627:, in which he claims the girl was Eleanor Emily Cook and from Massachusetts. Davey also contends that there was a conspiracy within the judicial system to convict the Ringling defendants, and that Segee was the arsonist. Before writing the book, Davey spent six years researching the case and conducting his own experiments as to how the fire really may have started. He described the original investigation as both "flawed and primitive", though he did not work on the original case. Eleanor Cook's brother Donald Cook had contacted authorities in 1955 insisting that the girl was his sister, but nothing came of it, and Donald later worked with Davey to establish her identity. Donald believes that family members were shown the wrong body in the confusion at the morgue. In 1991, the body was declared to be that of 8-year-old Eleanor Emily Cook, though Cook's aunt and uncle had examined the body and it did not fit the description they provided. The Connecticut State Police
604:. Oddly well preserved even after her death, her face has arguably become the most familiar image of the fire. Her true identity has been a topic of debate and frustration in the Hartford area since the fire occurred. She was buried without a name in Hartford's Northwood Cemetery, where a victims' memorial also stands. Two police investigators, Sgts. Thomas Barber and Edward Lowe, photographed her and took fingerprints, footprints and dental charts. Despite massive publicity and repeated displays of the famous photograph in nationwide magazines, she was never claimed. Barber and Lowe spent the rest of their lives trying to identify her. They decorated her grave with flowers each Christmas,
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collection of body parts that were listed as a "victim") with official treated injury estimates running over 700 people. The number of actual injuries is believed to be higher than those figures, since many people were seen that day heading home in shock without seeking treatment in the city. It is commonly believed that the number of fatalities is higher than the estimates given, due to poorly kept residency records in rural towns, and the fact that some smaller remains were never identified or claimed. Additionally, free tickets had been handed out that day to many people in and around the city, some of whom appeared to eyewitnesses and circus employees to be
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Miss 1565, Eleanor's mother
Mildred Corintha Parsons Cook immediately stated that it was not that of her daughter. She firmly maintained that stance until her death in 1997, age 91. Badly injured in the fire, Mrs. Cook had been unable to claim her two dead children and was too emotionally traumatized to pursue it later. She had been told that Eleanor was not in any of the locations where bodies were kept for identification. She believed that Eleanor was one of two children who had been burned beyond recognition and remained unidentified. O'Nan thinks that Eleanor Cook may be body number 1503. He further points to the differences in the
448:, a common waterproofing method of the time. The big top had been erected over freshly mowed grass and exposed dirt that had been watered down and then covered with hay and wood shavings. Inside the tent there were three rings and two stages with a 25-foot wide oval shaped track separating the performance area and seating, which could be either bleacher or un-secured folding chairs. One could exit the tent by either a main entrance or eight other smaller exits; however, during the fire many of the alternative exits were blocked by circus wagons or other items.
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1000:: 'There was a divergence of opinion between circus and railroad officials as to what occasioned the delay. A spokesman for the show said the 72-foot flatcars needed to transport the main tent were "unable to negotiate sharp curves in the railroad" between Hartford and Willimantic. Railroad dispatchers (with the New York, New Haven & Hartford) said the train was never scheduled to go that way. "It came up the main line via the Cedar Hill yards in New Haven on schedule.
489:. Witnesses said some simply ran around in circles trying to find their loved ones rather than try to escape from the burning tent. Some escaped but ran back inside to look for family members. Others stayed in their seats until it was too late, assuming that the fire would be put out promptly. Because at least two of the exits were blocked by the chutes used to bring the show's big cats in and out of the tent, people trying to escape could not bypass them.
828:. In a 1997 interview, Reilly said that he rarely attended the theater, despite being a director, as the sound of a large audience in a theater reminded him of the large crowd at the circus before the disaster. He also said during his latter show that his mother, whom he had disobeyed after she had told him not to go to the circus that day with his friend, caught them sneaking out of her sight and scolded them, saying "I hope it burns to the ground!"
