133:
836:
incur not only the costs entailed in mounting a defense, he likely would sustain a reputational loss as well, and neither loss would be compensable under federal law." Ginsburg would have preferred the D.C. Circuit's "more speech-protective formulation," in which recovery remains possible "in those rare cases where strong motive evidence combines with weak probable cause to support a finding that the prosecution would not have occurred but for the officials' retaliatory animus."
774:
Demonstrating that there was no probable cause will tend to show that retaliation was the but-for cause for instigating the prosecution, while, conversely, establishing the existence of probable cause will suggest that prosecution would have occurred regardless. The Court did not conclude that this alone meant that the plaintiff should be required to plead and prove no probable cause, but it did mean that any case for retaliatory prosecution would likely litigate the issue.
24:
819:." The record also indicated that the postal inspectors engaged in "unusual prodding," strenuously urging a reluctant U.S. Attorney's Office to press charges against Moore. Following circuit precedent, the Court of Appeals held that "once a plaintiff shows to have been a motivating factor in the decision to press charges," the burden shifts to the defending officials to show that the case would have been pursued anyway.
594:. Moore argued that the postal inspectors launched a criminal investigation against him well before any suspicion of the two schemes actually arose, that the inspectors targeted him for his lobbying activities, and that they pressured the United States Attorney's Office to have him indicted. He also sought recovery from the
796:
Court believed that those examples "are likely to be rare and consequently poor guides in structuring a cause of action." Furthermore, because the issue is so likely to be raised in such litigation at some point, "a requirement to plead and prove its absence will usually be costfree by any incremental reckoning."
791:
of such high order should be minimal." Because some kind of allegation is then needed to bridge the gap between the motive of the nonprosecuting official and the prosecutor's action, to address the presumption of legitimate prosecutorial decisionmaking, "retaliatory motive on the part of an official
773:
The Court believed retaliatory prosecution claims differed from such ordinary retaliation claims in two key respects. First, when the claimed retaliation is the bringing of criminal charges, there will always be evidence showing whether there was or was not probable cause for the underlying charge.
753:
should be instructive, as that cause of action required a plaintiff, following acquittal, to show that the criminal action was begun without probable cause for charging the crime in the first place. However, the Court considered common-law tort elements to be more "a source of inspired examples than
742:. However, the Court noted that in the past 25 years, fewer than two dozen actions for retaliatory prosecution had been before the Courts of Appeals, and there was no sign that they were brought disproportionately in the circuits that did not require the absence of probable cause to be established.
621:
on that matter regarding the inspectors, but again dismissed the remaining charges against the United States and the prosecutor. Although Moore succeeded in having the
District of Columbia Circuit reinstate his FTCA claim against the United States, the dismissal of his claims against the prosecutor
795:
The Court observed that it could have left the causal gap to be filled by "such pleading and proof as the circumstances allow." The disclosure of a prosecutor's own retaliatory motive would be significant, as would evidence that he merely rubber-stamped the work of his investigators. However, the
786:
The problem is then that evidence of an inspector's motive does not necessarily show that the inspector induced a prosecution that would not have been otherwise pressed. There is furthermore a long-standing presumption that a prosecutor has legitimate grounds for the actions he takes, supported by
835:
allocation would only check "entirely baseless" prosecutions. "So long as the retaliators present evidence barely sufficient to establish probable cause and persuade a prosecutor to act on their thin information, they could accomplish their mission costfree. Their victim, on the other hand, would
449:
supported, the CEO found himself the target of an investigation by US postal inspectors and a criminal prosecution that was dismissed for lack of evidence. The CEO then filed suit against the inspectors and other government officials for seeking to prosecute him in retaliation for exercising his
761:
The Court believed that imposing that burden on plaintiffs was instead best justified by the need to establish causation, "from animus to injury, with details specific to retaliatory-prosecution cases." Although causal connection is required in any retaliation action, the Court considered that
559:
indicted Moore, REI, and REI's vice president. At the close of the
Government's case, after six weeks of trial, however, the District Court concluded that there was a "complete lack of direct evidence" connecting the defendants to any of the criminal wrongdoing alleged, and it granted the REI
777:
Second, the causal relationship will be much more complex than in ordinary retaliation cases, because prosecutorial immunity bars the plaintiff from suing the official who directly caused the injury of a retaliatory prosecution. The defendant will instead be an official such as the postal
543:
The campaign succeeded, and in July 1985 the Postal
Service embraced multiline technology. However, the Postal Service's ensuing order of multiline equipment (valued between $ 250–400 million) went to a competing firm. Moore and REI were also soon the target of two investigations by
6165:
877:
established that the victims of a constitutional violation by a federal agent have a right to recover damages against the official in federal court despite the absence of any statute conferring such a right. Though more limited in some respects not relevant to this case, a
2897:
765:
The ordinary claim is one in which the government agent allegedly harboring the animus is also the individual allegedly taking the adverse action, as in the paradigmatic case of a public employee being fired for criticizing the government. Those cases require
6133:
722:
Though the Court adopted the position of the inspector defendants that the absence of probable cause should be an essential element of this claim, it disagreed with their reasoning, and instead based the need for that element upon the requirement to prove
770:, meaning that the adverse action would not have been taken but for the retaliatory motive of the official. Evidence of the animus and the challenged action has been taken as sufficient for a circumstantial demonstration that the one caused the other.
827:
for the prosecution. She would have instead applied the same burden that the Court of
Appeals did, requiring the postal inspectors to show that the U.S. Attorney's Office would have pursued the case even absent "retaliatory motive and importuning."
6221:
5888:
3287:
3489:
2486:
6213:
2566:
7654:
4937:
7787:
2921:
7240:
6285:
510:
and federal research officers had reservations about the Postal
Service's Zip + 4 policy and its intended reliance on single-line readers, in part because of the foreign sources of the equipment. Moore built on this opposition by
822:
Because the case was at this stage directed only against the instigating postal inspectors, Ginsburg did not believe that the plaintiff—"the alleged victim"—should bear the burden of pleading and proving the lack of
548:. The first looked into the purported payment of kickbacks by the PR firm to the official who recommended its services, and the second sought to document REI's possibly improper role in the search for a new Postmaster General.
6277:
4945:
3343:
2964:
2574:
2387:
2454:
644:
retaliatory-prosecution suits. Some circuits burdened plaintiffs with the obligation to show its absence, Others, including the
District of Columbia Circuit, imposed no such requirement. The U.S. Supreme Court granted
3007:
2881:
6205:
5143:
782:
for retaliatory prosecution, but rather for "successful retaliatory inducement to prosecute." The required causal connection is therefore between the retaliatory motive of one person and the action of another.
5683:
792:
urging prosecution combined with an absence of probable cause supporting the prosecutor's decision to go forward are reasonable grounds to suspend the presumption of regularity behind the charging decision."
5779:
5635:
3351:
3090:
2526:
321:
A plaintiff in a retaliatory-prosecution action against federal officials must plead and show the absence of probable cause for pressing the underlying criminal charges. D.C. Circuit reversed and remanded.
2542:
7547:
4775:
3375:
7755:
6245:
5191:
7539:
6101:
7072:
6388:
6117:
5904:
4144:
6412:
6157:
5111:
4168:
7622:
6372:
6021:
4929:
2590:
6125:
6109:
4415:
3549:
2363:
1089:
action was merely a judicial remedy constructed to mirror the section 1983 action. Furthermore, the Court appeared to treat the two actions as if they were interchangeable in its opinion.
6229:
5880:
5159:
5151:
4921:
7707:
7563:
6077:
6045:
5981:
5864:
5242:
5026:
3098:
2905:
2622:
933:
614:
243:
3295:
4264:
5949:
5079:
602:(FTCA). The District Court dismissed the claims against the Assistant United States Attorney in accordance with the absolute immunity for prosecutorial judgment, and rejected an
7835:
7606:
6093:
3525:
2558:
2430:
899:
569:
217:
7614:
7523:
6269:
5707:
5691:
5544:
5536:
5034:
2814:
7232:
6524:
3239:
590:, including the claim that the prosecutor and the inspectors had engineered his criminal prosecution in retaliation for criticism of the Postal Service, thus violating the
6181:
6085:
5619:
5018:
4611:
2937:
7125:
5476:
5042:
2606:
1499:
6786:
5199:
5103:
1984:
862:
610:
225:
4783:
4240:
3902:
3383:
6805:
5315:
5307:
1000:
6069:
5896:
5346:
4571:
3737:
2478:
2180:
503:("Zip + 4"), which would provide enough routing information on one line of text to allow single-line scanning machines to sort mail by reading just that line.
7157:
6837:
6444:
6428:
6325:
4603:
2980:
2654:
2286:
1253:
1158:
1105:
1026:
273:
247:
184:
531:. Moore alleged that he and REI had received requests from the Postmaster General to be quiet, yet his company proceeded to support its agenda and hired a
7840:
7747:
7638:
7149:
6711:
6607:
6037:
3569:
2822:
2518:
1926:
1047:
1012:
7699:
7598:
7374:
6952:
6149:
5989:
5627:
5275:
3578:
3074:
2534:
1632:
5808:
5675:
5468:
4986:
4208:
3444:
3367:
2662:
2550:
45:
38:
7779:
7646:
6460:
6380:
5451:
4913:
4831:
2302:
2227:
591:
451:
7850:
5520:
5250:
4579:
2763:
2510:
2494:
2334:
1757:
7426:
7181:
6532:
3497:
2929:
1704:
6759:
6061:
4687:
2355:
2132:
1115: (1968) (allegation that a school board dismissed a teacher for writing a public letter critical of the board's financial administration).
6976:
5941:
5215:
4176:
2614:
1424:
7466:
7382:
7064:
6631:
5407:
4791:
4478:
4288:
2039:
1625:
1349:
7855:
7275:
6813:
6666:
6173:
4296:
3391:
2787:
2779:
1479:
7830:
6261:
5997:
5370:
5175:
5167:
4232:
4224:
4216:
2278:
1977:
1851:
6968:
6870:
6364:
5291:
5119:
4767:
4128:
4096:
3452:
2670:
2502:
1396:
1246:
815:
Ginsburg began by noting that the Court of
Appeals had determined that "the evidence of retaliatory motive close to the proverbial
4823:
3992:
2972:
2838:
2218:
7845:
7248:
6516:
6436:
6301:
6141:
4994:
4192:
731:
595:
545:
7679:
6727:
6452:
6420:
6404:
5912:
5512:
5460:
5439:
4978:
4200:
3623:
3167:
1417:
88:
7283:
6615:
6345:
5659:
5528:
4876:
4160:
3311:
2830:
2371:
1895:
1840:
1611:
60:
7630:
6492:
6476:
5739:
5568:
5496:
3642:
3415:
2854:
2795:
2159:
1577:
1239:
7407:
7579:
7328:
6944:
6197:
5095:
5010:
4953:
4423:
3533:
2723:
1888:
1563:
1311:
640:
The Courts of
Appeals had divided on the issue of requiring evidence of a lack of probable cause in 42 U.S.C. § 1983 and
1223:
194:
441; 74 U.S.L.W. 4209; 06 Cal. Daily Op. Serv. 3435; 2006 Daily
Journal D.A.R. 4985; 19 Fla. L. Weekly Fed. S 164; 2006
67:
7197:
6694:
5135:
4374:
3481:
3023:
2913:
2379:
2152:
663:
574:
488:
430:
137:
7731:
6960:
5771:
5299:
5127:
4640:
4341:
4152:
3827:
3516:
2046:
778:
inspectors, who may have influenced the prosecutorial decision but did not make it. The Court viewed this less as a
107:
812:. She believed that the lower court's ruling had struck a proper balance that was consistent with Court precedent.
236:
7531:
7216:
6396:
6189:
5504:
4751:
4256:
3066:
2018:
1750:
552:
74:
7189:
6778:
6237:
5587:
5415:
4304:
4120:
4032:
3673:
1764:
1584:
7803:
7117:
7109:
7040:
7011:
5965:
5840:
5715:
4518:
3870:
3803:
3407:
3335:
2699:
2395:
2011:
1711:
637:
from a retaliatory-prosecution suit. The
District Court denied the motion, and the Court of Appeals affirmed.
254:
820 (1996); judgment for defendants in part, No. 92-2288 (D.D.C. Feb. 5, 1998); affirmed in part, reversed
858:
7571:
6548:
6053:
6005:
5848:
5731:
5431:
5338:
4555:
4382:
2438:
2310:
2091:
1944:
710:, he had participated in that court's January 31, 2005 decision to deny the inspectors' motion for rehearing
707:
56:
1057:
1022:
156:
Michael Hartman, Frank Kormann, Pierce McIntosh, Norman Robbins, and Robert Edwards v. William G. Moore, Jr.
7450:
6936:
6591:
4759:
4656:
4547:
4510:
3789:
3359:
2211:
1518:
1043:
1008:
996:
979:
961:
492:
292:
262:
929:
239:
7691:
7337:
7173:
7133:
5378:
4807:
4703:
4454:
4048:
3975:
3862:
3811:
3303:
2846:
2082:
1785:
1365:
1100:
7224:
6564:
6293:
5050:
4587:
3910:
3886:
2326:
1833:
1570:
7723:
7080:
6928:
6912:
4719:
4272:
4056:
3143:
2053:
1736:
1697:
1318:
1128:, which limits the extent to which one branch of government can interfere with the duties of another.
