Homo heidelbergensis

518: 2680:

and were then percussed on what would have been the more closed-off end to fully open the hole. He also found wear facets which he speculated were begotten from clacking against other beads when they were strung together and worn as a necklace. In 2009, Solange Rigaud, Francisco d'Errico and colleagues noticed that the modified areas are lighter in colour than the unmodifed, suggesting they were inflicted much more recently such as during excavation. They were also unconvinced that the fossils could be confidently associated with the Acheulian artefacts from the sites, and suggested that—as an alternative to archaic human activity—apparent size-selection could have been caused by either natural geological processes or 19th-century collectors favouring this specific form.

2889: 1724: 2597:); and Torralba and Ambrona in Spain which have an abundance of elephant bones (though also rhino and large hoofed mammals). The increase in meat subsistence could indicate the development of group hunting strategies in the Middle Pleistocene. For instance, at Torralba and Ambrona, the animals may have been run into swamplands before being killed, entailing encircling and driving by a large group of hunters in a coordinated and organised attack. Exploitation of aquatic environments is generally quite lacking, despite some sites being in close proximity to the ocean, lakes or rivers. 2616: 2845:

convincing evidence of fire usage. This pattern could possibly indicate the invention of ignition technology or improved fire maintenance techniques at this time, and that fire was not an integral part of people's lives before then in Europe. In Africa, on the other hand, humans may have been able to frequently scavenge fire as early as 1.6 million years ago from natural wildfires, which occur much more often in Africa, thus possibly (more or less) regularly using fire. The oldest established continuous fire site beyond Africa is the 780,000-year-old

2255: 2066: 1764:) since the early 20th century by amateur cavers (which consequently destroyed some of the human remains in that section). By 1990, about 600 human remains were reported, and by 2004 the number had increased to roughly 4,000. These represent at least 28 individuals, of which possibly only one is a child, and the rest teenagers and young adults. The fossil assemblage is exceptionally complete, with whole corpses buried rapidly, and all bodily elements represented. In 1997, Spanish palaeoanthropologist 2695: 154: 7440: 2181: 130: 7464: 2756: 6495: 2364: 2513:(12.1%). Nonetheless, Neanderthals suffered even higher rates and more intense bouts of hypoplasia, but it is unclear if this is because Neanderthals were less capable of exploiting natural resources, or because they lived in harsher environments. A peak at 3½ years of age may be correlated with weaning age. In Neanderthals this peak was at 4 years, and many modern hunter gatherers also wean at about 4 years of age. 2533: 7452: 2691:, Tanzania, where two red ochre lumps have been found; Ambrona where an ochre slab was trimmed down into a specific shape; and Terra Amata where 75 ochre pieces were heated to achieve a wide colour range from yellow to red-brown to red. These may exemplify early and isolated instances of colour preference and colour categorisation, and such practices may not have been normalised yet. 2355:. It was originally estimated to have been from a male as much as 93 kg (205 lb) in life, but its exorbitant size is now proposed to be the consequence of an extraordinarily vigorous early-life activity level while an otherwise ordinary person was maturing. If so, the individual from the Berg Aukas Mine would probably have had proportions similar to Kabwe 1. 2907:. These nine wooden spears and spear fragments—in addition to a lance, and a double-pointed stick—date to 300,000 years ago and were preserved along a lakeside. The spears vary from 2.9–4.7 cm (1.1–1.9 in) in diameter, and may have been 210–240 cm (7–8 ft) long, overall similar to present day competitive javelins. The spears were made of soft 2395:"), but the discovery of some Middle Pleistocene skeletal elements (though generally fragmentary and few and far between) seems to suggest Middle Pleistocene humans overall featured a more Neanderthal morph. Thus, the modern human morph may be unique to modern humans, evolving quite recently. This is most clearly demonstrated in the exceptionally well-preserved 2880:. These were probably occupied during the winter, and, averaging only 3.5 m × 3 m (11.5 ft × 9.8 ft) in area, they were probably only used for sleeping in, while other activities (including firekeeping) seem to have been done outside. Less-permanent tent technology may have been present in Europe in the Lower Paleolithic. 2490:, leading to skull deformities as development continued). This is a rare condition, occurring in less than 6 out of every 200,000 individuals in modern humans. The individual died around the age of 10, suggesting it was not abandoned due its deformity as has been done in historical times, and received the same quality of care as any other child. 2744:, or a social system compatible with apprenticeship. Nonetheless, the Acheulian does seem to subtly change over time, and is typically split up into Early Acheulian and Late Acheulian, the latter becoming especially popular after 600 to 500 thousand years ago. Late Acheulian technology never crossed over east of the 2600:

Plants were probably also frequently consumed, including seasonally available ones, but the extent of their exploitation is unclear as they do not fossilise as well as animal bones. At the Schöningen site in Germany, it is estimated that over 200 plant species in the vicinity were either edible raw

2462:

A male SH pelvis (Pelvis 1), based on joint degeneration, may have lived for more than 45 years, making him one of the oldest examples of this demographic in the human fossil record. The frequency of 45-plus individuals gradually increases with time, but has overall remained quite low throughout the

2679:

fossils are sub-spherical and range 10–18 mm (0.39–0.71 in) in diameter, despite this species having a highly variable shape—they were deliberately chosen. They appear to have been bored through completely or almost completely by some parasitic creature (i. e., through natural processes),

2250:

specimens, spanning nearly 1.5 million years from across East Asia and Africa, as 973 cc, and thus concluded a significant jump in brain size, though conceded brain size was extremely variable ranging from 727 to 1,231 cc depending on the time period, geographic region, and even between individuals

2710:

In 2006, Eudald Carbonell and Marina Mosquera suggested the Sima de los Huesos (SH) hominins were buried by people rather than being the victims of some catastrophic event such as a cave-in, because young children and infants are absent which would be unexpected if this were a single and complete

2325:

humans averaged roughly 169.5 cm (5 ft 7 in) for males and 157.7 cm (5 ft 2 in) for females, with maximums of respectively 177 cm (5 ft 10 in) and 160 cm (5 ft 3 in). The height of a female partial skeleton from Jinniushan is estimated to

1647:

like the Mauer mandible, and thus postulated these three populations might be allied with each other. Though these fossils are poorly preserved and do not provide many comparable possible diagnostic traits (and likewise it was difficult at the time to properly define a unique species), they argued

2927:

wood. The Schöningen spears may have had a range of up to 35 m (115 ft), though would have been more effective short range within about 5 m (16 ft), making them effective distance weapons either against prey or predators. Besides these two localities, the only other site which

1996:

migration events into Europe following population collapses after glacial cycles, interbreeding with surviving indigenous populations. Their taxonomic recommendations were rejected by Stringer and others as they failed to explain how exactly their proposals would resolve anything, in addition to

1938:

for the species has been problematic as it does not present many diagnostic features, and in addition it is missing from several Middle Pleistocene specimens. Anthropologist William Straus said on this topic that, "While the skull is the creation of God, the jaw is the work of the devil." If the

2814:

With either method, knappers (tool makers) would have had to have produced some item indirectly related to creating the desired product (hierarchical organisation), which could represent a major cognitive development. Experiments with modern humans have shown that platform preparation cannot be

2787:("Large Flake Blanks", LFB) in a variety of ways before shaping them into tools, making prepared platforms unnecessary. LFB Acheulian spreads out of Africa into West and South Asia before a million years ago and is present in Southern Europe after 600,000 years ago, but northern Europe (and the 5132:

Gracia-Téllez, Ana; Arsuaga, Juan-Luis; Martínez, Ignacio; Martín-Francés, Laura; Martinón-Torres, María; Bermúdez De Castro, José-María; Bonmatí, Alejandro; Lira, Jaime (8 May 2013). "Orofacial pathology in Homo heidelbergensis: The case of Skull 5 from the Sima de los Huesos site (Atapuerca,

2631:

Upper Palaeolithic modern humans are well known for having etched engravings seemingly with symbolic value. As of 2018, only 27 Middle and Lower Palaeolithic objects have been postulated to have symbolic etching, out of which some have been refuted as having been caused by natural or otherwise

1889:

considers this an unjustified extrapolation as they may have simply been different but still interconnected populations of a single, highly variable species. In 2015, Marie Antoinette de Lumley suggested the less derived material can also be split off into their own species or a subspecies of

2844:

Despite apparent pushes into colder climates, evidence of fire is scarce in the archaeological record until 400 to 300 thousand years ago. Though it is possible fire remnants simply degraded, long and overall undisturbed occupation sequences such as at Arago or Gran Dolina conspicuously lack

2338:

If these specimens are representative of their respective continents, they would suggest that above-medium to tall people were prevalent throughout the Middle Pleistocene Old World. If this is the case, then most all populations of any archaic human species would have generally averaged to

2819:. At Boxgrove, the knappers used not only stone but also bone and antler to make hammers, and the use of such a wide range of raw materials could speak to advanced planning capabilities as stoneworking requires a much different skillset to work and gather materials for than boneworking. 2251:

within the same population (the last one probably due to notable sexual dimorphism with males much bigger than females). In comparison, for modern humans, brain size averages 1,270 cc for males and 1,130 cc for females; and for Neanderthals 1,600 cc for males and 1,300 cc for females.

2386:

species, but among the more derived members there are two distinct morphs: A narrow-chested and gracile build like modern humans, and a broader-chested and robust build like Neanderthals. It was once assumed that the Neanderthal build was unique to Neanderthals based on the gracile

2090:

humans are more closely related to Neanderthals than Denisovans (and that the Neanderthal/Denisovan, and thus the modern human/Neanderthal split, had already occurred), suggesting the modern human/Neanderthal LCA had existed long before many European specimens typically assigned to

555:. He split this off as a new species primarily because of the mandible's archaicness—in particular its enormous size—and it was the then-oldest human jaw in the European fossil record at 640,000 years old. The mandible is well preserved, missing only the left 2675:, England, and also speculated that their function was beads, though he made no reference to Boucher de Perthes' find, possibly because he was unaware of it. In 2005, Robert Bednarik reexamined the material, and concluded that—because all the Bedfordshire 2740:. The Acheulian has a timespan of about a million years, and such technological stagnation has typically been ascribed to comparatively limited cognitive abilities which significantly reduced innovative capacity, such as a deficit in cognitive fluidity, 2347:

averaging 185.1 cm (6 ft 1 in) for males and 169.8 cm (5 ft 7 in) for females, an average of 177.5 cm (5 ft 10 in), possibly to increase the energy-efficiency of long-distance travel with longer legs.

2422:

than Neanderthals). The overall broad and elliptical pelvis is broader, taller and thicker (expanded anteroposteriorly) than those of Neanderthals or modern humans, and retains an anteriorly located acetabulocristal buttress (which supports the

2715:(rarely used in the region), and so Carbonell and Mosquera postulated this was purposefully and symbolically placed with the bodies as some kind of grave good. Supposed evidence of symbolic graves would not surface for another 300,000 years. 2330:

females. A tibia from Kabwe is typically estimated to have been 181.2 cm (5 ft 11 in), among the tallest Middle Pleistocene specimens, but it is possible this individual was either unusually large or had a much longer tibia to

403:) being a jawbone, because jawbones feature few diagnostic traits and are generally missing among Middle Pleistocene specimens. Thus, it is debated if some of these specimens could be split off into their own species or a subspecies of 2860:, Czech Republic. This dwelling probably featured a vaulted roof made of thick branches or thin poles, supported by a foundation of big rocks and earth. Other such dwellings have been postulated to have existed during or following the 3716:

Grün, Rainer; Pike, Alistair; McDermott, Frank; Eggins, Stephen; Mortimer, Graham; Aubert, Maxime; Kinsley, Lesley; Joannes-Boyau, Renaud; Rumsey, Michael; Denys, Christiane; Brink, James; Clark, Tara; Stringer, Chris (1 April 2020).

2587:. African sites commonly yield bovine and horse bones. Though carcasses may have simply been scavenged, some Afro-European sites show specific targeting of a single species, which more likely indicates active hunting; for example: 2120:

descending from it and being a strictly European species ancestral to only Neanderthals. They later recanted. In 2020, Dutch molecular palaeoanthropologist Frido Welker and colleagues analysed ancient proteins collected from an

2305:(the angle between the body of the mandible and the ramus), an extensive planum alveolare (the distance from the frontmost tooth socket to the back of the jaw), a developed planum triangulare (near the jaw hinge), and a 5440:

Urban, Brigitte; Krahn, Kim J.; Kasper, Thomas; García-Moreno, Alejandro; Hutson, Jarod M.; Villaluenga, Aritza; Turner, Elaine; Gaudzinski-Windheuser, Sabine; Farghaly, Dalia; Tucci, Mario; Schwalb, Antje (July 2023).

1991:

is supposed to represent the immediate ancestor of modern humans, but does not include the LCA of modern humans and Neanderthals. They suggested the confusing morphology of the Middle Pleistocene was caused by periodic

2982:. Nonetheless, these traits do not absolutely prove the existence of language and humanlike speech, and its presence so early in time despite such anatomical arguments has been primarily opposed by cognitive scientist 492:, and probably issuing from increasing intelligence. Fire likely became an integral part of daily life after 400,000 years ago, and this roughly coincides with more permanent and widespread occupation of Europe (above 567:(at the jaw hinge), and fragments of the mid-section as the jaw was found in two pieces and had to be glued together. It may have belonged to a young adult based on slight wearing on the 3rd molar. In 1921, the skull 2242:—from Kabwe, Bodo, Ndutu, Dali, Jinniushan, Petralona, Steinheim, Arago, and two from SH. This set gives an average volume of about 1,206 cc, ranging from 1,100 to 1,390 cc. He also averaged the brain volumes of 30 2144:, with evidence of short-lived dispersals northward beginning after a million years ago. Beginning 700,000 years ago, more permanent populations seem to have persisted across the line coinciding with the spread of 3977: 2081:

According to genetic analysis, the LCA of modern humans and Neanderthal split into a modern human line, and a Neanderthal/Denisovan line, and the latter later split into Neanderthal and Denisovans. According to

2826:, Kenya, has yielded the oldest evidence of blade and bladelet technology, dating to 545 to 509 thousand years ago. This technology is rare even in the Middle Palaeolithic, and is typically associated with 5490:

Bigga, G.; Schoch, W. H.; Urban, B. (2015). "Paleoenvironment and possibilities of plant exploitation in the Middle Pleistocene of Schöningen (Germany). Insights from botanical macro-remains and pollen".

1987:" which includes all African specimens, and potentially some from the Levant and the Balkans which have no Neanderthal-derived traits (namely Ceprano, Mala Balanica, HaZore'a and Nadaouiyeh Aïn Askar). 1595:

is still maintained as a highly variable, widespread, and long-lasting species, it is still much debated whether or not sinking all Middle Pleistocene remains into it is justifiable. Mayr's lumping of

3151: 1828:

can be extended to Middle Pleistocene humans across the Old World, or if it is better to restrict it to just Europe. In the latter case, Middle Pleistocene African remains can be split off into "

4573: 2159:

ancestral population was reduced to less than 1300 individuals between 800,000 and 900,000 years ago. Prof Giorgio Manzi, an anthropologist at Sapienza University of Rome, suggested that this

4884:

Carretero, José-Miguel; Rodríguez, Laura; García-González, Rebeca; Arsuaga, Juan-Luis; Gómez-Olivencia, Asier; Lorenzo, Carlos; Bonmatí, Alejandro; Gracia, Ana; Martínez, Ignacio (2012).

2852:

In Europe, evidence of constructed dwelling structures—classified as firm surface huts with solid foundations built in areas mostly sheltered from the weather—has been recorded since the

2687:

for presumably symbolic purposes as it produces a blood-like colour, though ochre can also have a functional medicinal application. Beyond these two species, ochre usage is recorded at

2948:

from the 500,000-year-old Boxgrove shows a puncture wound consistent with a spear wound. Evidence of hafting (in both Europe and Africa) becomes much more common after 300,000 years.

