109:
67:
1473:(p. 2) "The list of geographical names has presented many difficulties. Many place names in Palestine are of Arabic origin while others are of Hebrew, Phoenician, Greek, Latin, or Frankish ancestry –– to mention only the most important sources –– but, as most places are inhabited by Arabic-speaking people, local usage has given them names in Arabicised forms or in colloquial Arabic. To adopt the colloquial forms in transliterating names was not considered consistent with the end in view, and as a general rule an effort has been made to put the names in as literary a garb as possible. In most names of Arabic origin this was comparatively easy; but in some the Arab experts recommended the retention of forms not usually admitted in Arabic grammatical word construction."
952:, Al-Nakbah is associated with a rapid de-Arabization of the country. This process has included the destruction of Palestinian villages. About 418 villages were erased, and out of twelve Palestinian or mixed towns, a Palestinian population continued to exist in only seven. This swift transformation of the physical and cultural environment was accompanied, at the symbolic level, by the changing of the names of streets, neighborhoods, cities, and regions. Arabic names were replaced by Zionist, Jewish, or European names. This renaming continues to convey to the Palestinians the message that the country has seen only two historical periods which attest to its "true" nature: the ancient Jewish past, and the period that began with the creation of Israel.
2040:, on grounds that a "historical name is not to be copied elsewhere," these names were decided strictly by the Committee, based on Government Statute No. 258 of March 8, 1951, in which it gave to the Government Naming Committee the sole responsibility for the naming of settlements. This decision states that the aforesaid Committee will act in the Prime Minister's Office and that its decisions will be binding upon state institutions: "The committee is the only competent body for determining names for various localities and sites, including intersections, interchanges, tourist sites, nature and landscape, industrial and employment sites and the like in the State of Israel." The Committee's decisions are made in its plenary and published in "Records".
99:
89:
79:
57:
47:
37:
324:
579:(JNC), for their part, met in parley in late 1931, in order to make its recommendations known to the British government in Mandatory Palestine, by suggesting emendations to a book published by the British colonial office in Palestine in which it outlined a set of standards used when referencing place-names transliterated from Arabic and Hebrew into English, or from Arabic into Hebrew, and from Hebrew into Arabic, based on the country's ancient toponymy. Many of the same proposals made by the JNC were later implemented, beginning in 1949 (Committee for Geographical Names) and later following 1951, when
340:
1533:, brought into that shape by one of those popular etymologies which are as dear to the peasantry of Palestine as to those of our European countries." On pp. 67–68 he wrote: "One has to beware, however, of these appellations that appear to be of purely Arabic origin, they are often ancient Hebrew names converted by a process of popular etymology into words familiar to the Arabs. In many cases slight phonetic changes assist the process. These, by the bye, are not arbitrary, but are subject to real laws. Thus, for instance, the name of the Bible town of Thimnah has become in
1028:, p. 8: “In the majority of cases, a Greek or Latin name assigned by Hellenistic or Roman authorities enjoyed an existence only in official and literary circles while the Semitic- speaking populace continued to use the Hebrew or Aramaic original. The latter comes back into public use with the Arab conquest. The Arabic names Ludd, Beisan, and Saffurieh, representing original Lod, Bet Se’an and Sippori, leave no hint concerning their imposing Greco-Roman names, viz., Diospolis, Scythopolis, and Diocaesarea, respectively”
1497:(2000), pp. 47–48. Quote: "The Arab conquerors who colonized the land following the conquest of 638 C.E. settled among its Jewish, Samaritan, and Christian natives. They easily assimilated the Hebrew-Aramaic geographical and topographical names, and, their language being closely related to the Semitic languages spoken there, they made only slight changes in spelling and pronunciation. They had no difficulty finding Arabic forms for names such as Ashkelon –– which they transformed into
20:
475:, etc.) remained inscribed after their Arabic names, without change or addition. The main objection to adding additional spellings for ancient Hebrew toponymy was the fear that it would cause confusion to the postal service, when long accustomed names were given new names, as well as be totally at variance with the names already inscribed on maps. Therefore, British officials sought to ensure unified forms of place-names.
145:
1057:.46:'Latin remained the official language of the government in the 6th century, whereas the prevalent language of merchants, farmers, seamen and ordinary citizens was Greek. Also, Aramaic -closely related to Arabic - was a prevalent language among the (predominantly Christian) Palestinian peasantry which constituted the majority of population in the country. Greek, however, became the
379:
contain the same radicals, the same gutturals, and often the same meanings, we have a truly reliable comparison... We have now recovered more than three-quarters of the Bible names, and are thus able to say with confidence that the Bible topography is a genuine and actual topography, the work of
Hebrews familiar with the country.
1457:(Preface) "The following List of Names in Palestine, having been submitted through H.M. Secretary of State for the Colonies to the High Commissioner, and referred by him for correction to special Arabic and Hebrew subcommittees, is now published by the Permanent Committee on Geographical Names for British Official use."
1326:'s . In fact, this makes the P.E.F. map even more useful as evidence of the current Arab place name, and the sheets are not cluttered up with doubtful identifications. The Arabic name is often a corruption of the ancient name and this fact has helped enormously in locating Biblical, Classical and Byzantine sites."
1148:, p. 11: "Today there are Hebrew names not only for modern communities such as kibbutzim, settlement towns, etc., but for topographical features (hills, water sources, etc.), and antiquity sites as well. The majority of these are Hebraized forms of the former Arabic name, e.g., Arabic Tell 'Arâd is
551:, " body of scientific, linguistic, literary, historical, and biblical authorities was invented to foster impressions of Jewish belonging and natural rights in a Jewish homeland reproduced from a special Jewish right to this land, which clearly has been occupied, through the millennia, by many peoples."
975:
survivals of older
Nabathean, Hebrew, Canaanite, and other names, either quite meaningless in Arabic, or having an Arabic form in which the original sound is perhaps more or less preserved, but the sense entirely lost. Occasionally Hebrew, especially Biblical and Talmudic names, remain scarcely altered.
378:
The names of the old towns and villages mentioned in the Bible remain for the most part almost unchanged... The fact that each name was carefully recorded in Arabic letters made it possible to compare with the Hebrew in a scientific and scholarly manner... When the Hebrew and the Arabic are shown to
673:
In the Negev, 333 of the 533 new names which the committee decided upon were transliterations of, or otherwise similar-sounding to, the Arabic names. According to
Bevenisti, some members of the committee had objected to the eradication of Arabic place-names, but in many cases they were overruled by
605:
Such names as the following are displayed in all their glory: Karbassa, al- Sheikh
Shamali, Abu Sursuq, Bustan al-Shamali – all of them names that the JNF has no interest in immortalizing in the Z'vulun Valley.... We recommend to you that you send a circular letter to all of the settlements located
974:
To determine the exact meaning of Arabic topographical names is by no means easy. Some are descriptive of physical features, but even these are often either obsolete or distorted words. Others are derived from long since forgotten incidents, or owners whose memory has passed away. Others again are
836:
APPROPRIATION, HYBRIDISATION AND INDIGENISATION: THE APPROPRIATION OF PALESTINE PLACE NAMES BY EUROPEAN ZIONIST SETTLERS. From
Palestinian Fuleh to Jewish Afula. The etymology of the Zionist settler toponym Afula is derived from the name of the Palestinian Arab village al‐Fuleh, which in 1226 Arab
750:
Today, the
Israeli Government Naming Committee discourages giving a name to a new settlement if its name cannot be shown to be connected in some way to the immediate area or region. Still, it is the only authorized arbiter of names, whether the name has a historical connection to the site or not.