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Connecticut officials were also not allowed to question Segee, even though his alleged crime had occurred in their state. Segee, who died in 1997, denied setting the fire as late as 1994 during an interview. Because of this, many investigators, historians and victims believe that the true arsonist—if it had indeed been arson—was never found.
1021:'s fatal fall, Merle Evans, the conductor of the band, refused to play 'Crimson Petal,' her theme music. Scranton, where the show closed in the strike year, was a jinx town. Whistling in the dressing room was bad luck, and peanut shells on the floor, and the old camelback trunks, but blowing a show was the worst." O'Nan, p. 28.
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Pushnik continued to perform with the circus until 1955. Others, such as Judith
Shapiro , who was about seven years old, were taken higher up into the stands and instructed to jump off the bleachers. Being afraid to do so, Judith refused to jump and instead was pushed off, landing on a chair underneath.
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in 2001. O'Nan points to the fact that Little Miss 1565 had blond hair while
Eleanor Cook was a brunette. The shape of Little Miss 1565's face and that of Eleanor Cook are dissimilar, and the heights and ages of the two girls do not match. Perhaps most significantly, when shown a photograph of Little
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trained by May Kovar and Joseph Walsh that had just finished performing when the fire started. The big cats were herded through the chutes leading from the performing cages to several cage wagons and were unharmed except for a few minor burns. Though most spectators were able to escape the fire, many
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As O'Nan and others have pointed out, the most likely scenario is that a family claiming a body early on mistakenly identified
Eleanor Cook as their own child and that she is buried under that child's name. Even when Little Miss 1565's picture ran in the papers, the family failed to recognize her as
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underneath the piles of people who fell over each other. Most of the dead were found in piles, some three bodies deep, at the most congested exits. A small number of people were found alive at the bottoms of these piles, protected by the bodies on top of them when the burning big top ultimately fell
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Survivor
Maureen Krekian was 11 at the time of the fire and lived on the same road on which the circus was held. On the day of the event, she was supposed to go to the circus with a neighbor and her daughter. When she went to their house, she found that they had already left without her. She decided
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were filed against five officials and employees of
Ringling Bros. Within the ensuing days, the circus reached an agreement with Hartford officials to accept full financial responsibility and pay whatever amount the city requested in damages. The circus paid almost $ 5,000,000 to the 600 victims and
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was officially changed from the previous identification of "1565". Since then, the Cook family has raised questions about whether the body is indeed that of
Eleanor Cook, and some investigators have come to believe that Eleanor's body may have been among the fire's unclaimed bodies and was not that
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and flinging them up and over that cage to get them out. I was sitting up in the bleachers and jumped down — I was three-quarters of the way up. You jump down and it was all straw underneath. There was a young man, a kid, and he had a pocketknife. And he slit the tent, took my arm and pulled me out.
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riding on a "flaming horse" told him to set fires. According to police authorities, Segee further stated that after this nightmare his mind went blank, and by the time it cleared the circus fire had been set. Some of Segee's hand-drawn images of his bizarre dreams, and images depicting his claimed
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I remember somebody yelling and seeing a big ball of fire near the top of the tent. And this ball of fire just got bigger and bigger and bigger. By that time, everybody was panicking. The exit was blocked with the cages that the animals were brought in and out with. And there was a man taking kids
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In
November 1950, Segee was convicted in Ohio of unrelated arson charges and sentenced to 44 years of prison time. However, Hartford investigators raised doubts over his confession, as he had a history of mental illness and it could not be proven that he was in Connecticut when the fire occurred.
