467:(HITECH), Affordable Care Act, 5010 (electronic exchanges), ICD-10). An important change to the revenue cycle is the international classification of diseases (ICD) codes from 9 to 10. ICD-9 codes are set up to use three to five alphanumeric codes that represent 4,000 different types of procedures, while ICD-10 uses three to seven alphanumeric codes increasing procedural codes to 70,000. ICD-9 was outdated because there were more procedures than codes available, and to document for procedures without an ICD-9 code, unspecified codes were utilized which did not fully capture the procedures or the work involved in turn affecting reimbursement. Hence, ICD-10 was introduced to simplify the procedures with unknown codes and unify the standards closer to world standards (ICD-11). One of the main parts of Revenue Cycle HIT is charge capture, it utilizes codes to capture costs for reimbursements from different payers, such as CMS.
412:, advised rapid adoption of electronic patient records, electronic medication ordering, with computer- and internet-based information systems to support clinical decisions. However, many system implementations have experienced costly failures. Furthermore, there is evidence that CPOE may actually contribute to some types of adverse events and other medical errors. For example, the period immediately following CPOE implementation resulted in significant increases in reported adverse drug events in at least one study, and evidence of other errors have been reported. Collectively, these reported adverse events describe phenomena related to the disruption of the
104:(FCC) kicked off the FDASIA workgroup of the HITPC to provide stakeholder input into a report on a risk-based regulatory framework that promotes safety and innovation and reduces regulatory duplication, consistent with section 618 of FDASIA. This provision permitted the Secretary of Health and Human Services (HHS) to form a workgroup in order to obtain broad stakeholder input from across the health care, IT, patients and innovation spectrum. The FDA, ONC, and FCC actively participated in these discussions with stakeholders from across the health care, IT, patients and innovation spectrum.
237:(HITECH) was the incentive that included over $ 20 billion for the implementation of HIT alone, and provided further indication of the growing consensus regarding the potential salutary effect of HIT. The American Recovery and Reinvestment Act has set aside $ 2 billion which will go towards programs developed by the National Coordinator and Secretary to help healthcare providers implement HIT and provide technical assistance through various regional centers. The other $ 17 billion in incentives comes from
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150:(HIP) and security has been a big concern for patients and providers. Studies in Europe evaluating electronic health information poses a threat to electronic medical records and exchange of personal information. Moreover, software's traceability features allow the hospitals to collect detailed information about the preparations dispensed, creating a database of every treatment that can be used for research purposes.
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drugs, to preventive care, and to tests and procedures. Recurring alerts remind clinicians of intervals for preventive care and track referrals and test results. Clinical guidelines for disease management have a demonstrated benefit when accessible within the electronic record during the process of treating the patient. Advances in
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physician order entry, can reduce total medication error rates by 80%, and adverse (serious with harm to patient) errors by 55%. A 2004 survey by found that 16% of US clinics, hospitals and medical practices are expected to be utilizing CPOE within 2 years. In addition to electronic prescribing, a standardized
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refers to the intersection of information science, computer science, and health care. Health informatics describes the use and sharing of information within the healthcare industry with contributions from computer science, mathematics, and psychology. It deals with the resources, devices, and methods
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medication errors, competing systems of barcoding and electronic prescribing have slowed adoption of this technology by doctors and hospitals in the United States, due to concern with interoperability and compliance with future national standards. Such concerns are not inconsequential; standards for
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While electronic health records have potentially many advantages in terms of providing efficient and safe care, recent reports have brought to light some challenges with implementing electronic health records. The most immediate barriers for widespread adoption of this technology have been the high
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Healthcare information technology can also result in iatrogenesis if design and engineering are substandard, as illustrated in a 14-part detailed analysis done at the
University of Sydney. Numerous examples of bias introduced by artificial intelligence (AI) have been cited as the use of AI-assisted
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Although the electronic health record (EHR), previously known as the electronic medical record (EMR), is frequently cited in the literature, there is no consensus about the definition. However, there is consensus that EMRs can reduce several types of errors, including those related to prescription
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funding for those who adopt HIT before 2015. Healthcare providers who implement electronic records can receive up to $ 44,000 over four years in
Medicare funding and $ 63,750 over six years in Medicaid funding. The sooner that healthcare providers adopt the system, the more funding they receive.
169:
is a broad concept that deals with a species' usage and knowledge of tools and crafts, and how it affects a species' ability to control and adapt to its environment. However, a strict definition is elusive; "technology" can refer to material objects of use to humanity, such as machines, hardware or
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Prescribing errors are the largest identified source of preventable errors in hospitals. A 2006 report by the
Institute of Medicine estimated that a hospitalized patient is exposed to a medication error each day of his or her stay. Computerized provider order entry (CPOE), also called computerized
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disrupted workflow and was less desirable to use, even though the main goal of EHR is improving coordination of care. The problem was seen that exchanges did not address the needs of end users, e.g. simplicity, user-friendly interface, and speed of systems. The same finding was seen in an earlier
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system for dispensing drugs could prevent a quarter of drug errors. Consumer information about the risks of the drugs and improved drug packaging (clear labels, avoiding similar drug names and dosage reminders) are other error-proofing measures. Despite ample evidence of the potential to reduce
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The
Institute of Medicine's (2001) call for the use of electronic prescribing systems in all healthcare organizations by 2010 heightened the urgency to accelerate United States hospitals' adoption of CPOE systems. In 2004, President Bush signed an Executive Order titled the President's Health
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utensils, but can also encompass broader themes, including systems, methods of organization, and techniques. For HIT, technology represents computers and communications attributes that can be networked to build systems for moving health information. Informatics is yet another integral aspect of
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for searches. One systematic review of the literature found that searching and analyzing notes and text that would otherwise be inaccessible for review could be accessed through increasing collaboration between software developers and end-users of natural language processing tools within EHRs.