1012:
2015 pp.281-282:'As in other cases of language shift, the supplanting language (Arabic) was not left untouched by the supplanted language (Aramaic) and the existence of an
Aramaic substrate in Syro-Palestinian colloquial Arabic has been widely accepted. The influence of the Aramaic substrate is
1065:
of
Palestinian toponyms was not uncommon in Late Antiquity. A well known example of Hellenisation from Late Antiquity is the work of the 1st-century Romano-Jewish historian and translator Josephus who spoke Aramaic and Greek and who became a Roman citizen. Both he and Greco-Roman Jewish writer
663:
had decided on the importance of renaming in the area earlier in the year, writing in his diary in July: "We must give Hebrew names to these places – ancient names, if there are, and if not, new ones!"; he subsequently established the committee's objectives with a letter to the chairman of the
682:
In March 1951, the JNF committee and the Negev committee were merged to cover all of Israel. The new merged committee stated their belief that the "Judaization of the geographical names in our country a vital issue". The work was ongoing as of 1960; in
February 1960 the director of the
203:
2,780 historical locations whose names were
Hebraized, including 340 villages and towns, 1,000 Khirbat (ruins), 560 wadis and rivers, 380 springs, 198 mountains and hills, 50 caves, 28 castles and palaces, and 14 pools and lakes. Palestinians consider the Hebraization of place-names in
419:'s (RGS's) Permanent Committee on Geographical Names, so as to make the naming more inclusive. Despite these efforts, well-known cities and geographical places, such as Jerusalem, Jericho, Nablus, Hebron, the Jordan River, etc. carried names in both Hebrew and Arabic writing (e.g.
702:
Between 1920 and 1990, the different committees had set Hebrew names for some 7,000 natural elements in the country, of which more than 5,000 were geographical place-names, several hundred were names of historical sites, and over a thousand were names given to new settlements.
837:
geographer Yaqut al‐Hamawi mentioned as being a town in the province of Jund Filastin. The Arabic toponym al‐Fuleh is derived from the word ful, for fava beans, which are among the oldest food plant in the Middle East and were widely cultivated by local Palestinians in
554:
As early as 1920, a Hebrew sub-committee was established by the British government in Palestine with the aim of advising the government on the English transcript of names of localities and in determining the form of the Hebrew names for official use by the government.
273:, with the land. As part of this process, many ancient Biblical or Talmudic place-names were "restored"; however, enthusiasm since cooled after mistakes were identified by archeologists. In other cases, Hebraizations were chosen because the Hebrew was a
368:
was among the first to recognize the importance of analyzing present-day Arabic place-names in order to determine a site's more ancient Hebrew name. Conder's contribution was unique in that he did not eradicate the Arabic place-names in his
277:
of the Arabic despite having a different meaning, and sites with only Arabic names and no pre-existing ancient Hebrew names or associations were given new Hebrew names, thereby losing the historical tradition. In some instances, the
610:
Between 1925 and 1948, the JNF Naming Committee gave names to 215 Jewish communities in Palestine. Although sweeping changes had come over the names of old geographic sites, a record of their old names is preserved on the old maps.
655:, the new Israeli government created the Committee for the Designation of Place-Names in the Negev Region, a group of nine scholars whose job was to assign Hebrew names to towns, mountains, valleys, springs, roads, etc., in the
687:, Yosef Elster, wrote that "We have ascertained that the replacement of Arabic names with Hebrew ones is not yet complete. The committee must quickly fill in what is missing, especially the names of ruins." In April 1951,
373:
maps, but preserved their names intact, rather than attribute a site to a dubious identification. In his memoirs, he mentions that the Hebrew and Arabic traditions of place-names are often consonant with each other:
1281:"A stir over sign language: A recently discovered trove of documents from the 1950s reveals a nasty battle in Jerusalem over the hebraization of street and neighborhood names. This campaign is still raging today"
668:
We are obliged to remove the Arabic names for reasons of state. Just as we do not recognize the Arabs' political proprietorship of the land, so also do we not recognize their spiritual proprietorship and their
2234:
Government of Palestine: Transliteration from Arabic and Hebrew into English, from Arabic into Hebrew, and from Hebrew into Arabic with transliterated lists of personal and geographical names for use in
1774:, and which is chiefly studied by archaeologists and historical geographers when trying to determine what Arabic place names are representative of ancient Hebrew toponymy. Other online maps include:
1070:
used the toponym Palestine. He listed local Palestinian toponyms and rendered them familiar to Graeco-Roman audiences. Medieval Muslims and modern Palestinians preserved Greco-Roman toponyms such as
1201:
5:4; etc. The reason for the hard-sounding "b" in the Arabic pronunciation of Banias has to do with the fact that, in the Arabic language, there is no hard "p" sound; the "p" being replaced by "b".
2538:(1932). "A Memo of the Jewish National Council to the Government of Palestine on the Method of Spelling Transliterated Geographical and Personal Names, plus Two Lists of Geographical Names".
407:
Seeing that directional signposts were frequently inscribed only in the Arabic language with their English transliterations (excluding their equivalent Hebrew names), the Jewish community in
606:
on JNF land in the Z'vulun Valley and its immediate vicinity and warn them against continuing the above-mentioned practice old maps that, from various points of view, are dangerous to use.
355:
In the 19th century, the contemporary Palestinian Arabic toponyms were used to identify ancient locations. These two examples were the most notable lists created during the period.
294:. Municipal direction sign-posts and maps produced by state-run agencies sometimes note the traditional Hebrew name and the traditional Arabic name alongside each other, such as "
707:
has noted that, since the 19th century, biblical words, expressions and phrases have provided names for many urban and rural settlements and neighborhoods in Modern Israel.
2628:
The Survey of Western Palestine: Arabic and English Name Lists Collected During the Survey by Lieutenants Conder and Kitchener, R. E. Transliterated and Explained by E.H. Palmer
619:
By 1931, the destinational listings at post offices, signs at train stations and place-names listed in the telephone directory, had removed any mention in Hebrew of "Shechem" (
1160:. Frequently, the new Hebrew form is not really cognate to the Arabic but was chosen for its general resemblance; Tell el-Fâr: "The Mound of the Mouse" has been promoted to
989:, p. 7: “What surprised western scholars and explorers the most was the amazing degree to which biblical names were still preserved in the Arabic toponymy of Palestine”
759:
By the 2010s, a trend emerged to restore the original Arabic street names which were Hebraized after 1948 in certain areas of Israel, particularly mixed Jewish–Arab cities.
1264:
A new trend that has become particularly popular in recent years in mixed Jewish-Arab cities, is attempts to restore original Arabic street names, "Hebraized" after 1948
635:
that the British Government of Palestine was being prejudicial towards its Jewish citizens. Naḥal Sorek, was a major route and thoroughfare when commuting by train from
1013:
especially evidence in many Palestinian place names, and in the vocabularies of traditional life and industrials: agriculture, flora, fauna, food, tools, utensils etc.'
2726:
746:
Approximately one-quarter of the 584 Arab villages that were standing in the 1980s, had names whose origins were ancient – biblical, Hellenistic, or Aramaic.