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Although the circus accepted full responsibility for the financial damages, it did not accept responsibility for the disaster itself. The five men charged were brought to trial in late 1944, and four were convicted. Although the four were given prison terms, they were allowed to continue with the
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Fred Bradna urged the audience not to panic and to leave in an orderly fashion, but the fire had shorted out the power and he could not be heard. Bradna and the ushers unsuccessfully tried to maintain some order as the panicked crowd tried to flee the big top. The ushers also worked to attempt to
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As she was being pulled out, Krekian grabbed another little girl's arm and pulled her out as well. Frieda
Pushnik, who performed with the circus as the "Armless and Legless Wonder", was rescued by a minstrel show performer who rushed on stage, picked up Pushnik's chair and carried her to safety.
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While many people burned to death, others died as a result of the ensuing chaos. Sources and investigators differ on how many people were killed and injured. Various people and organizations say it was 167, 168, or 169 persons (the 168 figure is usually based on official tallies that included a
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waterproofing of the tent, the flames spread rapidly, helped by the wind. The waterproofing indeed protected the tent from the rain, but, as had been repeatedly shown, it was highly flammable. Many people were badly burned by the melting paraffin, which rained down from the roof. The fiery tent
584:(renowned circus clown). Those who survived carried the trauma for decades. Seventy years after the fire, Carol Tillman Parrish, who was six at the time, said that "until this day, I can smell the stench of human flesh" as the blaze consumed its victims.
716:, claimed during a police interview that he was responsible for setting the fire. Following the interview, Segee signed a statement admitting to setting the circus fire, a series of other fires, and several murders since his youth. Segee, a 16-year-old
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A husky 20-year-old circus roustabout, by his own words a killer and arsonist since the age of 6, has confessed to touching off the blaze that took 168 lives as it swept through the
Ringling Brothers circus six years ago, authorities claimed
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their own because they wished to put the traumatic event behind them. While DNA analysis could end this debate definitively, the logistics of exhuming all of the likely candidates for this potential mix-up make such an undertaking unlikely.
688:. In 1950, while being investigated on other arson charges, Robert Dale Segee (1929–1997), who was an adolescent at the time of the fire, confessed to starting the blaze. He was never tried for the crime and later recanted his confession.
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The big top could seat 9,000 spectators around its three rings and measured 200 feet wide by 450 feet long. It had 15-foot-high sidewalls and its roof was 48 feet high. The tent's canvas had been coated with 1,800 pounds (820 kg) of
996:"They were late out of Providence and blew the matinee. They'd been late all season—in Bridgeport and Fitchburg and Manchester—but this was the first show they'd blown. They blamed the trains. According to the front-page story in the
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The next day was a Thursday; the crowd at the 2:15 afternoon performance was dominated by women and children. The size of the audience that day has never been established with certainty, but the best estimate is about 7,000.
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douse the fire with water jugs that had been stationed in the big top and to pull down the canvas sections that were on fire; after realizing their attempts were futile they began to help evacuate the crowds.
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The best-known victim of the circus fire was a young blond girl wearing a white dress. She is known only as "Little Miss 1565", named after the number assigned to her body at the city's makeshift
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written by Paul B. Janeczko, a collection of poems in which victims, survivors, circus workers and rescuers give their various perspectives of the disaster and events preceding and following it.
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In 1981, Lowe's widow announced that Lowe had identified the child and contacted her family, but they had requested no publicity. In 1987, someone left a note on the 1565 gravestone reading
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collapsed in about eight minutes according to eyewitness survivors, trapping hundreds of spectators beneath it. Because of a picture that appeared in several newspapers of sad tramp clown
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in hopes they could escape under the sides of the tent, though that method of escape ended up killing more than it saved. Others died after being trampled by other spectators, with some
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compared hair samples and determined they were probably from the same person. The body was exhumed in 1991 and buried next to her brother, Edward, who had also died in the fire.