7434:
7019:
5957:
5933:
5560:
4905:
4884:
4502:
4280:
4064:
4024:
3819:
3794:
3750:
3681:
3628:
3191:
2889:
2646:
2403:
2173:
1196:
7141:
7101:
5824:
5058:
4648:
4632:
4595:
4446:
4349:
3955:
3854:
3770:
3729:
3697:
3666:
3183:
3159:
2204:
1968:
1670:
668:
599:
516:
496:
484:
442:
434:
34:
1178:
7056:
6508:
5481:
4679:
3984:
3963:
3939:
3745:
3223:
2102:
1874:
1262:
507:
1112:
454:
rights to criticize postal policy. The Court ruled 5-2 that to prove that the prosecution was
81:
6896:
6658:
5787:
4000:
3713:
3689:
3472:
3327:
1490:
1410:
1162:
1109:
832:
750:
735:
463:
277:
251:
176:
1187:
491:
for interpreting multiple lines of text. REI initially received some $ 50 million from the
5872:
5816:
5699:
5087:
4711:
4695:
4470:
4394:
4112:
4080:
3207:
3131:
2755:
2731:
2470:
2241:
2111:
2004:
1650:
1389:
1380:
1125:
739:
1081:
The Court's ruling will likely be applied to retaliatory prosecution claims brought under
8:
7345:
7316:
7256:
6751:
6253:
5973:
5667:
5651:
5595:
4847:
4743:
4462:
4016:
4008:
3894:
3765:
2999:
2411:
2196:
1792:
1595:
1169:
676:
528:
376:
191:
617:
reinstate the retaliatory prosecution claim. The District Court then permitted limited
7555:
7485:
7366:
7291:
7048:
7003:
6735:
6682:
6556:
6484:
6029:
5552:
5423:
4735:
4486:
4398:
4325:
4136:
4088:
4072:
4040:
3878:
3705:
3594:
3271:
3255:
3247:
3231:
3042:
3015:
2965:
Valley Forge Christian College v. Americans United for Separation of Church & State
2747:
2630:
2575:
Valley Forge Christian College v. Americans United for Separation of Church & State
2294:
2025:
1826:
1663:
1654:
1444:
1403:
1205:
805:
680:
634:
288:
165:
7763:
7165:
6904:
6540:
6317:
5924:
5751:
5603:
5362:
5327:
5002:
4868:
4815:
4799:
4526:
4248:
4184:
4104:
3947:
3845:
3082:
2707:
2638:
2598:
2462:
2270:
2262:
1995:
1881:
1727:
1723:
1688:
1639:
1604:
1556:
1304:
1290:
446:
344:
7739:
7442:
6821:
6650:
6599:
6583:
6468:
6356:
6166:
Ibanez v. Florida Dept. of Business and Professional Regulation, Bd. of Accountancy
5832:
5643:
5283:
4969:
4839:
4727:
4494:
3918:
3557:
3541:
3399:
3279:
3215:
3175:
3050:
2582:
2318:
2166:
2143:
2125:
2118:
1959:
1860:
1771:
1743:
1677:
1618:
1549:
1462:
1451:
1435:
1376:
1358:
1329:
626:
603:
587:
532:
524:
551:
Notwithstanding very limited evidence linking Moore and REI to any wrongdoing, an
179:
7715:
7458:
6984:
6920:
6882:
6743:
6674:
6333:
5856:
5763:
5386:
5223:
5207:
5183:
4435:
4407:
4365:
4333:
3777:
3721:
3460:
3199:
3151:
3106:
3058:
2873:
2739:
2715:
2678:
2060:
1819:
1810:
1799:
1778:
1297:
1281:
779:
767:
724:
618:
455:
368:
356:
625:
With the remainder of the case back in District Court, the inspectors moved for
7771:
6845:
6829:
5723:
5611:
5488:
3839:
3436:
2956:
2771:
2446:
2032:
1867:
1472:
824:
809:
684:
672:
630:
467:
380:
352:
7824:
4563:
3757:
3586:
695:
882:
action is the federal analog to suits brought against state officials under
418:
Roberts and Alito took no part in the consideration or decision of the case.
7504:
6719:
6500:
6309:
6013:
5398:
5354:
4670:
3319:
3263:
1540:
1082:
883:
699:
691:
658:
520:
388:
364:
336:
1214:
299:
denied, No. 03-5241, 2005 U.S. App. LEXIS 1514 (D.C. Cir. Jan. 31, 2005);
7795:
6623:
3930:
1231:
816:
629:, urging that because the underlying criminal charges were supported by
7092:
6887:
6086:
Pacific Gas & Electric Co. v. Public Utilities Comm'n of California
5019:
Pacific Gas & Electric Co. v. Public Utilities Comm'n of California
3653:
1531:
1510:
788:
694:
was confirmed to the Court on January 31, 2006, 21 days after it heard
646:
579:
556:
459:
300:
195:
499:
and other postal officials were urging mail senders to use nine-digit
6134:
Peel v. Attorney Registration and Disciplinary Commission of Illinois
3550:
Little Sisters of the Poor Saints Peter and Paul Home v. Pennsylvania
613:, where Moore's suit was dismissed in its entirety, only to have the
583:
6046:
Central Hudson Gas & Electric Corp. v. Public Service Commission
914:, No. 92-2288, 1993 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 13943, (D.D.C. Sept. 24, 1993).
23:
7708:
Eastern Railroad Presidents Conference v. Noerr Motor Freight, Inc.
7564:
Hurley v. Irish-American Gay, Lesbian, and Bisexual Group of Boston
5027:
Hurley v. Irish-American Gay, Lesbian, and Bisexual Group of Boston
3658:
1910:
762:
retaliatory prosecution claims presented an additional difficulty.
615:
United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit
512:
500:
438:
6102:
San Francisco Arts & Athletics, Inc. v. U.S. Olympic Committee
458:
by a retaliatory motive, the plaintiff bringing such a claim must
6078:
Zauderer v. Off. of Disciplinary Counsel of Supreme Court of Ohio
5982:
Virginia State Pharmacy Bd. v. Virginia Citizens Consumer Council
4922:
Perry Education Association v. Perry Local Educators' Association
4265:
American Booksellers Foundation for Free Expression v. Strickland
1277:
703:
495:
to develop this technology for reading and sorting mail, but the
296:
6222:
Los Angeles Police Department v. United Reporting Publishing Co.
5889:
Heffron v. International Society for Krishna Consciousness, Inc.
3288:
Heffron v. International Society for Krishna Consciousness, Inc.
555:
decided to bring criminal charges against them, and in 1988 the
311:
Moore's motion to compel testimony granted, 241 F.R.D. 59 (2007)
5152:
Board of Regents of the Univ. of Wisconsin System v. Southworth
5035:
Rumsfeld v. Forum for Academic & Institutional Rights, Inc.
570:
United States District Court for the Northern District of Texas
132:
6270:
Tennessee Secondary School Athletic Assn. v. Brentwood Academy
5780:
U.S. Civil Service Comm'n v. National Ass'n of Letter Carriers
5708:
Tennessee Secondary School Athletic Assn. v. Brentwood Academy
5692:
Brentwood Academy v. Tennessee Secondary School Athletic Assn.
5545:
Tennessee Secondary School Athletic Assn. v. Brentwood Academy
5537:
Brentwood Academy v. Tennessee Secondary School Athletic Assn.
2487:
Levitt v. Committee for Public Education and Religious Liberty
445:
of a manufacturing company against competing devices that the
6214:
Greater New Orleans Broadcasting Assn., Inc. v. United States
3240:
Gallagher v. Crown Kosher Super Market of Massachusetts, Inc.
2567:
Committee for Public Education and Religious Liberty v. Regan
787:
the Court's position that "judicial intrusion into executive
7655:
Washington State Grange v. Washington State Republican Party
5950:
Pittsburgh Press Co. v. Pittsburgh Comm'n on Human Relations
4938:
International Society for Krishna Consciousness, Inc. v. Lee
4612:
City of Austin v. Reagan National Advertising of Austin, LLC
7788:
BE and K Construction Co. v. National Labor Relations Board
6286:
Jerman v. Carlisle, McNellie, Rini, Kramer & Ulrich LPA
6094:
Posadas de Puerto Rico Assoc. v. Tourism Co. of Puerto Rico
2938:
Roman Catholic Archdiocese of San Juan v. Acevedo Feliciano
746:
7241:
Denver Area Ed. Telecommunications Consortium, Inc. v. FCC
6525:
Arizona Free Enterprise Club's Freedom Club PAC v. Bennett
5043:
National Institute of Family and Life Advocates v. Becerra
3526:
Gonzales v. O Centro Espírita Beneficente União do Vegetal
3099:
Board of Ed. of Kiryas Joel Village School Dist. v. Grumet
2623:
Board of Ed. of Kiryas Joel Village School Dist. v. Grumet
2607:
Witters v. Washington Department of Services for the Blind
2226:
1500:
Redbox Automated Retail LLC v. Universal City Studios LLLP
745:
The defendants also urged that the traditional common law
487:
of Recognition Equipment Inc. (REI), which manufactured a
1985:
Indiana Harbor Belt Railroad Co. v. American Cyanamid Co.
611:
United States District Court for the District of Columbia
3384:
Masterpiece Cakeshop v. Colorado Civil Rights Commission
2815:
Lamb's Chapel v. Center Moriches Union Free School Dist.
437:
claims against government officials. After a successful
7126:
Greenbelt Cooperative Publishing Ass'n, Inc. v. Bresler
5234:
948:, No. 92-2288, Memorandum Opinion, D.D.C. Feb. 5, 1998.
690:
Two justices did not participate in the case. Justice
675:
for pressing the underlying criminal charges. Justice
7836:
United States Supreme Court cases of the Roberts Court
7158:
Dun & Bradstreet, Inc. v. Greenmoss Builders, Inc.
6278:
Milavetz, Gallop & Milavetz, P.A. v. United States
6070:
Hoffman Estates v. The Flipside, Hoffman Estates, Inc.
5897:
Hoffman Estates v. The Flipside, Hoffman Estates, Inc.
2181:
State Farm Mutual Automobile Insurance Co. v. Campbell
220:
Sept. 21, 1992); case transferred, dismissed in part,
6445:
FEC v. Colorado Republican Federal Campaign Committee
6429:
Colorado Republican Federal Campaign Committee v. FEC
6326:
Barr v. American Association of Political Consultants
4604:
Barr v. American Association of Political Consultants
2823:
Capitol Square Review & Advisory Board v. Pinette
2287:
County of Allegheny v. American Civil Liberties Union
661:
delivered the Court's ruling that the plaintiff in a
7748:
California Motor Transport Co. v. Trucking Unlimited
7150:
Bose Corp. v. Consumers Union of United States, Inc.
4946:
Arkansas Educational Television Commission v. Forbes
3738:
Communist Party v. Subversive Activities Control Bd.
3344:
Frazee v. Illinois Department of Employment Security
1927:
Spur Industries, Inc. v. Del E. Webb Development Co.
5620:
Mt. Healthy City School Dist. Board of Ed. v. Doyle
5316:
USAID v. Alliance for Open Society International II
5276:
Regan v. Taxation with Representation of Washington
2455:
Board of Ed. of Central School Dist. No. 1 v. Allen
1633:
Tarasoff v. Regents of the University of California
5676:United States v. National Treasury Employees Union
5469:West Virginia State Board of Education v. Barnette
5347:Walker v. Texas Div., Sons of Confederate Veterans
5308:USAID v. Alliance for Open Society International I
4209:United States v. Playboy Entertainment Group, Inc.
3368:Church of the Lukumi Babalu Aye v. City of Hialeah
3008:Two Guys from Harrison-Allentown, Inc. v. McGinley
405:Souter, joined by Stevens, Scalia, Kennedy, Thomas
280:978 (2000); motion for reconsideration denied
7780:Buckley v. American Constitutional Law Foundation
7647:New York State Board of Elections v. Lopez Torres
6608:Brown v. Socialist Workers '74 Campaign Committee
6381:Citizens Against Rent Control v. City of Berkeley
4832:Schenck v. Pro-Choice Network of Western New York
4580:Simon & Schuster, Inc. v. Crime Victims Board
2303:McCreary County v. American Civil Liberties Union
734:defendants had first argued that the "objective"
478:
7822:
5477:Tinker v. Des Moines Ind. Community School Dist.
5251:Minnesota Board for Community Colleges v. Knight
4416:Board of Airport Commissioners v. Jews for Jesus
2922:Serbian Eastern Orthodox Diocese v. Milivojevich
2335:American Legion v. American Humanist Association
1758:Seong Sil Kim v. New York City Transit Authority
1705:Farwell v. Boston & Worcester Railroad Corp.
738:lack of probable cause was needed to filter out
538:
7427:Joint Anti-Fascist Refugee Committee v. McGrath
7182:Harte-Hanks Communications, Inc. v. Connaughton
6533:American Tradition Partnership, Inc. v. Bullock
6206:Glickman v. Wileman Brothers & Elliot, Inc.
5990:Linmark Assoc., Inc. v. Township of Willingboro
5144:Glickman v. Wileman Brothers & Elliot, Inc.
3498:Our Lady of Guadalupe School v. Morrissey-Berru
2882:Gonzalez v. Roman Catholic Archbishop of Manila
535:firm recommended by a Postal Service official.
466:that the criminal charges were brought without
6760:National Rifle Association of America v. Vullo
5809:Mutual Film Corp. v. Industrial Comm'n of Ohio
3622:
1425:Sioux City & Pacific Railroad Co. v. Stout
560:defendants' motion for judgment of acquittal.
5216:Friedrichs v. California Teachers Association
2615:Zobrest v. Catalina Foothills School District
2212:
1247:
657:Writing for a five-justice majority, Justice
609:The remaining claims were transferred to the
7467:Americans for Prosperity Foundation v. Bonta
7383:Americans for Prosperity Foundation v. Bonta
7065:Minneapolis Star Tribune Co. v. Commissioner
6632:Americans for Prosperity Foundation v. Bonta
5636:Smith v. Arkansas State Hwy. Employees Local
4987:West Virginia State Board of Ed. v. Barnette
4792:Clark v. Community for Creative Non-Violence
4479:Clark v. Community for Creative Non-Violence
3352:Swaggart Ministries v. Board of Equalization
3091:Swaggart Ministries v. Board of Equalization
2527:Public Funds for Public Schools v. Marburger
2040:Merrell Dow Pharmaceuticals Inc. v. Thompson
1626:Schloendorff v. Society of New York Hospital
1350:intentional infliction of emotional distress
717:
483:In the 1980s, William G. Moore, Jr. was the
429:, 547 U.S. 250 (2006), is a decision by the
228:Sept. 24, 1993); affirmed in part, reversed
224:, No. 92-2288, 1993 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 13943 (
7841:United States constitutional torts case law
7276:Zacchini v. Scripps-Howard Broadcasting Co.
6667:Manhattan Community Access Corp. v. Halleck
6174:Lebron v. National Railroad Passenger Corp.
5628:Givhan v. Western Line Consol. School Dist.
3392:Roman Catholic Diocese of Brooklyn v. Cuomo
2981:Arizona Christian Sch. Tuition Org. v. Winn
2655:Arizona Christian Sch. Tuition Org. v. Winn
2543:Roemer v. Board of Public Works of Maryland
2133:American Motorcycle Ass'n v. Superior Court
1978:Alwin v. State Farm Fire & Casualty Co.
1480:Zacchini v. Scripps-Howard Broadcasting Co.
7406:
5998:Carey v. Population Services International
5684:Board of Comm'rs, Wabaunsee Cty. v. Umbehr
5521:Westside Community Board of Ed. v. Mergens
5371:Houston Community College System v. Wilson
4776:USPS v. Council of Greenburgh Civic Assns.
4217:City of Los Angeles v. Alameda Books, Inc.
4177:American Booksellers Ass'n, Inc. v. Hudnut
3903:Nat'l Socialist Party v. Village of Skokie
2764:Westside Community Board of Ed. v. Mergens
2356:Walz v. Tax Comm'n of the City of New York
2279:Board of Trustees of Scarsdale v. McCreary
2219:
2205:
1852:Negligent infliction of emotional distress
1261:
1254:
1240:
7756:Smith v. Arkansas State Highway Employees
6969:Landmark Communications, Inc. v. Virginia
6365:First National Bank of Boston v. Bellotti
6246:Thompson v. Western States Medical Center
6038:Consol. Edison Co. v. Public Serv. Comm'n
5292:National Endowment for the Arts v. Finley
5192:Ysursa v. Pocatello Education Association
5120:Communications Workers of America v. Beck
4129:United States v. 12 200-ft. Reels of Film
4097:United States v. Thirty-seven Photographs
3453:Espinoza v. Montana Department of Revenue
3376:Watchtower Society v. Village of Stratton
2671:Espinoza v. Montana Department of Revenue
2503:Committee for Public Education v. Nyquist
1397:CompuServe Inc. v. Cyber Promotions, Inc.