520:). At other times, the history of assigning the "restored Hebrew name" to a site has been fraught with errors and confusion, as in the case of the ruin
571:, with the intent of giving names to the new Jewish settlements established on lands purchased by the JNF. It was led directly by the head of the JNF,
1164:: "The Mound of the Bull." The earlier enthusiasm for restoring biblical names to their ancient sites has cooled down somewhat, especially after Tell
2099:עזריהו, מעוז; Azaryahu, Maoz (2000). "Hebrew and Hebraicization in the Formation of Cultural Identity / עברית ועברות: היבטים של יצירת זהות תרבותית".
1322:"Conder collected the current Arabic names for the places on his maps, which on the face of it makes them appear to be less useful, compared with
1724:
The names of the settlements were mostly determined at different times by the 'Names Committee for the Settlements,' under the auspices of the
2798:. Geschichte de jüdischen Volkes im Zeitalter Jesu Christi.English. Vol. 1. Translated by Miss Taylor. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons.
2679:
2605:
Lands of the Bible: A Geographical and Topographical Description of Palestine, with Letters of Travel in Egypt, Syria, Asia Minor, and Greece
793:
1169:
120:
1633:
2968:
2953:
2922:(2006). "Toponymy and Monopoly: One Toponym, Two Parents; Ideological Hebraization of Arabic Place-Names in the Israeli Language".
2587:
Settler-Colonialism, Memoricide and Indigenous Toponymic Memory: The Appropriation of Palestinian Place Names by the Israeli State
1210:
108:
2408:
First List of Names in Palestine - Published for the Permanent Committee on Geographical Names by the Royal Geographical Society
66:
2795:
Geschichte des jüdischen Volkes im Zeitalter Jesu Christi [A History of the Jewish People in the Time of Jesus Christ]
482:
to apply Hebrew names to old Arabic names, despite attempts to the contrary by the RGS Committee for Names, was the belief by
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2735:
2711:
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1391:
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866:
829:
188:
2141:
Azaryahu, Maoz; Kook, Rebecca (2002). "Mapping the nation: street names and Arab-Palestinian identity: three case studies".
1567:
on the linguistic evidence of the name, saying that, in Arabic, "the substitution of B for M is so common (as in Tibneh for
897:(1992), "The Palestinian locations between two eras/maps" (Arabic). Kufur Qari’: Matba’at, Al-Shuruq Al-Arabiya; quoted in
965:
2268:
Cohen, Saul B.; Kliot, Nurit (1992). "Place-Names in Israel's Ideological Struggle over the Administered Territories".
1771:
2360:(1920). "The Decisions of the Permanent Committee on Geographical Names on the Transliteration of Arabic Characters".
2120:
Azaryahu, Maoz; Golan, Arnon (2001). "(Re)naming the landscape: The formation of the Hebrew map of Israel 1949–1960".
1783:
2821:
538:'s identification of the site with the biblical Gath. When this was found to be a misnomer, its name was changed to
894:
330:
2731:
544:, which, too, was found to be an erroneous designation for what was thought to be the old namesake for the site.
265:
The Hebraization of place-names was encouraged by the Israeli government, aiming to strengthen the connection of
2958:
2547:
2371:
2250:
1280:
710:
While the names of many newer Jewish settlements had replaced the names of older Arab villages and ruins (e.g.
486:, both Jewish and non-Jewish, that many Arabic place-names were mere "corruptions" of older Hebrew names (e.g.
98:
1971:
88:
78:
2978:
259:
56:
46:
36:
2963:
1983:
1768:
742:
has shown that the memorial of these ancient places had not been utterly lost through hegemonic practices:
597:
writes that the Arabic geographical names upset the new Jewish community, for example on 22 April 1941 the
1945:
1556:
2866:
1729:
798:
696:
652:
588:
370:
1529:, 'chopped straw', one would swear was Arabic, but it is beyond a doubt that it is the name of the town
2903:
2632:
2411:
2260:
2216:
1791:
1756:
783:
416:
365:
310:, there is a growing trend to restore the original Arabic street names that were Hebraized after 1948.
161:
1211:
Sign welcoming visitors to Siloam (Shiloach), printed both in Hebrew and Arabic with traditional names
2983:
2767:
1552:
773:
192:
323:
2973:
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2777:
Biblical Researches in Palestine and in the Adjacent Regions: A Journal of Travels in the year 1838
2362:
2328:
788:
778:
768:
598:
176:
2427:
Hopkins, I.W.J. (1968). "Nineteenth-Century Maps of Palestine: Dual-Purpose Historical Evidence".
1775:
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1580:
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632:
584:
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346:
196:
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in Palestine are based on unknown etymologies. Some are descriptive, some survivals of ancient
2077:
1763:, Jaffa: Survey of Palestine 1928 – 1947, "Palestine" (Pal 1157)); an Ottoman period map, the
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819:
2919:
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1832:
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Erased from Space and Consciousness: Israel and the Depopulated Palestinian Villages of 1948
859:
Erased from Space and Consciousness: Israel and the Depopulated Palestinian Villages of 1948
2403:
2375:
2357:
1725:
1482:
1450:
564:
401:
339:
2640:
Peteet, Julie (2005). "Words as Interventions: Naming in the Palestine: Israel Conflict".
2508:
Alte Namen im heutigen Palästina und Syrien (Old names in what is now Palestine and Syria)
8:
2626:
2622:
2307:
1067:
397:
286:, despite there being a different Hebrew tradition regarding the name, as in the case of
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24:
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The Ecclesiastical History of Sozomen and The Ecclesiastical History of Philostorgius
2759:
2707:
2669:
2608:
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2569:
The Palestine Nakba: Decolonising History, Narrating the Subaltern, Reclaiming Memory
2511:
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2415:
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2254:
2238:
2193:
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The Palestine Nakba: Decolonising History, Narrating the Subaltern, Reclaiming Memory
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1360:
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2844:
The One-state Solution: A Breakthrough for Peace in the Israeli-Palestinian Deadlock
2589:, Journal of Holy Land and Palestine Studies, 14 (1). pp. 3–57. ISSN 2054-1988
1422:
1420:
1418:
916:"Catastrophe, Memory and Identity: Al-Nakbah as a Component of Palestinian Identity"
2931:
2875:
2739:
2677:
Press, Michael D. (2014). "The Arabic Names of Tẹ̄l ʿẸ̄rānī and ʿIrāq el-Menšīye".
2649:
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2277:
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of late Byzantine Palestine, shortly before the advent of Islam. Consequently, the
1009:
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739:
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692:
684:
660:
594:
1230:
Rekhess (2014). "The Arab Minority in Israel: Reconsidering the "1948 Paradigm"".
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or other names, and the occasional name was unaltered from the forms found in the
2839:
2701:
2535:
2527:
2337:
2187:
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1616:
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youth movement began a Hebraization program for newly established settlements in
224:
172:
2789:
2653:
1094:"Place-Names in Israel's Ideological Struggle over the Administered Territories"
2993:
2586:
2523:
1634:"Determining the Names of the Settlements acquired by the Jewish National Fund"
1323:
838:
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251:
243:
157:
2442:
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2540:
Lĕšonénu: A Journal for the Study of the Hebrew Language and Cognate Subjects
2515:
2314:
2242:
2067:
1665:, pp. 3–5 (Preface) "Just as they write in Hebrew 'Shechem' rather than
1117:
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132:
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after the epithet of Sheikh Ahmed el-ʿAreinī, whose tomb is located there."