1704:" pending diagnostic fossil finds, it is postulated that the Asian remains could represent that same species. Thus, Middle Pleistocene Asian specimens, such as Dali Man or the Indian 2771:

The transition is indicated by the production of smaller, thinner, and more symmetrical hand axes (though thicker, less refined ones were still produced). At the 500,000-year-old

2970:

bones capable of finely distinguishing frequencies within the range of normal human speech. Judging by dental striations, they seem to have been predominantly right-handed, and

2830:

modern humans. It is unclear if this is part of a long blade-making tradition, or if blade technology was lost and reinvented several times by multiple different human species.

2775:

site in England—an exceptionally well-preserved site with abundance of tool remains—thinning may have been produced by striking the hand axe near-perpendicularly with a soft

2549:

Middle Pleistocene communities in general seem to have eaten big game at a higher frequency than predecessors, with meat becoming an essential dietary component. In Europe,

2496:

on the teeth is used to determine bouts of nutritional stress. At a rate of 40% for the SH humans, this is significantly higher than exhibited in the earlier South African

1672:("in the strict sense", in this case, specimens from East Asia). Consequently, Afro-European remains from 600 to 300 thousand years ago—most notably from Kabwe, Petralona, 2317:

Trends in body size through the Middle Pleistocene are obscured due to a general lack of limb bones and non-skull (post-cranial) remains. Based on the lengths of various

3525:[In 2010, this also included the Geological-Palaeontological Institute of the University of Heidelberg, which has kept the lower jaw since 1908 and identified it as 5373:"Proboscidea-Homo interactions in open-air localities during the Early and Middle Pleistocene of western Eurasia: a palaeontological and archaeolocigal perspective" 2748:

into East Asia, which is generally believed to be due to either some major deficit in cultural transmission (namely smaller population size in the East) or simply

2483:

on L4 and 5 (enlargement of the spinous processes). These would have produced lower back pain, significantly limiting movement, and may be evidence of group care.

469:, Spain, 169.5 cm (5 ft 7 in) for males and 157.7 cm (5 ft 2 in) for females; 165 cm (5 ft 5 in) for a female from 3971: 3515:

Hierzu zählte noch im Jahr 2010 auch das Geologisch-Paläontologische Institut der Universität Heidelberg, das den Unterkiefer seit 1908 verwahrt und ihn als

3170: 4356: 6015: 5725:

Carbonell, E.; Mosquera, M. (2006). "The emergence of a symbolic behaviour: the sepulchral pit of Sima de los Huesos, Sierra de Atapuerca, Burgos, Spain".

1885:

in Portugal). Because of this, it is suggested there were multiple lineages (or species) in this region and time period, but French palaeoanthropologist

8863: 5443:"Spatial interpretation of high-resolution environmental proxy data of the Middle Pleistocene Palaeolithic faunal kill site Schöningen 13 II-4, Germany" 1754:, José María Basabe and Trinidad Torres began to excavate archaic human remains. Their investigation of the site was prompted by the finding of several 1700:. This model is not as universally accepted. After the 2010 identification of the genetic code of some unique archaic human species in Siberia, termed " 5971:

Schoch, W. H.; Bigga, G.; Böhner, U.; Richter, P.; Terberger, T. (2015). "New insights on the wooden weapons from the Paleolithic site of Schöningen".

4589: 2632:

non-symbolic phenomena (such as the fossilisation or excavation processes). The Lower Palaeolithic ones are: a 400,000 to 350,000 years old bone from

1939:

Mauer mandible is actually a member of a different species than the Kabwe skull and most other Afro-European Middle Pleistocene archaic humans, then "

7309: 4611:

Hu, Wangjie; Hao, Ziqian; Du, Pengyuan; Di Vincenzo, Fabio; Manzi, Giorgio; Cui, Jialong; Fu, Yun-Xin; Pan, Yi-Hsuan; Li, Haipeng (31 August 2023).

7502: 2783:

leftover from making hand axes, possibly with the intention of recycling them into other tools later. Late Acheulian sites elsewhere pre-prepared

9534: 9426: 9260: 9001: 8597: 7337: 2815:

learned through purely observational learning, unlike earlier techniques, and could be indicative of well developed teaching methods as well as

6238: 9439: 9216: 8725: 4298:

Meyer, M.; Arsuaga, J.; de Filippo, C.; Nagel, S. (2016). "Nuclear DNA sequences from the Middle Pleistocene Sima de los Huesos hominins".

2656: 2203:, Middle Pleistocene humans have a much more modern human-like face. The nasal opening is set completely vertically in the skull, and the 2711:

family unit. The SH humans are conspicuously associated with only a single stone tool, a carefully crafted hand axe made of high-quality

1663:, and human evolutionary biologist Phillip Rightmire reported further differences between Middle Pleistocene Afro-European specimens and 7185: 9048: 8499: 4886:"Stature estimation from complete long bones in the Middle Pleistocene humans from the Sima de los Huesos, Sierra de Atapuerca (Spain)" 2561:(which has been found at numerous sites with cut marks and/or stone tools indicating butchery) and rhinoceroses belonging to the genus 2351:

A conspicuously massive proximal (upper half) femur was recovered from Berg Aukas Mine, Namibia, about 20 km (12 mi) east of

2019: 1422: 3069:

Langenscheidt Routledge: German Dictionary of Biology / Wörterbuch Biologie Englisch: Volume/Band 2: English-German / Englisch-Deutsch

6573: 6533: 6138:

Lozano, Marina; Mosquera, Marina; De Castro, José María Bermúdez; Arsuaga, Juan Luis; Carbonell, Eudald (2009). "Right handedness of

5296: 4833: 4720: 4683: 3883: 3842: 3294: 1292: 4718:

Allen, J. S.; Damasio, H.; Grabowski, T. J. (2002). "Normal neuroanatomical variation in the human brain: an MRI-volumetric study".

517: 504:

may have been able to carry out coordinated hunting strategies, and consequently they seem to have had a higher dependence on meat.

465:(cc), comparable to modern humans. Height in the Middle Pleistocene can only be estimated based upon remains from three localities: 9521: 9413: 7425: 7269: 6583: 4110: 2978:, typically associated with language processing in modern humans. So, it is postulated that this population was speaking with some 2940:, Germany, where a 238 cm (8 ft) yew spear was apparently lodged in an elephant. In Africa, 500,000-year-old points from 2899:

The appearance of repeated fire usage—earliest in Europe from Beeches Pit, England, and Schöningen, Germany—roughly coincides with

1312: 681: 600:

had entered the field of anthropology, and, surveying a "bewildering diversity of names", decided to define only three species of

391:, but towards the end of the century, it was more widely classified as its own species. It is debated whether or not to constrain 5334:

Isaac, G. (1971). "The diet of early man: Aspects of archaeological evidence from lower and middle Pleistocene sites in Africa".

2427:

during hip abduction), a well defined supraacetabular groove (between the hip socket and the ilium), and a thin and rectangular

9593: 7327: 6578: 5294:

Bermúdez de Castro, J. M.; Pérez, P. J. (1995). "Enamel Hypoplasia in the Middle Pleistocene Hominids From Atapuerca (Spain)".

2269:

In 2009, palaeontologists Aurélien Mounier, François Marchal and Silvana Condemi published the first differential diagnosis of

1272: 7332: 7210: 6588: 4808: 4779: 4087: 3134: 2486:

An adolescent SH skull (Cranium 14) was diagnosed with lambdoid single suture craniosynostosis (immature closing of the left

2099: 7495: 5538:"Assessing the significance of Palaeolithic engraved cortexes. A case study from the Mousterian site of Kiik-Koba, Crimea" 3242: 2152:

and behavioural shifts to cope with the cold climate. Such occupation becomes much more frequent after 500,000 years ago.

2042:. In 2016, Antonio Profico and colleagues suggested that 875,000-year-old skull materials from the Gombore II site of the 1772:, but in 2014, he retracted this, stating that Neanderthal-like features present in the Mauer mandible are missing in the 7289: 4149: 4000: 3936: 3349: 2663:, France, (the area where the Acheulian was defined), and, in addition to hand axes, reported perforated sponge fossils ( 2038:

The exact derivation from an ancestor species is obfuscated by a long gap in the human fossil record near the end of the

1656:" (depending on, respectively, the inclusion or exclusion of the Mauer mandible) to formally recognize their similarity. 461:

likely existed well after the modern human/Neanderthal split. In the Middle Pleistocene, brain size averaged about 1,200

7398: 6231: 6210: 3601:; de Filippo, C.; et al. (2016). "Nuclear DNA sequences from the Middle Pleistocene Sima de los Huesos hominins". 2667:) which he considered to have been decorative beads. This claim was completely ignored. In 1894, English archaeologist 8626: 7532: 7264: 5767: 5633: 4959: 3262: 2865: 2580: 1636:("in the broad sense"), as ancestral to modern humans and Neanderthals. In 1979, Stringer and Finnish anthropologist 9444: 8833: 8720: 7456: 5765:

Stout, D.; Apel, J.; Commander, J.; Roberts, M. (2014). "Late Acheulean technology and cognition at Boxgrove, UK".

2975: 2633: 2624: 2235:

on the underside of the skull can jut out prominently as the surface behind the jaw hinge is otherwise quite flat.

1874: 1252: 564: 5669: 2779:, possible with the invention of prepared platforms for tool making. The Boxgrove knappers also left behind large 9245: 8636: 7674: 7488: 7408: 7304: 6182: 4397: 3550:"The Sima de los Huesos Middle Pleistocene hominin site (Burgos, Spain). Estimation of the number of individuals" 2839: 1462: 17: 6062: 5182:"Middle Pleistocene lower back and pelvis from an aged human individual from the Sima de los Huesos site, Spain" 3925:"Filling the gap. Human cranial remains from Gombore II (Melka Kunture, Ethiopia; ca. 850 ka) and the origin of 407:. Because the classification is so disputed, the Middle Pleistocene is often called the "muddle in the middle". 9391: 7403: 6704: 2610: 2263: 2224: 2189: 1845:

Regarding the Middle Pleistocene European remains, some are more firmly placed on the Neanderthal line (namely

1736: 4357:"A Hominid from the Lower Pleistocene of Atapuerca, Spain: Possible Ancestor to Neandertals and Modern Humans" 2683:

Early modern humans and late Neanderthals (the latter especially after 60,000 years ago) made wide use of red

9588: 8858: 8388: 7648: 6526: 6224: 5615: 2363: 1911: 7716: 2022:

beginning roughly 2 million years ago. Those that dispersed across Europe and stayed in Africa evolved into

1688:

and Tattersall suggested classifying all Middle Pleistocene European as well as Asian specimens—namely from

8853: 8393: 7866: 7274: 7151: 7037: 6202: 6144: 6088:"Human hyoid bones from the middle Pleistocene site of the Sima de los Huesos (Sierra de Atapuerca, Spain)" 5245:"Craniosynostosis in the Middle Pleistocene human Cranium 14 from the Sima de los Huesos, Atapuerca, Spain" 3011: 2941: 2125:

tooth found that it was a member of a sister lineage to the LCA rather than being the LCA itself (that is,

1850: 902: 674: 7542: 5803: 5627:

Rigaud, S.; d'Errico, F.; Vanhaeren, M.; Neumann, C. (2009). "Critical reassessment of putative Acheulean

2399:

assemblage. Based on skull robustness, it was assumed Middle Pleistocene humans featured a high degree of

2238:

In 2004, Rightmire estimated the brain volumes of ten Middle Pleistocene humans variously attributable to

1950:

In 2021, Canadian anthropologist Mirjana Roksandic and colleagues recommended the complete dissolution of

9598: 9512: 7819: 7468: 7372: 7190: 6711: 6565: 6499: 1813: 651: 432: 4457: 3924: 9121: 8922: 7230: 7161: 6697: 6690: 6683: 6095: 5839: 5493: 3777: 3718: 3198: 1355: 1089: 1081: 1073: 3092: 8927: 8742: 7413: 7205: 5837:

Johnson, C. R.; McBrearty, S. (2010). "500,000-year-old blades from the Kapthurin Formation, Kenya".

3780:; Asfaw, B.; DeGusta, D.; Gilbert, H.; Richards, G. D.; Suwa, G.; Howell, F. C. (2003). "Pleistocene 2846: 2645: 2344: 2273:

using the Mauer mandible, as well as material from Tighennif, Algeria; SH, Spain; Arago, France; and

1193: 395:

to only Europe or to also include African and Asian specimens, and this is further confounded by the

7195: 9116: 8208: 7753: 7444: 6747: 6519: 6413: 5944:

Sklenář, K. (1987). "The Lower Paleolithic Dwelling Structure at Přezletice and its Significance".

5372: 4202:

by Roksandic and colleagues does not resolve issues surrounding Middle Pleistocene human evolution"

3502: 3030: 2668: 2558: 2431:(as opposed to the thick, stout one in modern humans). The foot of all archaic humans has a taller 1858: 8280: 8275: 4885: 4613:"Genomic inference of a severe human bottleneck during the Early to Middle Pleistocene transition" 9233: 9143: 8315: 8082: 7901: 7834: 7566: 7382: 7319: 7279: 7166: 6725: 6206: 5402: 4767: 4044: 2816: 1163: 667: 153: 5804:"Life without the Movius Line: The structure of the East and Southeast Asian Early Palaeolithic" 5598: 4444:

could be a side branch of this clade placed at the westernmost region of the Eurasian continent.

2326:

have been quite tall at roughly 165 cm (5 ft 5 in) in life, much taller than the

1378: 9565: 9539: 9470: 9431: 9353: 9321: 9195: 8801: 8692: 8680: 8376: 8117: 7956: 7593: 7527: 7511: 7377: 7352: 7347: 7240: 7156: 6718: 5403:"Quantitative micromorphological analyses of cut marks produced by ancient and modern handaxes" 2888: 2873: 2853: 2527: 1644: 1122: 9560: 9552: 9465: 9457: 9060: 8996: 8870: 8563: 8489: 8263: 8258: 8196: 8135: 8072: 8020: 8013: 7559: 6761: 6462: 6289: 3965: 2861: 2796: 2593: 2572: 2543: 2501: 2290: 2281:(near the throat), parallel upper and lower boundaries of the mandible in side-view, several 2160: 1944: 1709: 894: 586: 336: 289: 8445: 9400: 9326: 9277: 9272: 9255: 9250: 9228: 9018: 8732: 8585: 8477: 8381: 8174: 7859: 7658: 7601: 7342: 7245: 7146: 7052: 6661: 6654: 6403: 6295: 6153: 6104: 6030: 5980: 5898: 5848: 5776: 5734: 5677: 5642: 5551: 5502: 5454: 5414: 5193: 5142: 4996: 4900: 4825: 4624: 4544: 4471: 4309: 4060: 3795: 3735: 3672: 3612: 3458: 3254: 3207: 2636:, Germany; three 380,000-year-old pebbles from Terra Amata; a 250,000-year-old pebble from 2428: 2204: 1600: 1531: 1332: 1048: 1033: 7829: 6300: 2904: 2893: 2791:

after 700,000 years ago) made use of soft hammers as they mainly made use of small, thick

2583:

in France seem to have been mainly eating deer, but also elephants, boar, ibex, rhino and

1969:

who disenfranchised the black population in southern Africa. They classified all European

1870: 1723: 8: 9316: 8981: 8786: 8619: 8152: 8025: 7906: 7881: 6754: 3281: 2823: 2137: 2047: 1931: 1927: 1886: 1747: 1685: 493: 6157: 6108: 6034: 5984: 5902: 5852: 5780: 5738: 5646: 5555: 5506: 5458: 5418: 5197: 5146: 5000: 4983:"Postcranial morphology of the middle Pleistocene humans from Sima de los Huesos, Spain" 4938:; Hartstone-Rose, A.; Zondo, B.H. (2012). "17 – Body size in African Middle Pleistocene 4904: 4628: 4548: 4475: 4436:... a speciation event could have occurred in Africa/Western Eurasia, originating a new 4313: 4064: 3799: 3739: 3676: 3616: 3462: 3211: 2944:, South Africa, may have been hafted onto spears. Judging by indirect evidence, a horse 1792:

remains from this time period has been heavily debated. The ancestors of modern humans (