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and widespread adoption of interoperable electronic health records promise access to a patient's records at any health care site. A 2005 report noted that medical practices in the United States are encountering barriers to adopting an EHR system, such as training, costs and complexity, but the
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International health system performance comparisons are important for understanding health system complexities and finding better opportunities, which can be done through health information technology. It gives policy makers the chance to compare and contrast the systems through established
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conflict with regulations in many US states. And, aside from regulatory concerns, for the small-practice physician, utilizing CPOE requires a major change in practice work flow and an additional investment of time. Many physicians are not full-time hospital staff; entering orders for their
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Good
Informatics Practices-GIP is aligned with FDA risk-based regulatory framework for health information technology. GIP development began in 2004 developing risk-based IT technical guidance. Today the GIP peer-review and published modules are widely used as a tool for educating Health IT
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Ammenwerth, E., Talmon, J., Ash, J. S., Bates, D. W., Beuscart-Zephir, M. C., Duhamel, A., Elkin, P. L., Gardner, R. M., & Geissbuhler, A. (2006). Impact of CPOE on mortality rates – contradictory findings, important messages." Methods Inf Med, 45(6):
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Technology may introduce new sources of error. Technologically induced errors are significant and increasingly more evident in care delivery systems. Terms to describe this new area of error production include the label technological
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Handwritten reports or notes, manual order entry, non-standard abbreviations and poor legibility lead to substantial errors and injuries, according to the
Institute of Medicine (2000) report. The follow-up IOM (2004) report,
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345:(NPfIT), the NHS component of which is known as the "Connecting for Health Programme". However, recent surveys have shown physicians' deficiencies in understanding the patient safety features of the NPfIT-approved software.
254:, where hospitals inflate their billings to Medicare. Given that healthcare providers have not reached the deadline (2015) for adopting electronic health records, it is unclear what effects this policy will have long term.
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233:, signed into law in 2009 under the Obama administration, has provided approximately $ 19 billion in incentives for hospitals to shift from paper to electronic medical records. Meaningful Use, as a part of the 2009
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Bradley, V. M., Steltenkamp, C. L., & Hite, K. B. (2006). Evaluation of reported medication errors before and after implementation of computerized practitioner order entry. Journal
Healthc Inf Manag, 20(4):
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Perera, Gihan; Holbrook, Anne; Thabane, Lehana; Foster, Gary; Willison, Donald J. (February 2011). "Views on health information sharing and privacy from primary care practices using electronic medical records".
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Information
Technology Plan, which established a ten-year plan to develop and implement electronic medical record systems across the US to improve the efficiency and safety of care. According to a study by
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Jha, A. K., Doolan, D., Grandt, D., Scott, T. & Bates, D. W. (2008). The use of health information technology in seven nations. International
Journal of Medical Informatics, corrected proof in-press.
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Moore, An'nita & Fisher, Kathleen (2012, March). Healthcare
Information Technology and Medical-Surgical Nurse: The Emergence of a New Care Partnership. Computers, Informatics, Nursing, 30(3),157-163.
1528:, Ash, J. S., Guappone, K. P., & Dykstra, R. H. (2007). In reply to: "e-Iatrogenesis: The most critical consequence of CPOE and other HIT. Journal of the American Medical Informatics Association.
146:(EMRs) is still scarce now but is increasing in Canada, American and British primary care. Healthcare information in EMRs are important sources for clinical, research, and policy questions. Health
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of the United Kingdom has placed emphasis on introducing computers into healthcare. As of 2005, one of the largest projects for a national EHR is by the National Health Service (NHS) in the
142:, health information sharing between patients and providers helps to improve diagnosis, promotes self care, and patients also know more information about their health. The use of electronic
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Winslow, Ford; Asher, Anette; Fouskarinis, Steven; Fulop, Gabor; Gomez, Damian; Ghopeh, Oscar; Jacobson, Andrew; Kim, John; Speake, Linda; Vilicich, Mark; Asher, Howard (February 2011),
2005:. Health IT Policy and Politics: A Primer on Moving Policy Into Action. Featured Session, American Medical Informatics Association Annual Symposium (2009). Available as a webinar at
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A main problem in HIT adoption is mainly seen by physicians, an important stakeholder to the process of EHR. The Thorn et al. article, elicited that emergency physicians noticed that
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161:(HIT) is "the application of information processing involving both computer hardware and software that deals with the storage, retrieval, sharing, and use of health care information,
72:
monitors. Based on a 2008 report on a small series of studies conducted at four sites that provide ambulatory care – three U.S. medical centers and one in the Netherlands, the use of
192:. Informatics underlies the academic investigation and practitioner application of computing and communications technology to healthcare, health education, and biomedical research.
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Milstein, Julia A. & Bates, David W. (2010, March–April). Paperless healthcare: Progress and challenges of an IT-enabled healthcare system. Business Horizons, 53(2), 119–130.
337:. The goal of the NHS is to have 60,000,000 patients with a centralized electronic health record by 2010. The plan involves a gradual roll-out commencing May 2006, providing
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include not only computers but also clinical guidelines, formal medical terminologies, and information and communication systems. Medical informatics, nursing informatics,
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Fadahunsi, Kayode Philip; Akinlua, James Tosin; O’Connor, Siobhan; Wark, Petra A; Gallagher, Joseph; Carroll, Christopher; Majeed, Azeem; O’Donoghue, John (March 2019).
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222:, the US healthcare system could save more than $ 81 billion annually, reduce adverse healthcare events and improve the quality of care if it were to widely adopt
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Bates, DW; Leape, LL; Cullen, DJ; Laird, N; Petersen, LA; Teich, JM; Burdick, E; Hickey, M; Kleefield, S; Shea, B; Vander Vliet, M; Seger, DL (21 October 1998).
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initial cost of implementing the new technology and the time required for doctors to train and adapt to the new system. There have also been suspected cases of
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are subdisciplines that inform health informatics from different disciplinary perspectives. The processes and people of concern or study are the main variables.
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CPOE and automated drug dispensing were identified as a cause of error by 84% of over 500 health care facilities participating in a surveillance system by the
89:
285:(CPOE). They further defined applications for dispensing to include bar-coding at medication dispensing (BarD), robot for medication dispensing (ROBOT), and
107:
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Furukawa M. F., Raghu T. S., Spaulding T. J., Vinze A. (2008). "Adoption Of Health Information Technology For Medication Safety In U.S. Hospitals, 2006".
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One approach to reducing the costs and promoting wider use is to develop open standards related to EHRs. In 2014 there was widespread interest in a new
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In a 2008 study about the adoption of technology in the United States, Furukawa, and colleagues classified applications for prescribing to include
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prescriber and staff inexperience may lead to a false sense of security; that when technology suggests a course of action, errors are avoided.
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1029:"Improving clinical practice using clinical decision support systems: a systematic review of trials to identify features critical to success"
2015:"That's nice, but what does IT do? Evaluating the impact of bar coded medication administration by measuring changes in the process of care"
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1444:"Medication Errors Harming Millions, Report Says. Extensive National Study Finds Widespread, Costly Mistakes in Giving and Taking Medicine"
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shortcut or default selections can override non-standard medication regimens for elderly or underweight patients, resulting in toxic doses.