723:
412:
389:
361:
307:
231:
2429:
2028:), a name rejected by the Committee in 1994 on grounds that the biblical
1949:
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1214:
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624:
468:
165:
136:
124:
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2450:
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404:(JNF), as they had no sway over the names of other sites in Palestine.
149:
1956:
as "the ruin of the perpendicular bank (cut out by the torrent in the
19:
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1797:
1173:
1157:
1046:
636:
540:
420:
274:
220:
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2743:
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2231:
1168:, changed to Tel Gat, was proved not to be a suitable candidate for
400:. These names, however, were applied only to sites purchased by the
254:, the two major languages spoken in the region before the advent of
2037:
1149:
513:
393:
216:
2898:(1983). "Biblical Words which have Become Place-Names in Israel".
1782:, published by The Digital Archaeological Atlas of the Holy Land;
2900:
Eretz-Israel: Archaeological, Historical and Geographical Studies
2803:
2256:
Archaeological Researches in Palestine During the Years 1873–1874
2209:
Eretz-Israel: Archaeological, Historical and Geographical Studies
1722:(in Hebrew), Jerusalem: Government of Israel, 1953, p. 630,
1678:
1535:
1285:
735:
299:
247:
2484:
Archaic Features of Canaanite Personal Names in the Hebrew Bible
2189:
Sacred Landscape: The Buried History of the Holy Land since 1948
1906:(in Hebrew), Jerusalem: Government of Israel, 1951, p. 845
1568:
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1949: Committee for the Designation of Place-Names in the Negev
640:
499:
491:
479:
444:
428:
303:
295:
287:
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235:
184:
164:
in the 1920s; the Hebrew name follows the Arabic, which means "
27:
maps, with contemporary overwriting for a number of place-names
2339:
Ancient Place Names in the Holy Land: Preservation and History
435:), but lesser-known classical Jewish sites of antiquity (e.g.
306:/ Shiloach" etc. In certain areas of Israel, particularly the
1692:
1637:
1153:
1079:
656:
504:
255:
209:
153:
144:
2072:(first printed in 1930, translated from the original Hebrew)
2036:, which name was rejected by the Committee (HCJ 146/81) for
1784:
McMaster University - Digitalised maps of Palestine / Israel
966:"Survey of Western Palestine: Arabic and English Name Lists"
2687:(2). Deutscher verein zur Erforschung Palästinas: 181–193.
1942:
Survey of Western Palestine (Arabic and English Name Lists)
1856:
1854:
1814:
1812:
436:
266:
1922:
2703:
Hidden Histories: Palestine And The Eastern Mediterranean
1976:
Hadashot Arkheologiyot: Excavations and Surveys in Israel
1003:'The Lexical Substrate of Aramaic in Palestinian Arabic,'
738:, etc.), leaving no traces of their former designations,
415:, tried to influence the naming process initiated by the
2522:
2165:
Toward the de-Arabization of Palestine/Israel, 1945-1977
1990:
1878:
1866:
1851:
1809:
1803:
1737:
1662:
1644:
1598:
1426:
1356:
Enclosure: Palestinian Landscapes in a Historical Mirror
2816:. Translated by Edward Walford. London: Henry G. Bohn.
2237:. Jerusalem: Goldberg: Printing and Stationery Office.
1469:
in Palestine (1931), pp. 1, 13, 37, 52, 54–56, 59, 65.
1405:
1403:
875:
388:
Modern Hebraization efforts began from the time in the
677:
2727:
Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research
1776:
George A. Smathers Libraries: Survey of Palestine map
2802:
2374:(with the Institute of British Geography): 308–313.
2002:
1910:
1400:
478:
One of the motivating factors behind members of the
383:
262:, Arabized forms of the ancient names were adopted.
2864:(1954). "Identification of Talmudic Place Names".
2460:"Naming and Mapping the Depopulated Village Sites"
2207:Bitan, Hana (1992). "Government Names Committee".
1525:(1896), pp. 67–68, 214, where he wrote: (p. 214) "
1074:(Greek: Neapolis/Νεάπολις), Palestine, Qaysariah (
997:
995:
855:"Naming and Mapping the Depopulated Village Sites"
2270:Annals of the Association of American Geographers
2082:Arabic in Israel: Language, Identity and Conflict
1098:Annals of the Association of American Geographers
199:occupied by Israel in 1967. A 1992 study counted
2945:
2249:
2902:(in Hebrew). 17 (A.J. Brawer Memorial Volume).
2192:. University of California Press. pp. 1–.
992:
290:, which in classical Hebrew writings is called
16:The renaming of geographical sites in Palestine
2565:"The Zionist Superimposing of Hebrew Toponymy"
2510:(in German). Leipzig: Breitkopf & Härtel.
2098:
614:
2766:
2232:British Colonial Office in Palestine (1931).
2119:
1595:Kampffmeyer, Georg (1892), p. 38 (section 15)
1444:
1348:
1346:
1344:
1179:
794:List of modern names for biblical place names
530:now stands. Initially, it was given the name
246:, the ancient place-names metamorphosed into
2162:Nijim, Basheer K.; Muammar, Bishara (1984).
2161:
2140:
1728:(est. 1925), while names were added by the
674:political and nationalistic considerations.
2680:Zeitschrift des Deutschen Palästina-Vereins
2633:Committee of the Palestine Exploration Fund
2505:
1824:
1312:
1278:
1141:
1139:
1129:
1127:
1092:Cohen, Saul B.; Kliot, Nurit (1992-12-01).
970:Committee of the Palestine Exploration Fund
964:Conder, C. R. (1881). Palmer, E. H. (ed.).
156:. Afula was a Palestinian town sold by the
2918:
2874:(2). University of Pennsylvania: 130–140.
2724:(1978). "The Toponymics of Eretz-Israel".
2267:
2182:
1996:
1884:
1872:
1860:
1818:
1743:
1650:
1610:
1341:
1225:
1223:
1091:
881:
861:. Indiana University Press. pp. 91–.
2699:
2032:was located elsewhere, or in the case of
1359:. Univ of California Press. p. 222.
846:
2599:
2402:
2356:
1755:A British Mandate map, contained at the
1631:
1136:
1124:
1043:Palestine: A Four Thousand Year History,
143:
112:
70:
18:
2788:
2562:
2437:. Imago Mundi Ltd. (Routledge): 30–36.
2426:
2047:
1229:
1220:
821:Palestine: A Four Thousand Year History
569:The Names Committee for the Settlements
558:
179:throughout different periods under the
2946:
2894:
2860:
2838:
2720:
2639:
2621:
2480:
2457:
2296:
1928:
1677:, so, too, it is necessary to write '
1306:
1145:
1025:
1021:
1019:
986:
963:
2736:American Schools of Oriental Research
2676:
2206:
2076:Amara, Muhammad (27 September 2017).
2075:
2054:
2008:
1969:
1916:
1604:
1409:
1274:
1272:
910:
898:
189:1948 Palestinian expulsion and flight
121:Palestinian towns depopulated in 1948
2078:"Hebraization of Arabic Place Names"
631:), which aroused the concern of the
601:wrote to the head office of the JNF:
411:, led by prominent Zionists such as
2342:. Hebrew University, Magnes Press.
1900:Collection of Publications, no. 152
1780:The Palestine Exploration Fund Maps
1716:Collection of Publications, no. 277
1016:
678:1951: Governmental Naming Committee
13:
2700:Ra'ad, Basem L. (15 August 2010).