630:). Mayr defined them as a sequential lineage, with each species evolving into the next ( 9267: 9170: 9072: 8885: 8067: 7797: 7763: 7299: 7141: 7017: 6280: 6165: 6054: 5953: 5921: 5886: 5702: 5694: 5574: 5537: 5271: 5244: 5216: 5181: 5068: 5043: 5019: 4982: 4866: 4745: 4656: 4513: 4500: 4389: 4333: 4280: 4226: 4197: 4173: 4140: 4114: 4025: 3819: 3759: 3698: 3636: 3579: 3374: 3319: 2979: 2957: 2827: 2699: 2448: 2411: 2404: 2396: 2340: 2327: 2322: 2232: 2215:) open near the teeth, and are orientated like those of more recent human species. The 2141: 2087: 2074: 1923: 1919: 1846: 1788:

is often termed the "muddle in the middle" because the species-level classification of

1785: 1773: 1743: 1728: 1442: 590: 466: 378: 317: 148: 119: 4612: 2568: 2254: 1509: 9547: 9452: 9309: 9299: 9289: 9238: 8895: 8813: 8107: 8092: 8077: 8057: 7948: 7927: 7738: 7581: 7463: 7418: 7284: 7225: 7215: 6986: 6950: 6804: 6598: 6317: 6120: 6083: 6058: 6046: 5996: 5926: 5864: 5825: 5579: 5518: 5472: 5353: 5336: 5313: 5276: 5240: 5221: 5177: 5158: 5114: 5073: 5055: 5024: 4978: 4955: 4935: 4916: 4858: 4804: 4775: 4737: 4700: 4677:

Rightmire, R. P. (2004). "Brain size and encephalization in early to Mid-Pleistocene

4660: 4648: 4640: 4581: 4517: 4505: 4487: 4381: 4364: 4352: 4325: 4284: 4272: 4231: 4178: 4017: 3991: 3953: 3900: 3859: 3811: 3763: 3751: 3690: 3628: 3598: 3583: 3571: 3545: 3484: 3476: 3378: 3366: 3311: 3258: 3223: 3130: 3024: 2933: 2749: 2641: 2493: 2472: 2400: 2039: 1765: 1637: 609: 576: 544: 543:, Germany, in 1907. It was formally described the next year by German anthropologist 328: 308: 6087: 5706: 4870: 4749: 4557: 4532: 4393: 4118: 4029: 3323: 3071:, 2nd ed., Langenscheidt: Berlin / Routledge: London & New York, 1999, p. 373: „ 2065: 9304: 9211: 8954: 8737: 8537: 8457: 8413: 8213: 8035: 7886: 7846: 7294: 7047: 6864: 6826: 6673: 6455: 6161: 6112: 6038: 5988: 5916: 5906: 5856: 5815: 5784: 5742: 5686: 5650: 5569: 5559: 5510: 5462: 5422: 5380: 5345: 5305: 5266: 5256: 5211: 5201: 5150: 5104: 5063: 5014: 5004: 4947: 4908: 4850: 4842: 4729: 4692: 4632: 4552: 4495: 4479: 4462: 4427: 4373: 4337: 4317: 4300: 4262: 4221: 4213: 4168: 4158: 4106: 4068: 4009: 3945: 3892: 3851: 3823: 3803: 3786: 3743: 3726: 3702: 3680: 3663: 3640: 3620: 3603: 3561: 3466: 3412: 3358: 3303: 3215: 3006: 2983: 2808: 2615: 2601:

or when cooked, though relatively few have actually been found at the site itself.

2480: 2468: 2286: 1751: 1114: 1063: 636: 462: 8796: 8752: 5349: 5109: 5092: 4377: 4122: 596:

which were described throughout the first half of the 20th century. In the 1950s,

9185: 9155: 8917: 8845: 8823: 8781: 8676: 8646: 8511: 8506: 8157: 8040: 7611: 7101: 7074: 6972: 6930: 6542: 6448: 6408: 6116: 5992: 5860: 5819: 5564: 5514: 5154: 4951: 4912: 4431: 4072: 3449: 3416: 3219: 3017: 2800: 2538: 2487: 2476: 2435:, making the ankle more flexible (specifically dorsiflexion and plantarflexion). 2298: 2294: 2278: 2208: 1963: 1854: 1838: 1760: 1147: 916: 872: 581: 6014:

Wilkins, Jayne; Schoville, Benjamin J.; Brown, Kyle S.; Chazan, Michael (2012).

3719:"Dating the skull from Broken Hill, Zambia, and its position in human evolution" 1902:

to include only the specimens with no Neanderthal-derived traits (namely Mauer,

634:). Though later Mayr changed his opinion on the australopithecines (recognizing 618:(including the Mauer mandible, and various putative African and Asian taxa) and 9294: 9221: 9043: 9008: 8939: 8828: 8700: 8408: 7993: 7983: 7804: 7785: 6921: 6625: 6611: 6550: 6418: 5746: 5384: 4824:

Amano, H.; Kikuchi, T.; Morita, Y.; Kondo, O.; Suzuki, H.; et al. (2015).

4763: 3654: 3436: 3340: 3285: 2920: 2795:

nodules. The first prepared platforms in Africa come from the 450,000-year-old

2741: 2563: 2306: 2282: 2277:, France. They listed the diagnostic traits as: a reduced chin, a notch in the 1983: 1660: 1608: 1604: 968: 955: 885: 859: 5788: 5654: 5426: 4483: 4456:

Welker, F.; Ramos-Madrigal, J.; Gutenbrunner, P.; et al. (1 April 2020).

3747: 3471: 3440: 2694: 2112:, Sierra de Atapuerca, and suggested supplanting this species in the place of 9582: 9497: 9376: 9180: 9165: 9111: 9089: 8986: 8974: 8890: 8759: 8641: 8602: 8590: 8578: 8290: 8201: 8130: 7871: 7814: 7792: 7701: 7633: 7628: 7606: 7089: 6942: 6632: 6337: 6274: 5476: 5162: 5118: 5059: 4644: 4585: 4491: 3837: 3543: 3480: 2928:

provides solid evidence of European spear technology is the 120,000-year-old

2916: 2688: 2228: 2227:

is high and arched, which could all be related to increasing brain size. The

2220: 2104: 2043: 2014: 1935: 1903: 1878: 1821: 1789: 1668: 1487: 1155: 641: 631: 560: 548: 536: 522: 414: 396: 374: 138: 75: 7721: 6042: 5911: 5309: 5261: 5206: 5009: 4636: 3896: 3855: 2857: 2571:

in Germany, there is extensive evidence for the butchery of horses. At the

2432: 2339:

165–170 cm (5 ft 5 in – 5 ft 7 in) in height.

1712:, where the Mauer mandible has been kept since 1908, changed the label from 9099: 9055: 9036: 8991: 8791: 8715: 8472: 8467: 8423: 8050: 7932: 7896: 7876: 7728: 7706: 7618: 7095: 7083: 7025: 6899: 6847: 6812: 6737: 6644: 6477: 6441: 6383: 6373: 6364: 6332: 6285: 6124: 6050: 6000: 5930: 5868: 5583: 5522: 5357: 5280: 5225: 5077: 5028: 4920: 4862: 4766:(1984). "Human evolution and biological adaptation in the Pleistocene". In 4741: 4704: 4652: 4509: 4329: 4276: 4235: 4217: 4182: 4021: 3957: 3840:(2005). "A new hominid parietal from Bodo, middle Awash Valley, Ethiopia". 3815: 3755: 3694: 3632: 3575: 3544:

de Castro, J. M. B.; Martínez, I.; Gracia-Téllez, A.; Martinón-Torres, M.;

3488: 3370: 3315: 3227: 3061:

Wörterbuch der Tiernamen: Latein-Deutsch-Englisch / Deutsch-Latein-Englisch

3040: 3035: 2996: 2937: 2929: 2780: 2772: 2764: 2672: 2637: 2588: 2510: 2352: 2302: 2216: 2155:

In 2023 a genomics analysis of over 3000 living individuals indicated that

1966: 1862: 1677: 1673: 1629: 1563: 1137: 1104: 1018: 942: 929: 9148: 5317: 5131: 5093:"Homo heidelbergensis: the oldest case of odontogenic orbital cellulitis?" 4385: 3904: 3863: 9506: 9385: 9138: 9128: 9084: 9079: 9031: 8969: 8932: 8905: 8806: 8776: 8651: 8573: 8494: 8482: 8243: 8228: 8218: 8189: 8147: 8062: 8030: 7978: 7911: 7748: 7623: 7480: 6979: 6906: 6878: 6871: 6819: 6394: 3001: 2869: 2784: 2776: 2745: 2424: 2392: 2109: 2083: 2070: 1907: 1866: 1705: 1466: 1209: 833: 627: 446: 423: 50: 5957: 4883: 4854: 4321: 3989: 3807: 3624: 3067: Heidelbergmensch Heidelberg man“; Manfred Eichhorn (ed.), 2444: 1732: 1648:

that at least these Middle Pleistocene specimens should be allocated to

484:

The Middle Pleistocene of Africa and Europe features the advent of Late

9526: 9418: 9282: 9175: 9133: 8949: 8912: 8875: 8771: 8358: 8270: 8097: 7998: 7971: 7891: 7689: 7643: 7554: 7522: 6964: 6885: 6378: 6216: 5698: 5401:

Bello, Silvia M.; Parfitt, Simon A.; Stringer, Chris (September 2009).

4846: 4733: 4696: 4350: 4267: 4250: 4163: 4013: 3949: 3362: 3307: 2971: 2967: 2963: 2923:, England, perhaps roughly 100,000 years older, which was made of hard 2506: 2293:(which juts up to connect with the skull), an overall long jaw, a deep 2274: 2180: 1693: 1632: 614: 597: 540: 470: 437: 383: 370: 215: 95: 60: 5467: 5442: 4574:"Population collapse almost wiped out human ancestors, say scientists" 4111:

10.1002/(SICI)1520-6505(1998)6:6<218::AID-EVAN4>3.0.CO;2-6

4043:

Roksandic, Mirjana; Radović, Predrag; Lindal, Joshua (February 2018).

2903:

technology (attaching stone points to spears) best exemplified by the

1898:"). In 2018, Mirjana Roksandic and colleagues revised the hypodigm of 473:, China; and 181.2 cm (5 ft 11 in) for a specimen from 129: 9190: 8959: 8944: 8542: 8527: 8452: 8435: 8353: 8238: 8179: 8169: 8164: 8087: 7966: 7854: 7780: 7547: 7537: 7031: 6936: 6468: 6197: 6189: 3566: 3549: 2804: 2733: 2712: 2554: 2318: 1882: 1836:" can either be seen as the direct ancestor of modern humans, or of " 1701: 1641: 1547: 1224: 485: 245: 235: 165: 100: 44: 9347: 4533:"Early hominins in north-west Europe: A punctuated long chronology?" 3685: 3658: 2148:

technology across Europe, possibly associated with the dispersal of

2034:" in Africa, and those that dispersed across East Asia evolved into 1934:, Italy. The use of the Mauer mandible, an isolated jawbone, as the 9491: 9370: 8964: 8900: 8747: 8705: 8440: 8348: 8223: 8045: 8008: 7988: 6892: 6857: 6834: 6555: 6305: 5690: 5542: 3126: 2877: 2760: 2755: 2737: 2702: 2576: 2464: 2285:(small holes for blood vessels) near the cheek teeth, a horizontal 2145: 1689: 1398: 846: 820: 556: 481:. Like Neanderthals, they had wide chests and were robust overall. 255: 185: 90: 85: 70: 65: 55: 6511: 5626: 4933: 1861:), whereas others seem to have few uniquely Neanderthal features ( 1659:

Further work most influentially by Stringer, palaeoanthropologist

1640:

found that the Kabwe and Petralona skulls are associated with the

9026: 8818: 8764: 8710: 8532: 8338: 8248: 8102: 8003: 7961: 7824: 7743: 7696: 7684: 7042: 6618: 6327: 6270: 5042:

DeCroos, F.C.; Liao, J.C.; Ramey, N.A.; Li, I. (15 August 2011).

2945: 2900: 2736:, which is characterised by the production of mostly symmetrical 2729: 2649: 2584: 2497: 2452: 2375: 2185: 2102:, Arsuaga, and colleagues described the roughly million-year-old 1003: 995: 981: 805: 568: 532: 525: 497: 400: 366: 205: 141: 105: 80: 9405: 4455: 2856:, the earliest example a 700,000-year-old stone foundation from 2752:

as far fewer stone tool assemblages are found east of the line.

2532: 9094: 8631: 8609: 8462: 8398: 8343: 7733: 7711: 7679: 7653: 6494: 6198:

UNESCO World Heritage Centre - Archaeological Site of Atapuerca

6142:

from Sima de los Huesos (Atapuerca, Spain) 500,000 years ago".

4355:; Carbonell, E.; Rosas, A.; Martínez, I.; Mosquera, M. (1997). 3877:

Rightmire, G. Philip (2005). "The Lake Ndutu cranium and early

2908: 2788: 2660: 2463:

Palaeolithic. He similarly had the age-related maladies lumbar

2456: 2289:(a gap behind the molars), a gutter between the molars and the 2212: 225: 195: 175: 6137: 9160: 8880: 8614: 8568: 8430: 8285: 8233: 7809: 7775: 7117: 7008: 6998: 5887:"On the earliest evidence for habitual use of fire in Europe" 5439: 5175: 2792: 2684: 2620: 2591:, Kenya, which has yielded over 50 to 60 individual baboons ( 2332: 572: 478: 474: 2418:

have a more basal pelvis and femur (more similar to earlier

1914:). There is no defined distinction between latest potential 488:

technology, diverging from that of earlier and contemporary

9106: 9067: 8547: 8403: 8333: 8253: 8125: 7638: 6776: 6432: 6013: 4987: 4297: 2912: 2864:(which began 424,000 years ago) in Bilzingsleben, Germany; 2644:(near Terra Amata); a roughly 200,000-year-old lithic from 1755: 1607:

pointed out similarities between the Kabwe 1 and the Greek

644:

diversity became widely adopted in the subsequent decades.

265: 4826:"Virtual Reconstruction of the Neanderthal Amud 1 Cranium" 3519:

auswies. Inzwischen wird er jedoch auch in Heidelberg als

8418: 8184: 8142: 5764: 5371:

Konidaris, George E.; Tourloukis, Vangelis (2021-04-14).

4139:

Roksandic, M.; Radović, P.; Wu, X.-J.; Bae, C.J. (2021).

3505:(in German). Sammlung des Instituts für Geowissenschaften 2924: 2648:, Monaco and a 200- to 130-thousand-year-old pebble from 2475:(misalignment of the last lumbar vertebra with the first 2116:

for the LCA between modern humans and Neanderthals, with

1580: 5970: 5535: 4946:. African Genesis. Vol. III §17. pp. 325–326. 4088:"Human Evolution in the Middle Pleistocene: The Role of 3776: 3196:

a distinct species? New insight on the Mauer mandible".

