:
2851:American Journal of Physical Anthropology
2808:
2751:
2657:
2602:
2576:"The Dawn of Human Matrilineal Diversity"
2533:
2511:
2509:
2489:
2479:
2469:
2375:
2293:
2274:
2272:
2270:
2268:
2266:
2264:
2262:
2260:
2258:
2256:
2254:
2252:
2204:
684:Almost exclusively found in East Africa.
653:– Originated in the Chad Basin. Found in
601:region about 45,000 years ago during the
3332:Forensic Science International: Genetics
3321:
3319:
3260:
3182:. University of Khartoum. Archived from
2877:
2250:
2248:
2246:
2244:
2242:
2240:
2238:
2236:
2234:
2232:
2150:
2148:
323:
319:
253:
188:
171:
3422:
2569:
2567:
2565:
2563:
2561:
300:haplogroups than to the most divergent
14:
4238:Recent African origin of modern humans
4225:
3965:Rodríguez-Varela; et al. (2017).
3280:The American Journal of Human Genetics
2583:The American Journal of Human Genetics
2506:
2154:
2002:
1954:
1921:
1916:
1898:
1895:
1882:
1872:
4104:
4098:
3316:
3043:
3037:
2722:
2337:
2335:
2333:
2331:
2329:
2229:
2145:
1949:
1944:
582:– Primarily found in Southern Africa.
198:Exit of the L3 precursor to Eurasia.
3733:Fernández, Eva; et al. (2014).
2558:
2392:
2095:
2090:
2085:
2075:
2060:
2057:
2052:
2047:
2042:
2037:
2032:
2025:
2020:
2015:
2010:
2007:
1997:
1992:
1987:
1984:
1979:
1974:
1969:
1964:
1959:
1937:
1932:
1927:
1924:
1908:
1903:
1890:
1885:
1869:
775:mummies (1/90; 1%) excavated at the
3177:
1229:Most Recent Common Ancestor (MRCA)
1225:and subsequent published research.
136:It is strongly associated with the
97:L3a, L3b'f, L3c'd, L3e'i'k'x, L3h,
24:
3448:10.1046/j.1469-1809.2001.6560549.x
3386:American Journal of Human Genetics
2326:
1800:
25:
4249:
4177:
3163:10.1371/journal.pone.0139784.s006
2398:
1055:Pastoral Neolithic or Elmenteitan
899:Pastoral Neolithic or Elmenteitan
541:– Spread from East Africa in the
420:– Spread from East Africa in the
4199:PhyloTree.org – mtDNA subtree L3
3704:10.1046/j.1529-8817.2003.00057.x
3660:10.1046/j.1529-8817.2004.00096.x
1824:is a member of haplogroup L3f1b.
4164:
4145:Gates Jr., Henry Louis (2015).
4130:Gates Jr., Henry Louis (2010).
4074:
3958:
3901:
3842:
3777:
3726:
3528:
3403:
3377:
3368:
3178:Mohamed, Hisham Yousif Hassan.
3012:
2961:
2825:
2646:Molecular Biology and Evolution
2282:Molecular Biology and Evolution
1817:is a member of haplogroup L3f1.
249:
152:. This dispersal originated in
2133:
13:
1:
2901:10.1016/S0378-1119(99)00295-4
2408:Institute of Endemic Diseases
2126:
1810:is a member of haplogroup L3.
3752:10.1371/journal.pgen.1004401
3610:10.1371/journal.pone.0138453
3344:10.1016/j.fsigen.2011.05.011
3134:10.1371/journal.pone.0139784
2698:10.1007/978-94-017-7520-5_18
2399:Osman, Maha M.; et al.
824:Genetic cluster or affinity
755:Ancient and historic samples
7:
4082:"PhyloTree.org | tree | L3"
3044:Hirbo, Jibril Boru (2011).
2801:10.1534/genetics.119.302368
2410:. Meta Gene. Archived from
1828:
856:Prettejohn's Gully (GsJi11)
65:80,000–60,000 BP, 70,000 BP
10:
4254:
3020:"Cambridge DNA Services -"
2595:10.1016/j.ajhg.2008.04.002
2368:10.1038/s41598-019-39802-1
1857:
1168:Emurua Ole Polos (GvJh122)
150:recent out-of-Africa event
131:anatomically modern humans
3984:10.1016/j.cub.2017.09.059
3554:10.1017/S0003480001008892
3506:10.1007/s00439-004-1164-0
2744:10.1016/j.cub.2016.01.037
2481:10.1186/s12862-018-1211-4
2181:10.1038/s41586-020-1929-1
143:
108:
93:
83:
69:
61:
37:
32:
4157:
3692:Annals of Human Genetics
3648:Annals of Human Genetics
3542:Annals of Human Genetics
3435:Annals of Human Genetics
3214:BMC Evolutionary Biology
2450:BMC Evolutionary Biology
2117:
2112:
2107:
2102:
2078:
498:– Rare, found in Iberia.
70:Possible place of origin
4233:Human mtDNA haplogroups
4210:Spread of Haplogroup L3
4042:10.1126/science.aaw6275
3876:10.1126/science.aad2879
3817:10.1126/science.aad2879
3785:supplementary materials
3374:Sheet1 – PLOS Pathogens
1212:
761:Pre-Pottery Neolithic B
138:out-of-Africa migration
123:human mitochondrial DNA
62:Possible time of origin
4188:Mitochondrial DNA Site
4105:Greer, Bonnie (2014).
3235:10.1186/1471-2148-9-63
2987:10.1186/1471-2156-2-13
943:E-V1515 (prob. E-M293)
882:Cole's Burial (GrJj5a)
329:
259:
203:
186:
3977:(1–7): 3396–3402.e5.