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evaluation of health care based on value enabled by the collection of de-identified price and quality information that can be compared
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76:(EHRs) was viewed as the most promising tool for improving the overall quality, safety and efficiency of the health delivery system.
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Mettler T (2016). "Anticipating mismatches of HIT investments: Developing a viability-fit model for e-health services".
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Interoperable HIT will improve individual patient care, but it will also bring many public health benefits including:
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Snedaker, Susan, Leading Healthcare IT: Managing to Succeed, Taylor & Francis Group, LLC, Boca Raton, FL, 2017.
265:(FHIR), which is designed to be open, extensible, and easier to implement, benefiting from modern web technologies.
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1372:"Effect of Computerized Physician Order Entry and a Team Intervention on Prevention of Serious Medication Errors"
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Holden Richard J., Brown Roger L., Alper Samuel J., Scanlon Matthew C., Patel Neal R., Karsh Ben-Tzion (2011).
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required for optimizing the acquisition, storage, retrieval, and use of information in health and biomedicine.
2107:"It ain't necessarily so: The electronic health record and the unlikely prospect of reducing healthcare costs"
683:"Systematic review: Impact of health information technology on quality, efficiency, and costs of medical care"
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The HIMSS Revenue Cycle Improvement Task Force was formed to prepare for the IT changes in the U.S. (e.g. the
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626:"Protocol for a systematic review and qualitative synthesis of information quality frameworks in eHealth"
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1264:"Using Natural Language Processing to Measure and Improve Quality of Diabetes Care: A Systematic Review"
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Those who do not adopt electronic health record systems before 2015 do not receive any federal funding.
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indicators from health information technology, as inaccurate comparisons can lead to adverse policies.
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Hikmet, N. "Physicians' Resistance toward Healthcare Information Technologies: A Dual-Factor Model".
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1940:"The extent and importance of unintended consequences related to computerized provider order entry"
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for the process and e-iatrogenic for the individual error. The sources for these errors include:
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92:(FDASIA) working group for a risk-based regulatory framework for health information technology.
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1906:"Health system performance comparison: an agenda for policy, information and research (2012)"
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1149:"Patient safety features of clinical computer systems: questionnaire survey of GP views"
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Kawamoto, Kensaku; Houlihan, Caitlin A; Balas, E Andrew; Lobach, David F (2 Apr 2005).
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1634:"Role of Computerized Physician Order Entry Systems in Facilitating Medication Errors"
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Brailer, D. (2004). The decade of health information technology. HHS Report, July, 21.
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Ash J. S., Sittig D. F., Poon E. G., Guappone K., Campbell E., Dykstra R. H. (2007).
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resulting from poorly implemented or inadequately planned technological innovation.
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1756:"e-Iatrogenesis: The most critical unintended consequence of CPOE and other HIT"
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1204:"Emergency Physicians' Perspectives on Their Use of Health Information Exchange"
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1084:"Medical groups' adoption of electronic health records and information systems"
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1700:"Technological iatrogenesis: New risks force heightened management awareness"
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1550:"Computerized Physician Order entry and medication errors: finding a balance"
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743:"Chapter 1 - Executive Summary: A framework for trusted information systems"
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Bates D.W. (2005). "Physicians and ambulatory electronic health records".
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289:(ADM). They defined applications for administration to include electronic
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C J Morris; B S P Savelyich; A J Avery; J A Cantrill; A Sheikh (2005).
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Health Information Technology: Can HIT Lower Costs and Improve Quality?
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Daniel, Jodi G; Patel, Bakul Patel; Quinn, Matthew (5 September 2013).
166:
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hospitalized patients means taking time away from scheduled patients.
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adoption rate continues to rise (see chart to right). Since 2002, the
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Crossing the Quality Chasm: A New Health System for the 21st Century
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Crossing the quality chasm: A new health system for the 21st century
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1468:"Computerized Physician Order Entry: Coming to a Hospital Near You"
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Health Information Technology for Economic and Clinical Health Act
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724:"The path toward a risk-based regulatory framework for health IT"
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752:, Healthcare Information and Management Systems Society (HIMSS)
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1493:. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. Archived from
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1870:"The Future of Revenue Cycle: Preparing for Near-Term Change"
1814:"Computer Related Errors: What Every Pharmacist Should Know"
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2007:
https://knowledge.amia.org/amia-55142-a2009a-1.626575?qr=1
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and physician resistance to its use, Bhattacherjee et al.
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American Association for Medical Systems and Informatics
1081:
730:. Office of the National Coordinator for Health IT (US).
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Technological innovations, opportunities, and challenges
165:, and knowledge for communication and decision making".
16:
Information technology applied to health and health care
1944:
Journal of the American Medical Informatics Association
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Journal of the American Medical Informatics Association
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irrelevant or frequent warnings can interrupt work flow
88:(HITPC) accepted and approved recommendations from the
680:
90:
Food and Drug Administration Safety and Innovation Act
1753:
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1369:
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Chaudhry B, Wang J, Wu S, et al. (16 May 2006).
1845:"A Study of An Enterprise Health Information System"
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Turchin, Alexander; Florez Builes, Luisa F. (2021).
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Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act
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Health Resources and Services Administration (HRSA)
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1008:How EMR software can help prevent medical mistakes
599:Software programs for pharmacy workflow management
1477:J. Scott Litton, Physicians Practice, March 2012.
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905:"The Ups and Downs of Electronic Medical Records"
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721:
98:Office of the National Coordinator for Health IT
2455:
2410:List of medical and health informatics journals
2165:at US Department of Health & Human Services
1675:"Doctors' Journal Says Computing Is No Panacea"
1082:Gans D, Kralewski J, Hammons T, Dowd B (2005).
2580:Participative decision-making in organizations
2019:International Journal of Industrial Ergonomics
851:"When Healthcare and Computer Science Collide"
763:Asher, Howard; Bourne, Phil (19 August 2009),
465:American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009
3482:
2774:
2441:
2184:
419:
374:Computerized provider (physician) order entry
80:Risk-based regulatory framework for health IT
2072:International Journal of Medical Informatics
2061:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
1986:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
983:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
890:"Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services"
783:International Journal of Medical Informatics
139:International Journal of Medical Informatics
1819:. United States Pharmacopia. Archived from
1632:Ross Koppel; Cohen, A; et al. (2005).