1808:) diverged during this time period, and, by convention, 5293: 4977: 4944:

Part III – Modern human origins: patterns and processes

4823: 3715: 2728:

The Lower Palaeolithic (Early Stone Age) comprises the

5670:"Red Ochre and Human Evolution: A Case for Discussion" 4042: 3596: 3529:. In the meantime, however, it is also referred to as 6186:– The Smithsonian Institution's Human Origins Program 5238: 4981:; Carretero, J.-M.; Lorenzo, C.; et al. (2015). 4717: 4138: 3191: 5400: 4942:". In Reynolds, Sally C.; Gallagher, Andrew (eds.). 4141:"Resolving the "muddle in the middle": The case for 3093:"Prehistoric Cultures. Homo sapiens heidelbergensis" 2640:, Germany; 18 roughly 200,000-year-old pebbles from 6081: 5370: 3065:

Homo heidelbergensis (Homo erectus heidelbergensis)

2207:can be crested or sometimes a prominent spine. The 646: 7021:(archaic homo sapiens, anatomically modern humans) 5668:Wreschner, E. E.; Bolton, R.; et al. (1980). 5041: 4610: 3994:; Carbonell, E. (2017). "Twentieth anniversary of 3923:Profico, A.; di Vincenzo, F.; et al. (2016). 3922: 3395:de Lumley, M.-A. (2015). "L'homme de Tautavel. Un 3280: 3192:Mounier, A.; Marchal, F.; Condemi, S. (2009). "Is 2575:in England, there is evidence for the butchery of 1708:, remain enigmatic. The paleontology institute at 1603:in 1960. In 1974, British physical anthropologist 5724: 5536:Majkić, A.; d’Errico, F.; Stepanchuk, V. (2018). 5377:Human-Elephant Interactions: From Past to Present 4248: 3970:: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of September 2024 ( 589:. These were two of the many putative species of 9580: 5880: 5878: 5836: 5720: 5718: 5716: 5489: 4672: 4670: 3063:, 2nd ed., Springer: Heidelberg, 2015, p. 210: „ 2095:did, such as the Arago and Petralona materials. 6077: 6075: 6007: 5891:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 5884: 5667: 5249:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 5186:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 3078:Homo erectus heidelbergensis, Heidelbergmensch 2911:wood, except for spear 4 which was (also soft) 6016:"Evidence for Early Hafted Hunting Technology" 5091:Ascaso, F.; Adiego, M.I. (14 September 2016). 5044:"Management of Odontogenic Orbital Cellulitis" 4973: 4971: 4418:: The state of the art eighteen years later". 4195: 3918: 3916: 3914: 3335: 3333: 3276: 3274: 3163:Mitteilungen der Gesellschaft für Urgeschichte 2655:In the mid-19th century, French archaeologist 2619:400,000 to 350,000 years old incised elephant 2231:features a spine extending downwards, and the 571:was discovered by Swiss miner Tom Zwiglaar in 7496: 6527: 6232: 5875: 5713: 5661: 4799:: see what you please". In Delson, E. (ed.). 4667: 4251:"Muddying the muddle in the middle even more" 4132: 4079: 3870: 2671:discovered 200 similar perforated fossils in 2407:humans demonstrate a modern humanlike level. 2309:originating at the level of the third molar. 1599:was first opposed by American anthropologist 675: 6072: 5760: 5758: 5756: 5090: 4788: 4756: 4530: 3434: 3390: 3388: 2140:seems to have been quite limited during the 1684:. In 2010, American physical anthropologist 7006: 4968: 4795:Holloway, R. L. (1985). "The poor brain of 3911: 3430: 3428: 3426: 3330: 3288:(2010). "Fossil evidence for the origin of 3271: 2579:, horse and rhinoceros. The inhabitants of 2443:On the left side of its face, an SH skull ( 535:(a jawbone), was discovered by a worker in 7510: 7503: 7489: 6534: 6520: 6239: 6225: 5529: 4407: 3990:de Castro, J. M. B.; Martinón-Torres, M.; 3156:– life and times of a controversial taxon" 2020:early expansions of hominins out of Africa 2008:is thought to have descended from African 682: 668: 128: 5920: 5910: 5753: 5573: 5563: 5466: 5297:American Journal of Physical Anthropology 5270: 5260: 5215: 5205: 5108: 5067: 5018: 5008: 4834:American Journal of Physical Anthropology 4817: 4721:American Journal of Physical Anthropology 4684:American Journal of Physical Anthropology 4676: 4556: 4499: 4413: 4291: 4266: 4225: 4172: 4162: 4085: 3884:American Journal of Physical Anthropology 3876: 3843:American Journal of Physical Anthropology 3684: 3565: 3470: 3394: 3385: 3295:American Journal of Physical Anthropology 3187: 3185: 3183: 1922:– and the earliest Neanderthal specimens— 7426:Human evolutionary developmental biology 6246: 5596: 4794: 4762: 4458:"The dental proteome of Homo antecessor" 4049:: A view from the Eastern Mediterranean" 3653: 3423: 3339: 2887: 2833: 2754: 2693: 2614: 2531: 2362: 2253: 2179: 2064: 2062:originated in Africa instead of Europe. 1722: 516: 5943: 4772:Hominid evolution and community ecology 3770: 3149: 2657:Jacques Boucher de Crèvecœur de Perthes 2451:(eye infection which developed from an 1611:skulls to the skulls of modern humans ( 579:), and was assigned to a new species, " 14: 9581: 5801: 4571: 3180: 2553:is known to have consumed the largest 2163:could have triggered the evolution of 1918:material – specifically Steinheim and 1576: 9352: 9351: 8674: 8313: 7579: 7484: 7211:Evolutionary models of human drug use 6515: 6220: 5396: 5394: 5333: 5329: 5327: 4414:de Castro, J.-M. B. (May 23, 2015). " 3836: 3240: 3129:(published 2022). 2023. p. 153. 2962:The SH humans had a modern humanlike 1894:(for example, the Arago material as " 660: 381:. It was subsumed as a subspecies of 8675: 7451: 6404:Galilee skull (Mugharet el-Zuttiyeh) 5243:; Martínez, I.; et al. (2009). 4249:Sarmiento, E.; Pickford, M. (2022). 3659:"Comment: What makes a modern human" 3117: 3115: 3113: 2455:in the mouth). This probably caused 2447:) presents the oldest-known case of 2414:humans and other Middle Pleistocene 2069:The speciation of modern humans and 1842:" which evolved into modern humans. 1519: 1497: 1475: 1451: 1431: 1411: 1387: 1367: 1344: 1321: 1301: 1281: 1261: 1241: 649: 6541: 5433: 3937:Journal of Anthropological Sciences 2557:species present in the region, the 2195:In comparison to Early Pleistocene 575:, Zambia (at the time Broken Hill, 512: 417:, evolving from an African form of 24: 6211:National Museum of Natural History 6166:10.1016/j.evolhumbehav.2009.03.001 5885:Roebroekes, W.; Villa, P. (2011). 5391: 5364: 5324: 5176:Bonmatí, A.; Gómez-Olivencia, A.; 2391:partial skeleton "KNM WT-15000" (" 25: 9610: 8627:Megalithic architectural elements 6175: 5768:Journal of Archaeological Science 5634:Journal of Archaeological Science 5407:Journal of Archaeological Science 4572:Devlin, Hannah (31 August 2023). 4196:Delson, E.; Stringer, C. (2022). 3110: 2966:(which supports the tongue), and 2046:Formation, Ethiopia, represent a 1824:. It is much debated if the name 1779: 1750:, Spain, Spanish paleontologists 1627:). So, Stringer assigned them to 640:), his more conservative view of 622:(including anything younger than 8314: 7462: 7450: 7439: 7438: 6493: 6086:; Quam, R.; et al. (2008). 3251:A Companion to Paleoanthropology 2976:lateralisation of brain function 2659:began excavation at St. Acheul, 2536:1922 restoration of a tribe of " 2370:– forensic facial reconstruction 2301:(which closes the jaw), a small 152: 48: 27:Extinct species of archaic human 9246:Evolutionary origin of religion 6500:Evolutionary biology portal 6131: 5964: 5937: 5830: 5795: 5620: 5590: 5483: 5287: 5232: 5169: 5125: 5084: 5035: 4927: 4877: 4711: 4604: 4565: 4558:10.1016/j.quascirev.2018.04.026 4531:Hosfield, R.; Cole, J. (2018). 4524: 4449: 4344: 4242: 4189: 4036: 3983: 3830: 3709: 3647: 3590: 3537: 3495: 2840:Control of fire by early humans 2098:In 1997, Spanish archaeologist 2086:analysis, the 430,000-year-old 1997:violating nomenclatural rules. 1981:with a new species they named " 3784:from Middle Awash, Ethiopia". 3234: 3143: 3097:University of Minnesota Duluth 3085: 3053: 2915:wood. This contrasts with the 2723: 2611:Art of the Middle Palaeolithic 2382:, and characterises all later 2343:were notably taller, with the 2264:Natural History Museum, London 2225:squamous part of temporal bone 2190:Natural History Museum, London 1737:Natural History Museum, London 1240: 585:", by English palaeontologist 457:). Many specimens assigned to 13: 1: 9594:Fossil taxa described in 1908 8859:Art of the Middle Paleolithic 8389:British megalith architecture 5350:10.1080/00438243.1971.9979481 5110:10.1111/j.1755-3768.2016.0022 4797:Homo sapiens neanderthalensis 4378:10.1126/science.276.5317.1392 4086:Rightmire, G. Philip (1998). 3241:Begun, David R., ed. (2012). 3047: 2718: 2706:15.5 cm (6 in) tall 2100:José María Bermúdez de Castro 500:technology to create spears. 477:, Zambia; around the same as 8854:Art of the Upper Paleolithic 8394:Nordic megalith architecture 6203:Human Timeline (Interactive) 6145:Evolution and Human Behavior 6117:10.1016/j.jhevol.2007.07.006 5993:10.1016/j.jhevol.2015.08.004 5861:10.1016/j.jhevol.2009.10.001 5820:10.1016/j.quaint.2015.09.001 5565:10.1371/journal.pone.0195049 5515:10.1016/j.jhevol.2015.10.005 5155:10.1016/j.quaint.2012.02.005 5048:Journal of Medicine and Life 4952:10.1017/CBO9781139096164.021 4913:10.1016/j.jhevol.2011.11.004 4801:Ancestors: The hard evidence 4432:10.1016/j.quaint.2015.03.049 4073:10.1016/j.quaint.2017.10.013 3527:Homo erectus heidelbergensis 3517:Homo erectus heidelbergensis 3417:10.1016/j.anthro.2015.06.001 3220:10.1016/j.jhevol.2008.12.006 3123:Introduction to Anthropology 3012:Early European modern humans 2438: 2000: 1812:is typically considered the 626:, such as modern humans and 7: 7469:Evolutionary biology Portal 4351:Bermudez de Castro, J. M.; 2989: 2951: 2799:, transitional between the 2058:, and thus postulated that 1784:In palaeoanthropology, the 1577: 799: 507: 433:most recent common ancestor 10: 9615: 9002:British Isles and Brittany 8923:Gwion Gwion rock paintings 6096:Journal of Human Evolution 5973:Journal of Human Evolution 5840:Journal of Human Evolution 5747:10.1016/j.crpv.2005.11.010 5494:Journal of Human Evolution 5385:10.15496/publikation-55599 4893:Journal of Human Evolution 4537:Quaternary Science Reviews 4045:"Revising the hypodigm of 3401:Homo erectus tautavelensis 3199:Journal of Human Evolution 2955: 2837: 2732:which was replaced by the 2608: 2525: 2516: 2471:of the lower back), L5–S1 2467:(excessive curving of the 2459:, killing the individual. 2433:trochlea of the ankle bone 2170: 2012:— sometimes classified as 362:H. sapiens heidelbergensis 356:H. erectus heidelbergensis 9481: 9360: 9204: 9017: 8844: 8691: 8687: 8670: 8556: 8520: 8369: 8326: 8322: 8309: 8116: 7947: 7920: 7845: 7771: 7762: 7667: 7592: 7588: 7580: 7575: 7518: 7434: 7414:Evolutionary anthropology 7391: 7365: 7318: 7256: 7175: 7134: 7127: 7073: 6997: 6920: 6845: 6799: 6792: 6775: 6735: 6671: 6642: 6606: 6597: 6564: 6549: 6487: 6431: 6392: 6362: 6351:Transitional fossils with 6350: 6314: 6263: 6256: 5789:10.1016/j.jas.2013.10.001 5655:10.1016/j.jas.2008.07.001 5599:"More on Acheulian beads" 5427:10.1016/j.jas.2009.04.014 4484:10.1038/s41586-020-2153-8 4255:Evolutionary Anthropology 4150:Evolutionary Anthropology 4099:Evolutionary Anthropology 4001:Evolutionary Anthropology 3748:10.1038/s41586-020-2165-4 3472:10.1016/j.cub.2013.12.048 3350:Evolutionary Anthropology 3059:e.g. Theodor C. H. Cole, 2883: 2223:can be expanded, and the 1680:—are often classified as 559:, part of the first left 496:), and the appearance of 377:which existed during the 323: 316: 295: 288: 149:Scientific classification 147: 136: 127: 34: 6190:Homepage of Mauer 1 Club 5808:Quaternary International 5597:Bednarik, R. G. (2005). 