3914:Nature Communications
2838:et al., 2019 | page=5
2659:10.1093/molbev/msl209
2304:10.1093/molbev/msr245
1860:Phylogenetic tree of
1835:Genealogical DNA test
791:fossils excavated in
327:
320:Subclade distribution
257:
192:
175:
18:Haplogroup L3 (mtDNA)
1012:Naivasha Burial Site
986:Naivasha Burial Site
839:Paternal Haplogroup
836:Maternal Haplogroup
623:(6.8%). Mozambique,
4215:National Geographic
4034:2019Sci...365.6275P
3934:10.1038/ncomms15694
3926:2017NatCo...815694S
3867:2015Sci...350..820L
3808:2015Sci...350..820L
3601:2015PLoSO..1038453B
3409:Anderson, S. 2006,
3226:2009BMCEE...9...63C
3189:on 10 November 2020
3157:Supplementary data
3125:2015PLoSO..1039784H
2690:Africa from MIS 6-2
2462:2018BMCEE..18...98C
2360:2019NatSR...9.3530V
2173:2020Natur.577..665L
1850:Population genetics
1064:Njoro River Cave II
769:Southwest Ethiopian
363:Mediterranean Basin
4197:Mannis van Oven's
4028:(6448): eaaw6275.
3416:2011-09-10 at the
3078:Soares et al. 2011
3074:Supplementary data
2939:10.1002/ajhb.22601
2863:10.1002/ajpa.21078
2535:10.1002/humu.20921
2140:Soares et al. 2011
1203:E-M35 (not E-M293)
1107:Pastoral Neolithic
1081:Pastoral Neolithic
1029:Pastoral Neolithic
1003:Pastoral Neolithic
977:Pastoral Neolithic
951:Pastoral Neolithic
934:Naishi Rockshelter
925:Pastoral Neolithic
873:Pastoral Neolithic
803:, which have been
746:middle paleolithic
330:
260:
204:
187:
109:Defining mutations
4109:. Arcadia Books.
3861:(6262): 820–822.
3802:(6262): 820–822.
3548:(Pt 6): 549–563.
3396: 0002-9297.
2707:978-94-017-7519-9
2167:(7792): 665–669.
2124:
2123:
2065:
1874:Mitochondrial Eve
1840:Genetic genealogy
1822:Branford Marsalis
1219:phylogenetic tree
1210:
1209:
1206:Prendergast 2019
1185:Pastoral Iron Age
1180:Prendergast 2019
1159:Pastoral Iron Age
1154:Prendergast 2019
1151:E-M75 (excl. M98)
1133:Pastoral Iron Age
1128:Prendergast 2019
1102:Prendergast 2019
1090:Gishimangeda Cave
1076:Prendergast 2019
1050:Prendergast 2019
1038:Gishimangeda Cave
1024:Prendergast 2019
998:Prendergast 2019
972:Prendergast 2019
960:Gishimangeda Cave
946:Prendergast 2019
920:Prendergast 2019
908:Rigo Cave (GrJh3)
894:Prendergast 2019
868:Prendergast 2019
805:radiocarbon-dated
603:upper paleolithic
543:upper paleolithic
422:upper paleolithic
393:East African Rift
276:Arabian Peninsula
116:
115:
16:(Redirected from
4245:
4171:
4168:
4151:
4150:
4142:
4136:
4135:
4127:
4121:
4120:
4102:
4096:
4095:
4093:
4092:
4078:
4072:
4071:
4061:
4013:
4007:
4006:
3996:
3986:
3962:
3956:
3955:
3945:
3905:
3899:
3898:
3888:
3878:
3846:
3840:
3839:
3829:
3819:
3781:
3775:
3774:
3764:
3754:
3730:
3724:
3723:
3686:
3680:
3679:
3654:(Pt 3): 222–33.
3643:
3637:
3632:
3622:
3612:
3580:
3574:
3573:
3532:
3526:
3525:
3485:
3479:
3478:
3460:
3450:
3441:(Pt 6): 549–63.
3426:
3420:
3407:
3401:
3392:(5): 1082–1111.
3381:
3375:
3372:
3366:
3365:
3355:
3323:
3314:
3313:
3303:
3271:
3258:
3257:
3247:
3237:
3205:
3199:
3198:
3196:
3194:
3188:
3175:
3166:
3156:
3146:
3136:
3119:(10): e0139784.
3103:
3080:
3070:
3055:
3054:
3052:
3041:
3035:
3034:
3032:
3031:
3022:. Archived from
3016:
3010:
3009:
2999:
2989:
2965:
2959:
2958:
2927:Am. J. Hum. Biol
2922:
2913:
2912:
2884:
2875:
2874:
2846:
2840:
2836:, by Lipson Mark
2829:
2823:
2822:
2812:
2795:(4): 1421–1428.
2780:
2774:
2773:
2755:
2726:
2720:
2719:
2687:
2678:
2672:
2671:
2661:
2637:
2631:
2630:
2628:
2627:
2621:
2615:. Archived from
2606:
2580:
2571:
2556:
2555:
2537:
2513:
2504:
2503:
2493:
2483:
2473:
2441:
2426:
2425:
2423:
2422:
2416:
2405:
2396:
2390:
2389:
2379:
2339:
2324:
2323:
2297:
2276:
2227:
2226:
2208:
2152:
2143:
2137:
2061:
1855:
1815:Malcolm Gladwell
818:
817:
773:ancient Egyptian
643:, and among the
631:, as well as in
264:Northeast Africa
262:L3 is common in
112:769, 1018, 16311
42:
30:
29:
21:
4253:
4252:
4248:
4247:
4246:
4244:
4243:
4242:
4223:
4222:
4180:
4175:
4174:
4169:
4165:
4160:
4155:
4154:
4143:
4139:
4128:
4124:
4117:
4107:A Parallel Life
4103:
4099:
4090:
4088:
4080:
4079:
4075:
4014:
4010:
3971:Current Biology
3963:
3959:
3906:
3902:
3847:
3843:
3782:
3778:
3745:(6): e1004401.