2282:10.1111/j.1467-8306.1992.tb01722.x
2186:(1 March 2000). "The Hebrew Map".
1269:
1110:10.1111/j.1467-8306.1992.tb01722.x
1085:
957:
599:Emeq Zevulun Settlements Committee
14:
3005:
2458:Kadman, Noga (7 September 2015).
1761:Eran Laor Cartographic Collection
1353:Fields, Gary (5 September 2017).
392:in 1880. In the early 1920s, the
384:First modern Hebraization efforts
1383:Land and Desire in Early Zionism
1197:(1954), p. 135 (section 9). Cf.
893:Study by Palestinian geographer
853:Noga Kadman (7 September 2015).
754:
563:In 1925, the Directorate of the
338:
331:Biblical Researches in Palestine
322:
313:
282:place name was preserved in the
119:Two examples of Hebraization of
107:
97:
87:
77:
65:
55:
45:
35:
2969:Geography of Palestine (region)
2954:Cultural assimilation and names
2846:. Manchester University Press.
2732:The University of Chicago Press
2122:Journal of Historical Geography
2014:
1963:
1934:
1890:
1837:. Zed Books Ltd. pp. 72–.
1749:
1706:
1656:
1632:Ettinger, Y. (25 August 1925).
1625:
1589:
1571:)..." See: McGarvey, 2002, pp.
1546:
1516:
1488:
1476:
1460:
1432:
1373:
1329:
1318:Hopkins, I.W.J. (1968), p. 34.
1300:
1204:
1188:
1031:
818:Masalha, Nur (15 August 2018).
2563:Masalha, Nur (9 August 2012).
2548:Academy of the Hebrew Language
2372:The Royal Geographical Society
1765:Palestine Exploration Fund Map
1252:10.2979/israelstudies.19.2.187
1244:10.2979/israelstudies.19.2.187
1133:Miller and Hayes, 1986, p. 29.
980:
904:
887:
811:
1:
2607:. Adamant Media Corporation.
1831:Nur Masalha (9 August 2012).
1673:; 'Yerushalayim' rather than
1007:Semitic Languages in Contact,
260:Muslim conquest of the Levant
200:
183:; after the establishment of
113:1940s with modern overlay map
71:1940s with modern overlay map
2466:. Indiana University Press.
2101:Jewish Studies / מדעי היהדות
1984:Israel Antiquities Authority
1769:Israel Antiquities Authority
1279:Ofer Aderet (29 July 2011).
804:
271:immigrated in recent decades
7:
2867:The Jewish Quarterly Review
2654:10.1080/0143659042000322964
2506:Kampffmeyer, Georg (1892).
1897:"State of Israel Records",
1730:Government Naming Committee
1713:"State of Israel Records",
1156:, Khirbet Mešâš has become
799:Glossary of Hebrew toponyms
762:
697:Government Naming Committee
615:Arabic language preeminence
589:Government Naming Committee
371:Survey of Western Palestine
23:1948 index of the 1:20,000
10:
3010:
2904:Israel Exploration Society
2412:Royal Geographical Society
2261:Palestine Exploration Fund
2217:Israel Exploration Society
1792:National Library of Israel
1757:National Library of Israel
1691:; 'ʻAin Ganim' instead of
784:Judaization of the Galilee
417:Royal Geographical Society
366:Palestine Exploration Fund
195:; and subsequently in the
175:names were coined for the
162:American Zion Commonwealth
2481:Layton, Scott C. (2018).
2443:10.1080/03085696808592315
1429:, pp. 3-5 (Preface).
1172:. Now the site is called
774:Islamization of Jerusalem
2936:10.2143/ONO.41.0.2119615
2363:The Geographical Journal
2168:. Kendall/Hunt Pub. Co.
2084:. Taylor & Francis.
1185:Swedenburg, 2003, p. 50.
932:10.2979/ISR.2002.7.2.175
789:Place names of Palestine
779:Judaization of Jerusalem
769:Hebraization of surnames
651:In late 1949, after the
208:part of the Palestinian
177:place-names of Palestine
2780:. Vol. 2. Boston:
2259:. Vol. 2. London:
2155:10.1111/1469-8219.00046
2143:Nations and Nationalism
1685:; 'Adoraim' instead of
1669:; 'Ḥevron' rather than
1563:(1829–1911) who quotes
1467:British Colonial Office
1441:(2014), pp. 225, et al.
1170:Gath of the Philistines
659:region. Prime Minister
653:1947–1949 Palestine war
633:Jewish National Council
577:Jewish National Council
547:According to Professor
347:PEF Survey of Palestine
197:Palestinian territories
2782:Crocker & Brewster
2595:10.3366/HLPS.2015.0103
2336:Elitsur, Yoel (2004).
2251:Clermont-Ganneau, C.S.
2134:10.1006/jhge.2001.0297
748:
695:were appointed to the
671:
608:
484:historical geographers
381:
169:
28:
2959:Geographical renaming
2642:Third World Quarterly
2585:Masalha, Nur (2015),
2062:. London: Routledge.
1788:1944 Map of Palestine
1561:John William McGarvey
1386:. UPNE. p. 167.
1380:Boaz Neumann (2011).
1078:/Καισάρεια), but not
1005:in Aaron Butts (ed.)
744:
666:
623:), "Nazareth," and "
603:
376:
193:1948 Arab–Israeli War
147:
22:
2979:Historical geography
2327:: CS1 maint: year (
2308:Dodd, Mead & Co.
2048:General bibliography
1970:Avner, Rina (2006).
1726:Jewish National Fund
1199:Targum Shir HaShirim
1152:, Tell Jezer is now
565:Jewish National Fund
559:JNF Naming Committee
402:Jewish National Fund
2964:Geography of Israel
2920:Zuckermann, Ghil'ad
2380:1920GeogJ..56..308.
2056:Adler, Elkan Nathan
1952:describes the site
1931:, p. Abstract.
1804:Maisler et al. 1932
1790:, published by the
1767:, published by the
1663:Maisler et al. 1932
1607:, pp. 181–182.
1543:, 'chopped straw'."
1439:Adler, Elkan Nathan
1427:Maisler et al. 1932
1338:(n.d.), pp. 218–219
1336:Conder, Major C. R.
1217:, 16 September 2014
1166:(ʿArâq) el-Menšîyeh
1068:Philo of Alexandria
398:Mandatory Palestine
364:(1848–1910) of the
269:, most of whom had
25:Survey of Palestine
2298:Conder, Major C.R.
1944:, London 1881, p.
1055:978-1-786-99275-8p
587:) established the
573:Menachem Ussishkin
567:(JNF) established
523:ʻIrâq el-Menshiyeh
280:Palestinian Arabic
170:
29:
2853:978-0-7190-7336-6
2734:on behalf of The
2713:978-0-7453-2831-7
2614:978-1-4021-9277-7
2578:978-1-84813-973-2
2571:. Zed Books Ltd.