902:
762:
153:
3771:Reproductive endocrinology and infertility
3489:
3475:
2781:
2767:
2448:
2434:
2191:
2177:
1877:HIMSS Revenue Cycle Improvement Task Force
1588:
1417:. The Leapfrog Group. 2004. Archived from
1268:Journal of Diabetes Science and Technology
1202:Thorn, S.; Carter, M.; Bailey, J. (2014).
589:Picture archiving and communication system
263:Fast Healthcare Interoperability Resources
4112:Bachelor of Medicine, Bachelor of Surgery
2122:
2038:
1963:
1782:
1649:
1565:
1387:
1295:
1246:
1172:
1052:
1006:American College of Physicians Observer:
921:
698:
657:
313:US medical groups' adoption of EHR (2005)
136:According to an article published in the
2335:American Medical Informatics Association
2104:
1319:
1317:
1315:
1128:Delivering the National Programme for IT
700:10.7326/0003-4819-144-10-200605160-00125
518:Computer security § Medical systems
308:
4306:Health information technology companies
2370:American College of Medical Informatics
2069:
1811:
1547:
1441:
823:(in European Spanish). 23 February 2017
554:List of open source healthcare software
360:One opportunity for EHRs is to utilize
295:bar-coding at medication administration
4298:
2991:Nursing credentials and certifications
2198:
1698:Patrick Palmieri; et al. (2007).
1412:"Hospital Quality & Safety Survey"
915:
821:Cluster Salud, La Industria de la vida
268:
231:American Recovery and Reinvestment Act
3470:
2762:
2429:
2223:Artificial intelligence in healthcare
2172:
1707:Journal of Healthcare Risk Management
1312:
533:European Institute for Health Records
503:Artificial intelligence in healthcare
471:International comparisons through HIT
54:secure exchange of health information
52:across computerized systems and the
4250:
4011:Physical medicine and rehabilitation
3437:
3279:Nursing Interventions Classification
1672:
1017:by Jerome H. Carter (September 2004)
924:"Setting Healthcare Interop On Fire"
458:
297:(BarA or BCMA). Other types include
4260:
3449:
13:
4147:Medical Scientist Training Program
2600:Health information on the Internet
1931:
1910:World Health Organization | Europe
1324:The Institute of Medicine (2006).
1240:
766:LSIT Global Institute public debut
513:Clinical documentation improvement
380:Computerized physician order entry
283:computerized physician order entry
14:
4327:
4316:Electronic health record software
2151:
1554:Journal of Biomedical Informatics
1220:10.1016/j.annemergmed.2013.09.024
1153:Quality and Safety in Health Care
855:University of Illinois at Chicago
369:Clinical point of care technology
291:medication administration records
212:
102:Federal Communications Commission
4279:
4269:
4259:
4249:
4240:
4239:
3448:
3436:
3425:
3424:
903:Freudenheim, Milt (2012-10-08).
486:
94:The Food and Drug Administration
4280:
3289:Nursing Outcomes Classification
3284:Nursing Minimum Data Set (NMDS)
2956:Associate of Science in Nursing
2733:Open-source healthcare software
2608:Health information on Knowledge
1898:
1862:
1837:
1805:
1747:
1691:
1666:
1625:
1582:
1541:
1531:
1518:
1508:
1480:
1461:
1435:
1404:
1255:
1234:
1195:
1140:
1120:
1075:
1020:
1000:
991:
942:
896:
882:
869:
750:Good Informatics Practice (GIP)
4137:Doctor of Osteopathic Medicine
3571:Oral and maxillofacial surgery
2961:Bachelor of Science in Nursing
2084:10.1016/j.ijmedinf.2015.10.002
1487:Institute of Medicine (2001).
1326:"Preventing Medication Errors"
843:
834:
809:
795:10.1016/j.ijmedinf.2010.11.005
773:
756:
734:
715:
674:
617:
305:Electronic health record (EHR)
118:early detection of infectious
1:
3183:Psychiatric and mental health
2271:Health information management
2256:health information technology
2163:Health Information Technology
610:
287:automated dispensing machines
224:health information technology
159:Health information technology
50:health information management
26:Health information technology
4117:Bachelor of Medical Sciences
3884:Neurosurgical anesthesiology
3496:
2976:Master of Science in Nursing
2246:Translational bioinformatics
1754:Weiner; et al. (2007).
1442:Kaufman, Marc (2005-07-21).
1330:The National Academies Press
1208:Annals of Emergency Medicine
594:Radiology information system
207:translational bioinformatics
205:, pharmacy informatics, and
7:
2788:
2550:Doctor–patient relationship
2457:Telemedicine and telehealth
2276:Consumer health informatics
2031:10.1016/j.ergon.2011.02.007
1126:NHS Connecting for Health:
1045:10.1136/bmj.38398.500764.8F
687:Annals of Internal Medicine
642:10.1136/bmjopen-2018-024722
544:Hospital information system
523:Consumer health informatics
479:
441:United States Pharmacopoeia
362:natural language processing
350:health information exchange
299:Health information exchange
10:
4332:
2971:Doctor of Nursing Practice
2585:Patient Activation Measure
2323:Professional organizations
1673:Lohr, Steve (2005-03-09).
451:healthcare increases. See
420:Technological iatrogenesis
377:
353:article with the focus on
316:
275:electronic medical records
86:Health IT Policy Committee
18:
4235:
4157:
4095:
3856:
3784:
3739:
3648:
3519:
3504:
3420:
3297:
3264:
3231:
3128:Women's Health Care Nurse
3019:
2935:
2886:
2863:Clinical nurse specialist
2855:
2846:
2805:
2796:
2725:
2657:Remote patient monitoring
2631:
2598:
2535:
2492:
2463:
2378:
2365:International Association
2322:
2294:Continuity of Care Record
2284:
2266:Public health informatics
2206:
2124:10.1377/hlthaff.25.4.1079
1603:10.1377/hlthaff.24.5.1180
1567:10.1016/j.jbi.2005.05.003
1280:10.1177/19322968211000831
1100:10.1377/hlthaff.24.5.1323
879:Retrieved on July 8, 2006
343:National Programme for IT
341:in England access to the
279:clinical decision support
203:public health informatics
188:, and the engineering of
180:refers to the science of
74:electronic health records
4071:Transplantation medicine
3962:Clinical neurophysiology
3879:Obstetric anesthesiology
3799:Interventional radiology
3559:Digestive system surgery
3307:International Nurses Day
2823:Licensed practical nurse
2613:Online patient education
2517:Electronic health record
2386:Electronic health record
1812:Santell, John P (2004).