1700:"Fiction Book Review: Masters of Illusions: A Novel of the Connecticut Circus Fire by Mary-Ann Tirone Smith, Author Grand Central Publishing $ 28 (224p) ISBN 978-0-446-51806-2"
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that was attended by 6,000 to 8,000 people. The fire killed at least 167 people, and more than 700 were injured. It was the deadliest disaster ever recorded in
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The cause of the fire remains unsolved. Investigators at the time believed it was caused by a carelessly flicked cigarette; however, others suspected an
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by Janet Munsil is a one-act play inspired by the fire. It follows the story of 4 circus goers: An unattended, nonverbal little girl (Emily Cook, A.K.A
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families who had filed claims against them by 1954. All circus profits from the time of the fire until then had been set aside to pay off these claims.
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Ringling Bros. and Barnum & Bailey visited Hartford during its final tour, putting on its final performance there on April 30, 2017.
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to the people killed in the fire. Ground was broken for the monument on July 6, 2004, at the site where the fire occurred.
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The circus had been experiencing shortages of personnel and equipment as a result of the United States' involvement in
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With the true identity of Little Miss 1565 still unresolved for many, the body was exhumed after the release of
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have been fiercely disputed by investigators who worked on the case, as well as by other writers, most notably
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2016:
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1017:"It was bad luck blowing a show, and show folks were notoriously superstitious. Since the great aerialist
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traveled from town to town by train, performing under a huge canvas tent commonly called a "big top". The
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The fire began as a small flame after the lions performed, on the southwest sidewall of the tent, while
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Notes on nearby gravestones indicated that her twin brother and other relatives were buried close by.
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was said to have been the first to spot the flames and immediately directed the band to play "
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was no exception; what made it stand out was that it was the largest circus in the country.
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In 2002, the Hartford Circus Fire Memorial Foundation was established to erect a permanent
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for the show from June 30 to July 14, 1944, claimed that he had a nightmare in which an
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and July 4. After their deaths, a local flower company continued to decorate the grave.
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In 1991, arson investigator Rick Davey (along with co-writer Don Massey) published
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1136:. Conrad, Charles P., Schueneman, Bruce R. New York: Haworth Press. p. 272.
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holding a water bucket, the event became known as "the day the clowns cried".
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Anecdotal narrative of the events, collected by a modern professional clown.
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A Matter of Degree: The Hartford Circus Fire and Mystery of Little Miss 1565
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A Matter of Degree: The Hartford Circus Fire and Mystery of Little Miss 1565
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to go to the circus on her own, where she seated herself in the bleachers.
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of Eleanor Cook and the records made of Little Miss 1565 after her death.
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19:"The day the clowns cried" redirects here. For the Jerry Lewis film, see
1973:
Interview with Charles Nelson Reilly in which he discusses the disaster.
1325:"The Mystery of the Hartford Circus Fire Still Lingers, 76 Years Later"
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Inferno Under The Big Top: Survivors Remember The Hartford Circus Fire
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The Great Hartford Circus Fire: Creative Settlement of Mass Disasters
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The Great Hartford Circus Fire: Creative Settlement of Mass Disasters
1294:"After 46 years, girl gets ID. Circus fire took 'Little Miss 1565'".
1185:"Fire Few Minutes Earlier Or Later Might Have Caused Bigger Disaster"
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Some died from injuries sustained after leaping from the tops of the
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1047:"Mystery of dead girl in Hartford circus fire solved after 47 years"
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Frieda Pushnik Is Dead at 77; Turned Her Deformities Into a Career
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history. The fire occurred during an afternoon performance of the
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1103:"'Flying Wallendas' On High Wire When Flames Swept Through Tent"
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972:"Historic Hartford circus fire 75 years later: Phyllis' story"
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Never formally charged, but accusations exist, and Segee once
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Masters of Illusion: A Novel of the Great Hartford Circus Fire
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that traditionally signaled distress to all circus personnel.
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1640:"For Circus Fans, It Wasn't A Show To Be Missed In Hartford"
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1397:
Yale University Press, 1991, p. 17. Page found 2010-05-29.