5135:Quaternary International 4420:Quaternary International 4053:Quaternary International 3998:(1997–2017): a review". 3031:Swanscombe Heritage Park 2669:Worthington George Smith 2646:Grotte de l'Observatoire 2569:Schöningen spear horizon 2559:straight-tusked elephant 2358: 2345:Skhul and Qafzeh remains 2175: 1947:as the name of the LCA. 1832:". In the latter view, " 1650:H. (s.?) heidelbergensis 692: 9234:Evolutionary musicology 8637:Oldest extant buildings 8564:Archaeological features 8083:Prepared-core technique 7320:Origin of modern humans 6374:Arago 21 (Tautavel Man) 6043:10.1126/science.1227608 5912:10.1073/pnas.1018116108 5310:10.1002/ajpa.1330960307 5262:10.1073/pnas.0900965106 5207:10.1073/pnas.1012131107 5010:10.1073/pnas.1514828112 4637:10.1126/science.abq7487 3952:(inactive 2024-09-17). 3897:10.1002/ajpa.1330610214 3856:10.1002/ajpa.1330610311 3533:in Heidelberg, see] 3343:(2012). "The status of 3302:(S51): 96–98, 101–103. 3243:"The African Origin of 2817:self-regulated learning 2521: 2312: 2297:(a depression) for the 2136:Human dispersal beyond 1816:(LCA). This would make 1564:P a r a n t h r o p u s 1423:Dispersal beyond Africa 435:between modern humans ( 281:H. heidelbergensis 9196:Unchambered long cairn 9044:Mound Builders culture 8377:Neolithic architecture 7512:Prehistoric technology 5727:Comptes Rendus Palevol 5629:Porosphaera globularis 5180:; et al. (2010). 4218:10.1098/rsbl.2020.0754 3503:"Homo heidelbergensis" 3347:(Schoetensack 1908)". 2980:early form of language 2896: 2874:Saint-Germain-des-Vaux 2854:Cromerian Interglacial 2768: 2707: 2665:Porosphaera globularis 2628: 2604: 2546: 2528:Pleistocene human diet 2371: 2266: 2192: 2078: 1806:H. s. neanderthalensis 1739: 1625:H. s. neanderthalensis 695:−10 — 563:, the tip of the left 528: 455:H. s. neanderthalensis 9561:Paleobiology Database 9466:Paleobiology Database 8871:List of Stone Age art 8073:Microblade technology 8021:Langdale axe industry 7619:Ard / plough 7328:Recent African origin 6566:Last common ancestors 6463:Homo neanderthalensis 6395:Homo neanderthalensis 3554:The Anatomical Record 3255:John Wiley & Sons 2891: 2862:Holstein Interglacial 2834:Fire and construction 2758: 2697: 2618: 2609:Further information: 2594:Theropithecus oswaldi 2535: 2502:Paranthropus robustus 2366: 2335:ratio than expected. 2257: 2183: 2068: 1726: 1714:H. e. heidelbergensis 1710:Heidelberg University 1654:H. (s.?) rhodesiensis 785:−1 — 775:−2 — 765:−3 — 755:−4 — 745:−5 — 735:−6 — 725:−7 — 715:−8 — 705:−9 — 587:Arthur Smith Woodward 520: 389:H. e. heidelbergensis 9589:Homo heidelbergensis 9392:Homo heidelbergensis 9362:Homo heidelbergensis 9278:Prehistoric medicine 9273:Prehistoric counting 9256:Prehistoric religion 9251:Paleolithic religion 9229:Behavioral modernity 8586:Causewayed enclosure 8478:Abri de la Madeleine 7602:Neolithic Revolution 7343:Behavioral modernity 7333:Multiregional origin 7113:archaic Homo sapiens 7108:Homo heidelbergensis 7053:Red Deer Cave people 6296:Ciampate del Diavolo 6249:Homo heidelbergensis 6183:Homo heidelbergensis 6140:Homo heidelbergensis 6068:on 23 February 2019. 5678:Current Anthropology 5097:Acta Ophthalmologica 4090:Homo heidelbergensis 4047:Homo heidelbergensis 3927:Homo heidelbergensis 3531:Homo heidelbergensis 3521:Homo heidelbergensis 3443:Homo heidelbergensis 3345:Homo heidelbergensis 3194:Homo heidelbergensis 3169:: 85. Archived from 3154:Homo heidelbergensis 3150:Harvati, K. (2007). 2847:Gesher Benot Ya'aqov 2551:Homo heidelbergensis 2429:superior pubic ramus 2368:Homo heidelbergensis 2165:Homo heidelbergensis 2129:did not derive from 1912:Nadaouiyeh Aïn Askar 1814:last common ancestor 1800:) and Neanderthals ( 1619:) and Neanderthals ( 1601:Francis Clark Howell 1379:Earliest stone tools 553:Homo heidelbergensis 350:Homo heidelbergensis 302:Homo heidelbergensis 36:Homo heidelbergensis 9317:Prehistoric warfare 8063:Magdalenian culture 8026:Levallois technique 7957:Earliest toolmaking 6980:H. neanderthalensis 6900:H. e. tautavelensis 6158:2009EHumB..30..369L 6109:2008JHumE..54..118M 6035:2012Sci...338..942W 5985:2015JHumE..89..214S 5903:2011PNAS..108.5209R 5853:2010JHumE..58..193J 5802:Dennel, R. (2020). 5781:2014JArSc..41..576S 5739:2006CRPal...5..155C 5647:2009JArSc..36...25R 5556:2018PLoSO..1395049M 5507:2015JHumE..89...92B 5459:2023Borea..52..440U 5419:2009JArSc..36.1869B 5198:2010PNAS..10718386B 5192:(43): 18386–18391. 5147:2013QuInt.295...83G 5001:2015PNAS..11211524A 4995:(37): 11524–11529. 4905:2012JHumE..62..242C 4629:2023Sci...381..979H 4592:on 1 September 2023 4549:2018QSRv..190..148H 4476:2020Natur.580..235W 4403:on 7 February 2020. 4372:(5317): 1392–1395. 4322:10.1038/nature17405 4314:2016Natur.531..504M 4128:on 13 October 2015. 4065:2018QuInt.466...66R 3808:10.1038/nature01669 3800:2003Natur.423..742W 3740:2020Natur.580..372G 3677:2012Natur.485...33S 3625:10.1038/nature17405 3617:2016Natur.531..504M 3463:2014CBio...24.R214B 3212:2009JHumE..56..219M 2824:Kapthurin Formation 2797:Fauresmith industry 2759:One of hundreds of 2341:Early modern humans 2205:anterior nasal sill 2018:— during the first 1975:H. neanderthalensis 1896:H. e. tautavelensis 1887:Jean-Jacques Hublin 1802:H. neanderthalensis 1748:Sierra de Atapuerca 1686:Jeffrey H. Schwartz 1621:H. neanderthalensis 451:H. neanderthalensis 9599:Fossils of Germany 9268:Origin of language 9261:Spiritual drug use 9171:Rectangular dolmen 9073:Dartmoor kistvaens 8886:Carved stone balls 8598:Circular enclosure 8557:Other architecture 8500:Alp pile dwellings 8088:Solutrean industry 7999:Gravettian culture 7649:Secondary products 7167:Self-domestication 6958:H. heidelbergensis 6907:H. e. yuanmouensis 6872:H. e. lantianensis 6599:Australopithecines 6354:H. heidelbergensis 6281:Sima de los Huesos 4847:10.1002/ajpa.22777 4774:. Academic Press. 4734:10.1002/ajpa.10092 4697:10.1002/ajpa.10346 4268:10.1002/evan.21952 4164:10.1002/evan.21929 4014:10.1002/evan.21540 3950:10.4436/JASS.94019 3363:10.1002/evan.21311 3308:10.1002/ajpa.21443 2974:is related to the 2958:Origin of language 2932:site, district of 2897: 2892:Excavation of the 2828:Upper Palaeolithic 2769: 2708: 2700:Sima de los Huesos 2629: 2547: 2449:orbital cellulitis 2372: 2271:H. heidelbergensis 2267: 2260:H. heidelbergensis 2240:H. heidelbergensis 2233:articular tubercle 2193: 2150:H. heidelbergensis 2142:Lower Palaeolithic 2127:H. heidelbergensis 2118:H. heidelbergensis 2114:H. heidelbergensis 2093:H. heidelbergensis 2079: 2075:Sima de los Huesos 2060:H. heidelbergensis 2056:H. heidelbergensis 2048:transitional morph 2028:H. heidelbergensis 2026:or speciated into 2024:H. heidelbergensis 2006:H. heidelbergensis 1977:, and synonymised 1971:H. heidelbergensis 1952:H. heidelbergensis 1916:H. heidelbergensis 1900:H. heidelbergensis 1826:H. heidelbergensis 1818:H. heidelbergensis 1810:H. heidelbergensis 1786:Middle Pleistocene 1770:H. heidelbergensis 1768:assigned these to 1744:Sima de los Huesos 1740: 1729:Sima de los Huesos 1718:H. heidelbergensis 1698:H. heidelbergensis 1682:H. heidelbergensis 1597:H. heidelbergensis 1180:H. heidelbergensis 610:australopithecines 591:Middle Pleistocene 551:of a new species, 547:, who made it the 531:The first fossil, 529: 502:H. heidelbergensis 467:Sima de los Huesos 459:H. heidelbergensis 429:H. heidelbergensis 427:). By convention, 421:(sometimes called 411:H. heidelbergensis 393:H. heidelbergensis 379:Middle Pleistocene 120:Middle Pleistocene 9576: 9575: 9548:Open Tree of Life 9513:Homo rhodesiensis 9483:Homo rhodesiensis 9453:Open Tree of Life 9354:Taxon identifiers 9345: 9344: 9341: 9340: 9337: 9336: 9290:Prehistoric music 9239:music archaeology 8896:Cup and ring mark 8721:Clothing/textiles 8666: 8665: 8662: 8661: 8305: 8304: 8301: 8300: 8108:Yubetsu technique 8093:Striking platform 8058:Lithic technology 7943: 7942: 7928:Game drive system 7847:Projectile points 7739:Mortar and pestle 7478: 7477: 7419:Paleoanthropology 7361: 7360: 7338:Archaic admixture 7216:Stoned ape theory 7152:Endurance running 7069: 7068: 7065: 7064: 7061: 7060: 6916: 6915: 6879:H. e. nankinensis 6835:H. tsaichangensis 6771: 6770: 6509: 6508: 6427: 6426: 6346: 6345: 6301:Schöningen Spears 5897:(13): 5209–5214. 5826:Convenience link) 5616:Convenience link) 5606:Rock Art Research 5468:10.1111/bor.12619 5337:World Archaeology 5255:(16): 6573–6578. 4934:Churchill, S.E.; 4810:978-0-471-84376-4 4781:978-0-12-261920-5 4623:(6661): 979–984. 4470:(7802): 235–238. 4308:(7595): 504–507. 3794:(6491): 742–747. 3734:(7803): 372–375. 3611:(7595): 504–507. 3523:bezeichnet, siehe 3399:européen évolué. 3136:978-1-951693-99-2 3025:Homo rhodesiensis 2917:Clacton spearhead 2905:Schöningen spears 2894:Schöningen spears 2750:preservation bias 2494:Enamel hypoplasia 2473:spondylolisthesis 2401:sexual dimorphism 2213:roof of the mouth 2040:Early Pleistocene 1766:Juan Luis Arsuaga 1589: 1588: 1581:million years ago 1540: 1539: 1518: 1517: 1496: 1495: 1488:Earliest rock art 1474: 1473: 1450: 1449: 1443:Earliest language 1430: 1429: 1410: 1409: 1386: 1385: 1366: 1365: 1356:Earliest sign of 1343: 1342: 1333:Earliest sign of 1320: 1319: 1300: 1299: 1280: 1279: 1260: 1259: 903:Ou. macedoniensis 606:H. transvaalensis 577:Northern Rhodesia 545:Otto Schoetensack 463:cubic centimetres 431:is placed as the 413:is regarded as a 346: 345: 340: 329:Homo rhodesiensis 122: 16:(Redirected from 9606: 9569: 9568: 9556: 9555: 9543: 9542: 9530: 9529: 9517: 9516: 9515: 9502: 9501: 9500: 9474: 9473: 9461: 9460: 9448: 9447: 9435: 9434: 9422: 9421: 9409: 9408: 9396: 9395: 9394: 9381: 9380: 9379: 9349: 9348: 9305:Divje Babe flute 9212:Archaeoastronomy 8955:Petrosomatoglyph 8689: 8688: 8672: 8671: 8521:Water management 8324: 8323: 8311: 8310: 8214:Denticulate tool 8036:Lithic reduction 7769: 7768: 7590: 7589: 7577: 7576: 7505: 7498: 7491: 7482: 7481: 7466: 7454: 7453: 7442: 7441: 7378:Human prehistory 7353:Recent evolution 7348:Early migrations 7290:Thermoregulation 7191:Expensive tissue 7162:Sexual selection 7132: 7131: 7004: 7003: 6886:H. e. pekinensis 6797: 6796: 6790: 6789: 6705:A. bahrelghazali 6674:Australopithecus 6604: 6603: 6574:Chimpanzee–human 6562: 6561: 6536: 6529: 6522: 6513: 6512: 6498: 6497: 6456:Homo cepranensis 6414:Swanscombe skull 6360: 6359: 6261: 6260: 6241: 6234: 6227: 6218: 6217: 6194: 6170: 6169: 6135: 6129: 6128: 6092: 6079: 6070: 6069: 6067: 6061:. Archived from 6020: 6011: 6005: 6004: 5968: 5962: 5961: 5941: 5935: 5934: 5924: 5914: 5882: 5873: 5872: 5834: 5828: 5823: 5799: 5793: 5792: 5762: 5751: 5750: 5733:(1–2): 155–160. 5722: 5711: 5710: 5674: 5665: 5659: 5658: 5624: 5618: 5613: 5603: 5594: 5588: 5587: 5577: 5567: 5533: 5527: 5526: 5487: 5481: 5480: 5470: 5437: 5431: 5430: 5413:(9): 1869–1880. 5398: 5389: 5388: 5368: 5362: 5361: 5331: 5322: 5321: 5291: 5285: 5284: 5274: 5264: 5236: 5230: 5229: 5219: 5209: 5173: 5167: 5166: 5129: 5123: 5122: 5112: 5088: 5082: 5081: 5071: 5039: 5033: 5032: 5022: 5012: 4975: 4966: 4965: 4931: 4925: 4924: 4890: 4881: 4875: 4874: 4830: 4821: 4815: 4814: 4803:. Alan R. Liss. 4792: 4786: 4785: 4760: 4754: 4753: 4715: 4709: 4708: 4674: 4665: 4664: 4608: 4602: 4601: 4599: 4597: 4588:. Archived from 4569: 4563: 4562: 4560: 4528: 4522: 4521: 4503: 4453: 4447: 4446: 4411: 4405: 4404: 4402: 4396:. Archived from 4361: 4348: 4342: 4341: 4295: 4289: 4288: 4270: 4246: 4240: 4239: 4229: 4193: 4187: 4186: 4176: 4166: 4136: 4130: 4129: 4127: 4121:. Archived from 4096: 4083: 4077: 4076: 4040: 4034: 4033: 3987: 3981: 3978:Convenience link 3975: 3969: 3961: 3933: 3920: 3909: 3908: 3874: 3868: 3867: 3834: 3828: 3827: 3774: 3768: 3767: 3723: 3713: 3707: 3706: 3688: 3671:(7396): 33–35 . 