2498:978-9-004-36956-6
2473:978-0-253-01682-9
2349:978-1-57506-071-2
2199:978-0-520-92882-4
2184:Benvenisti, Meron
2175:978-0-8403-3299-8
2091:978-1-351-66388-5
2060:Jewish Travellers
1844:978-1-84813-973-2
1501:–– Beit Horon to
1393:978-1-58465-968-6
1366:978-0-520-29104-1
868:978-0-253-01682-9
831:978-1-78699-275-8
583:(a member of the
526:, situated where
510:Jabal al-Fureidis
362:C. R. Conder
148:Street signs for
3001:
2984:Language revival
2939:
2915:
2891:
2857:
2840:Tilley, Virginia
2835:
2799:
2785:
2763:
2717:
2696:
2673:
2636:
2618:
2582:
2559:
2519:
2502:
2477:
2454:
2423:
2404:Gleichen, Edward
2399:
2358:Gleichen, Edward
2353:
2332:
2326:
2318:
2293:
2264:
2246:
2228:
2203:
2179:
2158:
2137:
2116:
2095:
2071:
2041:
2018:
2012:
2006:
2000:
1994:
1988:
1987:
1967:
1961:
1938:
1932:
1926:
1920:
1914:
1908:
1907:
1905:
1894:
1888:
1882:
1876:
1870:
1864:
1858:
1849:
1848:
1828:
1822:
1816:
1807:
1801:
1795:
1753:
1747:
1741:
1735:
1734:
1721:
1710:
1704:
1660:
1654:
1648:
1642:
1641:
1629:
1623:
1614:
1608:
1602:
1596:
1593:
1587:
1550:
1544:
1523:Clermont-Ganneau
1520:
1514:
1492:
1486:
1483:Gleichen, Edward
1480:
1474:
1464:
1458:
1451:Gleichen, Edward
1448:
1442:
1436:
1430:
1424:
1413:
1407:
1398:
1397:
1377:
1371:
1370:
1350:
1339:
1333:
1327:
1316:
1310:
1304:
1298:
1297:
1295:
1293:
1276:
1267:
1266:
1227:
1218:
1208:
1202:
1192:
1186:
1183:
1177:
1143:
1134:
1131:
1122:
1121:
1089:
1083:
1035:
1029:
1023:
1014:
1001:Mila Neishtadt.
999:
990:
984:
978:
977:
961:
955:
954:
908:
902:
891:
885:
879:
873:
872:
850:
844:
843:
815:
693:Benjamin Maisler
685:Survey of Israel
661:David Ben-Gurion
595:Meron Benvenisti
342:
326:
258:. Following the
202:
131:, in the second
123:. In the first,
114:
111:
104:
101:
94:
91:
84:
81:
72:
69:
62:
59:
52:
49:
42:
39:
3009:
3008:
3004:
3003:
3002:
3000:
2999:
2998:
2974:Hebrew language
2944:
2943:
2942:
2880:10.2307/1452901
2854:
2824:
2744:10.2307/1356743
2714:
2706:. Pluto Press.
2615:
2579:
2499:
2474:
2388:10.2307/1781656
2350:
2335:
2320:
2319:
2200:
2176:
2092:
2050:
2045:
2044:
2020:In the case of
2019:
2015:
2007:
2003:
1997:Benvenisti 2000
1995:
1991:
1968:
1964:
1939:
1935:
1927:
1923:
1915:
1911:
1903:
1896:
1895:
1891:
1885:Benvenisti 2000
1883:
1879:
1873:Benvenisti 2000
1871:
1867:
1861:Benvenisti 2000
1859:
1852:
1845:
1830:
1829:
1825:
1819:Benvenisti 2000
1817:
1810:
1802:
1798:
1754:
1750:
1744:Benvenisti 2000
1742:
1738:
1719:
1712:
1711:
1707:
1661:
1657:
1651:Benvenisti 2000
1649:
1645:
1630:
1626:
1615:
1611:
1603:
1599:
1594:
1590:
1551:
1547:
1521:
1517:
1509:, and Eilat to
1505:, Beersheba to
1493:
1489:
1481:
1477:
1465:
1461:
1449:
1445:
1437:
1433:
1425:
1416:
1408:
1401:
1394:
1379:
1378:
1374:
1367:
1352:
1351:
1342:
1334:
1330:
1317:
1313:
1305:
1301:
1291:
1289:
1277:
1270:
1228:
1221:
1209:
1205:
1193:
1189:
1184:
1180:
1144:
1137:
1132:
1125:
1090:
1086:
1036:
1032:
1024:
1017:
1000:
993:
985:
981:
962:
958:
912:Sa’di, Ahmad H.
909:
905:
892:
888:
882:Benvenisti 2000
880:
876:
869:
852:
851:
847:
832:
817:
816:
812:
807:
765:
757:
734:, which is now
689:Yitzhak Ben-Zvi
680:
649:
617:
581:Yeshayahu Press
561:
549:Virginia Tilley
386:
359:
358:
357:
356:
352:
351:
350:
343:
335:
334:
327:
316:
181:British Mandate
173:Hebrew-language
142:
141:
140:
117:
116:
115:
105:
102:
95:
92:
85:
82:
74:
73:
63:
60:
53:
50:
43:
40:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3007:
2997:
2996:
2991:
2986:
2981:
2976:
2971:
2966:
2961:
2956:
2941:
2940:
2916:
2892:
2858:
2852:
2836:
2822:
2800:
2786:
2764:
2718:
2712:
2697:
2674:
2648:(1): 153–172.
2637:
2619:
2613:
2601:McGarvey, J.W.
2597:
2583:
2577:
2560:
2520:
2503:
2497:
2478:
2472:
2455:
2424:
2406:, ed. (1925).
2400:
2354:
2348:
2333:
2294:
2276:(4): 653–680.
2265:
2247:
2229:
2204:
2198:
2180:
2174:
2159:
2149:(2): 195–213.
2138:
2128:(2): 178–195.
2117:
2096:
2090:
2073:
2051:
2049:
2046:
2043:
2042:
2013:
2011:, p. 369.
2001:
1989:
1962:
1960:of a valley)."
1933:
1921:
1919:, p. 367.
1909:
1889:
1877:
1865:
1850:
1843:
1823:
1808:
1796:
1748:
1736:
1705:
1655:
1643:
1624:
1609:
1597:
1588:
1545:
1515:
1495:Benvenisti, M.
1487:
1485:(1920), p. 309
1475:
1459:
1453:, ed. (1925).
1443:
1431:
1414:
1412:, p. 366.
1399:
1392:
1372:
1365:
1340:
1328:
1311:
1299:
1268:
1238:(2): 187–217.
1232:Israel Studies
1219:
1203:
1187:
1178:
1135:
1123:
1104:(4): 653–680.
1084:
1030:
1015:
991:
979:
956:
926:(2): 175–198.
920:Israel Studies
903:
886:
874:
867:
845:
839:Marj Ibn 'Amer
830:
809:
808:
806:
803:
802:
801:
796:
791:
786:
781:
776:
771:
764:
761:
756:
753:
712:Khirbet Jurfah
679:
676:
648:
645:
616:
613:
560:
557:
496:Khirbet Tibneh
488:Khirbet Shifat
465:Kefar Hananiah
431:/ Al Khalil /
385:
382:
354:
353:
344:
337:
336:
328:
321:
320:
319:
318:
317:
315:
312:
244:late antiquity
215:Many existing
187:following the
158:Sursock family
118:
106:
96:
86:
76:
75:
64:
54:
44:
34:
33:
32:
31:
30:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3006:
2995:
2992:
2990:
2987:
2985:
2982:
2980:
2977:
2975:
2972:
2970:
2967:
2965:
2962:
2960:
2957:
2955:
2952:
2951:
2949:
2937:
2933:
2929:
2925:
2921:
2917:
2913:
2909:
2905:
2901:
2897:
2893:
2889:
2885:
2881:
2877:
2873:
2869:
2868:
2863:
2859:
2855:
2849:
2845:
2841:
2837:
2833:
2829:
2825:
2823:9780790565682
2819:
2815:
2814:
2809:
2808:Philostorgius
2805:
2801:
2797:
2796:
2791:
2787:
2783:
2779:
2778:
2773:
2769:
2765:
2761:
2757:
2753:
2749:
2745:
2741:
2737:
2733:
2729:
2728:
2723:
2719:
2715:
2709:
2705:
2704:
2698:
2694:
2690:
2686:
2682:
2681:
2675:
2671:
2667:
2663:
2659:
2655:
2651:
2647:
2643:
2638:
2634:
2630:
2629:
2624:
2623:Palmer, E. H.