1651:10.1001/jama.293.10.1197
1389:10.1001/jama.280.15.1311
1165:10.1136/qshc.2004.011866
1137:Retrieved August 4, 2006
963:10.1377/hlthaff.27.3.865
922:Dan Munro (2014-03-30).
319:Electronic health record
199:Health informatics tools
154:Concepts and definitions
3942:Intensive care medicine
3916:Mass gathering medicine
3761:Maternal–fetal medicine
2986:Nurse Licensure Compact
2214:Medical image computing
1719:10.1002/jhrm.5600270405
1033:British Medical Journal
574:Patient tracking system
414:complex adaptive system
331:National Health Service
84:September 4, 2013 the
3534:Cardiothoracic surgery
2738:Patient opinion leader
2590:Shared decision-making
2527:Personal health record
2286:Medical classification
2251:Translational medicine
584:Information technology
579:Personal health record
392:electronic prescribing
314:
186:information processing
38:information technology
4185:Personalized medicine
4044:Reproductive medicine
3969:Occupational medicine
3923:Evolutionary medicine
3218:Travel health nursing
2818:Clinical nurse leader
2570:Knowledge translation
2537:Patient participation
2401:Personalized medicine
2240:Computational biology
312:
125:improved tracking of
4205:Traditional medicine
4165:Alternative medicine
4032:Addiction psychiatry
3846:Transfusion medicine
3841:Medical microbiology
3756:Gynecologic oncology
3608:Reproductive surgery
3043:Correctional nursing
2743:Research participant
2346:(to merge from 2020)
2344:Australasian College
2234:Behavior informatics
4227:History of medicine
4210:Veterinary medicine
4017:Preventive medicine
3869:Adolescent medicine
3711:Infectious diseases
3377:Republic of Ireland
3153:Occupational health
3143:Nursing informatics
2919:Psych/mental health
2464:Background concepts
2355:European Federation
2218:imaging informatics
1956:10.1197/jamia.m2373
1886:on 14 December 2013
1775:10.1197/jamia.M2338
1448:The Washington Post
817:"La dosis adecuada"
549:Imaging informatics
269:Types of technology
190:information systems
148:information privacy
122:around the country;
4175:Molecular oncology
4132:Doctor of Medicine
4122:Master of Medicine
4039:Radiation oncology
3911:Emergency medicine
3864:Addiction medicine
3831:Clinical chemistry
3826:Clinical pathology
3618:Transplant surgery
3576:Orthopedic surgery
3554:Colorectal surgery
3241:Nursing assessment
3103:Legal consultation
2966:Diploma in Nursing
2951:Nightingale Pledge
2878:Nurse practitioner
2717:Telerehabilitation
2471:Health informatics
2405:precision medicine
2396:Remote manipulator
2360:Indian Association
2340:Australian Society
2200:Health informatics
1679:The New York Times
1473:2012-07-05 at the
1133:2006-08-10 at the
1013:2008-08-30 at the
857:. 9 September 2014
326:health informatics
315:
252:fraudulent billing
194:Health informatics
184:, the practice of
21:Health informatics
4293:
4292:
4127:Master of Surgery
4091:
4090:
4076:Tropical medicine
4022:Prison healthcare
3937:Hospital medicine
3901:Disaster medicine
3891:Aviation medicine
3706:Hospital medicine
3613:Surgical oncology
3598:Pediatric surgery
3592:
3539:Endocrine surgery
3464:
3463:
3251:Nursing care plan
3246:Nursing diagnosis
2931:
2930:
2927:
2926:
2899:Adult-gerontology
2887:NPs by population
2868:Nurse anesthetist
2848:Advanced practice
2756:
2755:
2692:Teleophthalmology
2682:Telemental health
2667:Tele-epidemiology
2512:De-identification
2484:Telecommunication
2423:
2422:
2350:Brazilian Society
2145:978-1-4987-7409-3
2105:Sidrov J (2006).
1644:(10): 1197–1203.
1524:Campbell, E. M.,
1382:(15): 1311–1316.
1347:978-0-309-10147-9
1039:(7494): 765–774.
875:RAND Healthcare:
459:Revenue Cycle HIT
339:general practices
120:disease outbreaks
34:health technology
4323:
4283:
4282:
4273:
4263:
4262:
4253:
4252:
4243:
4242:
3947:Medical genetics
3932:General practice
3809:Nuclear medicine
3684:Gastroenterology
3640:Vascular surgery
3590:
3517:
3516:
3491:
3484:
3477:
3468:
3467:
3452:
3451:
3440:
3439:
3428:
3427:
3118:Medical-surgical
3021:Specialties and
2981:Board of nursing
2853:
2852:
2828:Registered nurse
2803:
2802:
2783:
2776:
2769:
2760:
2759:
2565:Health education
2450:
2443:
2436:
2427:
2426:
2228:Neuroinformatics
2193:
2186:
2179:
2170:
2169:
2136:
2126:
2117:(4): 1079–1085.
2095:
2066:
2060:
2052:
2042:
1991:
1985:
1977:
1967:
1925:
1924:
1922:
1921:
1912:. Archived from
1902:
1896:
1895:
1893:
1891:
1885:
1879:. Archived from
1874:
1866:
1860:
1859:
1857:
1856:
1847:. Archived from
1841:
1835:
1834:
1832:
1831:
1825:
1818:
1809:
1803:
1802:
1800:
1799:
1786:
1760:
1751:
1745:
1744:
1742:
1741:
1735:
1729:. Archived from
1704:
1695:
1689:
1688:
1686:
1685:
1670:
1664:
1663:
1653:
1629:
1623:
1622:
1597:(5): 1180–1189.
1586:
1580:
1579:
1569:
1548:Bates D (2005).
1545:
1539:
1535:
1529:
1522:
1516:
1512:
1506:
1505:
1503:
1502:
1484:
1478:
1465:
1459:
1458:
1456:
1455:
1439:
1433:
1432:
1430:
1429:
1423:
1416:
1408:
1402:
1401:
1391:
1367:
1358:
1357:
1355:
1354:
1321:
1310:
1309:
1299:
1259:
1253:
1252:
1250:
1238:
1232:
1231:
1199:
1193:
1192:
1190:
1189:
1176:
1144:
1138:
1124:
1118:
1117:
1115:
1114:
1094:(5): 1323–1333.