3731:
3727:
3698:(Pt 1): 23–39.
3687:
3683:
3644:
3640:
3595:(9): e0138453.
3581:
3577:
3533:
3529:
3486:
3482:
3427:
3423:
3418:Wayback Machine
3408:
3404:
3382:
3378:
3373:
3369:
3324:
3317:
3272:
3261:
3206:
3202:
3192:
3190:
3186:
3176:
3169:
3104:
3083:
3071:
3058:
3050:
3042:
3038:
3029:
3027:
3018:
3017:
3013:
2966:
2962:
2923:
2916:
2885:
2878:
2847:
2843:
2830:
2826:
2781:
2777:
2732:Current Biology
2727:
2723:
2708:
2685:
2679:
2675:
2638:
2634:
2625:
2623:
2619:
2578:
2572:
2559:
2514:
2507:
2442:
2429:
2420:
2418:
2414:
2403:
2397:
2393:
2340:
2327:
2277:
2230:
2153:
2146:
2138:
2134:
2129:
1831:
1803:
1801:Popular culture
1215:
1142:Kisima Farm, C4
757:
611:Afro-Brazilians
322:
252:
194:
146:
57:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
4251:
4241:
4240:
4235:
4221:
4220:
4219:
4218:
4207:
4201:
4194:Haplogroup L3
4192:
4191:
4190:
4179:
4178:External links
4176:
4173:
4172:
4162:
4161:
4159:
4156:
4153:
4152:
4137:
4122:
4116:978-1909807624
4115:
4097:
4073:
4008:
3957:
3900:
3841:
3776:
3725:
3681:
3638:
3575:
3527:
3494:Human Genetics
3480:
3421:
3402:
3400: 12395296
3376:
3367:
3315:
3292:10.1086/425161
3259:
3200:
3167:
3081:
3056:
3036:
3011:
2960:
2914:
2876:
2841:
2824:
2775:
2738:(6): 827–833.
2721:
2706:
2673:
2632:
2589:(5): 1130–40.
2557:
2528:(2): E386–94.
2522:Human Mutation
2505:
2471:10.1101/233502
2427:
2391:
2325:
2295:10.1.1.923.345
2288:(3): 915–927.
2228:
2144:
2131:
2130:
2128:
2125:
2122:
2121:
2116:
2111:
2106:
2100:
2099:
2094:
2089:
2083:
2082:
2077:
2074:
2069:
2066:
2059:
2056:
2051:
2046:
2041:
2036:
2030:
2029:
2024:
2019:
2014:
2009:
2006:
2001:
1996:
1991:
1986:
1983:
1978:
1973:
1968:
1963:
1957:
1956:
1953:
1948:
1942:
1941:
1936:
1931:
1926:
1923:
1920:
1915:
1912:
1907:
1901:
1900:
1897:
1894:
1888:
1887:
1884:
1881:
1871:
1867:
1866:
1853:
1852:
1847:
1842:
1837:
1830:
1827:
1826:
1825:
1818:
1811:
1802:
1799:
1798:
1797:
1796:
1795:
1794:
1793:
1792:
1791:
1790:
1789:
1788:
1787:
1786:
1785:
1780:
1775:
1774:
1773:
1770:
1769:
1768:
1767:
1766:
1763:
1762:
1761:
1760:
1759:
1747:
1746:
1745:
1744:
1743:
1740:
1734:
1722:
1721:
1720:
1719:
1718:
1717:
1716:
1713:
1712:
1711:
1710:
1709:
1697:
1696:
1695:
1692:
1691:
1690:
1687:
1675:
1674:
1673:
1667:
1666:
1665:
1662:
1661:
1660:
1657:
1648:
1647:
1646:
1645:
1644:
1641:
1640:
1639:
1638:
1637:
1634:
1633:
1632:
1626:
1614:
1613:
1612:
1611:
1610:
1607:
1604:
1603:
1602:
1593:
1592:
1591:
1590:
1589:
1588:
1587:
1581:
1569:
1568:
1567:
1564:
1561:
1558:
1555:
1554:
1553:
1552:
1551:
1548:
1542:
1541:
1540:
1522:
1521:
1520:
1519:
1518:
1517:
1516:
1513:
1510:
1509:
1508:
1502:
1501:
1500:
1497:
1491:
1490:
1489:
1486:
1483:
1482:
1481:
1475:
1474:
1473:
1472:
1471:
1453:
1447:
1446:
1445:
1444:
1443:
1442:
1441:
1438:
1432:
1431:
1430:
1427:
1421:
1420:
1419:
1418:
1417:
1414:
1413:
1412:
1411:
1410:
1407:
1404:
1403:
1402:
1393:
1390:
1384:
1378:
1377:
1376:
1364:
1363:
1362:
1359:
1358:
1357:
1354:
1348:
1347:
1346:
1345:
1344:
1338:
1337:
1336:
1333:
1330:
1329:
1328:
1327:
1326:
1320:
1317:
1316:
1315:
1309:
1306:
1300:
1297:
1294:
1291:
1276:
1275:
1274:
1273:
1272:
1266:
1265:
1264:
1261:
1214:
1211:
1208:
1207:
1204:
1201:
1198:
1195:
1192:
1189:
1186:
1182:
1181:
1178:
1175:
1172:
1169:
1166:
1163:
1160:
1156:
1155:
1152:
1149:
1146:
1143:
1140:
1137:
1134:
1130:
1129:
1126:
1123:
1120:
1117:
1114:
1111:
1108:
1104:
1103:
1100:
1097:
1094:
1091:
1088:
1085:
1082:
1078:
1077:
1074:
1071:
1068:
1065:
1062:
1059:
1056:
1052:
1051:
1048:
1045:
1042:
1039:
1036:
1033:
1030:
1026:
1025:
1022:
1019:
1016:
1013:
1010:
1007:
1004:
1000:
999:
996:
993:
990:
987:
984:
981:
978:
974:
973:
970:
967:
964:
961:
958:
955:
952:
948:
947:
944:
941:
938:
935:
932:
929:
926:
922:
921:
918:
915:
912:
909:
906:
903:
900:
896:
895:
892:
889:
886:
883:
880:
877:
874:
870:
869:
866:
863:
860:
857:
854:
851:
848:
847:Early pastoral
844:
843:
840:
837:
834:
831:
828:
825:
822:
801:Canary Islands
756:
753:
752:
751:
750:
749:
739:
727:
726:
725:
712:
706:
705:
704:
698:
697:
696:
679:
678:
677:
648:
587:
586:
585:
584:
583:
536:
521:
520:
519:
518:
517:
507:
501:
500:
499:
493:
492:
491:
485:
484:
483:
465:
441:
440:
439:
438:
437:
410:
409:
408:
402:
366:
350:
321:
318:
251:
248:
216:Southeast Asia
145:
142:
114:
113:
110:
106:
105:
95:
91:
90:
85:
81:
80:
71:
67:
66:
63:
59:
58:
54:before present
43:
35:
34:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4250:
4239:
4236:
4234:
4231:
4230:
4228:
4217:
4216:
4211:
4208:
4206:
4205:Haplogroup L3
4202:
4200:
4196:
4195:
4193:
4189:
4185:
4184:
4182:
4181:
4167:
4163:
4148:
4141:
4133:
4126:
4118:
4112:
4108:
4101:
4087:
4086:phylotree.org
4083:
4077:
4069:
4065:
4060:
4055:
4051:
4047:
4043:
4039:
4035:
4031:
4027:
4023:
4019:
4012:
4004:
4000:
3995:
3990:
3985:
3980:
3976:
3972:
3968:
3961:
3953:
3949:
3944:
3939:
3935:
3931:
3927:
3923:
3919:
3915:
3911:
3904:
3896:
3892:
3887:
3882:
3877:
3872:
3868:
3864:
3860:
3856:
3852:
3845:
3837:
3833:
3828:
3823:
3818:
3813:
3809:
3805:
3801:
3797:
3793:
3786:
3780:
3772:
3768:
3763:
3758:
3753:
3748:
3744:
3740:
3739:PLOS Genetics
3736:
3729:
3721:
3717:
3713:
3709:
3705:
3701:
3697:
3693:
3685:
3677:
3673:
3669:
3665:
3661:
3657:
3653:
3649:
3642:
3636:
3630:
3626:
3621:
3616:
3611:
3606:
3602:
3598:
3594:
3590:
3586:
3579:
3571:
3567:
3563:
3559:
3555:
3551:
3547:
3543:
3539:
3531:
3523:
3519:
3515:
3511:
3507:
3503:
3500:(5): 439–47.
3499:
3495:
3491:
3484:
3476:
3472:
3468:
3464:
3459:
3458:10400.13/3053
3454:
3449:
3444:
3440:
3436:
3432:
3425:
3419:
3415:
3412:
3406:
3399:
3395:
3391:
3387:
3380:
3371:
3363:
3359:
3354:
3349:
3345:
3341:
3338:(2): 244–49.
3337:
3333:
3329:
3322:
3320:
3311:
3307:
3302:
3297:
3293:
3289:
3286:(5): 752–70.
3285:
3281:
3277:
3270:
3268:
3266:
3264:
3255:
3251:
3246:
3241:
3236:
3231:
3227:
3223:
3219:
3215:
3211:
3204:
3185:
3181:
3174:
3172:
3164:
3160:
3154:
3150:
3145:
3140:
3135:
3130:
3126:
3122:
3118:
3114:
3110:
3102:
3100:
3098:
3096:
3094:
3092:
3090:
3088:
3086:
3079:
3075:
3069:
3067:
3065:
3063:
3061:
3049:
3048:
3040:
3026:on 2011-07-08
3025:
3021:
3015:
3007:
3003:
2998:
2993:
2988:
2983:
2979:
2975:
2971:
2964:
2956:
2952:
2948:
2944:
2940:
2936:
2933:(6): 777–83.
2932:
2928:
2921:
2919:
2910:
2906:
2902:
2898:
2895:(1): 211–30.
2894:
2890:
2883:
2881:
2872:
2868:
2864:
2860:
2857:(2): 336–46.
2856:
2852:
2845:
2839:
2835:
2834:
2828:
2820:
2816:
2811:
2806:
2802:
2798:
2794:
2790:
2786:
2779:
2771:
2767:
2763:
2759:
2754:
2749:
2745:
2741:
2737:
2733:
2725:
2717:
2713:
2709:
2703:
2699:
2695:
2691:
2684:
2677:
2669:
2665:
2660:
2655:
2652:(3): 757–68.