927:"Hartford Circus Fire: July 6, 1944, Day Of Panic, Heroes"
415:, killing a number of animals. When the circus arrived in
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Charles Nelson Reilly dramatizes the fire in a clip from
1682:"Worlds Afire", Paul B. Janeczko, Candlewick Press 2007,
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362:$ 5 million given to victims' families in 1954 settlement
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1944 mass fatality fire disaster in Hartford, Connecticut
1811:
Ahearn, James (May 9, 1990). "The Ghost of Fires Past".
908:"$ 5,000,000 in 1954 → 2023 | Inflation Calculator"
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to committing arson, but later recanted his confession.
1489:"Tossed Cigarette Blamed For Fire By Ushers, Police".
1715:"High School Students Stage Play On 1944 Circus Fire"
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A Man's Tender Search for a Name for Little Miss 1565
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The only animals in the big top at the time were the
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Connecticut State Library Circus Fire Research Guide
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The Circus Fire: A True Story of an American Tragedy
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The Circus Fire: A True Story of an American Tragedy
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The Circus Fire: A True Story of an American Tragedy
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The Circus Fire: A True Story of an American Tragedy
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The Circus Fire: A True Story of an American Tragedy
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Sarah Graham is her Name! 7-6-38 DOB, 6 years, Twin.
1884:
The Hartford Circus Fire: Tragedy Under the Big Top
1543:"Youth Confesses Fatal Circus Fire; Held for Arson"
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UPI report, July 25, 1987. Page found May 29, 2010.
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The Hartford Circus Fire: Tragedy Under the Big Top
1081:. South Carolina: Arcadia Publishing Incorporated.
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The Hartford Circus Fire; Tragedy Under the Big Top
568:(first female lieutenant governor of Connecticut),
58:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
1822:
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1713:Writer, Rachana Rathi, staff (November 11, 2005).
1216:Remembering the Horror and Heroes of a Circus Fire
2042:Building and structure fires in the United States
2027:Fire disasters involving barricaded escape routes
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1031:"Ringling Bros. and Barnum & Bailey Circus".
797:, a dramatized play of the events of the fire by
444:dissolved in 6,000 US gallons (23,000 L) of
1993:
1356:". Youth Journalism International, July 6, 2014.
402:Ringling Brothers and Barnum & Bailey Circus
1961:article about the reburial of Little Miss 1565.
1260:Judith Remembers The Great Hartford Circus Fire
425:missing a show is considered extremely bad luck
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2037:Ringling Bros. and Barnum & Bailey Circus
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396:In mid-20th century United States, a typical
382:Ringling Bros. and Barnum & Bailey Circus
1755:The Life of Reilly – 13 Hartford Circus Fire
1738:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
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549:who would never have been reported missing.
1981:: A novel inspired by this 1944 circus fire
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506:https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zHlB8FLqR9Q
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1134:Circus songs : an annotated anthology
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1567:"The Strange Case of the Serial Arsonist"
1419:Tranquil Setting Belies Imminent Disaster
1372:, June 29, 1962. Page found May 30, 2010.
1035:(Advertisement). July 6, 1944. p. 7.
576:(actor, comedian, and director), actress
376:, was one of the worst fire disasters in
118:Learn how and when to remove this message
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1821:Cohn, Henry S.; Bollier, David (1991).
1469:The Hartford Circus Fire ~ July 6, 1944
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868:Equal to around $ 52.7 million in 2022.
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1910:(Includes victim list -reference only)
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1766:from the original on December 12, 2021
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2047:July 1944 events in the United States
2012:20th century in Hartford, Connecticut
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372:, which occurred on July 6, 1944, in
2032:Human stampedes in the United States
1867:. Knopf Doubleday Publishing Group.
1844:Massey, Donald; Davey, Rick (2001).
1382:A name at last for Little Miss 1565?
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56:adding citations to reliable sources
27:
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1218:". Webpage text and audio content.
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460:were performing. Circus bandleader
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1504:Musselman, Gunner (May 19, 1950).