1079:
1073:
1072:
1070:
1069:
1056:
1024:
1018:
1004:
998:
995:
989:
988:
982:
974:
946:
940:
939:
937:
936:
919:
913:
912:
900:
894:
893:
886:
880:
873:
867:
866:
864:
862:
847:
841:
838:
832:
831:
829:
828:
813:
807:
806:
777:
771:
770:
760:
754:
753:
747:
738:
732:
731:
719:
713:
712:
702:
678:
672:
671:
661:
621:
604:Computer science
496:
491:
490:
489:
453:Algorithmic bias
261:draft standard,
4331:
4330:
4326:
4325:
4324:
4322:
4321:
4320:
4296:
4295:
4294:
4289:
4231:
4220:Chief physician
4153:
4098:
4087:
4081:Travel medicine
4066:Sports medicine
4049:Sexual medicine
3989:Palliative care
3984:Pain management
3928:Family medicine
3906:Diving medicine
3852:
3780:
3742:
3735:
3651:
3644:
3603:Plastic surgery
3549:General surgery
3529:Cardiac surgery
3510:
3508:
3500:
3495:
3465:
3460:
3416:
3293:
3266:
3265:Classification
3260:
3233:Nursing process
3227:
3068:Faith community
3033:Ambulatory care
3024:
3022:
3015:
2941:
2939:
2923:
2882:
2842:
2838:Nurse scientist
2798:
2792:
2787:
2757:
2752:
2748:Virtual patient
2721:
2677:Teledermatology
2627:
2594:
2531:
2488:
2459:
2454:
2424:
2419:
2374:
2318:
2280:
2202:
2197:
2154:
2054:
2053:
1997:, Peddicord D,
1979:
1978:
1934:
1932:Further reading
1929:
1928:
1919:
1917:
1904:
1903:
1899:
1889:
1887:
1883:
1872:
1868:
1867:
1863:
1854:
1852:
1843:
1842:
1838:
1829:
1827:
1823:
1816:
1810:
1806:
1797:
1795:
1758:
1752:
1748:
1739:
1737:
1733:
1702:
1696:
1692:
1683:
1681:
1671:
1667:
1630:
1626:
1587:
1583:
1546:
1542:
1536:
1532:
1523:
1519:
1513:
1509:
1500:
1498:
1485:
1481:
1475:Wayback Machine
1466:
1462:
1453:
1451:
1440:
1436:
1427:
1425:
1421:
1414:
1410:
1409:
1405:
1368:
1361:
1352:
1350:
1348:
1322:
1313:
1260:
1256:
1248:10.1.1.101.9714
1239:
1235:
1200:
1196:
1187:
1185:
1145:
1141:
1135:Wayback Machine
1125:
1121:
1112:
1110:
1080:
1076:
1067:
1065:
1025:
1021:
1015:Wayback Machine
1005:
1001:
996:
992:
976:
975:
947:
943:
934:
932:
920:
916:
901:
897:
888:
887:
883:
874:
870:
860:
858:
849:
848:
844:
839:
835:
826:
824:
815:
814:
810:
778:
774:
761:
757:
745:
739:
735:
720:
716:
679:
675:
622:
618:
613:
608:
559:Medical imaging
494:Medicine portal
492:
487:
485:
482:
473:
461:
422:
405:
396:Medicare Part D
382:
376:
371:
321:
307:
271:
215:
160:
156:
144:medical records
127:chronic disease
111:professionals.
82:
36:, particularly
23:
17:
12:
11:
5:
4329:
4319:
4318:
4313:
4311:Patient safety
4308:
4291:
4290:
4288:
4287:
4277:
4267:
4257:
4247:
4236:
4233:
4232:
4230:
4229:
4224:
4223:
4222:
4212:
4207:
4202:
4197:
4192:
4187:
4182:
4177:
4172:
4167:
4161:
4159:
4158:Related topics
4155:
4154:
4152:
4151:
4150:
4149:
4139:
4134:
4129:
4124:
4119:
4114:
4109:
4107:Medical school
4103:
4101:
4093:
4092:
4089:
4088:
4086:
4085:
4084:
4083:
4073:
4068:
4063:
4061:Sleep medicine
4058:
4057:
4056:
4046:
4041:
4036:
4035:
4034:
4024:
4019:
4014:
4008:
4003:
4002:
4001:
3991:
3986:
3981:
3976:
3971:
3966:
3965:
3964:
3954:
3949:
3944:
3939:
3934:
3925:
3920:
3919:
3918:
3908:
3903:
3898:
3893:
3888:
3887:
3886:
3881:
3874:Anesthesiology
3871:
3866:
3860:
3858:
3854:
3853:
3851:
3850:
3849:
3848:
3843:
3838:
3833:
3828:
3823:
3813:
3812:
3811:
3806:
3804:Neuroradiology
3801:
3790:
3788:
3782:
3781:
3779:
3778:
3773:
3768:
3763:
3758:
3753:
3747:
3745:
3741:Obstetrics and
3737:
3736:
3734:
3733:
3728:
3723:
3718:
3713:
3708:
3703:
3698:
3693:
3692:
3691:
3681:
3676:
3671:
3666:
3656:
3654:
3646:
3645:
3643:
3642:
3637:
3636:
3635:
3625:
3623:Trauma surgery
3620:
3615:
3610:
3605:
3600:
3595:
3594:
3593:
3586:Otolaryngology
3583:
3578:
3573:
3568:
3563:
3562:
3561:
3556:
3546:
3541:
3536:
3531:
3525:
3523:
3514:
3512:subspecialties
3502:
3501:
3494:
3493:
3486:
3479:
3471:
3462:
3461:
3459:
3458:
3446:
3434:
3421:
3418:
3417:
3415:
3414:
3404:
3397:United Kingdom
3394:
3389:
3384:
3379:
3374:
3369:
3364:
3354:
3349:
3344:
3339:
3334:
3329:
3324:
3319:
3309:
3303:
3301:
3295:
3294:
3292:
3291:
3286:
3281:
3276:
3270:
3268:
3262:
3261:
3259:
3258:
3256:Nursing theory
3253:
3248:
3243:
3237:
3235:
3229:
3228:
3226:
3225:
3220:
3215:
3210:
3205:
3200:
3195:
3190:
3185:
3180:
3175:
3173:Perianesthesia
3170:
3165:
3160:
3155:
3150:
3145:
3140:
3135:
3130:
3125:
3120:
3115:
3110:
3105:
3100:
3095:
3090:
3085:
3080:
3075:
3070:
3065:
3060:
3055:
3050:
3045:
3040:
3035:
3029:
3027:
3017:
3016:
3014:
3013:
3008:
3003:
3001:Nurse registry
2998:
2996:Nursing school
2993:
2988:
2983:
2978:
2973:
2968:
2963:
2958:
2953:
2947:
2945:
2933:
2932:
2929:
2928:
2925:
2924:
2922:
2921:
2916:
2911:
2909:Women's health
2906:
2901:
2896:
2890:
2888:
2884:
2883:
2881:
2880:
2875:
2870:
2865:
2859:
2857:
2850:
2844:
2843:
2841:
2840:
2835:
2833:Graduate nurse
2830:
2825:
2820:
2815:
2809:
2807:
2800:
2794:
2793:
2786:
2785:
2778:
2771:
2763:
2754:
2753:
2751:
2750:
2745:
2740:
2735:
2729:
2727:
2723:
2722:
2720:
2719:
2714:
2709:
2707:Telepsychiatry
2704:
2699:
2694:
2689:
2684:
2679:
2674:
2669:
2664:
2662:Tele-audiology
2659:
2654:
2652:Remote therapy
2649:
2647:Remote surgery
2644:
2638:
2636:
2634:subspecialties
2629:
2628:
2626:
2625:
2623:PubMed Central
2620:
2615:
2610:
2604:
2602:
2596:
2595:
2593:
2592:
2587:
2582:
2577:
2572:
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2557:
2552:
2547:
2541:
2539:
2533:
2532:
2530:
2529:
2524:
2519:
2514:
2509:
2504:
2502:Admission note
2498:
2496:
2494:Medical record
2490:
2489:
2487:
2486:
2481:
2473:
2467:
2465:
2461:
2460:
2453:
2452:
2445:
2438:
2430:
2421:
2420:
2418:
2417:
2412:
2407:
2398:
2393:
2391:Health Level 7
2388:
2382:
2380:
2379:Other concepts
2376:
2375:
2373:
2372:
2367:
2362:
2357:
2352:
2347:
2337:
2332:
2326:
2324:
2320:
2319:
2317:
2316:
2311:
2306:
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2290:
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2279:
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2273:
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2263:
2258:
2253:
2248:
2243:
2237:
2231:
2225:
2220:
2210:
2208:
2207:Subdisciplines
2204:
2203:
2196:
2195:
2188:
2181:
2173:
2167:
2166:
2160:
2153:
2152:External links
2150:
2149:
2148:
2137:
2111:Health Affairs
2102:
2099:
2096:
2078:(1): 104–115.
2067:
2025:(4): 370–379.
2010:
1992:
1950:(4): 415–423.
1933:
1930:
1927:
1926:
1897:
1861:
1836:
1804:
1769:(3): 387–388.
1746:
1690:
1665:
1624:
1591:Health Affairs
1581:
1560:(4): 250–261.
1540:
1530:
1517:
1507:
1479:
1460:
1450:. pp. A08
1434:
1403:
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1346:
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1274:(3): 553–560.
1254:
1233:
1214:(3): 329–337.
1194:
1159:(3): 164–168.
1139:
1119:
1088:Health Affairs
1074:
1019:
999:
990:
957:(3): 865–875.
951:Health Affairs
941:
914:
909:New York Times
895:
881:
868:
842:
833:
808:
772:
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733:
728:Health IT Buzz
714:
693:(10): 742–52.
673:
636:(3): e024722.
615:
614:
612:
609:
607:
606:
601:
596:
591:
586:
581:
576:
571:
569:Patient safety
566:
561:
556:
551:
546:
541:
536:
530:
525:
520:
515:
510:
508:Bioinformatics
505:
499:
498:
497:
481:
478:
472:
469:
460:
457:
448:
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444:
437:
434:
421:
418:
404:
401:
378:Main article:
375:
372:
370:
367:
335:United Kingdom
317:Main article:
306:
303:
270:
267:
214:
213:Implementation
211:
158:
155:
152:
134:
133:
130:
123:
81:
78:
48:. It supports
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
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4276:
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4190:Public health
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4178:
4176:
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4170:Allied health
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4160:
4156:
4148:
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4140:
4138:
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4079:
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4025:
4023:
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4000:
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3992:
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3982:
3980:
3979:Oral medicine
3977:
3975:
3974:Ophthalmology
3972:
3970:
3967:
3963:
3960:
3959:
3958:
3955:
3953:
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3945:
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3909:
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3877:
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3867:
3865:
3862:
3861:
3859:
3855:
3847:
3844:
3842:
3839:
3837:
3836:Cytopathology
3834:
3832:
3829:
3827:
3824:
3822:
3819:
3818:
3817:
3814:
3810:
3807:
3805:
3802:
3800:
3797:
3796:
3795:
3792:
3791:
3789:
3787:
3783:
3777:
3776:Urogynecology
3774:
3772:
3769:
3767:
3764:
3762:
3759:
3757:
3754:
3752:
3749:
3748:
3746:
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3732:
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3727:
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3707:
3704:
3702:
3699:
3697:
3694:
3690:
3687:
3686:
3685:
3682:
3680:
3679:Endocrinology
3677:
3675:
3672:
3670:
3667:
3665:
3661:
3658:
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3655:
3653:
3647:
3641:
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3579:
3577:
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3537:
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3526:
3524:
3522:
3518:
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3507:
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3492:
3487:
3485:
3480:
3478:
3473:
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3432:
3423:
3422:
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3407:United States
3405:
3402:
3398:
3395:
3393:
3390:
3388:
3385:
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3353:
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3333:
3330:
3328:
3325:
3323:
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3317:
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3305:
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3300:
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3290:
3287:
3285:
3282:
3280:
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3275:
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3271:
3269:
3263:
3257:
3254:
3252:
3249:
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3239:
3238:
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3234:
3230:
3224:
3221:
3219:
3216:
3214:
3211:
3209:
3206:
3204:
3201:
3199:
3196:
3194:
3193:Public health
3191:
3189:
3186:
3184:
3181:
3179:
3178:Perioperative
3176:
3174:
3171:
3169:
3166:
3164:
3161:
3159:
3156:
3154:
3151:
3149:
3146:
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3141:
3139:
3136:
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3126:
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3119:
3116:
3114:
3111:
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3101:
3099:
3096:
3094:
3091:
3089:
3086:
3084:
3081:
3079:
3076:
3074:
3071:
3069:
3066:
3064:
3061:
3059:
3056:
3054:
3051:
3049:
3048:Critical care
3046:
3044:
3041:
3039:
3036:
3034:
3031:
3030:
3028:
3026:
3018:
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3009:
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2992:
2989:
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2969:
2967:
2964:
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2949:
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2938:
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2915:
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2902:
2900:
2897:
2895:
2892:
2891:
2889:
2885:
2879:
2876:
2874:
2873:Nurse midwife
2871:
2869:
2866:
2864:
2861:
2860:
2858:
2854:
2851:
2849:
2845:
2839:
2836:
2834:
2831:
2829:
2826:
2824:
2821:
2819:
2816:
2814:
2813:Student nurse
2811:
2810:
2808:
2804:
2801:
2795:
2791:
2784:
2779:
2777:
2772:
2770:
2765:
2764:
2761:
2749:
2746:
2744:
2741:
2739:
2736:
2734:
2731:
2730:
2728:
2726:Roles to play
2724:
2718:
2715:
2713:
2712:Teleradiology
2710:
2708:
2705:
2703:
2700:
2698:
2697:Telepathology
2695:
2693:
2690:
2688:
2685:
2683:
2680:
2678:
2675:
2673:
2672:Teledentistry
2670:
2668:
2665:
2663:
2660:
2658:
2655:
2653:
2650:
2648:
2645:
2643:
2640:
2639:
2637:
2635:
2632:Telemedicine
2630:
2624:
2621:
2619:
2616:
2614:
2611:
2609:
2606:
2605:
2603:
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2576:
2573:
2571:
2568:
2566:
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2561:
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2556:
2553:
2551:
2548:
2546:
2545:Decision aids
2543:
2542:
2540:
2538:
2534:
2528:
2525:
2523:
2520:
2518:
2515:
2513:
2510:
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2497:
2495:
2491:
2485:
2482:
2480:
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2402:
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2336:
2333:
2331:
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2305:
2302:
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2295:
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2289:
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2274:
2272:
2269:
2267:
2264:
2262:
2259:
2257:
2254:
2252:
2249:
2247:
2244:
2242:in healthcare
2241:
2238:
2236:in healthcare
2235:
2232:
2230:in healthcare
2229:
2226:
2224:
2221:
2219:
2215:
2212:
2211:
2209:
2205:
2201:
2194:
2189:
2187:
2182:
2180:
2175:
2174:
2171:
2164:
2161:
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2156:
2155:
2146:
2142:
2138:
2134:
2130:
2125:
2120:
2116:
2112:
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2103:
2100:
2097:
2093:
2089:
2085:
2081:
2077:
2073:
2068:
2064:
2058:
2050:
2046:
2041:
2036:
2032:
2028:
2024:
2020:
2016:
2011:
2008:
2004:
2000:
1996:
1993:
1989:
1983:
1975:
1971:
1966:
1961:
1957:
1953:
1949:
1945:
1941:
1936:
1935:
1916:on 2020-07-15
1915:
1911:
1907:
1901:
1882:
1878:
1871:
1865:
1851:on 2016-04-17
1850:
1846:
1840:
1826:on 2008-11-20
1822:
1815:
1808:
1794:
1790:
1785:
1780:
1776:
1772:
1768:
1764:
1757:
1750:
1736:on 2008-12-17
1732:
1728:
1724:
1720:
1716:
1712:
1708:
1701:
1694:
1680:
1676:
1669:
1661:
1657:
1652:
1647:
1643:
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1635:
1628:
1620:
1616:
1612:
1608:
1604:
1600:
1596:
1592:
1585:
1577:
1573:
1568:
1563:
1559:
1555:
1551:
1544:
1534:
1527:
1526:Sittig, D. F.
1521:
1511:
1497:on 2007-06-26
1496:
1492:
1491:
1483:
1476:
1472:
1469:
1464:
1449:
1445:
1438:
1424:on 2006-09-03
1420:
1413:
1407:
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1390:
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1377:
1373:
1366:
1364:
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1343:
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1335:
1331:
1327:
1320:
1318:
1316:
1307:
1303:
1298:
1293:
1289:
1285:
1281:
1277:
1273:
1269:
1265:
1258:
1249:
1244:
1237:
1229:
1225:
1221:
1217:
1213:
1209:
1205:
1198:
1184:
1180:
1175:
1170:
1166:
1162:
1158:
1154:
1150:
1143:
1136:
1132:
1129:
1123:
1109:
1105:
1101:
1097:
1093:
1089:
1085:
1078:
1064:
1060:
1055:
1050:
1046:
1042:
1038:
1034:
1030:
1023:
1016:
1012:
1009:
1003:
994:
986:
980:
972:
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960:
956:
952:
945:
931:
930:
925:
918:
910:
906:
899:
891:
885:
878:
872:
856:
852:
846:
837:
822:
818:
812:
804:
800:
796:
792:
789:(2): 94–101.
788:
784:
776:
768:
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751:
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725:
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706:
701:
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692:
688:
684:
677:
669:
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660:
655:
651:
647:
643:
639:
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631:
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602:
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597:
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590:
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582:
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572:
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567:
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562:
560:
557:
555:
552:
550:
547:
545:
542:
540:
537:
534:
531:
529:
526:
524:
521:
519:
516:
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511:
509:
506:
504:
501:
500:
495:
484:
477:
468:
466:
456:
454:
445:
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430:
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415:
411:
400:
397:
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388:
381:
366:
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327:
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311:
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296:
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55:
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47:
43:
40:, applied to
39:
35:
31:
27:
22:
4195:Rural health
4180:Nanomedicine
3731:Rheumatology
3662: /
3581:Hand surgery
3566:Neurosurgery
3453:
3442:
3429:
3382:South Africa
3188:Private duty
2856:APNs by role
2702:Telepharmacy
2476:
2261:Telemedicine
2255:
2114:
2110:
2075:
2071:
2057:cite journal
2022:
2018:
2003:Shortliffe E
1982:cite journal
1947:
1943:
1918:. Retrieved
1914:the original
1909:
1900:
1888:. Retrieved
1881:the original
1876:
1864:
1853:. Retrieved
1849:the original
1839:
1828:. Retrieved
1821:the original
1807:
1796:. Retrieved
1766:
1762:
1749:
1738:. Retrieved
1731:the original
1713:(4): 19–24.
1710:
1706:
1693:
1682:. Retrieved
1678:
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