2651:
2647:
2643:
2636:
2622:on 2022-11-03
2618:
2614:
2610:
2605:
2600:
2596:
2592:
2588:
2584:
2577:
2570:
2568:
2566:
2564:
2562:
2553:
2549:
2545:
2541:
2536:
2531:
2527:
2523:
2519:
2512:
2510:
2501:
2497:
2492:
2487:
2482:
2477:
2472:
2467:
2463:
2459:
2455:
2451:
2447:
2440:
2438:
2436:
2434:
2432:
2417:on 2021-06-25
2413:
2409:
2402:
2395:
2387:
2383:
2378:
2373:
2369:
2365:
2361:
2357:
2353:
2349:
2345:
2338:
2336:
2334:
2332:
2330:
2321:
2317:
2313:
2309:
2305:
2301:
2296:
2291:
2287:
2283:
2275:
2273:
2271:
2269:
2267:
2265:
2263:
2261:
2259:
2257:
2255:
2253:
2251:
2249:
2247:
2245:
2243:
2241:
2239:
2237:
2235:
2233:
2224:
2220:
2216:
2212:
2207:
2202:
2198:
2194:
2190:
2186:
2182:
2178:
2174:
2170:
2166:
2162:
2158:
2151:
2149:
2141:
2136:
2132:
2120:
2115:
2110:
2105:
2101:
2098:
2093:
2088:
2084:
2081:
2073:
2064:
2055:
2050:
2045:
2040:
2035:
2031:
2028:
2023:
2018:
2013:
2005:
2000:
1995:
1990:
1982:
1977:
1972:
1967:
1962:
1958:
1952:
1947:
1943:
1940:
1935:
1930:
1919:
1911:
1906:
1902:
1893:
1889:
1879:
1875:
1868:
1865:
1864:
1863:
1856:
1851:
1848:
1846:
1843:
1841:
1838:
1836:
1833:
1832:
1823:
1819:
1816:
1812:
1809:
1805:
1804:
1784:
1781:
1779:
1776:
1771:
1764:
1757:
1756:
1754:
1753:
1751:
1750:
1748:
1741:
1738:
1737:
1735:
1732:
1731:
1729:
1728:
1726:
1725:
1723:
1714:
1707:
1706:
1704:
1703:
1701:
1700:
1698:
1693:
1688:
1685:
1684:
1682:
1681:
1679:
1678:
1676:
1671:
1670:
1668:
1663:
1658:
1655:
1654:
1652:
1651:
1649:
1642:
1635:
1630:
1629:
1627:
1624:
1623:
1621:
1620:
1618:
1617:
1615:
1608:
1605:
1600:
1599:
1597:
1596:
1594:
1585:
1584:
1582:
1579:
1578:
1576:
1575:
1573:
1572:
1570:
1565:
1562:
1559:
1556:
1549:
1546:
1545:
1543:
1538:
1537:
1535:
1534:
1532:
1531:
1529:
1528:
1526:
1525:
1523:
1514:
1511:
1506:
1505:
1503:
1498:
1495:
1494:
1492:
1487:
1484:
1479:
1478:
1476:
1469:
1468:
1466:
1465:
1463:
1462:
1460:
1459:
1457:
1456:
1454:
1451:
1450:
1448:
1439:
1436:
1435:
1433:
1428:
1425:
1424:
1422:
1415:
1408:
1405:
1400:
1399:
1397:
1396:
1394:
1391:
1388:
1387:
1385:
1382:
1381:
1379:
1374:
1373:
1371:
1370:
1368:
1367:
1365:
1360:
1355:
1352:
1351:
1349:
1342:
1341:
1339:
1334:
1331:
1324:
1323:
1321:
1318:
1313:
1312:
1310:
1307:
1304:
1303:
1301:
1298:
1295:
1292:
1289:
1288:
1286:
1285:
1283:
1282:
1280:
1279:
1277:
1270:
1269:
1267:
1262:
1259:
1258:
1256:
1255:
1253:
1252:
1251:
1248:
1247:
1245:
1244:
1242:
1241:
1239:
1238:
1236:
1235:
1233:
1232:
1231:
1230:
1226:
1224:
1220:
1205:
1202:
1199:
1196:
1194:Kokurmatakore
1193:
1190:
1187:
1184:
1183:
1179:
1176:
1173:
1170:
1167:
1164:
1161:
1158:
1157:
1153:
1150:
1147:
1144:
1141:
1138:
1135:
1132:
1131:
1127:
1124:
1121:
1118:
1115:
1112:
1109:
1106:
1105:
1101:
1098:
1095:
1092:
1089:
1086:
1083:
1080:
1079:
1075:
1072:
1069:
1066:
1063:
1060:
1057:
1054:
1053:
1049:
1046:
1043:
1040:
1037:
1034:
1031:
1028:
1027:
1023:
1020:
1017:
1014:
1011:
1008:
1005:
1002:
1001:
997:
994:
991:
988:
985:
982:
979:
976:
975:
971:
968:
965:
962:
959:
956:
953:
950:
949:
945:
942:
939:
936:
933:
930:
927:
924:
923:
919:
916:
913:
910:
907:
904:
901:
898:
897:
893:
890:
887:
884:
881:
878:
875:
872:
871:
867:
864:
861:
858:
855:
852:
849:
846:
845:
841:
838:
835:
832:
829:
826:
823:
820:
819:
816:
813:
811:
806:
802:
798:
794:
790:
786:
782:
778:
774:
770:
766:
762:
747:
743:
740:
737:
734:
733:
731:
728:
724:
720:
716:
713:
710:
707:
702:
699:
694:
691:
690:
689:
686:
685:
683:
680:
676:
672:
668:
664:
660:
657:, as well as
656:
652:
649:
646:
642:
638:
634:
630:
626:
622:
618:
615:
614:
612:
608:
604:
600:
596:
593:
592:
591:
588:
581:
578:
577:
576:
572:
568:
564:
560:
556:
552:
548:
544:
540:
537:
534:
530:
527:
526:
525:
522:
515:
511:
508:
505:
502:
497:
494:
489:
486:
481:
478:
477:
475:
472:
471:
469:
466:
463:
460:
459:
458:
455:
454:
453:
449:
445:
442:
435:
432:
431:
429:
426:
425:
423:
419:
416:
415:
414:
411:
406:
403:
400:
397:
396:
394:
390:
386:
382:
378:
374:
370:
367:
364:
360:
356:
355:
351:
348:
344:
343:
339:
338:
337:
335:
334:Out of Africa
326:
317:
315:
311:
307:
303:
299:
294:
292:
288:
284:
279:
277:
273:
269:
265:
256:
247:
244:
243:Pygmy peoples
240:
235:
231:
227:
225:
221:
217:
213:
209:
201:
197:
191:
183:
179:
174:
170:
167:
163:
158:
155:
151:
141:
139:
134:
132:
128:
124:
120:
119:Haplogroup L3
111:
107:
104:
100:
96:
92:
89:
86:
82:
79:
75:
72:
68:
64:
60:
55:
51:
47:
41:
36:
33:Haplogroup L3
31:
19:
4213:
4186:Ian Logan's
4166:
4146:
4140:
4131:
4125:
4106:
4100:
4089:. Retrieved
4085:
4076:
4025:
4021:
4011:
3974:
3970:
3960:
3917:
3913:
3903:
3886:2318/1661894
3858:
3854:
3844:
3827:2318/1661894
3799:
3795:
3779:
3742:
3738:
3728:
3695:
3691:
3684:
3651:
3647:
3641:
3592:
3588:
3578:
3545:
3541:
3530:
3497:
3493:
3483:
3438:
3434:
3424:
3405:
3389:
3385:
3379:
3370:
3335:
3331:
3283:
3279:
3217:
3213:
3203:
3191:. Retrieved
3184:the original
3116:
3112:
3046:
3039:
3028:. Retrieved
3024:the original
3014:
2977:
2974:BMC Genetics
2973:
2963:
2930:
2926:
2892:
2888:
2854:
2850:
2844:
2837:
2831:
2827:
2792:
2788:
2778:
2735:
2731:
2724:
2689:
2676:
2649:
2645:
2635:
2624:. Retrieved
2617:the original
2586:
2582:
2525:
2521:
2453:
2449:
2419:. Retrieved
2412:the original
2407:
2394:
2351:
2347:
2285:
2281:
2164:
2160:
2135:
1859:
1858:
1808:Bonnie Greer
1249:
1228:
1227:
1222:
1216:
814:
793:Gran Canaria
758:
741:
735:
729:
714:
708:
700:
692:
687:
681:
659:Burkina Faso
650:
616:
594:
589:
579:
538:
528:
523:
509:
503:
495:
487:
479:
473:
467:
461:
456:
443:
433:
427:
417:
412:
404:
398:
368:
352:
340:
331:
295:
280:
261:
250:Distribution
236:
232:
228:
205:
199:
195:
181:
177:
160:Haplogroups
159:
147:
135:
118:
117:
2753:2440/114930
2354:(1): 3530.
785:New Kingdom
645:Akan people
559:Akan people
154:East Africa
94:Descendants
74:East Africa
4227:Categories
4203:MITOMAP's
4091:2018-06-25
3994:2164/13526
3030:2009-03-09
2626:2018-06-17
2421:2021-05-17
2197:8545173694
2127:References
1845:Haplogroup
1524:L3e'i'k'x
1188:PN outlier
635:, and the
563:Mozambique
555:Ethiopians
514:Chad Basin
127:haplogroup
4050:0036-8075
3920:: 15694.
3562:0003-4800
3475:221411246
3220:(1): 63.
2770:140098861
2456:(1): 98.
2312:0737-4038
2290:CiteSeerX
2223:210862788
2189:0028-0836
1820:Musician
1616:L3e3'4'5
1240:L2'3'4'6
1119:1810–1620
1093:2000–1900
1067:2110–1930
1041:2150–2020
1015:2320–2150
989:2350–2210
963:2490–2350
937:2750–2500
911:2710–2380
885:3350–3180
859:4060–3860
781:Ptolemaic
723:Egyptians
647:of Ghana.
590:L3e'i'k'x
571:Egyptians
567:Yemenites
533:Near East
314:diversity
304:clusters
239:Shum Laka
4183:General
4068:31147405
4003:29107554
3952:28556824
3895:26449472
3836:26449472
3771:24901650
3720:44901197
3712:14748828
3668:15180702
3635:S5 Table
3629:26402429
3589:PLOS ONE
3570:11851985
3522:13213447
3514:15340834
3467:11851985
3414:Archived
3362:21723214
3310:15457403
3254:19309521
3153:26509580
3113:PLOS ONE
3006:11553319
2955:22184219
2947:25130626
2909:10570998
2871:19425100
2819:31196864
2789:Genetics
2762:26853362
2716:26196645
2668:17194802
2613:18439549
2552:27566749
2544:18853457
2500:29921229
2386:30837540
2320:22096215
2215:31969706
1829:See also
1758:L3h1b1a1
1755:L3h1b1a
1586:L3e2a1b1
1583:L3e2a1b
1401:L3f1b4a1
1398:L3f1b4a
1145:1060–940
1116:Ol Kalou
1096:L3h1a2a1
1087:Tanzania
1070:L3h1a2a1
1035:Tanzania
957:Tanzania
827:Country
821:Culture
797:Tenerife
669:, South
665:, South
641:Cameroon
551:Chadians
298:Eurasian
291:Asturias
185:origin.)
125:(mtDNA)
84:Ancestor
4212:, from
4059:6827346
4030:Bibcode
4022:Science
3943:5459999
3922:Bibcode
3863:Bibcode
3855:Science
3804:Bibcode
3796:Science
3762:4046922
3676:6407058
3620:4581715
3597:Bibcode
3353:3314991
3301:1182106
3245:2680838
3222:Bibcode
3193:14 June
3144:4624789
3121:Bibcode
2810:6707464
2604:2427203
2491:6009813
2466:bioRxiv
2458:Bibcode
2377:6401177
2356:Bibcode
2348:Sci Rep
2206:8386425
2169:Bibcode
2076:
2068:
2058:
2008:
1985:
1955:
1925:
1922:
1914:
1899:
1886:
1883:
1870:
1813:Author
1806:Writer
1752:L3h1b1
1742:L3h1a2b
1739:L3h1a2a
1736:L3h1a2
1708:L3x2a1a
1705:L3x2a1
1619:L3e3'4
1601:L3e2b1a
1598:L3e2b1
1580:L3e2a1a
1577:L3e2a1
1539:L3e1a1a
1536:L3e1a1
1470:L3d1a1a
1467:L3d1a1
1458:L3d1-5
1409:L3f1b4c
1406:L3f1b4b
1395:L3f1b4
1389:L3f1b2a
1386:L3f1b2
1335:L3b1a11
1332:L3b1a10
1325:L3b1a9a
1322:L3b1a9
1311:L3b1a7
1305:L3b1a5a
1302:L3b1a5
1243:L3'4'6
1171:420–160
842:Source
810:Berbers
799:on the
789:Guanche
671:Morocco
667:Tunisia
663:Nigeria
655:Algeria
575:Berbers
480:L3f1b1a
448:Gaalien
389:El-Molo
377:Samburu
347:Eurasia
336:event.
