27:
69:
are often mixed up though are inherently different. A hard landing is never intended and if an aircraft has had a hard landing, it must be inspected for damage before its next flight. In contrast, depending on aircraft type (e.g.
92:. Crew judgment is most reliable to determine hard landing, as determination based on recorded acceleration value is difficult and not advisable, partially because there is no recording of true vertical acceleration.
288:
EOFDM Conference, 12 January 2012, page 7: "The vertical parameter is neither vertical nor an acceleration … It is the normal load factor in the aircraft reference frame is not sufficient for assessing contact
277:
115:
usually implies that the pilot still has total or partial control over the aircraft and is aware of the terrain proximity, as opposed to a uncontrolled descent into terrain or a
368:
419:
74:) and/or environmental conditions (e.g. gusty or crosswind conditions, wet runway, etc.) a firm landing is intended and even demanded by the aircraft manual.
254:
176:, can allow limited pilot control during descent. As an unpowered descent, it requires considerable pilot skill and experience to safely execute.
88:. The average vertical speed in a landing is around 2 metres per second (6.6 ft/s); any greater vertical speed should be classed by crew as
338:
274:
307:
703:
412:
26:
405:
168:, a hard landing can occur after mechanical or engine damage or failure when the rotor(s) are still intact and free to turn.
360:
673:
150:
120:
246:
116:
20:
142:
729:
595:
169:
123:). Hard landings can vary in their consequences, from mild passenger discomfort to vehicle damage,
330:
724:
223:
187:
usually ends with its destruction and can be intentional or unintentional. When a high-velocity
299:
450:
445:
100:
191:
is planned (when its purpose is to study consequences of impact), the spacecraft is called an
526:
361:"Hard landing involving an Airbus A330, 9M-MTA, Melbourne Airport, Victoria on 14 March 2015"
192:
693:
8:
678:
518:
508:
429:
658:
503:
470:
188:
135:
124:
16:
Landing of aircraft or spacecraft with greater speed and force than in a normal landing
130:
Hard landings can cause extensive damage to aircraft. For example, on 20 June 2012, a
653:
648:
643:
638:
488:
480:
213:
208:
158:
154:
455:
391:
493:
281:
663:
397:
218:
34:
19:
This article is about aircraft touchdowns. For other uses of Hard landing, see
718:
698:
633:
460:
683:
465:
196:
184:
173:
300:"ASN Aircraft accident Boeing 767-381ER JA610A Tokyo-Narita Airport (NRT)"
138:
landed with such force that a large crease formed in the aircraft's skin.
108:
172:, in which airflow over the rotors keeps them turning and provides some
688:
180:
165:
131:
71:
54:
146:
50:
625:
531:
437:
104:
96:
77:
31:
392:
Stabilized
Approach and Flare Are Keys to Avoiding Hard Landings
576:
561:
81:
38:
585:
571:
541:
85:
58:
615:
610:
605:
600:
590:
581:
566:
556:
551:
546:
536:
498:
285:
394:/ Flight Safety Foundation, FSF Digest, August 2004
161:after arriving from Kuala Lumpur on 14 March 2015.
57:hits the ground with a greater vertical speed and
328:
716:
427:
195:. This is sometimes humorously referred to as
413:
365:Aviation safety investigations & reports
245:Garber, Ralph Michael; Van Kirk, Lawrence,
145:isn't stabilised, the crew is to abort and
420:
406:
244:
153:after investigating the hard landing of a
240:
238:
84:, in which the aircraft returns to the
25:
717:
341:from the original on December 20, 2019
401:
310:from the original on 17 November 2018
235:
149:; this was the recommendation of the
61:than in a normal landing. The terms
13:
674:Shipborne rolling vertical landing
337:. ATSB: When In Doubt, Go Around.
329:Richard N. Aarons (Jun 22, 2017).
151:Australian Transport Safety Bureau
14:
741:
385:
127:, injuries, and/or loss of life.
99:conditions, mechanical problems,
37:performing a firm landing as per
371:from the original on 7 May 2021
257:from the original on 2021-03-01
119:(both of which can be called a
95:Hard landings can be caused by
353:
322:
292:
267:
117:controlled flight into terrain
1:
229:
21:Hard landing (disambiguation)
275:Characterising hard landings
7:
202:
10:
746:
18:
704:Floating landing platform
624:
596:Launch and recovery cycle
517:
479:
436:
331:"Unstabilized Approach?"