706:from the case because, as a judge on the
108:Learn how and when to remove this message
6869:
6814:Jones v. North Carolina Prisoners' Union
3993:United States v. One Book Called Ulysses
3130:
2973:Hein v. Freedom From Religion Foundation
2839:Good News Club v. Milford Central School
2240:
854:United States v. Recognition Equip. Inc.
7851:United States Postal Service litigation
7678:
7548:New York Club Ass'n v. City of New York
7315:
7249:Turner Broadcasting System, Inc. v. FCC
6517:Nevada Commission on Ethics v. Carrigan
6437:Nixon v. Shrink Missouri Government PAC
6389:FEC v. National Right to Work Committee
6302:Expressions Hair Design v. Schneiderman
6142:City of Cincinnati v. Discovery Network
5176:Davenport v. Washington Education Ass'n
4995:Miami Herald Publishing Co. v. Tornillo
4233:United States v. American Library Ass'n
4193:United States v. X-Citement Video, Inc.
4145:Southeastern Promotions, Ltd. v. Conrad
1418:United Zinc & Chemical Co. v. Britt
1224:Supreme Court (slip opinion) (archived)
1072:, 545 U.S. ___, 125 S. Ct. 2977 (2005).
652:
596:federal government of the United States
7823:
7284:Harper & Row v. Nation Enterprises
6453:Republican Party of Minnesota v. White
6421:Austin v. Michigan Chamber of Commerce
6413:Eu v. S.F. Cty. Democratic Cent. Comm.
6405:FEC v. Massachusetts Citizens for Life
6158:United States v. Edge Broadcasting Co.
5913:Forsyth County v. Nationalist Movement
5513:Hazelwood School District v. Kuhlmeier
5461:Minersville School District v. Gobitis
5440:Communist Party of Indiana v. Whitcomb
5408:American Communications Ass'n v. Douds
5112:Chicago Local Teachers Union v. Hudson
4979:Minersville School District v. Gobitis
4289:Brown v. Entertainment Merchants Ass'n
4169:Vance v. Universal Amusement Co., Inc.
3168:Minersville School District v. Gobitis
2788:Elk Grove Unif. School Dist. v. Newdow
831:Ginsburg believed that the majority's
291:252 (D.D.C. 2004); affirmed, 388 F.3d
44:Please improve this article by adding
7677:
7623:Timmons v. Twin Cities Area New Party
7540:Rotary Int'l v. Rotary Club of Duarte
7405:
7314:
6868:
6373:California Medical Association v. FEC
6022:Ohralik v. Ohio State Bar Association
5660:Rutan v. Republican Party of Illinois
4930:Cornelius v. NAACP Legal Defense Fund
4824:Madsen v. Women's Health Center, Inc.
4161:Young v. American Mini Theatres, Inc.
3621:
3312:Bob Jones University v. United States
3129:
2372:Bob Jones University v. United States
2239:
2200:
1896:Molien v. Kaiser Foundation Hospitals
1841:Gross v. FBL Financial Services, Inc.
1612:Union Pacific Railway Co. v. Botsford
1235:
799:
120:2006 United States Supreme Court case
7631:California Democratic Party v. Jones
7073:Arkansas Writers' Project v. Ragland
6493:FEC v. Wisconsin Right to Life, Inc.
6477:Wisconsin Right to Life, Inc. v. FEC
6262:Johanns v. Livestock Marketing Ass'n
5569:Mahanoy Area School District v. B.L.
5497:Island Trees School District v. Pico
5168:Johanns v. Livestock Marketing Ass'n
4297:FCC v. Fox Television Stations, Inc.
2591:School Dist. of Grand Rapids v. Ball
1578:Palsgraf v. Long Island Railroad Co.
568:Moore then brought an action in the
433:involving the pleading standard for
17:
7580:Christian Legal Society v. Martinez
6945:New York Times Co. v. United States
6198:44 Liquormart, Inc. v. Rhode Island
6126:State University of New York v. Fox
6110:Shapero v. Kentucky Bar Association
5096:Abood v. Detroit Board of Education
5011:Pruneyard Shopping Center v. Robins
4954:Minnesota Voters Alliance v. Mansky
4424:Minnesota Voters Alliance v. Mansky
3534:Burwell v. Hobby Lobby Stores, Inc.
2724:Abington School District v. Schempp
2364:California v. Grace Brethren Church
1889:Miller v. National Broadcasting Co.
1564:Jablonski by Pahls v. United States
1312:Picard v. Barry Pontiac-Buick, Inc.
1060:, 1256-57 (D.C. Cir. 1987).
578:, 403 U.S. 388 (1971), against the
13:
7856:Retaliatory arrest and prosecution
7198:Obsidian Finance Group, LLC v. Cox
6230:United States v. United Foods Inc.
5881:Mine Workers v. Illinois Bar Assn.
5243:Steele v. Louisville & N.R. Co
5160:United States v. United Foods Inc.
4375:Holder v. Humanitarian Law Project
3482:NLRB v. Catholic Bishop of Chicago
3024:Estate of Thornton v. Caldor, Inc.
2914:Presbyterian Church v. Hull Church
2380:Estate of Thornton v. Caldor, Inc.
2153:BMW of North America, Inc. v. Gore
671:must allege and prove the lack of
575:Bivens v. Six Unknown Named Agents
563:
489:multiline optical character reader
431:Supreme Court of the United States
138:Supreme Court of the United States
14:
7867:
7831:United States Supreme Court cases
7732:United Mine Workers v. Pennington
6616:McIntyre v. Ohio Elections Comm'n
6118:Riley v. Nat'l Fed'n of the Blind
5905:Riley v. Nat'l Fed'n of the Blind
5865:Railroad Trainmen v. Virginia Bar
5772:United Public Workers v. Mitchell
5740:Kennedy v. Bremerton School Dist.
5300:Legal Services Corp. v. Velazquez
5128:Keller v. State Bar of California
4768:Org. for a Better Austin v. Keefe
4641:Renton v. Playtime Theatres, Inc.
4342:Ashcroft v. Free Speech Coalition
4153:Erznoznik v. City of Jacksonville
3828:Susan B. Anthony List v. Driehaus
3416:Kennedy v. Bremerton School Dist.
2906:Kreshik v. St. Nicholas Cathedral
2898:Kedroff v. St. Nicholas Cathedral
2855:Kennedy v. Bremerton School Dist.
2796:Kennedy v. Bremerton School Dist.
2780:Santa Fe Ind. School Dist. v. Doe
2388:Corp. of Presiding Bishop v. Amos
2160:Liebeck v. McDonald's Restaurants
2047:Geier v. American Honda Motor Co.
1165:250 (2006) is available from:
1147:
7532:Roberts v. United States Jaycees
7217:Red Lion Broadcasting Co. v. FCC
6397:FEC v. National Conservative PAC
6190:Florida Bar v. Went For It, Inc.
5529:Rosenberger v. Univ. of Virginia
5505:Bethel School District v. Fraser
4877:Rosenberger v. Univ. of Virginia
4752:Carroll v. Town of Princess Anne
3445:Trinity Lutheran Church v. Comer
2831:Rosenberger v. Univ. of Virginia
2663:Trinity Lutheran Church v. Comer
2019:Friend v. Childs Dining Hall Co.
1751:United States v. GlaxoSmithKline
1124:This principle follows from the
582:and five postal inspectors. His
553:Assistant United States Attorney
131:
22:
7190:Milkovich v. Lorain Journal Co.
6779:NAACP v. Claiborne Hardware Co.
6728:Lozman v. City of Riviera Beach
6238:Lorillard Tobacco Co. v. Reilly
5942:Rowan v. U.S. Post Office Dept.
5588:Pickering v. Board of Education
5416:Garner v. Board of Public Works
5136:Lehnert v. Ferris Faculty Ass'n
4305:Free Speech Coalition v. Paxton
4121:Paris Adult Theatre I v. Slaton
4033:MANual Enterprises, Inc. v. Day
3674:Masses Publishing Co. v. Patten
1765:United States v. Johnson (1987)
1585:Mexicali Rose v. Superior Court
1131:
1118:
1092:
1075:
1063:
1032:
754:of prefabricated components of
303:granted, 125 S. Ct. 2977 (2005)
265:(D.C. Cir. 2000); cert. denied
7846:2006 in United States case law
7804:Borough of Duryea v. Guarnieri
7118:Curtis Publishing Co. v. Butts
7110:New York Times Co. v. Sullivan
7041:Grosjean v. American Press Co.
7012:Cox Broadcasting Corp. v. Cohn
6961:Nebraska Press Ass'n v. Stuart
5966:Goldfarb v. Virginia State Bar
5841:Joseph Burstyn, Inc. v. Wilson
5716:Borough of Duryea v. Guarnieri
5080:Ry. Emps. Department v. Hanson
3871:Terminiello v. City of Chicago
3804:New York Times Co. v. Sullivan
3509:Statutory religious exemptions
3408:Fulton v. City of Philadelphia
2700:McCollum v. Board of Education
2396:Texas Monthly, Inc. v. Bullock
2012:Sindell v. Abbott Laboratories
1712:Vance v. Ball State University
985:
967:
951:
939:
917:
905:
889:
868:
846:
808:, which was joined by Justice
683:, which was joined by Justice
649:to resolve the circuit split.
606:claim against the inspectors.
479:Campaign against USPS policies
1:
7607:Democratic Party v. Wisconsin
7572:Boy Scouts of America v. Dale
7524:Hishon v. King & Spalding
6549:Williams-Yulee v. Florida Bar
6054:Metromedia, Inc. v. San Diego
6006:Bates v. State Bar of Arizona
5849:Kingsley Books, Inc. v. Brown
5732:Heffernan v. City of Paterson
5432:Keyishian v. Board of Regents
5339:Pleasant Grove City v. Summum
4556:Metromedia, Inc. v. San Diego
4383:Williams-Yulee v. Florida Bar
3067:Larkin v. Grendel's Den, Inc.
2559:New York v. Cathedral Academy
2439:Everson v. Board of Education
2431:Cochran v. Board of Education
2311:Pleasant Grove City v. Summum
2228:United States First Amendment
2092:Walt Disney World Co. v. Wood
1945:Boomer v. Atlantic Cement Co.
839:
708:D.C. Circuit Court of Appeals
539:Investigation and prosecution
527:to the Postal Service's 1985
473:
46:secondary or tertiary sources
7615:Tashjian v. Republican Party
7451:Bates v. City of Little Rock
7357:Protection from prosecution
6937:Lamont v. Postmaster General
6592:Bates v. City of Little Rock
4760:Coates v. City of Cincinnati
4657:Packingham v. North Carolina
4548:Lamont v. Postmaster General
3360:Employment Division v. Smith
1519:United States defamation law
515:Congress, testifying before
493:United States Postal Service
295:(D.C. Cir. 2004); rehearing
7:
7692:United States v. Cruikshank
7338:United States v. Cruikshank
7233:FCC v. WNCN Listeners Guild
7174:Hustler Magazine v. Falwell
7134:Gertz v. Robert Welch, Inc.
5379:Shurtleff v. City of Boston
4808:Ward v. Rock Against Racism
4704:Martin v. City of Struthers
4519:City of Erie v. Pap's A. M.
4049:Quantity of Books v. Kansas
3863:Chaplinsky v. New Hampshire
3812:Hustler Magazine v. Falwell
3336:O'Lone v. Estate of Shabazz
2847:Shurtleff v. City of Boston
2083:Joint and several liability
1786:Yount v. City of Sacramento
1366:Hustler Magazine v. Falwell
1101:Pickering v. Board of Educ.
10:
7872:
7225:FCC v. Pacifica Foundation
6565:FEC v. Ted Cruz for Senate
6294:Sorrell v. IMS Health Inc.
6182:Rubin v. Coors Brewing Co.
5051:303 Creative LLC v. Elenis
4588:R.A.V. v. City of St. Paul
3911:R.A.V. v. City of St. Paul
3887:Gregory v. City of Chicago
2327:Town of Greece v. Galloway
1834:Ultramares Corp. v. Touche
1571:Kerans v. Porter Paint Co.
1215:Oyez (oral argument audio)
982: (D.C. Cir. 2004).
964: (D.C. Cir. 2000).
572:for civil liability under
413:Ginsburg, joined by Breyer
7724:Edwards v. South Carolina
7686:
7673:
7590:
7515:
7496:
7477:
7418:
7414:
7401:
7356:
7327:
7323:
7310:
7267:
7208:
7091:
7081:Cohen v. Cowles Media Co.
7030:
6995:
6929:Hannegan v. Esquire, Inc.
6913:Lovell v. City of Griffin
6881:
6877:
6864:
6797:
6770:
6693:
6642:
6575:
6344:
5923:
5798:
5750:
5579:
5450:
5397:
5326:
5265:
5069:
4968:
4895:
4858:
4720:Edwards v. South Carolina
4667:
4622:
4537:
4434:
4393:
4364:
4315:
4273:United States v. Kilbride
4257:United States v. Williams
4057:Ginzburg v. United States
3974:
3929:
3838:
3788:
3652:
3641:
3637:
3617:
3568:
3515:
3508:
3471:
3426:
3144:Reynolds v. United States
3138:
3125:
3034:
2991:
2948:
2865:
2806:
2689:
2422:
2345:
2252:
2248:
2235:
2142:
2101:
2081:
2074:
2054:Chysky v. Drake Bros. Co.
1994:
1967:
1958:
1936:
1918:
1909:
1850:
1809:
1737:Boub v. Township of Wayne
1721:
1698:Albro v. Agawam Canal Co.
1687:
1649:
1594:
1539:
1530:
1509:
1489:
1461:
1434:
1375:
1348:
1328:
1319:Sheridan v. United States
1276:
1269:
804:Justice Ginsburg filed a
718:Souter's majority opinion
417:
409:
401:
396:
330:
325:
320:
315:
307:
208:
203:
171:
161:
151:
144:
130:
125:
7435:Watkins v. United States
7020:Florida Star v. B. J. F.
5958:Lehman v. Shaker Heights
5934:Valentine v. Chrestensen
5561:Uzuegbunam v. Preczewski
5235:Compelled representation
5200:Knox v. SEIU, Local 1000
4906:Lehman v. Shaker Heights
4885:Uzuegbunam v. Preczewski
4503:United States v. Eichman
4455:United States v. O'Brien
4281:United States v. Stevens
4065:Memoirs v. Massachusetts
4025:Marcus v. Search Warrant
3820:United States v. Alvarez
3751:clear and present danger
3682:Schenck v. United States
3192:United States v. Ballard
2890:United States v. Ballard
2807:Private religious speech
2647:Zelman v. Simmons-Harris
2404:City of Boerne v. Flores
2174:Honda Motor Co. v. Oberg
1040:Poole v. County of Otero
859:725 F. Supp. 587
517:congressional committees
7591:Primaries and elections
7142:Time, Inc. v. Firestone
7102:Beauharnais v. Illinois
6787:FTC v. Superior Ct. TLA
5825:Murdock v. Pennsylvania
5104:Ellis v. Railway Clerks
5059:Moody v. NetChoice, LLC
4649:City of Ladue v. Gilleo
4633:Schneider v. New Jersey
4596:Reed v. Town of Gilbert
4447:Stromberg v. California
4350:United States v. Hansen
3956:Elonis v. United States
3855:Cantwell v. Connecticut
3771:imminent lawless action
3730:Dennis v. United States
3698:Abrams v. United States
3667:Alien and Sedition Acts
3184:Murdock v. Pennsylvania
3160:Cantwell v. Connecticut
2866:Internal church affairs
1969:Ultrahazardous activity
1671:Hitaffer v. Argonne Co.