3651: 3645: 3644: 3594: 3588: 3587: 3569: 3567:10.1002/ar.24551 3560:(7): 1463–1477. 3541: 3535: 3534: 3512: 3510: 3499: 3493: 3492: 3474: 3457:(6): R214–R215. 3432: 3421: 3420: 3392: 3383: 3382: 3337: 3328: 3327: 3278: 3269: 3268: 3238: 3232: 3231: 3189: 3178: 3177: 3176:on 4 March 2016. 3175: 3160: 3147: 3141: 3140: 3125:(1st ed.). 3119: 3108: 3107: 3105: 3104: 3089: 3083: 3057: 3007:Dmanisi hominins 2984:Philip Lieberman 2809:Middle Stone Age 2544:Amédée Forestier 2481:Baastrup disease 2469:lumbar vertebrae 2389:H. ergaster 2380:H. ergaster 2287:retromolar space 2036:H. erectus s. s. 1962:honours English 1892:H. erectus s. l. 1752:Emiliano Aguirre 1569: 1567: 1566: 1552: 1550: 1534: 1525: 1520: 1512: 1510:Earliest clothes 1503: 1498: 1490: 1481: 1476: 1457: 1452: 1437: 1432: 1417: 1412: 1399:Earliest sign of 1393: 1388: 1373: 1368: 1358:Australopithecus 1350: 1345: 1327: 1322: 1313:Earliest bipedal 1307: 1302: 1293:Chimpanzee split 1287: 1282: 1267: 1262: 1247: 1242: 1228: 1227: 1213: 1212: 1196: 1182: 1168: 1140: 1127: 1107: 1094: 1066: 1064:Australopithecus 1053: 1038: 1021: 1008: 984: 971: 958: 945: 932: 919: 907: 888: 875: 862: 850: 836: 823: 810: 808: 796: 791: 786: 781: 776: 771: 766: 761: 756: 751: 746: 741: 736: 731: 726: 721: 716: 711: 706: 701: 696: 684: 677: 670: 664: 654: 653:Hominin timeline 647: 637:Australopithecus 565:coronoid process 513:Research history 365:) is an extinct 334: 304: 300: 157: 156: 132: 118: 117: 47: 40:Temporal range: 32: 31: 21: 9614: 9613: 9609: 9608: 9607: 9605: 9604: 9603: 9579: 9578: 9577: 9572: 9564: 9559: 9551: 9546: 9538: 9533: 9525: 9520: 9511: 9510: 9505: 9496: 9495: 9490: 9477: 9469: 9464: 9456: 9451: 9443: 9438: 9430: 9425: 9417: 9412: 9404: 9399: 9390: 9389: 9384: 9375: 9374: 9369: 9356: 9346: 9333: 9200: 9186:Stone box grave 9156:Megalithic tomb 9061:Cotswold-Severn 9013: 8918:Guardian stones 8846:Prehistoric art 8840: 8683: 8658: 8647:Timber trackway 8552: 8516: 8512:Wattle and daub 8365: 8344:Standing stones 8318: 8297: 8112: 7939: 7916: 7841: 7758: 7668:Food processing 7663: 7612:New World crops 7584: 7571: 7514: 7509: 7479: 7474: 7430: 7387: 7373:Human evolution 7357: 7314: 7258: 7252: 7231:Cooperative eye 7176:Specific models 7171: 7123: 7102:Homo antecessor 7057: 6993: 6987:H. rhodesiensis 6951:H. floresiensis 6912: 6893:H. e. soloensis 6865:H. e. georgicus 6841: 6805:H. gautengensis 6780: 6778: 6767: 6731: 6667: 6638: 6593: 6584:Orangutan–human 6553: 6545: 6543:Human evolution 6540: 6510: 6505: 6492: 6483: 6449:Homo antecessor 6433:Related species 6423: 6409:Steinheim skull 6388: 6352: 6342: 6318:H. rhodesiensis 6310: 6290:Boxgrove Quarry 6252: 6245: 6192: 6178: 6173: 6136: 6132: 6090: 6080: 6073: 6065: 6029:(6109): 942–6. 6018: 6012: 6008: 5969: 5965: 5942: 5938: 5883: 5876: 5835: 5831: 5800: 5796: 5763: 5754: 5723: 5714: 5672: 5666: 5662: 5625: 5621: 5601: 5595: 5591: 5550:(5): e0195049. 5534: 5530: 5488: 5484: 5438: 5434: 5399: 5392: 5369: 5365: 5332: 5325: 5292: 5288: 5237: 5233: 5174: 5170: 5130: 5126: 5089: 5085: 5040: 5036: 4976: 4969: 4962: 4932: 4928: 4888: 4882: 4878: 4828: 4822: 4818: 4811: 4793: 4789: 4782: 4761: 4757: 4716: 4712: 4675: 4668: 4609: 4605: 4595: 4593: 4570: 4566: 4529: 4525: 4454: 4450: 4442:Homo antecessor 4416:Homo antecessor 4412: 4408: 4400: 4359: 4349: 4345: 4296: 4292: 4247: 4243: 4206:Biology Letters 4198:"The naming of 4194: 4190: 4137: 4133: 4125: 4094: 4084: 4080: 4041: 4037: 3996:Homo antecessor 3988: 3984: 3963: 3962: 3931: 3921: 3912: 3875: 3871: 3835: 3831: 3775: 3771: 3721: 3714: 3710: 3686:10.1038/485033a 3655:Stringer, Chris 3652: 3648: 3595: 3591: 3542: 3538: 3508: 3506: 3501: 3500: 3496: 3450:Current Biology 3437:Stringer, C. B. 3433: 3424: 3405:L'Anthropologie 3393: 3386: 3341:Stringer, C. B. 3338: 3331: 3282:Schwartz, J. H. 3279: 3272: 3265: 3239: 3235: 3190: 3181: 3173: 3158: 3148: 3144: 3137: 3121: 3120: 3111: 3102: 3100: 3091: 3090: 3086: 3058: 3054: 3050: 3045: 3018:Homo antecessor 2992: 2960: 2954: 2886: 2842: 2836: 2801:Early Stone Age 2726: 2721: 2705: 2613: 2607: 2539:H. rhodesiensis 2530: 2524: 2519: 2488:lambdoid suture 2477:sacral vertebra 2441: 2378:had evolved in 2361: 2315: 2299:masseter muscle 2283:mental foramina 2279:submental space 2209:incisive canals 2178: 2173: 2032:H. rhodesiensis 2030:in Europe and " 2003: 1979:H. rhodesiensis 1964:diamond magnate 1958:", as the name 1956:H. rhodesiensis 1941:H. rhodesiensis 1881:in Serbia, and 1834:H. rhodesiensis 1830:H. rhodesiensis 1782: 1761:Ursus deningeri 1585: 1584: 1572: 1571: 1570: 1562: 1561: 1559: 1555: 1554: 1553: 1548:H o m i n i d s 1546: 1544: 1536: 1535: 1530: 1523: 1514: 1513: 1508: 1501: 1492: 1491: 1486: 1479: 1470: 1469: 1455: 1446: 1445: 1435: 1426: 1425: 1415: 1406: 1405: 1400: 1391: 1382: 1381: 1371: 1362: 1361: 1348: 1339: 1338: 1325: 1316: 1315: 1305: 1296: 1295: 1285: 1276: 1275: 1265: 1256: 1255: 1245: 1238: 1237: 1236: 1231: 1230: 1229: 1223: 1222: 1218: 1216: 1215: 1214: 1208: 1207: 1203: 1201: 1200: 1199: 1192: 1186: 1185: 1184: 1178: 1173: 1171: 1170: 1169: 1160: 1152: 1144: 1143: 1136: 1130: 1129: 1128: 1119: 1111: 1110: 1103: 1097: 1096: 1095: 1086: 1078: 1070: 1069: 1062: 1056: 1055: 1054: 1045: 1041: 1040: 1039: 1030: 1026: 1025: 1024: 1017: 1011: 1010: 1009: 1000: 992: 988: 987: 986: 980: 975: 974: 973: 967: 962: 961: 960: 954: 949: 948: 947: 941: 936: 935: 934: 928: 923: 922: 921: 917:Chororapithecus 915: 910: 909: 908: 899: 891: 890: 884: 879: 878: 877: 873:Samburupithecus 871: 866: 865: 864: 858: 853: 852: 851: 844: 840: 839: 838: 832: 827: 826: 825: 819: 814: 813: 812: 806: 804: 797: 794: 792: 789: 787: 784: 782: 779: 777: 774: 772: 769: 767: 764: 762: 759: 757: 754: 752: 749: 747: 744: 742: 739: 737: 734: 732: 729: 727: 724: 722: 719: 717: 714: 712: 709: 707: 704: 702: 699: 697: 694: 688: 662: 656: 652: 582:H. rhodesiensis 539:, southeast of 515: 510: 333: 312: 306: 298: 297: 284: 151: 123: 116: 115: 114: 113: 108: 103: 98: 93: 88: 83: 78: 73: 68: 63: 58: 53: 42: 41: 38: 28: 23: 22: 18:Heidelbergensis 15: 12: 11: 5: 9612: 9602: 9601: 9596: 9591: 9574: 9573: 9571: 9570: 9557: 9544: 9531: 9518: 9503: 9487: 9485: 9479: 9478: 9476: 9475: 9462: 9449: 9436: 9423: 9410: 9397: 9382: 9366: 9364: 9358: 9357: 9343: 9342: 9339: 9338: 9335: 9334: 9332: 9331: 9330: 9329: 9319: 9314: 9313: 9312: 9307: 9302: 9297: 9295:Alligator drum 9287: 9286: 9285: 9275: 9270: 9265: 9264: 9263: 9258: 9253: 9243: 9242: 9241: 9231: 9226: 9225: 9224: 9222:lunar calendar 9219: 9208: 9206: 9205:Other cultural 9202: 9201: 9199: 9198: 9193: 9188: 9183: 9178: 9173: 9168: 9163: 9158: 9153: 9152: 9151: 9146: 9136: 9131: 9126: 9125: 9124: 9119: 9109: 9104: 9103: 9102: 9092: 9087: 9082: 9077: 9076: 9075: 9065: 9064: 9063: 9053: 9052: 9051: 9041: 9040: 9039: 9034: 9023: 9021: 9015: 9014: 9012: 9011: 9009:Venus figurine 9006: 9005: 9004: 8999: 8989: 8984: 8979: 8978: 8977: 8972: 8962: 8957: 8952: 8947: 8942: 8940:Megalithic art 8937: 8936: 8935: 8930: 8920: 8915: 8910: 8909: 8908: 8898: 8893: 8891:Cave paintings 8888: 8883: 8878: 8873: 8868: 8867: 8866: 8856: 8850: 8848: 8842: 8841: 8839: 8838: 8837: 8836: 8831: 8821: 8816: 8811: 8810: 8809: 8804: 8799: 8794: 8789: 8784: 8774: 8769: 8768: 8767: 8757: 8756: 8755: 8750: 8740: 8735: 8730: 8729: 8728: 8718: 8713: 8708: 8703: 8697: 8695: 8693:Material goods 8685: 8684: 8668: 8667: 8664: 8663: 8660: 8659: 8657: 8656: 8655: 8654: 8644: 8639: 8634: 8629: 8624: 8623: 8622: 8612: 8607: 8606: 8605: 8595: 8594: 8593: 8583: 8582: 8581: 8571: 8566: 8560: 8558: 8554: 8553: 8551: 8550: 8545: 8540: 8535: 8530: 8524: 8522: 8518: 8517: 8515: 8514: 8509: 8504: 8503: 8502: 8492: 8487: 8486: 8485: 8480: 8475: 8465: 8460: 8455: 8450: 8449: 8448: 8438: 8433: 8428: 8427: 8426: 8416: 8411: 8409:Cliff dwelling 8406: 8401: 8396: 8391: 8386: 8385: 8384: 8373: 8371: 8367: 8366: 8364: 8363: 8362: 8361: 8356: 8351: 8341: 8336: 8330: 8328: 8320: 8319: 8307: 8306: 8303: 8302: 8299: 8298: 8296: 8295: 8294: 8293: 8283: 8278: 8273: 8268: 8267: 8266: 8256: 8251: 8246: 8241: 8236: 8231: 8226: 8221: 8216: 8211: 8206: 8205: 8204: 8194: 8193: 8192: 8187: 8177: 8172: 8167: 8162: 8161: 8160: 8150: 8145: 8140: 8139: 8138: 8128: 8122: 8120: 8114: 8113: 8111: 8110: 8105: 8100: 8095: 8090: 8085: 8080: 8075: 8070: 8065: 8060: 8055: 8054: 8053: 8048: 8043: 8033: 8028: 8023: 8018: 8017: 8016: 8006: 8001: 7996: 7994:Fire hardening 7991: 7986: 7984:Clovis culture 7981: 7976: 7975: 7974: 7969: 7964: 7953: 7951: 7945: 7944: 7941: 7940: 7938: 7937: 7936: 7935: 7924: 7922: 7918: 7917: 7915: 7914: 7909: 7907:Manis Mastodon 7904: 7899: 7894: 7889: 7884: 7879: 7874: 7869: 7864: 7863: 7862: 7851: 7849: 7843: 7842: 7840: 7839: 7838: 7837: 7832: 7827: 7822: 7817: 7807: 7802: 7801: 7800: 7790: 7789: 7788: 7786:throwing stick 7778: 7772: 7766: 7760: 7759: 7757: 7756: 7751: 7746: 7741: 7736: 7731: 7726: 7725: 7724: 7719: 7709: 7704: 7699: 7694: 7693: 7692: 7682: 7677: 7671: 7669: 7665: 7664: 7662: 7661: 7656: 7651: 7646: 7641: 7636: 7631: 7626: 7621: 7616: 7615: 7614: 7609: 7598: 7596: 7586: 7585: 7573: 7572: 7570: 7569: 7564: 7563: 7562: 7552: 7551: 7550: 7545: 7540: 7535: 7530: 7519: 7516: 7515: 7508: 7507: 7500: 7493: 7485: 7476: 7475: 7473: 7472: 7460: 7448: 7435: 7432: 7431: 7429: 7428: 7423: 7422: 7421: 7411: 7406: 7401: 7395: 7393: 7389: 7388: 7386: 7385: 7383:Human timeline 7380: 7375: 7369: 7367: 7363: 7362: 7359: 7358: 7356: 7355: 7350: 7345: 7340: 7335: 7330: 7324: 7322: 7316: 7315: 7313: 7312: 7307: 7302: 7297: 7292: 7287: 7282: 7277: 7272: 7267: 7261: 7259: 7254: 7253: 7251: 7250: 7249: 7248: 7243: 7235: 7234: 7233: 7228: 7220: 7219: 7218: 7213: 7208: 7206:Drunken monkey 7200: 7199: 7198: 7193: 7188: 7179: 7177: 7173: 7172: 7170: 7169: 7164: 7159: 7154: 7149: 7144: 7138: 7136: 7135:General models 7129: 7125: 7124: 7122: 7121: 7079: 7077: 7071: 7070: 7067: 7066: 7063: 7062: 7059: 7058: 7056: 7055: 7050: 7045: 7040: 7035: 7028: 7023: 7014: 7012: 7001: 6995: 6994: 6992: 6991: 6983: 6976: 6969: 6961: 6954: 6947: 6939: 6934: 6926: 6924: 6922:Archaic humans 6918: 6917: 6914: 6913: 6911: 6910: 6903: 6896: 6889: 6882: 6875: 6868: 6861: 6853: 6851: 6843: 6842: 6840: 6839: 6831: 6827:H. rudolfensis 6823: 6816: 6809: 6800: 6794: 6787: 6773: 6772: 6769: 6768: 6766: 6765: 6758: 6751: 6748:P. aethiopicus 6743: 6741: 6733: 6732: 6730: 6729: 6722: 6715: 6708: 6701: 6694: 6687: 6679: 6677: 6669: 6668: 6666: 6665: 6658: 6650: 6648: 6640: 6639: 6637: 6636: 6629: 6626:Sahelanthropus 6622: 6615: 6612:Nakalipithecus 6607: 6601: 6595: 6594: 6592: 6591: 6586: 6581: 6576: 6570: 6568: 6559: 6547: 6546: 6539: 6538: 6531: 6524: 6516: 6507: 6506: 6504: 6503: 6488: 6485: 6484: 6482: 6481: 6474: 6470:Homo sp. Altai 6466: 6459: 6452: 6445: 6437: 6435: 6429: 6428: 6425: 6424: 6422: 6421: 6416: 6411: 6406: 6400: 6398: 6390: 6389: 6387: 6386: 6381: 6376: 6370: 6368: 6357: 6348: 6347: 6344: 6343: 6341: 6340: 6335: 6330: 6324: 6322: 6312: 6311: 6309: 6308: 6303: 6298: 6293: 6283: 6278: 6267: 6265: 6258: 6254: 6253: 6244: 6243: 6236: 6229: 6221: 6215: 6214: 6213:(August 2016). 6200: 6195: 6187: 6177: 6176:External links 6174: 6172: 6171: 6130: 6103:(1): 118–124. 6084:Arsuaga, J. L. 6082:Martínez, I.; 6071: 6006: 5963: 5952:(2): 101–103. 5936: 5874: 5847:(2): 193–200. 5829: 5794: 5752: 5712: 5691:10.1086/202541 5685:(5): 631–632. 