302:African
4113:
4066:
4056:
4048:
4001:
3950:
3940:
3893:
3834:
3769:
3759:
3718:
3710:
3674:
3666:
3627:
3617:
3568:
3560:
3520:
3512:
3473:
3465:
3360:
3350:
3308:
3298:
3252:
3242:
3151:
3141:
3004:
2994:
2980:: 13.
2953:
2945:
2907:
2869:
2817:
2807:
2768:
2760:
2714:
2704:
2666:
2611:
2601:
2550:
2542:
2498:
2488:
2468:
2384:
2374:
2318:
2310:
2292:
2221:
2213:
2203:
2195:
2187:
2161:Nature
2063:pre-JT
1765:L3h1b2
1749:L3h1b
1733:L3h1a1
1730:L3h1a
1702:L3x2a
1689:L3x1a2
1686:L3x1a1
1683:L3x1a
1631:L3e3b1
1628:L3e3b
1609:L3e2b3
1606:L3e2b2
1595:L3e2b
1574:L3e2a
1550:L3e1a3
1547:L3e1a2
1533:L3e1a
1480:L3d1b1
1477:L3d1b
1464:L3d1a
1449:L3c'd
1416:L3f1b5
1392:L3f1b3
1383:L3f1b1
1380:L3f1b
1375:L3f1a1
1372:L3f1a
1343:L3b1b1
1340:L3b1b
1319:L3b1a8
1314:L3b1a7
1308:L3b1a6
1299:L3b1a4
1296:L3b1a3
1293:L3b1a2
1290:L3b1a1
1287:L3b1a
1278:L3b'f
1177:E-M293
1174:L3h1a1
1148:L3h1a1
1125:E-M293
1047:E-M293
1021:E-M293
995:E-M293
992:L3h1a1
917:E-M293
783:/late
777:Abusir
719:Oromos
625:Kikuyu
621:Angola
580:L3d3a1
547:Fulani
496:L3f1b6
488:L3f1b4
474:L3f1b1
434:L3b1a2
361:, the
144:Origin
4158:Notes
3787:from
3716:S2CID
3672:S2CID
3518:S2CID
3471:S2CID
3187:(PDF)
3051:(PDF)
2997:55343
2951:S2CID
2766:S2CID
2712:S2CID
2686:(PDF)
2620:(PDF)
2579:(PDF)
2548:S2CID
2415:(PDF)
2404:(PDF)
2219:S2CID
1896:L1–6
1727:L3h1
1715:L3x2b
1699:L3x2
1694:L3x1b
1680:L3x1
1659:L3i1b
1656:L3i1a
1653:L3i1
1625:L3e3a
1622:L3e3
1571:L3e2
1566:L3e1e
1563:L3e1d
1560:L3e1c
1557:L3e1b
1530:L3e1
1507:L3d3a
1504:L3d3
1488:L3d1d
1485:L3d1c
1461:L3d1
1440:L3f3b
1437:L3f3a
1434:L3f3
1429:L3f2b
1426:L3f2a
1423:L3f2
1369:L3f1
1356:L3b2a
1353:L3b2a
1350:L3b2
1284:L3b1
1271:L3a2a
1268:L3a2
1263:L3a1b
1260:L3a1a
1257:L3a1
1246:L3'4
1237:L2-6
1234:L1-6
1217:This
1200:L3a2a
1191:Kenya
1165:Kenya
1139:Kenya
1122:L3d1d
1113:Kenya
1061:Kenya
1018:L3x1a
1009:Kenya
983:Kenya
940:L3x1a
931:Kenya
905:Kenya
891:E-V32
879:Kenya
862:L3f1b
853:Kenya
833:Date
830:Site
693:L3i1b
688:L3i1
675:Egypt
637:Tikar
633:Yemen
629:Kenya
607:Bantu
599:Sudan
524:L3c'd
468:L3f1b
462:L3f1a
428:L3b1a
413:L3b'f
385:Yaaku
381:Iraqw
373:Sanye
121:is a
4111:ISBN
4064:PMID
4046:ISSN
3999:PMID
3948:PMID
3891:PMID
3832:PMID
3783:See
3767:PMID
3708:PMID
3664:PMID
3625:PMID
3566:PMID
3558:ISSN
3510:PMID
3463:PMID
3398:PMID
3394:ISSN
3358:PMID
3306:PMID
3250:PMID
3195:2016
3149:PMID
3002:PMID
2943:PMID
2905:PMID
2889:Gene
2867:PMID
2815:PMID
2758:PMID
2702:ISBN
2664:PMID
2609:PMID
2540:PMID
2496:PMID
2382:PMID
2316:PMID
2308:ISSN
2211:PMID
2193:OCLC
2185:ISSN
1772:L3h2
1724:L3h
1677:L3x
1672:L3k1
1669:L3k
1664:L3i2
1650:L3i
1643:L3e5
1636:L3e4
1544:152
1527:L3e
1515:L3d5
1512:L3d4
1499:L3d5
1496:L3d2
1493:199
1455:L3d
1366:L3f
1361:L3b3
1281:L3b
1254:L3a
1213:Tree
1044:L3i2
966:L3x1
888:L3i2
795:and
765:Mota
742:L3h2
736:L3h1
701:L3i2
673:and
651:L3e5
617:L3e1
510:L3f3
504:L3f2
457:L3f1
452:Beja
405:L3a2
399:L3a1
359:Asia
308:and
285:and
270:and
210:and
164:and
88:L3'4
78:Asia
48:and
4054:PMC
4038:doi
4026:365
3989:hdl
3979:doi
3938:PMC
3930:doi
3881:hdl
3871:doi
3859:350
3822:hdl
3812:doi
3800:350
3757:PMC
3747:doi
3700:doi
3656:doi
3615:PMC
3605:doi
3550:doi
3502:doi
3498:115
3453:hdl
3443:doi
3348:PMC
3340:doi
3296:PMC
3288:doi
3240:PMC
3230:doi
3159:doi
3139:PMC
3129:doi
3076:of
2992:PMC
2982:doi
2935:doi
2897:doi
2893:238
2859:doi
2855:140
2805:PMC
2797:doi
2793:212
2748:hdl
2740:doi
2694:doi
2654:doi
2599:PMC
2591:doi
2530:doi
2486:PMC
2476:doi
2372:PMC
2364:doi
2300:doi
2201:PMC
2177:doi
2165:577
1452:L3c
1197:N/A
1162:PIA
1136:PIA
1084:N/A
914:L3f
730:L3h
715:L3x
709:L3k
682:L3i
639:of
627:of
595:L3e
539:L3d
529:L3c
444:L3f
418:L3b
369:L3a
182:(b)
178:(a)
76:or
4229::
4084:.