2620:
2616:
2610:
2606:
2602:
2598:
2596:
2592:
2588:
2584:
2580:
2574:
2570:
2566:
2561:
2557:
2553:
2549:
2545:
2542:(in Hebrew).
2541:
2537:
2533:
2529:
2525:
2521:
2517:
2513:
2509:
2504:
2500:
2494:
2490:
2486:
2485:
2479:
2475:
2469:
2465:
2461:
2456:
2452:
2448:
2444:
2440:
2436:
2432:
2431:
2425:
2421:
2417:
2413:
2409:
2405:
2401:
2397:
2393:
2389:
2385:
2381:
2377:
2373:
2369:
2365:
2364:
2359:
2355:
2351:
2345:
2341:
2340:
2334:
2330:
2324:
2316:
2312:
2309:
2305:
2304:
2299:
2295:
2291:
2287:
2283:
2279:
2275:
2271:
2266:
2262:
2258:
2257:
2252:
2248:
2244:
2240:
2236:
2230:
2226:
2222:
2218:
2214:
2211:(in Hebrew).
2210:
2205:
2201:
2195:
2191:
2190:
2185:
2181:
2177:
2171:
2167:
2166:
2160:
2156:
2152:
2148:
2144:
2139:
2135:
2131:
2127:
2123:
2118:
2114:
2110:
2106:
2102:
2097:
2093:
2087:
2083:
2079:
2074:
2069:
2065:
2061:
2057:
2053:
2052:
2039:
2035:
2031:
2027:
2023:
2017:
2010:
2005:
1999:, p. 49.
1998:
1993:
1985:
1981:
1977:
1973:
1966:
1959:
1955:
1954:Khŭrbet Jurfa
1951:
1947:
1943:
1937:
1930:
1925:
1918:
1913:
1902:
1901:
1893:
1887:, p. 40.
1886:
1881:
1875:, p. 24.
1874:
1869:
1863:, p. 17.
1862:
1857:
1855:
1846:
1840:
1836:
1835:
1827:
1821:, p. 12.
1820:
1815:
1813:
1805:
1800:
1793:
1789:
1785:
1781:
1777:
1773:
1770:
1766:
1762:
1758:
1752:
1746:, p. 30.
1745:
1740:
1733:
1731:
1727:
1718:
1717:
1709:
1702:
1701:Wadi eṣ-Ṣarār
1699:' instead of
1698:
1694:
1690:
1689:
1684:
1681:' instead of
1680:
1676:
1672:
1668:
1664:
1659:
1653:, p. 26.
1652:
1647:
1639:
1636:(in Hebrew).
1635:
1628:
1622:
1618:
1613:
1606:
1601:
1592:
1586:
1582:
1578:
1574:
1570:
1566:
1562:
1558:
1554:
1549:
1542:
1538:
1537:
1532:
1528:
1524:
1519:
1512:
1508:
1504:
1500:
1496:
1491:
1484:
1479:
1472:
1468:
1463:
1456:
1452:
1447:
1440:
1435:
1428:
1423:
1421:
1419:
1411:
1406:
1404:
1395:
1389:
1385:
1384:
1376:
1368:
1362:
1358:
1357:
1349:
1347:
1345:
1337:
1332:
1325:
1321:
1315:
1308:
1303:
1288:
1287:
1282:
1275:
1273:
1265:
1261:
1257:
1253:
1249:
1245:
1241:
1237:
1233:
1226:
1224:
1216:
1212:
1207:
1200:
1196:
1191:
1182:
1175:
1171:
1167:
1163:
1159:
1155:
1151:
1147:
1142:
1140:
1130:
1128:
1119:
1115:
1111:
1107:
1103:
1099:
1095:
1088:
1081:
1077:
1073:
1069:
1064:
1063:Hellenisation
1060:
1059:lingua franca
1056:
1052:
1048:
1045:
1044:
1039:
1034:
1027:
1022:
1020:
1011:
1008:
1004:
998:
996:
988:
983:
976:
971:
967:
960:
953:
949:
945:
941:
937:
933:
929:
925:
921:
917:
913:
907:
901:, p. 106
900:
896:
890:
884:, p. 11.
883:
878:
870:
864:
860:
856:
849:
842:
840:
833:
827:
824:. Zed Books.
823:
822:
814:
810:
800:
797:
795:
792:
790:
787:
785:
782:
780:
777:
775:
772:
770:
767:
766:
760:
755:Modern trends
752:
747:
743:
741:
737:
733:
732:Kfar Halutzim
729:
725:
721:
717:
713:
708:
706:
700:
698:
694:
690:
686:
675:
670:
665:
662:
658:
654:
644:
642:
638:
634:
630:
629:Wadi es-Sarar
626:
622:
612:
607:
602:
600:
596:
592:
590:
586:
582:
578:
574:
570:
566:
556:
552:
550:
545:
543:
542:
537:
533:
529:
525:
524:
519:
515:
511:
507:
506:
501:
497:
493:
489:
485:
481:
476:
474:
470:
466:
462:
458:
454:
450:
446:
442:
438:
434:
430:
426:
422:
418:
414:
410:
405:
403:
399:
395:
391:
380:
375:
372:
367:
363:
349:
348:
341:
333:
332:
325:
314:Early history
311:
309:
305:
301:
297:
293:
289:
285:
284:modern Hebrew
281:
276:
272:
268:
263:
261:
257:
253:
249:
245:
241:
237:
233:
229:
226:
222:
218:
213:
211:
207:
198:
194:
190:
186:
182:
178:
174:
167:
163:
159:
155:
151:
146:
138:
134:
130:
126:
122:
110:
100:
90:
80:
68:
58:
48:
38:
26:
21:
2927:
2923:
2899:
2871:
2865:
2843:
2812:
2794:
2776:
2768:Robinson, E.
2725:
2722:Rainey, A.F.
2702:
2684:
2678:
2645:
2641:
2627:
2604:
2568:
2543:
2539:
2507:
2483:
2463:
2434:
2428:
2407:
2367:
2361:
2338:
2306:. New York:
2302:
2273:
2269:
2255:
2233:
2212:
2208:
2188:
2164:
2146:
2142:
2125:
2121:
2104:
2100:
2081:
2059:
2033:
2030:Kiryat Sefer
2029:
2022:Kiryat Sefer
2021:
2016:
2004:
1992:
1979:
1975:
1965:
1957:
1953:
1941:
1936:
1924:
1912:
1899:
1892:
1880:
1868:
1833:
1826:
1806:, p. 6.