1312:On This Day in Connecticut History
1065:
14:
2058:
1901:
1262:". at 00:08:23, February 1, 2015.
1168:"Panic And Blaze Trap Hundreds".
495:Aftermath of Hartford Circus Fire
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1506:"Circus Fire Connection Is Seen"
894:collections.ctdigitalarchive.org
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639:Various assertions put forth in
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2002:1944 fires in the United States
1805:Cited works and further reading
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1368:. By Henry Suydam. Article in
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815:, tells the story of the fire.
712:In 1950, Robert Dale Segee of
596:Connecticut State Police photo
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1638:Byron, Ken (April 30, 2017).
1300:. March 13, 1991. p. 38.
1183:Dow, Everett (July 8, 1944).
1132:Studwell, William E. (1999).
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702:U.S. House of Representatives
485:people were caught up in the
466:The Stars and Stripes Forever
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1428:by June and Lyle Coates. In
925:Condon, Tom (July 2, 2014).
751:
743:On July 7, 1944, charges of
564:Notable survivors included;
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1575:. July 17, 1950. p. 51
1522:– via Newspapers.com.
1199:– via Newspapers.com.
818:Actor and theater director
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10:
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1979:The Proper Order of Things
1882:Skidgell, Michael (2014).
1493:. July 7, 1944. p. 1.
1172:. July 7, 1944. p. 1.
1033:The Hartford Daily Courant
795:Silenced on Barbour Street
700:, went on to serve in the
669:Southampton, Massachusetts
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1829:. Yale University Press.
1109:. July 7, 1944. p. 1
692:circus to its next stop,
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1988:podcast on the disaster.
1928:The Day The Clowns Cried
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791:by Mary-Ann Tirone Smith
745:involuntary manslaughter
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612:Proposed identifications
323:Involuntary manslaughter
1077:Skidgell, Mike (2014).
227:41.794972°N 72.674444°W
131:
22:The Day the Clown Cried
1863:O'Nan, Stuart (2008).
1848:. Willow Brook Press.
1454:). Found May 29, 2010.
1424:March 7, 2012, at the
1352:July 15, 2014, at the
799:Ellington, Connecticut
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342:1 to 5 years in prison
336:2 to 7 years in prison
173:; 80 years ago
144:considered for merging
67:"Hartford circus fire"
1908:Hartford Fire website
1886:. The History Press.
1817:(Eyewitness account.)
912:www.in2013dollars.com
820:Charles Nelson Reilly
811:, the debut album by
725:murders, appeared in
676:of Little Miss 1565.
595:
574:Charles Nelson Reilly
516:
417:Hartford, Connecticut
374:Hartford, Connecticut
333:Smith and Aylesworth:
283:Leonard S. Aylesworth
232:41.794972; -72.674444
2017:Arson in Connecticut
1787:"Circus Fire (play)"
1719:The Hartford Courant
1644:The Hartford Courant
1491:The Hartford Courant
1189:The Hartford Courant
1170:The Hartford Courant
1107:The Hartford Courant
890:"Newspaper clipping"
570:The Flying Wallendas
458:The Flying Wallendas
370:Hartford circus fire
297:David W. Blanchfield
151:Hartford circus fire
52:improve this article
2007:1944 in Connecticut
1986:"A Day in the Life"
1601:. February 22, 1945
470:musical composition
345:Versteeg and Caley:
223: /
152:
1967:The Life of Reilly
1958:The New York Times
1921:A Matter of Degree
1548:The New York Times
1511:Circleville Herald
1450:2011-07-08 at the
1439:2011-07-08 at the
1432:, May–June 1991. (
1249:, January 7, 2001.
1246:The New York Times
825:The Life of Reilly
767:Depiction in media
731:on July 17, 1950.