669:retaliatory prosecution
600:Federal Tort Claims Act
497:U.S. Postmaster General
485:chief executive officer
435:retaliatory prosecution
145:Argued January 10, 2006
7516:Membership restriction
7408:Freedom of association
7359:and state restrictions
7057:Houchins v. KQED, Inc.
6509:Citizens United v. FEC
5482:substantial disruption
4784:United States v. Grace
4680:Davis v. Massachusetts
4511:Barnes v. Glen Theatre
3985:Rosen v. United States
3964:Counterman v. Colorado
3940:Watts v. United States
3746:Yates v. United States
3296:Thomas v. Review Board
3224:Fowler v. Rhode Island
2103:Comparative negligence
1875:Archibald v. Braverman
1263:United States tort law
958:Moore v. United States
633:they were entitled to
259:Moore v. United States
147:Decided April 26, 2006
33:relies excessively on
7268:Copyrighted materials
6897:Patterson v. Colorado
6806:Procunier v. Martinez
6659:Lloyd Corp. v. Tanner
5801:restriction of speech
5788:Broadrick v. Oklahoma
4001:Roth v. United States
3714:Whitney v. California
3690:Debs v. United States
3490:Hosanna-Tabor v. EEOC
3473:Ministerial exception
3427:Exclusion of religion
3328:Goldman v. Weinberger
1491:Tortious interference
1411:Intel Corp. v. Hamidi
1058:820 F.2d 1245
1053:Haynesworth v. Miller
1023:959 F.2d 1174
751:malicious prosecution
246:1995); cert. denied,
190:125 S. Ct. 2977; 164
6871:Freedom of the press
6695:Official retaliation
6349:and political speech
5873:Freedman v. Maryland
5817:Cox v. New Hampshire
5700:Garcetti v. Ceballos
5088:Machinists v. Street
4712:Niemotko v. Maryland
4696:Thornhill v. Alabama
4572:Butterworth v. Smith
4471:Spence v. Washington
4113:Miller v. California
4081:Ginsberg v. New York
3429:from public benefits
3304:United States v. Lee
3208:Niemotko v. Maryland
3132:Free Exercise Clause
2756:Edwards v. Aguillard
2732:Epperson v. Arkansas
2479:Lemon v. Kurtzman II
2471:Tilton v. Richardson
2242:Establishment Clause
2112:Li v. Yellow Cab Co.
2005:Thomas v. Winchester
1390:Rowland v. Christian
1381:Trespass to chattels
1126:separation of powers
980:388 F.3d 871
962:213 F.3d 705
653:Opinion of the Court
519:, and supporting a "
7680:Freedom to petition
7346:Presser v. Illinois
7317:Freedom of assembly
7257:Bartnicki v. Vopper
6838:Overton v. Bazzetta
6752:Gonzalez v. Trevino
6254:Nike, Inc. v. Kasky
5974:Bigelow v. Virginia
5668:Waters v. Churchill
5652:Rankin v. McPherson
5596:Perry v. Sindermann
4848:McCullen v. Coakley
4744:Adderley v. Florida
4463:Cohen v. California
4318:to criminal conduct
4241:Ashcroft v. ACLU II
4017:Smith v. California
4009:One, Inc. v. Olesen
3895:Cohen v. California
3766:Brandenburg v. Ohio
3000:McGowan v. Maryland
2412:Cutter v. Wilkinson
2346:Statutory religious
1793:Pearson v. Callahan
1596:Medical malpractice
930:65 F.3d 189
768:"but-for" causation
677:Ruth Bader Ginsburg
529:appropriations bill
377:Ruth Bader Ginsburg
212:Dismissed in part,
7639:Clingman v. Beaver
7556:Dallas v. Stanglin
7486:Baggett v. Bullitt
7367:De Jonge v. Oregon
7292:Eldred v. Ashcroft
7049:Branzburg v. Hayes
7004:Time, Inc. v. Hill
6736:Nieves v. Bartlett
6712:Reichle v. Howards
6683:Murthy v. Missouri
6557:Thompson v. Hebdon
6485:Randall v. Sorrell
6030:Friedman v. Rogers
5553:Morse v. Frederick
5424:Speiser v. Randall
4736:Brown v. Louisiana
4487:Dallas v. Stanglin
4326:New York v. Ferber
4225:Ashcroft v. ACLU I
4137:Jenkins v. Georgia
4089:Stanley v. Georgia
4073:Redrup v. New York
4041:Jacobellis v. Ohio
3879:Feiner v. New York
3706:Gitlow v. New York
3595:Ramirez v. Collier
3272:Wisconsin v. Yoder
3256:Sherbert v. Verner
3248:Torcaso v. Watkins
3232:Braunfeld v. Brown
3043:Torcaso v. Watkins
3016:Braunfeld v. Brown
2748:Wallace v. Jaffree
2631:Agostini v. Felton
2519:Wheeler v. Barrera
2295:Van Orden v. Perry
2026:Loop v. Litchfield
1827:Ybarra v. Spangard
1722:Public Authority,
1664:Cahoon v. Cummings
1655:Loss of consortium
1465:, Publicity rights
1445:Haslem v. Lockwood
1404:Dougherty v. Stepp
1140:, 388 F.3d at 884.
1018:Mozzochi v. Borden
806:dissenting opinion
800:Ginsburg's dissent
635:qualified immunity
341:Associate Justices
57:"Hartman v. Moore"
7818:
7817:
7814:
7813:
7764:McDonald v. Smith
7700:Thomas v. Collins
7669:
7668:
7665:
7664:
7599:Cousins v. Wigoda
7397:
7396:
7393:
7392:
7375:Thomas v. Collins
7306:
7305:
7302:
7301:
7166:McDonald v. Smith
6953:Pell v. Procunier
6905:Near v. Minnesota
6860:
6859:
6856:
6855:
6541:McCutcheon v. FEC
6318:Iancu v. Brunetti
6150:Edenfield v. Fane
5925:Commercial speech
5604:Arnett v. Kennedy
5363:Iancu v. Brunetti
5266:Government grants
5261:
5260:
5072:of others' speech
5070:Compelled subsidy
5003:Wooley v. Maynard
4964:
4963:
4869:Widmar v. Vincent
4816:Burson v. Freeman
4800:Frisby v. Schultz
4527:Virginia v. Black
4360:
4359:
4249:Nitke v. Gonzales
4185:People v. Freeman
4105:Kois v. Wisconsin
3948:Virginia v. Black
3624:Freedom of speech
3613:
3612:
3609:
3608:
3605:
3604:
3579:Sossamon v. Texas
3121:
3120:
3117:
3116:
3083:Bowen v. Kendrick
3075:Larson v. Valente
2949:Taxpayer standing
2708:Zorach v. Clauson
2639:Mitchell v. Helms
2599:Aguilar v. Felton
2535:Meek v. Pittenger
2463:Lemon v. Kurtzman
2271:Lynch v. Donnelly
2263:Marsh v. Chambers
2194:
2193:
2190:
2189:
2070:
2069:
1996:Product liability
1954:
1953:
1905:
1904:
1882:Thing v. La Chusa
1728:Negligence per se
1689:Common employment
1640:Scott v. Bradford
1605:Landeros v. Flood
1557:Trimarco v. Klein
1526:
1525:
1305:Vosburg v. Putney
1291:Garratt v. Dailey
1270:Intentional Torts
736:burden of proving
698:. Chief Justice
546:postal inspectors
447:US Postal Service
422:
421:
118:
117:
110:
92:
7863:
7740:Cox v. Louisiana
7675:
7674:
7443:NAACP v. Alabama
7416:
7415:
7403:
7402:
7325:
7324:
7312:
7311:
6883:Prior restraints
6879:
6878:
6866:
6865:
6822:Turner v. Safley
6704:Hartman v. Moore
6651:Marsh v. Alabama
6600:Buckley v. Valeo
6584:NAACP v. Alabama
6576:Anonymous speech
6469:McConnell v. FEC
6357:Buckley v. Valeo
6346:Campaign finance
5833:Kunz v. New York
5644:Connick v. Myers
5580:Public employees
5284:Rust v. Sullivan
5232:
5231:
4970:Compelled speech
4840:Hill v. Colorado
4728:Cox v. Louisiana
4665:
4664:
4495:Texas v. Johnson
3919:Snyder v. Phelps
3650:
3649:
3639:
3638:
3632:
3619:
3618:
3558:Tanzin v. Tanvir
3542:Zubik v. Burwell
3513:
3512:
3424:
3423:
3400:Tandon v. Newsom
3280:McDaniel v. Paty
3216:Kunz v. New York
3176:Jamison v. Texas
3127:
3126:
3051:McDaniel v. Paty
2583:Mueller v. Allen
2551:Wolman v. Walter
2319:Salazar v. Buono
2250:
2249:
2237:
2236:
2221:
2214:
2207:
2198:
2197:
2167:Pearson v. Chung
2144:Punitive damages
2126:Hoffman v. Jones
2119:Knight v. Jewett
2079:
2078:
1965:
1964:
1960:Strict liability
1916:
1915:
1861:Krouse v. Graham
1772:Martin v. Herzog
1744:Briscoe v. LaHue
1678:Werling v. Sandy
1619:Mohr v. Williams
1550:Brown v. Kendall
1537:
1536:
1452:Popov v. Hayashi
1377:Trespass to land
1359:Snyder v. Phelps
1339:Hartman v. Moore
1330:Abuse of process
1274:
1273:
1256:
1249:
1242:
1233:
1232:
1228:
1222:
1219:
1213:
1210:
1204:
1201:
1195:
1192:
1186:
1183:
1177:
1174:
1168:
1155:Hartman v. Moore
1141:
1135:
1129:
1122:
1116:
1096:
1090:
1083:42 U.S.C. § 1983
1079:
1073:
1070:Moore v. Hartman
1067:
1061:
1055:
1036:
1030:
1020:
1005:Keenan v. Tejeda
989:
983:
977:
975:Moore v. Hartman
971:
965:
955:
949:
943:
937:
927:
921:
915:
912:Moore v. Hartman
909:
903:
902:Sept. 21, 1992).