247:"Conditional Inspection"
253:, no. 14, Boeing,
224:Soft landing (rocketry)
699:Water landing/ditching
451:Non-rocket spacelaunch
446:Balanced field takeoff
367:, ATSB, 5 April 2017,
80:is the final phase in
42:
527:Brodie landing system
335:Aviation Week Network
29:
694:Touch-and-go landing
179:A hard landing of a
679:Short-field landing
519:Takeoff and landing
430:takeoff and landing
304:Aviation-Safety.net
471:Zero-length launch
280:2017-03-15 at the
273:Guillaume Aigoin,
136:All Nippon Airways
125:structural failure
43:
712:
711:
654:Emergency landing
649:Deadstick landing
644:Crosswind landing
639:Corkscrew landing
481:Assisted take-off
214:Emergency landing
209:Deadstick landing
159:Melbourne Airport
155:Malaysia Airlines
737:
730:Types of landing
456:Rejected takeoff
422:
415:
408:
399:
398:
380:
379:
378:
376:
357:
351:
350:
348:
346:
326:
320:
319:
317:
315:
296:
290:
271:
265:
264:
263:
262:
242:
107:decision and/or
745:
744:
740:
739:
738:
736:
735:
734:
715:
714:
713:
708:
620:
513:
494:Ground carriage
475:
432:
426:
388:
383:
374:
372:
359:
358:
354:
344:
342:
327:
323:
313:
311:
298:
297:
293:
282:Wayback Machine
272:
268:
260:
258:
243:
236:
232:
205:
157:Airbus A330 at
49:occurs when an
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
743:
733:
732:
727:
725:Aviation risks
710:
709:
707:
706:
701:
696:
691:
686:
681:
676:
671:
666:
664:Forced landing
661:
656:
651:
646:
641:
636:
630:
628:
622:
621:
619:
618:
613:
608:
603:
598:
593:
588:
579:
574:
569:
564:
559:
554:
549:
544:
539:
534:
529:
523:
521:
515:
514:
512:
511:
506:
501:
496:
491:
485:
483:
477:
476:
474:
473:
468:
463:
458:
453:
448:
442:
440:
434:
433:
425:
424:
417:
410:
402:
396:
395:
387:
386:External links
384:
382:
381:
352:
321:
291:
266:
233:
231:
228:
227:
226:
221:
219:Forced landing
216:
211:
204:
201:
143:final approach
35:Boeing 737-800
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
742:
731:
728:
726:
723:
722:
720:
705:
702:
700:
697:
695:
692:
690:
687:
685:
682:
680:
677:
675:
672:
670:
667:
665:
662:
660:
659:Flexible deck
657:
655:
652:
650:
647:
645:
642:
640:
637:
635:
634:Belly landing
632:
631:
629:
627:
623:
617:
614:
612:
609:
607:
604:
602:
599:
597:
594:
592:
589:
587:
583:
580:
578:
575:
573:
570:
568:
565:
563:
560:
558:
555:
553:
550:
548:
545:
543:
540:
538:
535:
533:
530:
528:
525:
524:
522:
520:
516:
510:
507:
505:
502:
500:
497:
495:
492:
490:
487:
486:
484:
482:
478:
472:
469:
467:
464:
462:
461:Rocket launch
459:
457:
454:
452:
449:
447:
444:
443:
441:
439:
435:
431:
423:
418:
416:
411:
409:
404:
403:
400:
393:
390:
389:
370:
366:
362:
356:
340:
336:
332:
325:
309:
305:
301:
295:
287:
283:
279:
276:
270:
256:
252:
248:
241:
239:
234:
225:
222:
220:
217:
215:
212:
210:
207:
206:
200:
198:
194:
190:
186:
182:
177:
175:
171:
167:
162:
160:
156:
152:
148:
144:
139:
137:
133:
128:
126:
122:
118:
114:
110:
106:
102:
98:
93:
91:
87:
83:
79:
75:
73:
68:
64:
60:
56:
52:
48:
40:
36:
33:
28:
22:
684:Soft landing
669:Hard landing
668:
466:Space launch
373:, retrieved
364:
355:
343:. Retrieved
334:
324:
312:. Retrieved
303:
294:
269:
259:, retrieved
250:
197:lithobraking
185:rocket stage
178:
170:Autorotation
163:
140:
129:
113:hard landing
112:
94:
89:
76:
67:firm landing
66:
63:hard landing
62:
47:hard landing
46:
44:
504:Rocket sled
314:17 November
166:helicopters
111:. The term
109:pilot error
719:Categories
689:Splashdown
345:October 1,
289:severity!"
261:2021-10-01
230:References
183:such as a
181:spacecraft
132:Boeing 767
103:aircraft,
101:overweight
72:Boeing 737
55:spacecraft
428:Types of
375:1 October
147:go around
141:When the
41:'s manual
509:Ski-jump
489:Catapult
369:archived
339:Archived
308:Archived
278:Archived
255:archived
203:See also
193:impactor
51:aircraft
626:Landing
532:CATOBAR
438:Takeoff
97:weather
78:Landing
32:Ryanair
577:V/STOL
562:STOBAR
189:impact
86:ground
82:flight
39:Boeing
586:VTOHL
572:STOVL
542:eVTOL
121:crash
105:pilot
59:force
616:HTVL
611:HTHL
606:VTHL
601:VTVL
591:VTOL
582:VTHL
567:STOL
557:RTOL
552:QTOL
547:PTOL
537:CTOL
499:JATO
377:2021
347:2021
316:2018
286:EASA
251:Aero
174:lift
164:For
90:hard
65:and
134:of
53:or
721::
363:,
333:.
306:.
302:.
284:/
249:,
237:^
199:.
45:A
30:A
584:/
421:e
414:t
407:v
349:.
318:.
23:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
_of_Ryanair_lands_at_Bristol_Airport,_England_15Aug2016_arp.jpg)