5660: 5619: 5589: 5528: 5482: 5453:(3): 440–458. 5432: 5390: 5363: 5344:(3): 279–299. 5323: 5304:(3): 301–314. 5286: 5241:Arsuaga, J. L. 5231: 5178:Arsuaga, J. L. 5168: 5124: 5083: 5054:(3): 314–317. 5034: 4967: 4960: 4926: 4899:(2): 242–255. 4876: 4841:(2): 185–197. 4816: 4809: 4787: 4780: 4755: 4728:(4): 341–358. 4710: 4691:(2): 109–123. 4666: 4603: 4564: 4523: 4448: 4406: 4353:Arsuaga, J. L. 4343: 4290: 4261:(5): 237–239. 4241: 4200:Homo bodoensis 4188: 4143:Homo bodoensis 4131: 4105:(6): 218–227. 4078: 4035: 3992:Arsuaga, J. L. 3982: 3910: 3891:(2): 245–254. 3869: 3850:(3): 367–371. 3838:Asfaw, Berhane 3829: 3769: 3708: 3646: 3599:Arsuaga, J.-L. 3589: 3546:Arsuaga, J. L. 3536: 3494: 3422: 3411:(3): 344–346. 3384: 3357:(3): 101–104. 3329: 3286:Tattersall, I. 3270: 3263: 3233: 3206:(3): 219–246. 3179: 3152:"100 years of 3142: 3135: 3109: 3084: 3073:Heidelberg man 3051: 3049: 3046: 3044: 3043: 3038: 3033: 3028: 3021: 3014: 3009: 3004: 2999: 2993: 2991: 2988: 2956:Main article: 2953: 2950: 2921:Clacton-on-Sea 2885: 2882: 2868:, France; and 2838:Main article: 2835: 2832: 2742:working memory 2725: 2722: 2720: 2717: 2606: 2603: 2564:Stephanorhinus 2526:Main article: 2523: 2520: 2518: 2515: 2440: 2437: 2360: 2357: 2314: 2311: 2307:mylohyoid line 2219:is broad, the 2177: 2174: 2172: 2169: 2002: 1999: 1930:, Germany; or 1820:a member of a 1781: 1780:Classification 1778: 1661:Ian Tattersall 1605:Chris Stringer 1587: 1586: 1578: 1574: 1573: 1558: 1557: 1556: 1543: 1542: 1541: 1538: 1537: 1529: 1528: 1526: 1516: 1515: 1507: 1506: 1504: 1494: 1493: 1485: 1484: 1482: 1472: 1471: 1461: 1460: 1458: 1448: 1447: 1441: 1440: 1438: 1428: 1427: 1421: 1420: 1418: 1408: 1407: 1397: 1396: 1394: 1384: 1383: 1377: 1376: 1374: 1364: 1363: 1354: 1353: 1351: 1341: 1340: 1331: 1330: 1328: 1318: 1317: 1311: 1310: 1308: 1298: 1297: 1291: 1290: 1288: 1278: 1277: 1271: 1270: 1268: 1258: 1257: 1251: 1250: 1248: 1239: 1234: 1233: 1232: 1221: 1220: 1219: 1217: 1206: 1205: 1204: 1202: 1189: 1188: 1187: 1176: 1175: 1174: 1172: 1133: 1132: 1131: 1115:H. rudolfensis 1100: 1099: 1098: 1059: 1058: 1057: 1044: 1043: 1042: 1029: 1028: 1027: 1014: 1013: 1012: 991: 990: 989: 978: 977: 976: 969:Graecopithecus 965: 964: 963: 956:Sahelanthropus 952: 951: 950: 939: 938: 937: 926: 925: 924: 913: 912: 911: 886:Ouranopithecus 882: 881: 880: 869: 868: 867: 860:Nakalipithecus 856: 855: 854: 843: 842: 841: 830: 829: 828: 817: 816: 815: 802: 801: 800: 798: 795:0 — 793: 788: 783: 778: 773: 768: 763: 758: 753: 748: 743: 738: 733: 728: 723: 718: 713: 708: 703: 698: 693: 690: 689: 687: 686: 679: 672: 661: 658: 657: 650: 514: 511: 509: 506: 344: 343: 342: 341: 321: 320: 314: 313: 307: 293: 292: 286: 285: 277: 275: 271: 270: 263: 259: 258: 253: 249: 248: 243: 239: 238: 233: 229: 228: 223: 219: 218: 213: 209: 208: 203: 199: 198: 193: 189: 188: 183: 179: 178: 173: 169: 168: 163: 159: 158: 145: 144: 134: 133: 125: 124: 111: 110: 109: 104: 99: 94: 89: 84: 79: 74: 69: 64: 59: 54: 49: 39: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 9611: 9600: 9597: 9595: 9592: 9590: 9587: 9586: 9584: 9567: 9562: 9558: 9554: 9549: 9545: 9541: 9536: 9532: 9528: 9523: 9519: 9514: 9508: 9504: 9499: 9493: 9489: 9488: 9486: 9484: 9480: 9472: 9467: 9463: 9459: 9454: 9450: 9446: 9441: 9437: 9433: 9428: 9424: 9420: 9415: 9411: 9407: 9402: 9398: 9393: 9387: 9383: 9378: 9372: 9368: 9367: 9365: 9363: 9359: 9355: 9350: 9328: 9325: 9324: 9323: 9320: 9318: 9315: 9311: 9308: 9306: 9303: 9301: 9298: 9296: 9293: 9292: 9291: 9288: 9284: 9281: 9280: 9279: 9276: 9274: 9271: 9269: 9266: 9262: 9259: 9257: 9254: 9252: 9249: 9248: 9247: 9244: 9240: 9237: 9236: 9235: 9232: 9230: 9227: 9223: 9220: 9218: 9215: 9214: 9213: 9210: 9209: 9207: 9203: 9197: 9194: 9192: 9189: 9187: 9184: 9182: 9181:Simple dolmen 9179: 9177: 9174: 9172: 9169: 9167: 9166:Passage grave 9164: 9162: 9159: 9157: 9154: 9150: 9147: 9145: 9142: 9141: 9140: 9137: 9135: 9132: 9130: 9127: 9123: 9120: 9118: 9115: 9114: 9113: 9112:Gallery grave 9110: 9108: 9105: 9101: 9098: 9097: 9096: 9093: 9091: 9088: 9086: 9083: 9081: 9078: 9074: 9071: 9070: 9069: 9066: 9062: 9059: 9058: 9057: 9054: 9050: 9047: 9046: 9045: 9042: 9038: 9035: 9033: 9030: 9029: 9028: 9027:Burial mounds 9025: 9024: 9022: 9020: 9016: 9010: 9007: 9003: 9000: 8998: 8995: 8994: 8993: 8990: 8988: 8987:Statue menhir 8985: 8983: 8980: 8976: 8975:Stone carving 8973: 8971: 8968: 8967: 8966: 8963: 8961: 8958: 8956: 8953: 8951: 8948: 8946: 8943: 8941: 8938: 8934: 8931: 8929: 8926: 8925: 8924: 8921: 8919: 8916: 8914: 8911: 8907: 8904: 8903: 8902: 8899: 8897: 8894: 8892: 8889: 8887: 8884: 8882: 8879: 8877: 8874: 8872: 8869: 8865: 8862: 8861: 8860: 8857: 8855: 8852: 8851: 8849: 8847: 8843: 8835: 8832: 8830: 8827: 8826: 8825: 8822: 8820: 8817: 8815: 8814:Sewing needle 8812: 8808: 8805: 8803: 8800: 8798: 8795: 8793: 8790: 8788: 8785: 8783: 8780: 8779: 8778: 8775: 8773: 8770: 8766: 8763: 8762: 8761: 8758: 8754: 8751: 8749: 8746: 8745: 8744: 8741: 8739: 8736: 8734: 8731: 8727: 8724: 8723: 8722: 8719: 8717: 8714: 8712: 8709: 8707: 8704: 8702: 8699: 8698: 8696: 8694: 8690: 8686: 8682: 8678: 8673: 8669: 8653: 8650: 8649: 8648: 8645: 8643: 8642:Timber circle 8640: 8638: 8635: 8633: 8630: 8628: 8625: 8621: 8618: 8617: 8616: 8613: 8611: 8608: 8604: 8601: 8600: 8599: 8596: 8592: 8591:Tor enclosure 8589: 8588: 8587: 8584: 8580: 8579:fulacht fiadh 8577: 8576: 8575: 8572: 8570: 8567: 8565: 8562: 8561: 8559: 8555: 8549: 8546: 8544: 8541: 8539: 8536: 8534: 8531: 8529: 8526: 8525: 8523: 8519: 8513: 8510: 8508: 8505: 8501: 8498: 8497: 8496: 8493: 8491: 8488: 8484: 8481: 8479: 8476: 8474: 8471: 8470: 8469: 8466: 8464: 8461: 8459: 8456: 8454: 8451: 8447: 8444: 8443: 8442: 8439: 8437: 8434: 8432: 8429: 8425: 8422: 8421: 8420: 8417: 8415: 8412: 8410: 8407: 8405: 8402: 8400: 8397: 8395: 8392: 8390: 8387: 8383: 8380: 8379: 8378: 8375: 8374: 8372: 8368: 8360: 8357: 8355: 8352: 8350: 8347: 8346: 8345: 8342: 8340: 8337: 8335: 8332: 8331: 8329: 8325: 8321: 8317: 8312: 8308: 8292: 8289: 8288: 8287: 8284: 8282: 8279: 8277: 8274: 8272: 8269: 8265: 8262: 8261: 8260: 8257: 8255: 8252: 8250: 8247: 8245: 8242: 8240: 8237: 8235: 8232: 8230: 8227: 8225: 8222: 8220: 8217: 8215: 8212: 8210: 8207: 8203: 8200: 8199: 8198: 8195: 8191: 8188: 8186: 8183: 8182: 8181: 8178: 8176: 8173: 8171: 8168: 8166: 8163: 8159: 8156: 8155: 8154: 8151: 8149: 8146: 8144: 8141: 8137: 8134: 8133: 8132: 8129: 8127: 8124: 8123: 8121: 8119: 8115: 8109: 8106: 8104: 8101: 8099: 8096: 8094: 8091: 8089: 8086: 8084: 8081: 8079: 8076: 8074: 8071: 8069: 8066: 8064: 8061: 8059: 8056: 8052: 8049: 8047: 8044: 8042: 8039: 8038: 8037: 8034: 8032: 8029: 8027: 8024: 8022: 8019: 8015: 8012: 8011: 8010: 8007: 8005: 8002: 8000: 7997: 7995: 7992: 7990: 7987: 7985: 7982: 7980: 7977: 7973: 7970: 7968: 7965: 7963: 7960: 7959: 7958: 7955: 7954: 7952: 7950: 7946: 7934: 7931: 7930: 7929: 7926: 7925: 7923: 7919: 7913: 7910: 7908: 7905: 7903: 7900: 7898: 7895: 7893: 7890: 7888: 7885: 7883: 7880: 7878: 7875: 7873: 7870: 7868: 7865: 7861: 7858: 7857: 7856: 7853: 7852: 7850: 7848: 7844: 7836: 7833: 7831: 7828: 7826: 7823: 7821: 7818: 7816: 7815:spear-thrower 7813: 7812: 7811: 7808: 7806: 7803: 7799: 7796: 7795: 7794: 7793:Bow and arrow 7791: 7787: 7784: 7783: 7782: 7779: 7777: 7774: 7773: 7770: 7767: 7765: 7761: 7755: 7752: 7750: 7747: 7745: 7742: 7740: 7737: 7735: 7732: 7730: 7727: 7723: 7720: 7718: 7715: 7714: 7713: 7710: 7708: 7705: 7703: 7702:Grinding slab 7700: 7698: 7695: 7691: 7688: 7687: 7686: 7683: 7681: 7678: 7676: 7673: 7672: 7670: 7666: 7660: 7657: 7655: 7652: 7650: 7647: 7645: 7642: 7640: 7637: 7635: 7634:Domestication 7632: 7630: 7629:Digging stick 7627: 7625: 7622: 7620: 7617: 7613: 7610: 7608: 7607:Founder crops 7605: 7604: 7603: 7600: 7599: 7597: 7595: 7591: 7587: 7583: 7578: 7574: 7568: 7565: 7561: 7558: 7557: 7556: 7553: 7549: 7548:New Stone Age 7546: 7544: 7541: 7539: 7536: 7534: 7531: 7529: 7526: 7525: 7524: 7521: 7520: 7517: 7513: 7506: 7501: 7499: 7494: 7492: 7487: 7486: 7483: 7471: 7470: 7465: 7461: 7459: 7458: 7449: 7447: 7446: 7437: 7436: 7433: 7427: 7424: 7420: 7417: 7416: 7415: 7412: 7410: 7407: 7405: 7402: 7400: 7397: 7396: 7394: 7390: 7384: 7381: 7379: 7376: 7374: 7371: 7370: 7368: 7364: 7354: 7351: 7349: 7346: 7344: 7341: 7339: 7336: 7334: 7331: 7329: 7326: 7325: 7323: 7321: 7317: 7311: 7308: 7306: 7303: 7301: 7298: 7296: 7293: 7291: 7288: 7286: 7283: 7281: 7278: 7276: 7273: 7271: 7268: 7266: 7263: 7262: 7260: 7255: 7247: 7244: 7242: 7239: 7238: 7237:Life history 7236: 7232: 7229: 7227: 7224: 7223: 7221: 7217: 7214: 7212: 7209: 7207: 7204: 7203: 7201: 7197: 7194: 7192: 7189: 7187: 7184: 7183: 7181: 7180: 7178: 7174: 7168: 7165: 7163: 7160: 7158: 7155: 7153: 7150: 7148: 7145: 7143: 7140: 7139: 7137: 7133: 7130: 7126: 7120: 7119: 7114: 7110: 7109: 7104: 7103: 7098: 7097: 7092: 7091: 7090:Homo ergaster 7086: 7085: 7081: 7080: 7078: 7076: 7072: 7054: 7051: 7049: 7046: 7044: 7041: 7039: 7036: 7034: 7033: 7029: 7027: 7024: 7022: 7020: 7019:H. s. sapiens 7016: 7015: 7013: 7011: 7010: 7005: 7002: 7000: 6999:Modern humans 6996: 6989: 6988: 6984: 6982: 6981: 6977: 6975: 6974: 6973:H. luzonensis 6970: 6967: 6966: 6962: 6960: 6959: 6955: 6953: 6952: 6948: 6945: 6944: 6940: 6938: 6935: 6933: 6932: 6931:H. antecessor 6928: 6927: 6925: 6923: 6919: 6909: 6908: 6904: 6902: 6901: 6897: 6895: 6894: 6890: 6888: 6887: 6883: 6881: 6880: 6876: 6874: 6873: 6869: 6867: 6866: 6862: 6860: 6859: 6858:H. e. erectus 6855: 6854: 6852: 6850: 6849: 6844: 6837: 6836: 6832: 6829: 6828: 6824: 6822: 6821: 6817: 6815: 6814: 6810: 6807: 6806: 6802: 6801: 6798: 6795: 6791: 6788: 6786: 6784: 6774: 6764: 6763: 6759: 6757: 6756: 6752: 6750: 6749: 6745: 6744: 6742: 6740: 6739: 6734: 6728: 6727: 6723: 6721: 6720: 6716: 6714: 6713: 6712:A. deyiremeda 6709: 6707: 6706: 6702: 6700: 6699: 6695: 6693: 6692: 6688: 6686: 6685: 6681: 6680: 6678: 6676: 6675: 6670: 6664: 6663: 6659: 6657: 6656: 6652: 6651: 6649: 6647: 6646: 6641: 6635: 6634: 6633:Kenyanthropus 6630: 6628: 6627: 6623: 6621: 6620: 6616: 6614: 6613: 6609: 6608: 6605: 6602: 6600: 6596: 6590: 6587: 6585: 6582: 6580: 6579:Gorilla–human 6577: 6575: 6572: 6571: 6569: 6567: 6563: 6560: 6557: 6552: 6548: 6544: 6537: 6532: 6530: 6525: 6523: 6518: 6517: 6514: 6502: 6501: 6496: 6490: 6489: 6486: 6480: 6479: 6475: 6473: 6471: 6467: 6465: 6464: 6460: 6458: 6457: 6453: 6451: 6450: 6446: 6444: 6443: 6439: 6438: 6436: 6434: 6430: 6420: 6417: 6415: 6412: 6410: 6407: 6405: 6402: 6401: 6399: 6397: 6396: 6391: 6385: 6382: 6380: 6377: 6375: 6372: 6371: 6369: 6367: 6366: 6361: 6358: 6355: 6349: 6339: 6336: 6334: 6331: 6329: 6326: 6325: 6323: 6320: 6319: 6313: 6307: 6306:Mala Balanica 6304: 6302: 6299: 6297: 6294: 6291: 6287: 6284: 6282: 6279: 6276: 6272: 6269: 6268: 6266: 6262: 6259: 6255: 6251: 6250: 6242: 6237: 6235: 6230: 6228: 6223: 6222: 6219: 6212: 6208: 6204: 6201: 6199: 6196: 6191: 6188: 6185: 6184: 6180: 6179: 6167: 6163: 6159: 6155: 6152:(5): 369–76. 6151: 6147: 6146: 6141: 6134: 6126: 6122: 6118: 6114: 6110: 6106: 6102: 6098: 6097: 6089: 6085: 6078: 6076: 6064: 6060: 6056: 6052: 6048: 6044: 6040: 6036: 6032: 6028: 6024: 6017: 6010: 6002: 5998: 5994: 5990: 5986: 5982: 5978: 5974: 5967: 5959: 5955: 5951: 5947: 5946:Anthropologie 5940: 5932: 5928: 5923: 5918: 5913: 5908: 5904: 5900: 5896: 5892: 5888: 5881: 5879: 5870: 5866: 5862: 5858: 5854: 5850: 5846: 5842: 5841: 5833: 5827: 5821: 5817: 5813: 5809: 5805: 5798: 5790: 5786: 5782: 5778: 5774: 5770: 5769: 5761: 5759: 5757: 5748: 5744: 5740: 5736: 5732: 5728: 5721: 5719: 5717: 5708: 5704: 5700: 5696: 5692: 5688: 5684: 5680: 5679: 5671: 5664: 5656: 5652: 5648: 5644: 5640: 5636: 5635: 5630: 5623: 5617: 5612:(2): 210–212. 