893:
887:
884:42 U.S.C. § 1983
872:
866:
856:
850:
740:frivolous claims
627:summary judgment
604:abuse of process
588:causes of action
533:public relations
506:Many Members of
426:Hartman v. Moore
326:Court membership
285:Moore v. Hartman
222:Moore v. Hartman
135:
134:
126:Hartman v. Moore
123:
122:
113:
106:
102:
99:
93:
91:
50:
26:
18:
7871:
7870:
7866:
7865:
7864:
7862:
7861:
7860:
7821:
7820:
7819:
7810:
7716:NAACP v. Button
7682:
7661:
7586:
7511:
7492:
7473:
7459:NAACP v. Button
7410:
7389:
7358:
7352:
7319:
7298:
7263:
7209:Broadcast media
7204:
7201:(9th Cir. 2014)
7087:
7032:
7026:
6991:
6985:Tory v. Cochran
6921:Tucker v. Texas
6885:
6873:
6852:
6793:
6766:
6744:Egbert v. Boule
6689:
6675:Lindke v. Freed
6638:
6571:
6461:FEC v. Beaumont
6348:
6340:
6334:Vidal v. Elster
5919:
5857:NAACP v. Button
5800:
5794:
5764:Ex parte Curtis
5755:
5746:
5575:
5446:
5393:
5387:Vidal v. Elster
5329:
5322:
5267:
5257:
5230:
5224:Janus v. AFSCME
5208:Harris v. Quinn
5184:Locke v. Karass
5071:
5065:
4960:
4914:Brown v. Glines
4897:
4891:
4860:
4854:
4669:
4663:
4624:
4623:Content-neutral
4618:
4539:
4533:
4438:
4436:Symbolic speech
4430:
4408:Smith v. Goguen
4397:
4389:
4366:Strict scrutiny
4356:
4334:Osborne v. Ohio
4317:
4316:Speech integral
4311:
4276:(9th Cir. 2009)
4268:(6th Cir. 2009)
4252:(S.D.N.Y. 2005)
4180:(7th Cir. 1985)
3996:(S.D.N.Y. 1933)
3970:
3925:
3843:
3834:
3793:
3784:
3778:Hess v. Indiana
3722:Fiske v. Kansas
3677:(S.D.N.Y. 1917)
3656:
3644:
3633:
3626:
3601:
3564:
3504:
3467:
3461:Carson v. Makin
3428:
3422:
3200:Tucker v. Texas
3152:Davis v. Beason
3134:
3113:
3107:Trump v. Hawaii
3059:Harris v. McRae
3030:
2987:
2944:
2874:Watson v. Jones
2861:
2802:
2740:Stone v. Graham
2716:Engel v. Vitale
2691:
2685:
2679:Carson v. Makin
2418:
2347:
2341:
2254:
2253:Public displays
2244:
2231:
2225:
2195:
2186:
2138:
2097:
2066:
2061:Devlin v. Smith
1990:
1950:
1932:
1901:
1846:
1820:Summers v. Tice
1805:
1800:Saucier v. Katz
1779:Tedla v. Ellman
1717:
1683:
1645:
1590:
1522:
1505:
1485:
1457:
1430:
1371:
1344:
1324:
1298:Katko v. Briney
1265:
1260:
1226:
1220:
1217:
1211:
1208:
1202:
1199:
1193:
1190:
1184:
1181:
1175:
1172:
1166:
1150:
1145:
1144:
1136:
1132:
1123:
1119:
1097:
1093:
1080:
1076:
1068:
1064:
1051:
1037:
1033:
1025:, 1179-80 (
1016:
990:
986:
973:
972:
968:
956:
952:
946:Moore v. Valder
944:
940:
925:Moore v. Valder
923:
922:
918:
910:
906:
898:, No. 91-2491 (
896:Moore v. Valder
894:
890:
873:
869:
852:
851:
847:
842:
833:burden of proof
802:
780:cause of action
720:
655:
592:First Amendment
566:
564:Moore's lawsuit
541:
481:
476:
452:First Amendment
441:attempt by the
379:
369:Clarence Thomas
367:
357:Anthony Kennedy
355:
345:John P. Stevens
270:Moore v. Valder
233:Moore v. Valder
216:, No. 91-2491 (
214:Moore v. Valder
199:
146:
140:
121:
114:
103:
97:
94:
51:
49:
43:
39:primary sources
27:
12:
11:
5:
7869:
7859:
7858:
7853:
7848:
7843:
7838:
7833:
7816:
7815:
7812:
7811:
7809:
7808:
7800:
7792:
7784:
7776:
7772:Meyer v. Grant
7768:
7760:
7752:
7744:
7736:
7728:
7720:
7712:
7704:
7696:
7687:
7684:
7683:
7671:
7670:
7667:
7666:
7663:
7662:
7660:
7659:
7651:
7643:
7635:
7627:
7619:
7611:
7603:
7594:
7592:
7588:
7587:
7585:
7584:
7576:
7568:
7560:
7552:
7544:
7536:
7528:
7519:
7517:
7513:
7512:
7510:
7509:
7500:
7498:
7494:
7493:
7491:
7490:
7481:
7479:
7478:Future Conduct
7475:
7474:
7472:
7471:
7463:
7455:
7447:
7439:
7431:
7422:
7420:
7412:
7411:
7399:
7398:
7395:
7394:
7391:
7390:
7388:
7387:
7379:
7371:
7362:
7360:
7354:
7353:
7351:
7350:
7342:
7333:
7331:
7321:
7320:
7308:
7307:
7304:
7303:
7300:
7299:
7297:
7296:
7288:
7280:
7271:
7269:
7265:
7264:
7262:
7261:
7253:
7245:
7237:
7229:
7221:
7212:
7210:
7206:
7205:
7203:
7202:
7194:
7186:
7178:
7170:
7162:
7154:
7146:
7138:
7130:
7122:
7114:
7106:
7097:
7095:
7089:
7088:
7086:
7085:
7077:
7069:
7061:
7053:
7045:
7036:
7034:
7028:
7027:
7025:
7024:
7016:
7008:
6999:
6997:
6993:
6992:
6990:
6989:
6981:
6973:
6965:
6957:
6949:
6941:
6933:
6925:
6917:
6909:
6901:
6892:
6890:
6875:
6874:
6862:
6861:
6858:
6857:
6854:
6853:
6851:
6850:
6846:Beard v. Banks
6842:
6834:
6830:Shaw v. Murphy
6826:
6818:
6810:
6801:
6799:
6795:
6794:
6792:
6791:
6783:
6774:
6772:
6768:
6767:
6765:
6764:
6756:
6748:
6740:
6732:
6724:
6716:
6708:
6699:
6697:
6691:
6690:
6688:
6687:
6679:
6671:
6663:
6655:
6646:
6644:
6640:
6639:
6637:
6636:
6628:
6620:
6612:
6604:
6596:
6588:
6579:
6577:
6573:
6572:
6570:
6569:
6561:
6553:
6545:
6537:
6529:
6521:
6513:
6505:
6497:
6489:
6481:
6473:
6465:
6457:
6449:
6441:
6433:
6425:
6417:
6409:
6401:
6393:
6385:
6377:
6369:
6361:
6352:
6350:
6342:
6341:
6339:
6338:
6330:
6322:
6314:
6306:
6298:
6290:
6282:
6274:
6266:
6258:
6250:
6242:
6234:
6226:
6218:
6210:
6202:
6194:
6186:
6178:
6170:
6162:
6154:
6146:
6138:
6130:
6122:
6114:
6106:
6098:
6090:
6082:
6074:
6066:
6058:
6050:
6042:
6034:
6026:
6018:
6010:
6002:
5994:
5986:
5978:
5970:
5962:
5954:
5946:
5938:
5929:
5927:
5921:
5920:
5918:
5917:
5909:
5901:
5893:
5885:
5877:
5869:
5861:
5853:
5845:
5837:
5829:
5821:
5813:
5804:
5802:
5796:
5795:
5793:
5792:
5784:
5776:
5768:
5759:
5757:
5748:
5747:
5745:
5744:
5736:
5728:
5724:Lane v. Franks
5720:
5712:
5704:
5696:
5688:
5680:
5672:
5664:
5656:
5648:
5640:
5632:
5624:
5616:
5612:Elrod v. Burns
5608:
5600:
5592:
5583:
5581:
5577:
5576:
5574:
5573:
5565:
5557:
5549:
5541:
5533:
5525:
5517:
5509:
5501:
5493:
5489:Healy v. James
5485:
5473:
5465:
5456:
5454:
5448:
5447:
5445:
5444:
5436:
5428:
5420:
5412:
5403:
5401:
5395:
5394:
5392:
5391:
5383:
5375:
5367:
5359:
5351:
5343:
5334:
5332:
5324:
5323:
5321:
5320:
5312:
5304:
5296:
5288:
5280:
5271:
5269:
5263:
5262:
5259:
5258:
5256:
5255:
5247:
5238:
5236:
5229:
5228:
5220:
5212:
5204:
5196:
5188:
5180:
5172:
5164:
5156:
5148:
5140:
5132:
5124:
5116:
5108:
5100:
5092:
5084:
5075:
5073:
5067:
5066:
5064:
5063:
5055:
5047:
5039:
5031:
5023:
5015:
5007:
4999:
4991:
4983:
4974:
4972:
4966:
4965:
4962:
4961:
4959:
4958:
4950:
4942:
4934:
4926:
4918:
4910:
4901:
4899:
4893:
4892:
4890:
4889:
4881:
4873:
4864:
4862:
4856:
4855:
4853:
4852:
4844:
4836:
4828:
4820:
4812:
4804:
4796:
4788:
4780:
4772:
4764:
4756:
4748:
4740:
4732:
4724:
4716:
4708:
4700:
4692:
4684:
4675:
4673:
4662:
4661:
4653:
4645:
4637:
4628:
4626:
4620:
4619:
4617:
4616:
4608:
4600:
4592:
4584:
4576:
4568:
4560:
4552:
4543:
4541:
4535:
4534:
4532:
4531:
4523:
4515:
4507:
4499:
4491:
4483:
4475:
4467:
4459:
4451:
4442:
4440:
4439:versus conduct
4432:
4431:
4429:
4428:
4420:
4412:
4403:
4401:
4391:
4390:
4388:
4387:
4379:
4370:
4368:
4362:
4361:
4358:
4357:
4355:
4354:
4346:
4338:
4330:
4321:
4319:
4313:
4312:
4310:
4309:
4301:
4293:
4285:
4277:
4269:
4261:
4253:
4245:
4237:
4229:
4221:
4213:
4205:
4197:
4189:
4181:
4173:
4165:
4157:
4149:
4141:
4133:
4125:
4117:
4109:
4101:
4093:
4085:
4077:
4069:
4061:
4053:
4045:
4037:
4029:
4021:
4013:
4005:
3997:
3989:
3980:
3978:
3972:
3971:
3969:
3968:
3960:
3952:
3944:
3935:
3933:
3927:
3926:
3924:
3923:
3915:
3907:
3899:
3891:
3883:
3875:
3867:
3859:
3850:
3848:
3846:heckler's veto
3840:Fighting words
3836:
3835:
3833:
3832:
3824:
3816:
3808:
3799:
3797:
3786:
3785:
3783:
3782:
3774:
3762:
3754:
3742:
3734:
3726:
3718:
3710:
3702:
3694:
3686:
3678:
3670:
3663:
3661:
3647:
3635:
3634:
3615:
3614:
3611:
3610:
3607:
3606:
3603:
3602:
3600:
3599:
3591:
3583:
3574:
3572:
3566:
3565:
3563:
3562:
3554:
3546:
3538:
3530:
3521:
3519:
3510:
3506:
3505:
3503:
3502:
3494:
3486:
3477:
3475:
3469:
3468:
3466:
3465:
3457:
3449:
3441:
3437:Locke v. Davey
3432:
3430:
3421:
3420:
3412:
3404:
3396:
3388:
3380:
3372:
3364:
3356:
3348:
3340:
3332:
3324:
3316:
3308:
3300:
3292:
3284:
3276:
3268:
3260:
3252:
3244:
3236:
3228:
3220:
3212:
3204:
3196:
3188:
3180:
3172:
3164:
3156:
3148:
3139:
3136:
3135:
3123:
3122:
3119:
3118:
3115:
3114:
3112:
3111:
3103:
3095:
3087:
3079:
3071:
3063:
3055:
3047:
3038:
3036:
3032:
3031:
3029:
3028:
3020:
3012:
3004:
2995:
2993:
2989:
2988:
2986:
2985:
2977:
2969:
2961:
2957:Flast v. Cohen
2952:
2950:
2946:
2945:
2943:
2942:
2934:
2926:
2918:
2910:
2902:
2894:
2886:
2878:
2869:
2867:
2863:
2862:
2860:
2859:
2851:
2843:
2835:
2827:
2819:
2810:
2808:
2804:
2803:
2801:
2800:
2792:
2784:
2776:
2772:Lee v. Weisman
2768:
2760:
2752:
2744:
2736:
2728:
2720:
2712:
2704:
2695:
2693:
2692:public schools
2687:
2686:
2684:
2683:
2675:
2667:
2659:
2651:
2643:
2635:
2627:
2619:
2611:
2603:
2595:
2587:
2579:
2571:
2563:
2555:
2547:
2539:
2531:
2523:
2515:
2511:Sloan v. Lemon
2507:
2499:
2495:Hunt v. McNair
2491:
2483:
2475:
2467:
2459:
2451:
2447:Flast v. Cohen
2443:
2435:
2426:
2424:
2423:Public funding
2420:
2419:
2417:
2416:
2408:
2400:
2392:
2384:
2376:
2368:
2360:
2351:
2349:
2343:
2342:
2340:
2339:
2331:
2323:
2315:
2307:
2299:
2291:
2283:
2275:
2267:
2258:
2256:
2255:and ceremonies
2246:
2245:
2233:
2232:
2224:
2223:
2216:
2209:
2201:
2192:
2191:
2188:
2187:
2185:
2184:
2177:
2170:
2163:
2156:
2148:
2146:
2140:
2139:
2137:
2136:
2129:
2122:
2115:
2107:
2105:
2099:
2098:
2096:
2095:
2087:
2085:
2076:
2072:
2071:
2068:
2067:
2065:
2064:
2057:
2050:
2043:
2036:
2033:Losee v. Clute
2029:
2022:
2015:
2008:
2000:
1998:
1992:
1991:
1989:
1988:
1981:
1973:
1971:
1962:
1956:
1955:
1952:
1951:
1949:
1948:
1940:
1938:
1934:
1933:
1931:
1930:
1922:
1920:
1913:
1907:
1906:
1903:
1902:
1900:
1899:
1892:
1885:
1878:
1871:
1868:Dillon v. Legg
1864:
1856:
1854:
1848:
1847:
1845:
1844:
1837:
1830:
1823:
1815:
1813:
1807:
1806:
1804:
1803:
1796:
1789:
1782:
1775:
1768:
1761:
1754:
1747:
1740:
1732:
1730:
1724:Fireman's rule
1719:
1718:
1716:
1715:
1708:
1701:
1693:
1691:
1685:
1684:
1682:
1681:
1674:
1667:
1659:
1657:
1651:Wrongful death
1647:
1646:
1644:
1643:
1636:
1629:
1622:
1615:
1608:
1600:
1598:
1592:
1591:
1589:
1588:
1581:
1574:
1567:
1560:
1553:
1545:
1543:
1534:
1528:
1527:
1524:
1523:
1515:
1513:
1507:
1506:
1504:
1503:
1495:
1493:
1487:
1486:
1484:
1483:
1476:
1473:Taus v. Loftus
1468:
1466:
1459:
1458:
1456:
1455:
1448:
1440:
1438:
1432:
1431:
1429:
1428:
1421:
1414:
1407:
1400:
1393:
1385:
1383:
1373:
1372:
1370:
1369:
1362:
1354:
1352:
1346:
1345:
1343:
1342:
1334:
1332:
1326:
1325:
1323:
1322:
1315:
1308:
1301:
1294:
1286:
1284:
1271:
1267:
1266:
1259:
1258:
1251:
1244:
1236:
1230:
1229:
1197:Google Scholar
1149:
1148:External links
1146:
1143:
1142:
1130:
1117:
1091:
1074:
1062:
1031:
993:Wood v. Kesler
984:
966:
950:
938:
916:
904:
888:
867:
844:
843:
841:
838:
825:probable cause
810:Stephen Breyer
801:
798:
719:
716:
685:Stephen Breyer
673:probable cause
654:
651:
631:probable cause
622:was affirmed.