1799:
1772:SWP web-site
1751:
1739:
1723:
1715:
1708:
1700:
1686:
1682:
1674:
1670:
1666:
1658:
1646:
1627:
1612:
1600:
1591:
1584:
1577:Palmer, E.H.
1553:Robinson, E.
1548:
1540:
1534:
1530:
1526:
1518:
1510:
1506:
1502:
1498:
1490:
1478:
1470:
1462:
1454:
1446:
1434:
1382:
1375:
1355:
1331:
1319:
1314:
1302:
1290:. Retrieved
1284:
1263:
1235:
1231:
1206:
1198:
1190:
1181:
1101:
1097:
1087:
1080:Philadelphia
1042:
1033:
1006:
982:
973:
969:
959:
951:
923:
919:
906:
895:Shukri Arraf
889:
877:
858:
848:
835:
820:
813:
758:
749:
745:
731:
711:
709:
701:
681:
672:
667:
650:
628:
620:
618:
609:
604:
593:
568:
562:
553:
546:
539:
531:
521:
517:
509:
508:= Nephtoah;
503:
495:
487:
477:
472:
464:
456:
448:
440:
432:
425:Yerushalayim
424:
423:/ Al Quds /
413:David Yellin
406:
390:First Aliyah
387:
377:
360:
345:
329:
308:mixed cities
291:
264:
232:Hebrew Bible
214:
171:
2930:: 163–184.
2862:Vilnay, Zev
2790:Schürer, E.
2528:Ben-Zvi, Y.
2524:Maisler, B.
2430:Imago Mundi
2219:: 366–370.
1950:E.H. Palmer
1929:Vilnay 1983
1697:Naḥal Sorek
1619:(2005), p.
1579:(1881), p.
1559:. See alao
1555:(1860), p.
1309:, p. 8
1307:Rainey 1978
1292:18 December
1195:Vilnay, Zev
1146:Rainey 1978
1038:Nur Masalha
1026:Rainey 1978
987:Rainey 1978
664:committee:
625:Naḥal Sorek
534:, based on
473:Beit Gubrin
469:Bayt Jibrin
449:Beit She'an
217:place names
137:Kfar Shalem
129:Beit Guvrin
125:Bayt Jibrin
103:modern map
61:modern map
2948:Categories
2896:Vilnay, Z.
2410:. London:
2034:Neveh Tzuf
2009:Bitan 1992
1917:Bitan 1992
1605:Press 2014
1507:Bir Saba'a
1410:Bitan 1992
1174:Tel ʿErani
899:Amara 2017
740:Benvenisti
528:Kiryat Gat
461:Kafr 'Inan
453:Shefar-amr
441:Gush Halav
150:Mevo Dotan
83:1870s map
41:1870s map
2906:: 86–91.
2832:224145372
2772:Smith, E.
2760:163634741
2670:144366247
2536:Press, Y.
2532:Klein, S.
2516:786490264
2323:cite book
2315:427481948
2303:Palestine
2243:748991995
2235:Palestine
2107:: 77–88.
2068:886831002
1972:"Rogelit"
1671:al-Khalil
1503:Beit Ghur
1260:144053751
1158:Tel Masos
1154:Tel Gezer
1150:Tel ʿArad
1118:0004-5608
1047:Zed Books
948:144811289
805:Citations
730:becoming
722:becoming
714:becoming
637:Jerusalem
541:Tel Erani
457:Shefarʻam
421:Jerusalem
409:Palestine
275:homophone
240:classical
238:. During
228:Canaanite
221:Nabataean
206:Palestine
93:1940s map
51:1940s map
2989:Toponymy
2912:23619490
2842:(2005).
2810:(1855).
2792:(1891).
2774:(1860).
2738:: 1–17.
2693:43664932
2625:(1881).
2603:(2002).
2556:24384308
2420:69392644
2300:(n.d.).
2253:(1896).
2225:23623609
2113:23382506
2058:(2014).
2038:Halamish
1683:Ṭanṭūrah
1215:B'Tselem
1076:Caesarea
972:: iv–v.
940:30245590
914:(2002).
763:See also
691:and Dr.
536:Albright
532:Tel Gath
394:HeHalutz
2888:1452901
2804:Sozomen
2752:1356743
2730:(231).
2662:3993769
2451:1150433
2396:1781656
2376:Bibcode
2290:2563694
2026:Modi'in
1940:In the
1703:, etc."
1675:al-Quds
1583:, s.v.
1573:246-247
1539:speech
1499:Asqalan
1324:Jacotin
1286:Haaretz
1162:Tel Par
736:Bareket
728:al-Tira
514:Herodis
302:" and "
300:Shechem
248:Aramaic
160:to the
135:became
127:became
2910:
2886:
2850:
2830:
2820:
2758:
2750:
2710:
2691:
2668:
2660:
2611:
2575:
2554:
2514:
2495:
2470:
2449:
2418:
2394:
2346:
2313:
2288:
2241:
2223:
2196:
2172:
2111:
2088:
2066:
1958:débris
1841:
1667:Nablus
1617:Tilley
1575:; cf.
1569:Timnah
1565:Conder
1541:Tibneh
1536:fellâh
1531:Timnah
1527:Tibneh
1471:Quote:
1455:Quote:
1390:
1363:
1320:Quote:
1258:
1250:
1116:
1072:Nablus
1053:
946:
938:
865:
828:
716:Roglit
705:Vilnay
669:names.
641:Hartuv
621:Nablus
575:. The
518:et al.
500:Timnah
492:Yodfat
480:Yishuv
445:Beisan
433:Ḥevron
429:Hebron
304:Silwan
296:Nablus
292:Paneas
288:Banias
236:Talmud
225:Hebrew
185:Israel
133:Salama
2994:Nakba
2924:Onoma
2908:JSTOR
2884:JSTOR
2756:S2CID
2748:JSTOR
2689:JSTOR
2666:S2CID
2658:JSTOR
2552:JSTOR
2546:(3).
2489:BRILL
2447:JSTOR
2392:JSTOR
2370:(4).
2286:JSTOR
2221:JSTOR
2109:JSTOR
2024:(now
1904:(PDF)
1720:(PDF)
1693:Jenin
1638:Davar
1585:Tibna
1256:S2CID
1248:JSTOR
1049:2018
1010:BRILL
944:S2CID
936:JSTOR
720:Allar
657:Negev
505:Lifta
256:Islam
252:Greek
210:Nakba
166:beans
154:Afula
2848:ISBN
2828:OCLC
2818:ISBN
2708:ISBN
2609:ISBN
2573:ISBN
2512:OCLC
2493:ISBN
2468:ISBN
2416:OCLC
2344:ISBN
2329:link
2311:OCLC
2239:OCLC
2194:ISBN
2170:ISBN
2086:ISBN
2064:OCLC
1839:ISBN
1688:Dūra
1511:Aila
1388:ISBN
1361:ISBN
1294:2011
1114:ISSN
1051:ISBN
863:ISBN
826:ISBN
724:Mata
437:Jish
427:and
267:Jews
250:and
242:and
191:and
152:and
2932:doi
2876:doi
2740:doi
2685:130
2650:doi
2591:doi
2439:doi
2384:doi
2278:doi
2151:doi
2130:doi
1980:118
1946:307
1695:; '
1679:Dor
1621:190
1581:330
1240:doi
1106:doi
928:doi
639:to
627:" (
585:JNC
234:or
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