708:Segee's confession
665:A Matter of Degree
641:A Matter of Degree
598:
291:Edward R. Versteeg
259:Non-fatal injuries
150:
1893:978-1-625-84522-1
1874:978-0-307-48298-3
1855:978-1-930-60124-6
1836:978-0-300-05012-7
1762:. July 16, 2010.
1688:978-0-7636-2235-0
1297:Dayton Daily News
714:Circleville, Ohio
694:Sarasota, Florida
673:death certificate
635:Ongoing questions
511:
510:
366:
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270:Robert Dale Segee
171:July 6, 1944
128:
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2022:Circus disasters
1935:Stewart O'Nan's
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1790:. Retrieved
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1702:. June 1994.
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1605:February 18,
1603:. Retrieved
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1516:. Retrieved
1509:
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1472:. Retrieved
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1409:Cohn, p. 17.
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1331:September 2,
1329:. Retrieved
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1111:. Retrieved
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980:. Retrieved
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936:. Retrieved
930:
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804:
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783:Worlds Afire
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606:Memorial Day
599:
582:Emmett Kelly
563:
558:asphyxiating
551:
543:
534:Emmett Kelly
529:paraffin wax
526:
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442:paraffin wax
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421:superstition
409:World War II
406:
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351:Blanchfield:
350:
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218:72°40′28.0″W
215:41°47′41.9″N
162:Tent on fire
137:
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105:
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88:
81:
74:
62:
50:Please help
45:verification
42:
21:
1954:"Our Towns"
1514:. p. 1
1191:. p. 8
1057:December 6,
832:Circus Fire
462:Merle Evans
386:Connecticut
319:Convictions
310:(all later
230: /
205:Coordinates
194:Connecticut
133:‹ The
1996:Categories
1813:The Record
1792:January 4,
1672:0385496850
1220:StoryCorps
1143:0789008793
938:August 10,
876:References
718:roustabout
474:Ringmaster
392:Background
359:Litigation
178:1944-07-06
78:newspapers
1724:April 14,
1649:April 30,
1579:March 31,
1430:Whitetops
982:April 25,
857:confessed
752:Aftermath
578:Jan Miner
554:bleachers
413:menagerie
275:Convicted
142:is being
1770:June 22,
1764:Archived
1734:cite web
1518:June 11,
1474:June 22,
1448:Archived
1437:Archived
1422:Archived
1350:Archived
1314:, p. 159
1310:Mangan,
1195:June 11,
1152:43083929
1113:June 11,
976:WTNH.com
805:July 6th
758:memorial
686:arsonist
547:drifters
487:hysteria
482:big cats
452:The fire
446:gasoline
329:Sentence
312:pardoned
190:Hartford
186:Location
146:. ›
135:template
108:May 2023
1760:YouTube
1051:The Day
540:Victims
304:Verdict
267:Accused
246:Unknown
176: (
92:scholar
1890:
1871:
1852:
1833:
1686:
1670:
1554:today.
1445:part 3
1434:part 2
1277:
1150:
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1085:
602:morgue
561:down.
398:circus
339:Haley:
308:Guilty
251:Deaths
94:
87:
80:
73:
65:
1281:p. 61
843:Notes
739:Legal
468:", a
243:Cause
99:JSTOR
85:books
1948:Time
1888:ISBN
1869:ISBN
1850:ISBN
1831:ISBN
1794:2024
1772:2015
1740:link
1726:2019
1684:ISBN
1668:ISBN
1651:2017
1607:2019
1581:2019
1572:Life
1520:2020
1476:2015
1370:Life
1333:2020
1275:ISBN
1226:for
1197:2020
1148:OCLC
1138:ISBN
1115:2020
1083:ISBN
1059:2010
984:2023
940:2018
728:Life
368:The
262:700+
254:167+
198:U.S.
168:Date
71:news
1945:by
1243:".
1224:NPR
775:by
54:by
1998::
1758:.
1736:}}
1732:{{
1717:.
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115:(
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106:(
96:·
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25:.
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