565:
562:
540:
537:
480:
477:
475:
472:
468:probable cause
420:
419:
415:
414:
411:
407:
406:
403:
399:
398:
394:
393:
392:
391:
381:Stephen Breyer
353:Antonin Scalia
342:
339:
334:
328:
327:
323:
322:
318:
317:
313:
312:
309:
305:
304:
210:
206:
205:
201:
200:
189:
173:
169:
168:
163:
159:
158:
153:
152:Full case name
149:
148:
142:
141:
136:
128:
127:
119:
116:
115:
30:
28:
21:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
7868:
7857:
7854:
7852:
7849:
7847:
7844:
7842:
7839:
7837:
7834:
7832:
7829:
7828:
7826:
7806:
7805:
7801:
7798:
7797:
7793:
7790:
7789:
7785:
7782:
7781:
7777:
7774:
7773:
7769:
7766:
7765:
7761:
7758:
7757:
7753:
7750:
7749:
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7742:
7741:
7737:
7734:
7733:
7729:
7726:
7725:
7721:
7718:
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7713:
7710:
7709:
7705:
7702:
7701:
7697:
7694:
7693:
7689:
7688:
7685:
7681:
7676:
7672:
7657:
7656:
7652:
7649:
7648:
7644:
7641:
7640:
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7633:
7632:
7628:
7625:
7624:
7620:
7617:
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7612:
7609:
7608:
7604:
7601:
7600:
7596:
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7593:
7589:
7582:
7581:
7577:
7574:
7573:
7569:
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7565:
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7558:
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7553:
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7541:
7537:
7534:
7533:
7529:
7526:
7525:
7521:
7520:
7518:
7514:
7507:
7506:
7502:
7501:
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7488:
7487:
7483:
7482:
7480:
7476:
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7464:
7461:
7460:
7456:
7453:
7452:
7448:
7445:
7444:
7440:
7437:
7436:
7432:
7429:
7428:
7424:
7423:
7421:
7419:Organizations
7417:
7413:
7409:
7404:
7400:
7385:
7384:
7380:
7377:
7376:
7372:
7369:
7368:
7364:
7363:
7361:
7355:
7348:
7347:
7343:
7340:
7339:
7335:
7334:
7332:
7330:
7329:Incorporation
7326:
7322:
7318:
7313:
7309:
7294:
7293:
7289:
7286:
7285:
7281:
7278:
7277:
7273:
7272:
7270:
7266:
7259:
7258:
7254:
7251:
7250:
7246:
7243:
7242:
7238:
7235:
7234:
7230:
7227:
7226:
7222:
7219:
7218:
7214:
7213:
7211:
7207:
7200:
7199:
7195:
7192:
7191:
7187:
7184:
7183:
7179:
7176:
7175:
7171:
7168:
7167:
7163:
7160:
7159:
7155:
7152:
7151:
7147:
7144:
7143:
7139:
7136:
7135:
7131:
7128:
7127:
7123:
7120:
7119:
7115:
7112:
7111:
7107:
7104:
7103:
7099:
7098:
7096:
7094:
7090:
7083:
7082:
7078:
7075:
7074:
7070:
7067:
7066:
7062:
7059:
7058:
7054:
7051:
7050:
7046:
7043:
7042:
7038:
7037:
7035:
7029:
7022:
7021:
7017:
7014:
7013:
7009:
7006:
7005:
7001:
7000:
6998:
6994:
6987:
6986:
6982:
6979:
6978:
6974:
6971:
6970:
6966:
6963:
6962:
6958:
6955:
6954:
6950:
6947:
6946:
6942:
6939:
6938:
6934:
6931:
6930:
6926:
6923:
6922:
6918:
6915:
6914:
6910:
6907:
6906:
6902:
6899:
6898:
6894:
6893:
6891:
6889:
6884:
6880:
6876:
6872:
6867:
6863:
6848:
6847:
6843:
6840:
6839:
6835:
6832:
6831:
6827:
6824:
6823:
6819:
6816:
6815:
6811:
6808:
6807:
6803:
6802:
6800:
6796:
6789:
6788:
6784:
6781:
6780:
6776:
6775:
6773:
6769:
6762:
6761:
6757:
6754:
6753:
6749:
6746:
6745:
6741:
6738:
6737:
6733:
6730:
6729:
6725:
6722:
6721:
6717:
6714:
6713:
6709:
6706:
6705:
6701:
6700:
6698:
6696:
6692:
6685:
6684:
6680:
6677:
6676:
6672:
6669:
6668:
6664:
6661:
6660:
6656:
6653:
6652:
6648:
6647:
6645:
6641:
6634:
6633:
6629:
6626:
6625:
6621:
6618:
6617:
6613:
6610:
6609:
6605:
6602:
6601:
6597:
6594:
6593:
6589:
6586:
6585:
6581:
6580:
6578:
6574:
6567:
6566:
6562:
6559:
6558:
6554:
6551:
6550:
6546:
6543:
6542:
6538:
6535:
6534:
6530:
6527:
6526:
6522:
6519:
6518:
6514:
6511:
6510:
6506:
6503:
6502:
6498:
6495:
6494:
6490:
6487:
6486:
6482:
6479:
6478:
6474:
6471:
6470:
6466:
6463:
6462:
6458:
6455:
6454:
6450:
6447:
6446:
6442:
6439:
6438:
6434:
6431:
6430:
6426:
6423:
6422:
6418:
6415:
6414:
6410:
6407:
6406:
6402:
6399:
6398:
6394:
6391:
6390:
6386:
6383:
6382:
6378:
6375:
6374:
6370:
6367:
6366:
6362:
6359:
6358:
6354:
6353:
6351:
6347:
6343:
6336:
6335:
6331:
6328:
6327:
6323:
6320:
6319:
6315:
6312:
6311:
6307:
6304:
6303:
6299:
6296:
6295:
6291:
6288:
6287:
6283:
6280:
6279:
6275:
6272:
6271:
6267:
6264:
6263:
6259:
6256:
6255:
6251:
6248:
6247:
6243:
6240:
6239:
6235:
6232:
6231:
6227:
6224:
6223:
6219:
6216:
6215:
6211:
6208:
6207:
6203:
6200:
6199:
6195:
6192:
6191:
6187:
6184:
6183:
6179:
6176:
6175:
6171:
6168:
6167:
6163:
6160:
6159:
6155:
6152:
6151:
6147:
6144:
6143:
6139:
6136:
6135:
6131:
6128:
6127:
6123:
6120:
6119:
6115:
6112:
6111:
6107:
6104:
6103:
6099:
6096:
6095:
6091:
6088:
6087:
6083:
6080:
6079:
6075:
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6071:
6067:
6064:
6063:
6059:
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6055:
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6047:
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6040:
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6035:
6032:
6031:
6027:
6024:
6023:
6019:
6016:
6015:
6011:
6008:
6007:
6003:
6000:
5999:
5995:
5992:
5991:
5987:
5984:
5983:
5979:
5976:
5975:
5971:
5968:
5967:
5963:
5960:
5959:
5955:
5952:
5951:
5947:
5944:
5943:
5939:
5936:
5935:
5931:
5930:
5928:
5926:
5922:
5915:
5914:
5910:
5907:
5906:
5902:
5899:
5898:
5894:
5891:
5890:
5886:
5883:
5882:
5878:
5875:
5874:
5870:
5867:
5866:
5862:
5859:
5858:
5854:
5851:
5850:
5846:
5843:
5842:
5838:
5835:
5834:
5830:
5827:
5826:
5822:
5819:
5818:
5814:
5811:
5810:
5806:
5805:
5803:
5799:Licensing and
5797:
5790:
5789:
5785:
5782:
5781:
5777:
5774:
5773:
5769:
5766:
5765:
5761:
5760:
5758:
5753:
5749:
5742:
5741:
5737:
5734:
5733:
5729:
5726:
5725:
5721:
5718:
5717:
5713:
5710:
5709:
5705:
5702:
5701:
5697:
5694:
5693:
5689:
5686:
5685:
5681:
5678:
5677:
5673:
5670:
5669:
5665:
5662:
5661:
5657:
5654:
5653:
5649:
5646:
5645:
5641:
5638:
5637:
5633:
5630:
5629:
5625:
5622:
5621:
5617:
5614:
5613:
5609:
5606:
5605:
5601:
5598:
5597:
5593:
5590:
5589:
5585:
5584:
5582:
5578:
5571:
5570:
5566:
5563:
5562:
5558:
5555:
5554:
5550:
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5546:
5542:
5539:
5538:
5534:
5531:
5530:
5526:
5523:
5522:
5518:
5515:
5514:
5510:
5507:
5506:
5502:
5499:
5498:
5494:
5491:
5490:
5486:
5483:
5479:
5478:
5474:
5471:
5470:
5466:
5463:
5462:
5458:
5457:
5455:
5453:
5452:School speech
5449:
5442:
5441:
5437:
5434:
5433:
5429:
5426:
5425:
5421:
5418:
5417:
5413:
5410:
5409:
5405:
5404:
5402:
5400:
5399:Loyalty oaths
5396:
5389:
5388:
5384:
5381:
5380:
5376:
5373:
5372:
5368:
5365:
5364:
5360:
5357:
5356:
5352:
5349:
5348:
5344:
5341:
5340:
5336:
5335:
5333:
5331:
5325:
5318:
5317:
5313:
5310:
5309:
5305:
5302:
5301:
5297:
5294:
5293:
5289:
5286:
5285:
5281:
5278:
5277:
5273:
5272:
5270:
5268:and subsidies
5264:
5253:
5252:
5248:
5245:
5244:
5240:
5239:
5237:
5233:
5226:
5225:
5221:
5218:
5217:
5213:
5210:
5209:
5205:
5202:
5201:
5197:
5194:
5193:
5189:
5186:
5185:
5181:
5178:
5177:
5173:
5170:
5169:
5165:
5162:
5161:
5157:
5154:
5153:
5149:
5146:
5145:
5141:
5138:
5137:
5133:
5130:
5129:
5125:
5122:
5121:
5117:
5114:
5113:
5109:
5106:
5105:
5101:
5098:
5097:
5093:
5090:
5089:
5085:
5082:
5081:
5077:
5076:
5074:
5068:
5061:
5060:
5056:
5053:
5052:
5048:
5045:
5044:
5040:
5037:
5036:
5032:
5029:
5028:
5024:
5021:
5020:
5016:
5013:
5012:
5008:
5005:
5004:
5000:
4997:
4996:
4992:
4989:
4988:
4984:
4981:
4980:
4976:
4975:
4973:
4971:
4967:
4956:
4955:
4951:
4948:
4947:
4943:
4940:
4939:
4935:
4932:
4931:
4927:
4924:
4923:
4919:
4916:
4915:
4911:
4908:
4907:
4903:
4902:
4900:
4894:
4887:
4886:
4882:
4879:
4878:
4874:
4871:
4870:
4866:
4865:
4863:
4857:
4850:
4849:
4845:
4842:
4841:
4837:
4834:
4833:
4829:
4826:
4825:
4821:
4818:
4817:
4813:
4810:
4809:
4805:
4802:
4801:
4797:
4794:
4793:
4789:
4786:
4785:
4781:
4778:
4777:
4773:
4770:
4769:
4765:
4762:
4761:
4757:
4754:
4753:
4749:
4746:
4745:
4741:
4738:
4737:
4733:
4730:
4729:
4725:
4722:
4721:
4717:
4714:
4713:
4709:
4706:
4705:
4701:
4698:
4697:
4693:
4690:
4689:
4685:
4682:
4681:
4677:
4676:
4674:
4672:
4666:
4659:
4658:
4654:
4651:
4650:
4646:
4643:
4642:
4638:
4635:
4634:
4630:
4629:
4627:
4621:
4614:
4613:
4609:
4606:
4605:
4601:
4598:
4597:
4593:
4590:
4589:
4585:
4582:
4581:
4577:
4574:
4573:
4569:
4566:
4565:
4564:Boos v. Barry
4561:
4558:
4557:
4553:
4550:
4549:
4545:
4544:
4542:
4538:Content-based
4536:
4529:
4528:
4524:
4521:
4520:
4516:
4513:
4512:
4508:
4505:
4504:
4500:
4497:
4496:
4492:
4489:
4488:
4484:
4481:
4480:
4476:
4473:
4472:
4468:
4465:
4464:
4460:
4457:
4456:
4452:
4449:
4448:
4444:
4443:
4441:
4437:
4433:
4426:
4425:
4421:
4418:
4417:
4413:
4410:
4409:
4405:
4404:
4402:
4400:
4396:
4392:
4385:
4384:
4380:
4377:
4376:
4372:
4371:
4369:
4367:
4363:
4352:
4351:
4347:
4344:
4343:
4339:
4336:
4335:
4331:
4328:
4327:
4323:
4322:
4320:
4314:
4307:
4306:
4302:
4299:
4298:
4294:
4291:
4290:
4286:
4283:
4282:
4278:
4275:
4274:
4270:
4267:
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4262:
4259:
4258:
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4250:
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4230:
4227:
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4222:
4219:
4218:
4214:
4211:
4210:
4206:
4203:
4202:
4198:
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4190:
4187:
4186:
4182:
4179:
4178:
4174:
4171:
4170:
4166:
4163:
4162:
4158:
4155:
4154:
4150:
4147:
4146:
4142:
4139:
4138:
4134:
4131:
4130:
4126:
4123:
4122:
4118:
4115:
4114:
4110:
4107:
4106:
4102:
4099:
4098:
4094:
4091:
4090:
4086:
4083:
4082:
4078:
4075:
4074:
4070:
4067:
4066:
4062:
4059:
4058:
4054:
4051:
4050:
4046:
4043:
4042:
4038:
4035:
4034:
4030:
4027:
4026:
4022:
4019:
4018:
4014:
4011:
4010:
4006:
4003:
4002:
3998:
3995:
3994:
3990:
3987:
3986:
3982:
3981:
3979:
3977:
3973:
3966:
3965:
3961:
3958:
3957:
3953:
3950:
3949:
3945:
3942:
3941:
3937:
3936:
3934:
3932:
3928:
3921:
3920:
3916:
3913:
3912:
3908:
3905:
3904:
3900:
3897:
3896:
3892:
3889:
3888:
3884:
3881:
3880:
3876:
3873:
3872:
3868:
3865:
3864:
3860:
3857:
3856:
3852:
3851:
3849:
3847:
3841:
3837:
3830:
3829:
3825:
3822:
3821:
3817:
3814:
3813:
3809:
3806:
3805:
3801:
3800:
3798:
3796:
3791:
3787:
3780:
3779:
3775:
3772:
3768:
3767:
3763:
3760:
3759:
3758:Bond v. Floyd
3755:
3752:
3748:
3747:
3743:
3740:
3739:
3735:
3732:
3731:
3727:
3724:
3723:
3719:
3716:
3715:
3711:
3708:
3707:
3703:
3700:
3699:
3695:
3692:
3691:
3687:
3684:
3683:
3679:
3676:
3675:
3671:
3668:
3665:
3664:
3662:
3660:
3655:
3651:
3648:
3646:
3640:
3636:
3630:
3625:
3620:
3616:
3597:
3596:
3592:
3589:
3588:
3587:Holt v. Hobbs
3584:
3581:
3580:
3576:
3575:
3573:
3571:
3567:
3560:
3559:
3555:
3552:
3551:
3547:
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3543:
3539:
3536:
3535:
3531:
3528:
3527:
3523:
3522:
3520:
3518:
3514:
3511:
3507:
3500:
3499:
3495:
3492:
3491:
3487:
3484:
3483:
3479:
3478:
3476:
3474:
3470:
3463:
3462:
3458:
3455:
3454:
3450:
3447:
3446:
3442:
3439:
3438:
3434:
3433:
3431:
3425:
3418:
3417:
3413:
3410:
3409:
3405:
3402:
3401:
3397:
3394:
3393:
3389:
3386:
3385:
3381:
3378:
3377:
3373:
3370:
3369:
3365:
3362:
3361:
3357:
3354:
3353:
3349:
3346:
3345:
3341:
3338:
3337:
3333:
3330:
3329:
3325:
3322:
3321:
3317:
3314:
3313:
3309:
3306:
3305:
3301:
3298:
3297:
3293:
3290:
3289:
3285:
3282:
3281:
3277:
3274:
3273:
3269:
3266:
3265:
3261:
3258:
3257:
3253:
3250:
3249:
3245:
3242:
3241:
3237:
3234:
3233:
3229:
3226:
3225:
3221:
3218:
3217:
3213:
3210:
3209:
3205:
3202:
3201:
3197:
3194:
3193:
3189:
3186:
3185:
3181:
3178:
3177:
3173:
3170:
3169:
3165:
3162:
3161:
3157:
3154:
3153:
3149:
3146:
3145:
3141:
3140:
3137:
3133:
3128:
3124:
3109:
3108:
3104:
3101:
3100:
3096:
3093:
3092:
3088:
3085:
3084:
3080:
3077:
3076:
3072:
3069:
3068:
3064:
3061:
3060:
3056:
3053:
3052:
3048:
3045:
3044:
3040:
3039:
3037:
3033:
3026:
3025:
3021:
3018:
3017:
3013:
3010:
3009:
3005:
3002:
3001:
2997:
2996:
2994:
2990:
2983:
2982:
2978:
2975:
2974:
2970:
2967:
2966:
2962:
2959:
2958:
2954:
2953:
2951:
2947:
2940:
2939:
2935:
2932:
2931:
2930:Jones v. Wolf
2927:
2924:
2923:
2919:
2916:
2915:
2911:
2908:
2907:
2903:
2900:
2899:
2895:
2892:
2891:
2887:
2884:
2883:
2879:
2876:
2875:
2871:
2870:
2868:
2864:
2857:
2856:
2852:
2849:
2848:
2844:
2841:
2840:
2836:
2833:
2832:
2828:
2825:
2824:
2820:
2817:
2816:
2812:
2811:
2809:
2805:
2798:
2797:
2793:
2790:
2789:
2785:
2782:
2781:
2777:
2774:
2773:
2769:
2766:
2765:
2761:
2758:
2757:
2753:
2750:
2749:
2745:
2742:
2741:
2737:
2734:
2733:
2729:
2726:
2725:
2721:
2718:
2717:
2713:
2710:
2709:
2705:
2702:
2701:
2697:
2696:
2694:
2688:
2681:
2680:
2676:
2673:
2672:
2668:
2665:
2664:
2660:
2657:
2656:
2652:
2649:
2648:
2644:
2641:
2640:
2636:
2633:
2632:
2628:
2625:
2624:
2620:
2617:
2616:
2612:
2609:
2608:
2604:
2601:
2600:
2596:
2593:
2592:
2588:
2585:
2584:
2580:
2577:
2576:
2572:
2569:
2568:
2564:
2561:
2560:
2556:
2553:
2552:
2548:
2545:
2544:
2540:
2537:
2536:
2532:
2529:
2528:
2524:
2521:
2520:
2516:
2513:
2512:
2508:
2505:
2504:
2500:
2497:
2496:
2492:
2489:
2488:
2484:
2481:
2480:
2476:
2473:
2472:
2468:
2465:
2464:
2460:
2457:
2456:
2452:
2449:
2448:
2444:
2441:
2440:
2436:
2433:
2432:
2428:
2427:
2425:
2421:
2414:
2413:
2409:
2406:
2405:
2401:
2398:
2397:
2393:
2390:
2389:
2385:
2382:
2381:
2377:
2374:
2373:
2369:
2366:
2365:
2361:
2358:
2357:
2353:
2352:
2350:
2344:
2337:
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2332:
2329:
2328:
2324:
2321:
2320:
2316:
2313:
2312:
2308:
2305:
2304:
2300:
2297:
2296:
2292:
2289:
2288:
2284:
2281:
2280:
2276:
2273:
2272:
2268:
2265:
2264:
2260:
2259:
2257:
2251:
2247:
2243:
2238:
2234:
2229:
2222:
2217:
2215:
2210:
2208:
2203:
2202:
2199:
2183:
2182:
2178:
2176:
2175:
2171:
2169:
2168:
2164:
2162:
2161:
2157:
2155:
2154:
2150:
2149:
2147:
2145:
2141:
2135:
2134:
2130:
2128:
2127:
2123:
2121:
2120:
2116:
2114:
2113:
2109:
2108:
2106:
2104:
2100:
2094:
2093:
2089:
2088:
2086:
2084:
2080:
2077:
2073:
2063:
2062:
2058:
2056:
2055:
2051:
2049:
2048:
2044:
2042:
2041:
2037:
2035:
2034:
2030:
2028:
2027:
2023:
2021:
2020:
2016:
2014:
2013:
2009:
2007:
2006:
2002:
2001:
1999:
1997:
1993:
1987:
1986:
1982:
1980:
1979:
1975:
1974:
1972:
1970:
1966:
1963:
1961:
1957:
1947:
1946:
1942:
1941:
1939:
1935:
1929:
1928:
1924:
1923:
1921:
1917:
1914:
1912:
1908:
1898:
1897:
1893:
1891:
1890:
1886:
1884:
1883:
1879:
1877:
1876:
1872:
1870:
1869:
1865:
1863:
1862:
1858:
1857:
1855:
1853:
1849:
1843:
1842:
1838:
1836:
1835:
1831:
1829:
1828:
1824:
1822:
1821:
1817:
1816:
1814:
1812:
1808:
1802:
1801:
1797:
1795:
1794:
1790:
1788:
1787:
1783:
1781:
1780:
1776:
1774:
1773:
1769:
1767:
1766:
1762:
1760:
1759:
1755:
1753:
1752:
1748:
1746:
1745:
1741:
1739:
1738:
1734:
1733:
1731:
1729:
1725:
1720:
1714:
1713:
1709:
1707:
1706:
1702:
1700:
1699:
1695:
1694:
1692:
1690:
1686:
1680:
1679:
1675:
1673:
1672:
1668:
1666:
1665:
1661:
1660:
1658:
1656:
1652:
1648:
1642:
1641:
1637:
1635:
1634:
1630:
1628:
1627:
1623:
1621:
1620:
1616:
1614:
1613:
1609:
1607:
1606:
1602:
1601:
1599:
1597:
1593:
1587:
1586:
1582:
1580:
1579:
1575:
1573:
1572:
1568:
1566:
1565:
1561:
1559:
1558:
1554:
1552:
1551:
1547:
1546:
1544:
1542:
1538:
1535:
1533:
1529:
1521:
1520:
1514:
1512:
1508:
1502:
1501:
1497:
1496:
1494:
1492:
1488:
1482:
1481:
1477:
1475:
1474:
1470:
1469:
1467:
1464:
1460:
1454:
1453:
1449:
1447:
1446:
1442:
1441:
1439:
1437:
1433:
1427:
1426:
1422:
1420:
1419:
1415:
1413:
1412:
1408:
1406:
1405:
1401:
1399:
1398:
1394:
1392:
1391:
1387:
1386:
1384:
1382:
1378:
1374:
1368:
1367:
1363:
1361:
1360:
1356:
1355:
1353:
1351:
1347:
1341:
1340:
1336:
1335:
1333:
1331:
1327:
1321:
1320:
1316:
1314:
1313:
1309:
1307:
1306:
1302:
1300:
1299:
1295:
1293:
1292:
1288:
1287:
1285:
1283:
1279:
1275:
1272:
1268:
1264:
1257:
1252:
1250:
1245:
1243:
1238:
1237:
1234:
1225:
1216:
1207:
1198:
1189:
1180:
1179:CourtListener
1171:
1164:
1160:
1156:
1152:
1151:
1139:
1134:
1127:
1121:
1114:
1111:
1107:
1103:
1102:
1095:
1088:
1084:
1078:
1071:
1066:
1059:
1054:
1049:
1045:
1041:
1035:
1028:
1024:
1019:
1014:
1010:
1006:
1002:
998:
994:
988:
981:
976:
970:
963:
959:
954:
947:
942:
935:
931:
926:
920:
913:
908:
901:
897:
892:
885:
881:
876:
871:
864:
860:
855:
849:
845:
837:
834:
829:
826:
820:
818:
813:
811:
807:
797:
793:
790:
784:
781:
775:
771:
769:
763:
759:
757:
752:
748:
743:
741:
737:
733:
728:
726:
715:
713:
709:
705:
701:
697:
696:oral argument
693:
688:
686:
682:
678:
674:
670:
666:
665:
660:
650:
648:
643:
638:
636:
632:
628:
623:
620:
616:
612:
607:
605:
601:
597:
593:
589:
585:
581:
577:
576:
571:
561:
558:
554:
549:
547:
536:
534:
530:
526:
522:
518:
514:
509:
504:
502:
498:
494:
490:
486:
471:
469:
465:
461:
457:
453:
448:
444:
440:
436:
432:
428:
427:
416:
412:
408:
404:
400:
397:Case opinions
395:
390:
386:
382:
378:
374:
370:
366:
362:
358:
354:
350:
346:
343:
340:
338:
335:
333:Chief Justice
332:
331:
329:
324:
319:
314:
310:
306:
302:
298:
294:
290:
286:
283:
279:
275:
271:
268:
264:
260:
257:
253:
249:
245:
241:
238:
234:
231:
227:
223:
219:
215:
211:
207:
202:
197:
193:
187:
186:
181:
178:
174:
170:
167:
164:
160:
157:
154:
150:
143:
139:
129:
124:
112:
109:
101:
98:February 2022
90:
87:
83:
80:
76:
73:
69:
66:
62:
59: –
58:
54:
53:Find sources:
47:
41:
40:
36:
31:This article
29:
25:
20:
19:
16:
7802:
7794:
7786:
7778:
7770:
7762:
7754:
7746:
7738:
7730:
7722:
7714:
7706:
7698:
7690:
7653:
7645:
7637:
7629:
7621:
7613:
7605:
7597:
7578:
7570:
7562:
7554:
7546:
7538:
7530:
7522:
7505:In re Primus
7503:
7497:Solicitation
7484:
7465:
7457:
7449:
7441:
7433:
7425:
7381:
7373:
7365:
7344:
7336:
7290:
7282:
7274:
7255:
7247:
7239:
7231:
7223:
7215:
7196:
7188:
7180:
7172:
7164:
7156:
7148:
7140:
7132:
7124:
7116:
7108:
7100:
7079:
7071:
7063:
7055:
7047:
7039:
7031:Taxation and
7018:
7010:
7002:
6983:
6975:
6967:
6959:
6951:
6943:
6935:
6927:
6919:
6911:
6903:
6895:
6844:
6836:
6828:
6820:
6812:
6804:
6785:
6777:
6758:
6750:
6742:
6734:
6726:
6720:Wood v. Moss
6718:
6710:
6703:
6702:
6681:
6673:
6665:
6657:
6649:
6643:State action
6630:
6622:
6614:
6606:
6598:
6590:
6582:
6563:
6555:
6547:
6539:
6531:
6523:
6515:
6507:
6501:Davis v. FEC
6499:
6491:
6483:
6475:
6467:
6459:
6451:
6443:
6435:
6427:
6419:
6411:
6403:
6395:
6387:
6379:
6371:
6363:
6355:
6332:
6324:
6316:
6310:Matal v. Tam
6308:
6300:
6292:
6284:
6276:
6268:
6260:
6252:
6244:
6236:
6228:
6220:
6212:
6204:
6196:
6188:
6180:
6172:
6164:
6156:
6148:
6140:
6132:
6124:
6116:
6108:
6100:
6092:
6084:
6076:
6068:
6062:In re R.M.J.
6060:
6052:
6044:
6036:
6028:
6020:
6014:In re Primus
6012:
6004:
5996:
5988:
5980:
5972:
5964:
5956:
5948:
5940:
5932:
5911:
5903:
5895:
5887:
5879:
5871:
5863:
5855:
5847:
5839:
5831:
5823:
5815:
5807:
5786:
5778:
5770:
5762:
5756:similar laws
5738:
5730:
5722:
5714:
5706:
5698:
5690:
5682:
5674:
5666:
5658:
5650:
5642:
5634:
5626:
5618:
5610:
5602:
5594:
5586:
5567:
5559:
5551:
5543:
5535:
5527:
5519:
5511:
5503:
5495:
5487:
5475:
5467:
5459:
5438:
5430:
5422:
5414:
5406:
5385:
5377:
5369:
5361:
5355:Matal v. Tam
5353:
5345:
5337:
5314:
5306:
5298:
5290:
5282:
5274:
5249:
5241:
5222:
5214:
5206:
5198:
5190:
5182:
5174:
5166:
5158:
5150:
5142:
5134:
5126:
5118:
5110:
5102:
5094:
5086:
5078:
5057:
5049:
5041:
5033:
5025:
5017:
5009:
5001:
4993:
4985:
4977:
4952:
4944:
4936:
4928:
4920:
4912:
4904:
4883:
4875:
4867:
4861:public forum
4846:
4838:
4830:
4822:
4814:
4806:
4798:
4790:
4782:
4774:
4766:
4758:
4750:
4742:
4734:
4726:
4718:
4710:
4702:
4694:
4688:Hague v. CIO
4686:
4678:
4671:public forum
4655:
4647:
4639:
4631:
4625:restrictions
4610:
4602:
4594:
4586:
4578:
4570:
4562:
4554:
4546:
4540:restrictions
4525:
4517:
4509:
4501:
4493:
4485:
4477:
4469:
4461:
4453:
4445:
4422:
4414:
4406:
4381:
4373:
4348:
4340:
4332:
4324:
4303:
4295:
4287:
4279:
4271:
4263:
4255:
4247:
4239:
4231:
4223:
4215:
4207:
4201:Reno v. ACLU
4199:
4191:
4183:
4175:
4167:
4159:
4151:
4143:
4135:
4127:
4119:
4111:
4103:
4095:
4087:
4079:
4071:
4063:
4055:
4047:
4039:
4031:
4023:
4015:
4007:
3999:
3991:
3983:
3962:
3954:
3946:
3938:
3931:True threats
3917:
3909:
3901:
3893:
3885:
3877:
3869:
3861:
3853:
3826:
3818:
3810:
3802:
3795:false speech
3776:
3764:
3756:
3744:
3741:(1955; 1961)
3736:
3728:
3720:
3712:
3704:
3696:
3688:
3680:
3672:
3593:
3585:
3577:
3556:
3548:
3540:
3532:
3524:
3496:
3488:
3480:
3459:
3451:
3443:
3435:
3414:
3406:
3398:
3390:
3382:
3374:
3366:
3358:
3350:
3342:
3334:
3326:
3320:Bowen v. Roy
3318:
3310:
3302:
3294:
3286:
3278:
3270:
3264:Cruz v. Beto
3262:
3254:
3246:
3238:
3230:
3222:
3214:
3206:
3198:
3190:
3182:
3174:
3166:
3158:
3150:
3142:
3105:
3097:
3089:
3081:
3073:
3065:
3057:
3049:
3041:
3022:
3014:
3006:
2998:
2979:
2971:
2963:
2955:
2936:
2928:
2920:
2912:
2904:
2896:
2888:
2880:
2872:
2853:
2845:
2837:
2829:
2821:
2813:
2794:
2786:
2778:
2770:
2762:
2754:
2746:
2738:
2730:
2722:
2714:
2706:
2698:
2677:
2669:
2661:
2653:
2645:
2637:
2629:
2621:
2613:
2605:
2597:
2589:
2581:
2573:
2565:
2557:
2549:
2541:
2533:
2525:
2517:
2509:
2501:
2493:
2485:
2477:
2469:
2461:
2453:
2445:
2437:
2429:
2410:
2402:
2394:
2386:
2378:
2370:
2362:
2354:
2333:
2325:
2317:
2309:
2301:
2293:
2285:
2277:
2269:
2261:
2179:
2172:
2165:
2158:
2151:
2131:
2124:
2117:
2110:
2090:
2059:
2052:
2045:
2038:
2031:
2024:
2017:
2010:
2003:
1983:
1976:
1943:
1925:
1894:
1887:
1880:
1873:
1866:
1859:
1839:
1832:
1825:
1818:
1798:
1791:
1784:
1777:
1770:
1763:
1756:
1749:
1742:
1735:
1710:
1703:
1696:
1676:
1669:
1662:
1638:
1631:
1624:
1617:
1610:
1603:
1583:
1576:
1569:
1562:
1555:
1548:
1541:Duty of care
1516:
1498:
1478:
1471:
1450:
1443:
1423:
1416:
1409:
1402:
1395:
1388:
1364:
1357:
1338:
1337:
1317:
1310:
1303:
1296:
1289:
1154:
1137:
1133:
1120:
1099:
1094:
1086:
1077:
1069:
1065:
1052:
1044:271 F.3d 955
1039:
1034:
1017:
1009:290 F.3d 252
1004:
997:323 F.3d 872
992:
987:
974:
969:
957:
953:
945:
941:
924:
919:
911:
907:
895:
891:
879:
874:
870:
853:
848:
830:
821:
814:
803:
794:
785:
776:
772:
764:
760:
755:
744:
729:
721:
711:
700:John Roberts
692:Samuel Alito
689:
662:
659:David Souter
656:
641:
639:
624:
608:
586:raised five
573:
567:
550:
542:
521:Buy American
505:
482:
425:
424:
423:
389:Samuel Alito
384:
372:
365:David Souter
360:
348:
337:John Roberts
284:
281:
269:
266:
258:
255:
232:
229:
221:
213:
204:Case history
183:
155:
104:
95:
85:
78:
71:
64:
52:
32:
15:
7796:Doe v. Reed
6977:Lowe v. SEC
6624:Doe v. Reed
4395:Overbreadth
4188:(Cal. 1988)
3643:Unprotected
2690:Religion in
1113:563, 566-67
1098:See, e.g.,
1038:See, e.g.,
1029: 1992).