4062:.
4052:.
4044:.
4036:.
4024:.
4020:.
3997:.
3987:.
3975:27
3973:.
3969:.
3946:.
3936:.
3928:.
3916:.
3912:.
3889:.
3879:.
3869:.
3857:.
3853:.
3830:.
3820:.
3810:.
3798:.
3794:.
3765:.
3755:.
3743:10
3741:.
3737:.
3714:.
3706:.
3696:68
3694:.
3670:.
3662:.
3652:68
3650:.
3633:;
3623:.
3613:.
3603:.
3593:10
3591:.
3587:.
3564:.
3556:.
3546:65
3544:.
3540:.
3516:.
3508:.
3496:.
3492:.
3469:.
3461:.
3451:.
3439:65
3437:.
3433:.
3390:71
3388:.
3356:.
3346:.
3334:.
3330:.
3318:^
3304:.
3294:.
3284:75
3282:.
3278:.
3262:^
3248:.
3238:.
3228:.
3216:.
3212:.
3170:^
3147:.
3137:.
3127:.
3117:10
3115:.
3111:.
3084:^
3059:^
3000:.
2990:.
2976:.
2972:.
2949:.
2941:.
2931:26
2929:.
2917:^
2903:.
2891:.
2879:^
2865:.
2853:.
2813:.
2803:.
2791:.
2787:.
2764:.
2756:.
2746:.
2736:26
2734:.
2710:.
2700:.
2688:.
2662:.
2650:24
2648:.
2644:.
2607:.
2597:.
2587:82
2585:.
2581:.
2560:^
2546:.
2538:.
2526:30
2524:.
2520:.
2508:^
2494:.
2484:.
2474:.
2464:.
2454:18
2452:.
2448:.
2430:^
2406:.
2380:.
2370:.
2362:.
2350:.
2346:.
2328:^
2314:.
2306:.
2298:.
2286:29
2284:.
2231:^
2217:.
2209:.
2199:.
2191:.
2183:.
2175:.
2163:.
2159:.
2147:^
2092:JT
2087:HV
2054:R0
1961:CZ
1939:L6
1934:L5
1929:L4
1918:L3
1910:L2
1905:L1
1892:L0
1880:)
1250:L3
1110:PN
1058:PN
1032:PN
1006:PN
980:PN
954:PN
928:PN
902:PN
876:PN
850:PN
721:,
661:,
613:.
573:,
569:,
565:,
561:,
557:,
553:,
549:,
450:,
387:,
383:,
379:,
375:,
357:–
345:–
310:L2
306:L1
278:.
272:L2
268:L1
220:DE
200:b:
196:a:
166:L4
162:L6
133:.
101:,
4119:.
4094:.
4070:.
4040::
4032::
4005:.
3991::
3981::
3954:.
3932::
3924::
3918:8
3897:.
3883::
3873::
3865::
3838:.
3824::
3814::
3806::
3773:.
3749::
3722:.
3702::
3678:.
3658::
3631:.
3607::
3599::
3572:.
3552::
3524:.
3504::
3477:.
3455::
3445::
3364:.
3342::
3336:6
3312:.
3290::
3256:.
3232::
3224::
3218:9
3197:.
3165:.
3161::
3155:.
3131::
3123::
3033:.
3008:.
2984::
2978:2
2957:.
2937::
2911:.
2899::
2873:.
2861::
2821:.
2799::
2772:.
2750::
2742::
2718:.
2696::
2670:.
2656::
2629:.
2593::
2554:.
2532::
2502:.
2478::
2460::
2424:.
2388:.
2366::
2358::
2352:9
2322:.
2302::
2225:.
2179::
2171::
2119:T
2114:J
2109:V
2104:H
2097:K
2080:U
2072:P
2049:F
2044:B
2039:Z
2034:C
2027:Y
2022:X
2017:W
2012:I
2004:R
1999:S
1994:A
1989:O
1981:Q
1976:G
1971:E
1966:D
1951:N
1946:M
1878:L
1876:(
1783:N
1778:M
1099:–
1073:–
969:–
865:–
748:.
535:.
516:.
354:M
342:N
287:N
283:M
224:E
212:N
208:M
103:N
99:M
56:.
50:N
46:M
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