991:See, e.g.,
936: 1995).
865: 1989).
861:, 596 (
817:smoking gun
667:action for
289:F. Supp. 2d
261:, 213 F.3d
7825:Categories
7093:Defamation
7033:privileges
6888:censorship
5330:as speaker
5328:Government
4859:Designated
3790:Defamation
3654:Incitement
2348:exemptions
1532:Negligence
1511:Defamation
1436:Conversion
840:References
789:discretion
647:certiorari
598:under the
580:prosecutor
557:grand jury
474:Background
308:Subsequent
196:U.S. LEXIS
162:Docket no.
68:newspapers
35:references
5752:Hatch Act
4896:Nonpublic
4399:Vagueness
3976:Obscenity
2992:Blue laws
1811:Causation
1085:, as the
1048:10th Cir.
1001:11th Cir.
934:D.C. Cir.
900:N.D. Tex.
732:inspector
725:causation
619:discovery
584:complaint
501:ZIP codes
244:D.C. Cir.
218:N.D. Tex.
192:L. Ed. 2d
172:Citations
6771:Boycotts
3659:sedition
2230:case law
1911:Nuisance
1153:Text of
1013:5th Cir.
758:torts."
679:filed a
513:lobbying
508:Congress
439:lobbying
402:Majority
282:sub nom.
267:sub nom.
256:sub nom.
230:sub nom.
6996:Privacy
6798:Prisons
5480:(1969,
3769:(1969,
3749:(1957,
2075:Damages
1937:Private
1463:Privacy
1282:Battery
1278:Assault
1188:Findlaw
1170:Cornell
1050:2001);
1046:, 961 (
1027:2d Cir.
1015:2002);
1011:, 260 (
1003:2003);
999:, 883 (
712:en banc
704:recused
681:dissent
410:Dissent
316:Holding
297:en banc
166:04-1495
82:scholar
7807:(2011)
7799:(2010)
7791:(2002)
7783:(1999)
7775:(1988)
7767:(1985)
7759:(1979)
7751:(1972)
7743:(1965)
7735:(1965)
7727:(1963)
7719:(1963)
7711:(1961)
7703:(1945)
7695:(1876)
7658:(2008)
7650:(2008)
7642:(2005)
7634:(2000)
7626:(1997)
7618:(1986)
7610:(1981)
7602:(1975)
7583:(2010)
7575:(2000)
7567:(1995)
7559:(1989)
7551:(1988)
7543:(1987)
7535:(1984)
7527:(1984)
7508:(1978)
7489:(1964)
7470:(2021)
7462:(1963)
7454:(1960)
7446:(1958)
7438:(1957)
7430:(1951)
7386:(2021)
7378:(1945)
7370:(1937)
7349:(1886)
7341:(1876)
7295:(2003)
7287:(1985)
7279:(1977)
7260:(2001)
7252:(1997)
7244:(1996)
7236:(1981)
7228:(1978)
7220:(1969)
7193:(1990)
7185:(1989)
7177:(1988)
7169:(1985)
7161:(1985)
7153:(1984)
7145:(1976)
7137:(1974)
7129:(1970)
7121:(1967)
7113:(1964)
7105:(1952)
7084:(1991)
7076:(1987)
7068:(1983)
7060:(1978)
7052:(1972)
7044:(1936)
7023:(1989)
7015:(1975)
7007:(1967)
6988:(2005)
6980:(1985)
6972:(1978)
6964:(1976)
6956:(1974)
6948:(1971)
6940:(1965)
6932:(1946)
6924:(1946)
6916:(1938)
6908:(1931)
6900:(1907)
6849:(2006)
6841:(2003)
6833:(2001)
6825:(1987)
6817:(1977)
6809:(1974)
6790:(1990)
6782:(1982)
6763:(2024)
6755:(2024)
6747:(2022)
6739:(2019)
6731:(2018)
6723:(2014)
6715:(2012)
6707:(2006)
6686:(2024)
6678:(2024)
6670:(2019)
6662:(1972)
6654:(1946)
6635:(2021)
6627:(2010)
6619:(1995)
6611:(1982)
6603:(1976)
6595:(1960)
6587:(1958)
6568:(2022)
6560:(2019)
6552:(2015)
6544:(2014)
6536:(2012)
6528:(2011)
6520:(2011)
6512:(2010)
6504:(2008)
6496:(2007)
6488:(2006)
6480:(2006)
6472:(2003)
6464:(2003)
6456:(2002)
6448:(2001)
6440:(2000)
6432:(1996)
6424:(1990)
6416:(1989)
6408:(1986)
6400:(1985)
6392:(1982)
6384:(1981)
6376:(1981)
6368:(1978)
6360:(1976)
6337:(2024)
6329:(2020)
6321:(2019)
6313:(2017)
6305:(2017)
6297:(2011)
6289:(2010)
6281:(2010)
6273:(2007)
6265:(2005)
6257:(2003)
6249:(2002)
6241:(2001)
6233:(2001)
6225:(1999)
6217:(1999)
6209:(1997)
6201:(1996)
6193:(1995)
6185:(1995)
6177:(1995)
6169:(1994)
6161:(1993)
6153:(1993)
6145:(1993)
6137:(1990)
6129:(1989)
6121:(1988)
6113:(1988)
6105:(1987)
6097:(1986)
6089:(1986)
6081:(1985)
6073:(1982)
6065:(1982)
6057:(1981)
6049:(1980)
6041:(1980)
6033:(1979)
6025:(1978)
6017:(1978)
6009:(1977)
6001:(1977)
5993:(1977)
5985:(1976)
5977:(1975)
5969:(1975)
5961:(1974)
5953:(1973)
5945:(1970)
5937:(1942)
5916:(1992)
5908:(1988)
5900:(1982)
5892:(1981)
5884:(1967)
5876:(1965)
5868:(1964)
5860:(1963)
5852:(1957)
5844:(1952)
5836:(1951)
5828:(1943)
5820:(1941)
5812:(1915)
5791:(1973)
5783:(1973)
5775:(1947)
5767:(1882)
5743:(2022)
5735:(2016)
5727:(2014)
5719:(2011)
5711:(2007)
5703:(2006)
5695:(2001)
5687:(1996)
5679:(1995)
5671:(1994)
5663:(1990)
5655:(1987)
5647:(1983)
5639:(1979)
5631:(1979)
5623:(1977)
5615:(1976)
5607:(1974)
5599:(1972)
5591:(1968)
5572:(2021)
5564:(2021)
5556:(2007)
5548:(2007)
5540:(2001)
5532:(1995)
5524:(1990)
5516:(1988)
5508:(1986)
5500:(1982)
5492:(1972)
5472:(1943)
5464:(1940)
5443:(1974)
5435:(1967)
5427:(1958)
5419:(1951)
5411:(1950)
5390:(2024)
5382:(2022)
5374:(2022)
5366:(2019)
5358:(2017)
5350:(2015)
5342:(2009)
5319:(2020)
5311:(2013)
5303:(2001)
5295:(1998)
5287:(1991)
5279:(1983)
5254:(1984)
5246:(1944)
5227:(2018)
5219:(2016)
5211:(2014)
5203:(2012)
5195:(2009)
5187:(2008)
5179:(2007)
5171:(2005)
5163:(2001)
5155:(2000)
5147:(1997)
5139:(1991)
5131:(1990)
5123:(1988)
5115:(1986)
5107:(1984)
5099:(1977)
5091:(1961)
5083:(1956)
5062:(2024)
5054:(2023)
5046:(2018)
5038:(2006)
5030:(1995)
5022:(1986)
5014:(1980)
5006:(1977)
4998:(1974)
4990:(1943)
4982:(1940)
4957:(2018)
4949:(1997)
4941:(1992)
4933:(1985)
4925:(1983)
4917:(1980)
4909:(1974)
4888:(2021)
4880:(1995)
4872:(1981)
4851:(2014)
4843:(2000)
4835:(1997)
4827:(1994)
4819:(1992)
4811:(1989)
4803:(1988)
4795:(1984)
4787:(1983)
4779:(1981)
4771:(1971)
4763:(1971)
4755:(1968)
4747:(1966)
4739:(1966)
4731:(1965)
4723:(1963)
4715:(1951)
4707:(1943)
4699:(1940)
4691:(1939)
4683:(1897)
4668:In the
4660:(2017)
4652:(1994)
4644:(1986)
4636:(1939)
4615:(2022)
4607:(2020)
4599:(2015)
4591:(1992)
4583:(1991)
4575:(1990)
4567:(1988)
4559:(1981)
4551:(1965)
4530:(2003)
4522:(2000)
4514:(1991)
4506:(1990)
4498:(1989)
4490:(1989)
4482:(1984)
4474:(1974)
4466:(1971)
4458:(1968)
4450:(1931)
4427:(2018)
4419:(1987)
4411:(1974)
4386:(2015)
4378:(2010)
4353:(2023)
4345:(2002)
4337:(1990)
4329:(1982)
4308:(2025)
4300:(2012)
4292:(2011)
4284:(2010)
4260:(2008)
4244:(2004)
4236:(2003)
4228:(2002)
4220:(2002)
4212:(2000)
4204:(1997)
4196:(1994)
4172:(1980)
4164:(1976)
4156:(1975)
4148:(1975)
4140:(1974)
4132:(1973)
4124:(1973)
4116:(1973)
4108:(1972)
4100:(1971)
4092:(1969)
4084:(1968)
4076:(1967)
4068:(1966)
4060:(1966)
4052:(1964)
4044:(1964)
4036:(1962)
4028:(1961)
4020:(1959)
4012:(1958)
4004:(1957)
3988:(1896)
3967:(2023)
3959:(2015)
3951:(2003)
3943:(1969)
3922:(2011)
3914:(1992)
3906:(1977)
3898:(1971)
3890:(1969)
3882:(1951)
3874:(1949)
3866:(1942)
3858:(1940)
3831:(2014)
3823:(2012)
3815:(1988)
3807:(1964)
3781:(1973)
3761:(1966)
3733:(1951)
3725:(1927)
3717:(1927)
3709:(1925)
3701:(1919)
3693:(1919)
3685:(1919)
3669:(1798)
3645:speech
3629:portal
3598:(2022)
3590:(2015)
3582:(2011)
3570:RLUIPA
3561:(2020)
3553:(2020)
3545:(2016)
3537:(2014)
3529:(2006)
3501:(2020)
3493:(2012)
3485:(1979)
3464:(2022)
3456:(2020)
3448:(2017)
3440:(2004)
3419:(2022)
3411:(2021)
3403:(2021)
3395:(2020)
3387:(2018)
3379:(2002)
3371:(1993)
3363:(1990)
3355:(1989)
3347:(1989)
3339:(1987)
3331:(1986)
3323:(1986)
3315:(1983)
3307:(1982)
3299:(1981)
3291:(1981)
3283:(1978)
3275:(1972)
3267:(1972)
3259:(1963)
3251:(1961)
3243:(1961)
3235:(1961)
3227:(1953)
3219:(1951)
3211:(1951)
3203:(1946)
3195:(1944)
3187:(1943)
3179:(1943)
3171:(1940)
3163:(1940)
3155:(1890)
3147:(1879)
3110:(2018)
3102:(1994)
3094:(1989)
3086:(1988)
3078:(1982)
3070:(1982)
3062:(1980)
3054:(1978)
3046:(1961)
3027:(1985)
3019:(1961)
3011:(1961)
3003:(1961)
2984:(2011)
2976:(2007)
2968:(1982)
2960:(1968)
2941:(2020)
2933:(1979)
2925:(1976)
2917:(1969)
2909:(1960)
2901:(1952)
2893:(1944)
2885:(1929)
2877:(1872)
2858:(2022)
2850:(2022)
2842:(2001)
2834:(1995)
2826:(1995)
2818:(1993)
2799:(2022)
2791:(2004)
2783:(2000)
2775:(1992)
2767:(1990)
2759:(1987)
2751:(1985)
2743:(1980)
2735:(1968)
2727:(1963)
2719:(1962)
2711:(1952)
2703:(1948)
2682:(2022)
2674:(2020)
2666:(2017)
2658:(2011)
2650:(2002)
2642:(2000)
2634:(1997)
2626:(1994)
2618:(1993)
2610:(1986)
2602:(1985)
2594:(1985)
2586:(1983)
2578:(1982)
2570:(1980)
2562:(1977)
2554:(1977)
2546:(1976)
2538:(1975)
2530:(1974)
2522:(1974)
2514:(1973)
2506:(1973)
2498:(1973)
2490:(1973)
2482:(1973)
2474:(1971)
2466:(1971)
2458:(1968)
2450:(1968)
2442:(1947)
2434:(1930)
2415:(2005)
2407:(1997)
2399:(1989)
2391:(1987)
2383:(1985)
2375:(1983)
2367:(1982)
2359:(1970)
2338:(2019)
2330:(2014)
2322:(2010)
2314:(2009)
2306:(2005)
2298:(2005)
2290:(1989)
2282:(1985)
2274:(1984)
2266:(1983)
1919:Public
1379:&
1280:&
1227:
1221:
1218:
1212:
1209:
1206:Justia
1203:
1200:
1194:
1191:
1185:
1182:
1176:
1173:
1167:
1104:,
1087:Bivens
1056:,
1021:,
978:,
932: (
928:,
880:Bivens
875:Bivens
863:D.D.C.
857:,
756:Bivens
664:Bivens
642:Bivens
460:allege
456:caused
387:
385:·
383:
375:
373:·
371:
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361:·
359:
351:
349:·
347:
287:, 332
226:D.D.C.
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3035:Other
1161:
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1108:
525:rider
464:prove
301:cert.
276:
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209:Prior
89:JSTOR
75:books
6886:and
3844:the
3657:and
3517:RFRA
1517:See
1163:U.S.
1110:U.S.
747:tort
730:The
702:was
462:and
278:U.S.
252:U.S.
237:F.3d
198:3450
185:more
177:U.S.
175:547
61:news
5754:and
3842:and
3792:and
1159:547
1106:391
749:of
443:CEO
293:871
274:531
263:705
248:519
240:189
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