5611: 5607: 5600: 5593: 5585: 5581: 5576: 5571: 5566: 5561: 5557: 5553: 5549: 5545: 5544: 5539: 5532: 5524: 5520: 5516: 5512: 5508: 5504: 5500: 5496: 5495: 5486: 5478: 5474: 5469: 5464: 5460: 5456: 5452: 5448: 5444: 5436: 5428: 5424: 5420: 5416: 5412: 5408: 5404: 5397: 5395: 5386: 5382: 5378: 5374: 5367: 5359: 5355: 5351: 5347: 5343: 5339: 5338: 5330: 5328: 5319: 5315: 5311: 5307: 5303: 5299: 5298: 5290: 5282: 5278: 5273: 5268: 5263: 5258: 5254: 5250: 5246: 5242: 5235: 5227: 5223: 5218: 5213: 5208: 5203: 5199: 5195: 5191: 5187: 5183: 5179: 5172: 5164: 5160: 5156: 5152: 5148: 5144: 5140: 5136: 5128: 5120: 5116: 5111: 5106: 5102: 5098: 5094: 5087: 5079: 5075: 5070: 5065: 5061: 5057: 5053: 5049: 5045: 5038: 5030: 5026: 5021: 5016: 5011: 5006: 5002: 4998: 4994: 4990: 4989: 4984: 4980: 4979:Arsuaga, J.L. 4974: 4972: 4963: 4961:9781139096164 4957: 4953: 4949: 4945: 4941: 4937: 4930: 4922: 4918: 4914: 4910: 4906: 4902: 4898: 4894: 4887: 4880: 4872: 4868: 4864: 4860: 4856: 4852: 4848: 4844: 4840: 4836: 4835: 4827: 4820: 4812: 4806: 4802: 4798: 4791: 4783: 4777: 4773: 4769: 4765: 4759: 4751: 4747: 4743: 4739: 4735: 4731: 4727: 4723: 4722: 4714: 4706: 4702: 4698: 4694: 4690: 4686: 4685: 4680: 4673: 4671: 4662: 4658: 4654: 4650: 4646: 4642: 4638: 4634: 4630: 4626: 4622: 4618: 4614: 4607: 4591: 4587: 4583: 4579: 4575: 4568: 4559: 4554: 4550: 4546: 4542: 4538: 4534: 4527: 4519: 4515: 4511: 4507: 4502: 4497: 4493: 4489: 4485: 4481: 4477: 4473: 4469: 4465: 4464: 4459: 4452: 4445: 4443: 4439: 4433: 4429: 4425: 4421: 4417: 4410: 4399: 4395: 4391: 4387: 4383: 4379: 4375: 4371: 4367: 4366: 4358: 4354: 4347: 4339: 4335: 4331: 4327: 4323: 4319: 4315: 4311: 4307: 4303: 4302: 4294: 4286: 4282: 4278: 4274: 4269: 4264: 4260: 4256: 4252: 4245: 4237: 4233: 4228: 4223: 4219: 4215: 4211: 4207: 4203: 4201: 4192: 4184: 4180: 4175: 4170: 4165: 4160: 4156: 4152: 4151: 4146: 4144: 4135: 4124: 4120: 4116: 4112: 4108: 4104: 4100: 4093: 4091: 4082: 4074: 4070: 4066: 4062: 4058: 4054: 4050: 4048: 4039: 4031: 4027: 4023: 4019: 4015: 4011: 4007: 4003: 4002: 3997: 3993: 3986: 3979: 3973: 3967: 3959: 3955: 3951: 3947: 3943: 3939: 3938: 3930: 3928: 3919: 3917: 3915: 3906: 3902: 3898: 3894: 3890: 3886: 3885: 3880: 3873: 3865: 3861: 3857: 3853: 3849: 3845: 3844: 3839: 3833: 3825: 3821: 3817: 3813: 3809: 3805: 3801: 3797: 3793: 3789: 3788: 3783: 3779: 3778:White, Tim D. 3773: 3765: 3761: 3757: 3753: 3749: 3745: 3741: 3737: 3733: 3729: 3728: 3720: 3712: 3704: 3700: 3696: 3692: 3687: 3682: 3678: 3674: 3670: 3666: 3665: 3660: 3656: 3650: 3642: 3638: 3634: 3630: 3626: 3622: 3618: 3614: 3610: 3606: 3605: 3600: 3593: 3585: 3581: 3577: 3573: 3568: 3563: 3559: 3555: 3551: 3547: 3540: 3532: 3528: 3524: 3522: 3518: 3504: 3498: 3490: 3486: 3482: 3478: 3473: 3468: 3464: 3460: 3456: 3452: 3451: 3446: 3444: 3438: 3435:Buck, L. T.; 3431: 3429: 3427: 3418: 3414: 3410: 3406: 3402: 3398: 3391: 3389: 3380: 3376: 3372: 3368: 3364: 3360: 3356: 3352: 3351: 3346: 3342: 3336: 3334: 3325: 3321: 3317: 3313: 3309: 3305: 3301: 3297: 3296: 3291: 3287: 3283: 3277: 3275: 3266: 3264:9781118332375 3260: 3256: 3252: 3248: 3246: 3237: 3229: 3225: 3221: 3217: 3213: 3209: 3205: 3201: 3200: 3195: 3188: 3186: 3184: 3172: 3168: 3164: 3157: 3155: 3146: 3138: 3132: 3128: 3124: 3118: 3116: 3114: 3098: 3094: 3088: 3081: 3077: 3074: 3070: 3066: 3062: 3056: 3052: 3042: 3039: 3037: 3034: 3032: 3029: 3027: 3026: 3022: 3020: 3019: 3015: 3013: 3010: 3008: 3005: 3003: 3000: 2998: 2995: 2994: 2987: 2985: 2981: 2977: 2973: 2969: 2965: 2959: 2949: 2947: 2943: 2939: 2935: 2931: 2926: 2922: 2918: 2914: 2910: 2906: 2902: 2895: 2890: 2881: 2879: 2875: 2871: 2867: 2863: 2859: 2855: 2850: 2848: 2841: 2831: 2829: 2825: 2820: 2818: 2812: 2810: 2806: 2802: 2798: 2794: 2790: 2786: 2782: 2781:lithic flakes 2778: 2774: 2766: 2762: 2757: 2753: 2751: 2747: 2743: 2739: 2735: 2731: 2716: 2714: 2704: 2701: 2696: 2692: 2690: 2689:Olduvai Gorge 2686: 2681: 2678: 2677:P. globularis 2674: 2670: 2666: 2662: 2658: 2653: 2651: 2647: 2643: 2639: 2635: 2634:Bilzingsleben 2626: 2625:Bilzingsleben 2622: 2617: 2612: 2602: 2598: 2596: 2595: 2590: 2586: 2582: 2578: 2574: 2573:Boxgrove site 2570: 2566: 2565: 2560: 2556: 2552: 2545: 2541: 2540: 2534: 2529: 2514: 2512: 2508: 2504: 2503: 2499: 2495: 2491: 2489: 2484: 2482: 2478: 2474: 2470: 2466: 2460: 2458: 2454: 2450: 2446: 2436: 2434: 2430: 2426: 2421: 2417: 2413: 2408: 2406: 2402: 2398: 2394: 2390: 2385: 2381: 2377: 2369: 2365: 2356: 2354: 2349: 2346: 2342: 2336: 2334: 2329: 2324: 2320: 2310: 2308: 2304: 2300: 2296: 2292: 2288: 2284: 2280: 2276: 2272: 2265: 2261: 2256: 2252: 2249: 2245: 2241: 2236: 2234: 2230: 2229:sphenoid bone 2226: 2222: 2221:parietal bone 2218: 2214: 2210: 2206: 2202: 2198: 2191: 2187: 2182: 2168: 2166: 2162: 2158: 2157:Homo sapiens' 2153: 2151: 2147: 2143: 2139: 2134: 2132: 2131:H. antecessor 2128: 2124: 2123:H. antecessor 2119: 2115: 2111: 2107: 2106: 2105:H. antecessor 2101: 2096: 2094: 2089: 2085: 2076: 2072: 2067: 2063: 2061: 2057: 2053: 2049: 2045: 2044:Melka Kunture 2041: 2037: 2033: 2029: 2025: 2021: 2017: 2016: 2015:Homo ergaster 2011: 2007: 1998: 1995: 1990: 1986: 1985: 1980: 1976: 1972: 1968: 1965: 1961: 1957: 1953: 1948: 1946: 1943:" would take 1942: 1937: 1936:type specimen 1933: 1929: 1925: 1921: 1917: 1913: 1909: 1905: 1904:Mala Balanica 1901: 1897: 1893: 1888: 1884: 1880: 1879:Mala Balanica 1876: 1875:Bilzingsleben 1872: 1868: 1864: 1860: 1856: 1852: 1848: 1843: 1841: 1840: 1835: 1831: 1827: 1823: 1822:chronospecies 1819: 1815: 1811: 1807: 1803: 1799: 1798:H. s. sapiens 1795: 1791: 1790:archaic human 1787: 1777: 1775: 1771: 1767: 1763: 1762: 1757: 1753: 1749: 1745: 1738: 1734: 1730: 1725: 1721: 1719: 1715: 1711: 1707: 1703: 1699: 1695: 1691: 1687: 1683: 1679: 1675: 1671: 1670: 1669:sensu stricto 1666: 1662: 1657: 1655: 1651: 1646: 1643: 1639: 1635: 1634: 1631: 1626: 1622: 1618: 1617:H. s. sapiens 1614: 1610: 1606: 1602: 1598: 1594: 1582: 1575: 1568: 1565: 1551: 1549: 1533: 1532:Modern humans 1527: 1522: 1521: 1511: 1505: 1500: 1499: 1489: 1483: 1478: 1477: 1468: 1464: 1463:Earliest fire 1459: 1454: 1453: 1444: 1439: 1434: 1433: 1424: 1419: 1414: 1413: 1404: 1403: 1395: 1390: 1389: 1380: 1375: 1370: 1369: 1360: 1359: 1352: 1347: 1346: 1337: 1336: 1329: 1324: 1323: 1314: 1309: 1304: 1303: 1294: 1289: 1284: 1283: 1274: 1273:Gorilla split 1269: 1264: 1263: 1254: 1249: 1244: 1243: 1226: 1211: 1198: 1197: 1195: 1183: 1181: 1167: 1165: 1159: 1157: 1151: 1149: 1148:H. antecessor 1142: 1141: 1139: 1126: 1124: 1118: 1116: 1109: 1108: 1106: 1093: 1091: 1090:Au. anamensis 1085: 1083: 1082:Au. afarensis 1077: 1075: 1074:Au. africanus 1068: 1067: 1065: 1052: 1050: 1037: 1035: 1023: 1022: 1020: 1007: 1005: 1004:O. tugenensis 999: 997: 985: 983: 972: 970: 959: 957: 946: 944: 933: 931: 920: 918: 906: 904: 898: 896: 889: 887: 876: 874: 863: 861: 849: 848: 837: 835: 824: 822: 811: 809: 691: 685: 680: 678: 673: 671: 666: 665: 659: 655: 648: 645: 643: 642:archaic human 639: 638: 633: 632:chronospecies 629: 625: 621: 617: 616: 611: 607: 603: 599: 595: 592: 588: 584: 583: 578: 574: 570: 566: 562: 558: 554: 550: 549:type specimen 546: 542: 538: 534: 527: 524: 523:type specimen 519: 505: 503: 499: 495: 491: 487: 482: 480: 479:modern humans 476: 472: 468: 464: 460: 456: 452: 448: 444: 443:H. s. sapiens 440: 439: 434: 430: 426: 425: 420: 416: 415:chronospecies 412: 408: 406: 402: 398: 397:type specimen 394: 390: 386: 385: 380: 376: 375:archaic human 372: 368: 364: 363: 358: 357: 352: 351: 338: 331: 330: 325: 324: 322: 319: 315: 310: 305: 303: 294: 291: 290:Binomial name 287: 283: 282: 276: 273: 272: 269: 268: 264: 261: 260: 257: 254: 251: 250: 247: 244: 241: 240: 237: 234: 231: 230: 227: 224: 221: 220: 217: 214: 211: 210: 207: 204: 201: 200: 197: 194: 191: 190: 187: 184: 181: 180: 177: 174: 171: 170: 167: 164: 161: 160: 155: 150: 146: 143: 140: 139:type specimen 135: 131: 126: 121: 107: 102: 97: 92: 87: 82: 77: 72: 67: 62: 57: 52: 46: 43:0.7–0.2 37: 33: 30: 19: 9482: 9361: 9122:wedge-shaped 9107:Funeral pyre 9100:Great dolmen 9056:Chamber tomb 9037:Round barrow 8992:Stone circle 8864:Blombos Cave 8792:Grooved ware 8716:Chalcolithic 8620:Thornborough 8538:Flush toilet 8473:Blombos Cave 8468:Rock shelter 8424:Quiggly hole 8316:Architecture 8291:illustration 7933:Buffalo jump 7754:Storage pits 7717:Aşıklı Höyük 7707:Ground stone 7543:Subdivisions 7467: 7455: 7443: 7310:Gender roles 7305:Intelligence 7118:Homo sapiens 7116: 7112: 7107: 7106: 7100: 7096:Homo erectus 7094: 7088: 7084:Homo habilis 7082: 7043:Manot people 7032:H. s. idaltu 7030: 7026:Jebel Irhoud 7018: 7009:Homo sapiens 7007: 6985: 6978: 6971: 6963: 6957: 6956: 6949: 6941: 6929: 6905: 6898: 6891: 6884: 6877: 6870: 6863: 6856: 6848:Homo erectus 6846: 6833: 6825: 6818: 6811: 6803: 6793:Proto-humans 6782: 6779:proto-humans 6760: 6753: 6746: 6738:Paranthropus 6736: 6724: 6717: 6710: 6703: 6698:A. anamensis 6696: 6691:A. africanus 6689: 6684:A. afarensis 6682: 6672: 6660: 6653: 6645:Ardipithecus 6643: 6631: 6624: 6617: 6610: 6589:Gibbon–human 6491: 6478:Homo sapiens 6476: 6472:(Denisovans) 6469: 6461: 6454: 6447: 6442:Homo erectus 6440: 6393: 6365:Homo erectus 6363: 6353: 6338:Ndutu skull 6333:Saldanha man 6316: 6286:Boxgrove Man 6275:Mauer, Baden 6248: 6247: 6181: 6149: 6143: 6139: 6133: 6100: 6094: 6063:the original 6026: 6022: 6009: 5976: 5972: 5966: 5949: 5945: 5939: 5894: 5890: 5844: 5838: 5832: 5811: 5807: 5797: 5772: 5766: 5730: 5726: 5682: 5676: 5663: 5641:(1): 25–34. 5638: 5632: 5628: 5622: 5609: 5605: 5592: 5547: 5541: 5531: 5498: 5492: 5485: 5450: 5446: 5435: 5410: 5406: 5376: 5366: 5341: 5335: 5301: 5295: 5289: 5252: 5248: 5239:Garcia, A.; 5234: 5189: 5185: 5171: 5138: 5134: 5127: 5100: 5096: 5086: 5051: 5047: 5037: 4992: 4986: 4943: 4939: 4936:Berger, L.R. 4929: 4896: 4892: 4879: 4855:10261/123419 4838: 4832: 4819: 4800: 4796: 4790: 4771: 4764:Stringer, C. 4758: 4725: 4719: 4713: 4688: 4682: 4678: 4620: 4616: 4606: 4594:. Retrieved 4590:the original 4578:The Guardian 4577: 4567: 4540: 4536: 4526: 4467: 4461: 4451: 4441: 4437: 4435: 4423: 4419: 4415: 4409: 4398:the original 4369: 4363: 4346: 4305: 4299: 4293: 4258: 4254: 4244: 4209: 4205: 4199: 4191: 4157:(1): 20–29. 4154: 4148: 4142: 4134: 4123:the original 4102: 4098: 4089: 4081: 4056: 4052: 4046: 4038: 4005: 3999: 3995: 3985: 3966:cite journal 3944:(94): 1–24. 3941: 3935: 3926: 3888: 3882: 3881:in Africa". 3879:Homo sapiens 3878: 3872: 3847: 3841: 3832: 3791: 3785: 3782:Homo sapiens 3781: 3772: 3731: 3725: 3711: 3668: 3662: 3649: 3608: 3602: 3592: 3557: 3553: 3539: 3530: 3526: 3520: 3516: 3514: 3507:. Retrieved 3497: 3454: 3448: 3442: 3408: 3404: 3400: 3397:Homo erectus 3396: 3354: 3348: 3344: 3299: 3293: 3290:Homo sapiens 3289: 3250: 3245:Homo sapiens 3244: 3236: 3203: 3197: 3193: 3171:the original 3166: 3162: 3153: 3145: 3122: 3101:. Retrieved 3099:. 2016-12-02 3096: 3087: 3079: 3075: 3072: 3068: 3064: 3060: 3055: 3041:Tunel Wielki 3036:Tautavel Man 3023: 3016: 2997:Altamura Man 2961: 2938:Lower Saxony 2898: 2851: 2843: 2821: 2813: 2785:lithic cores 2770: 2727: 2709: 2682: 2676: 2673:Bedfordshire 2664: 2654: 2638:Markkleeberg 2630: 2599: 2592: 2589:Olorgesailie 2562: 2550: 2548: 2537: 2511:Sterkfontein 2500: 2492: 2485: 2461: 2442: 2425:iliac crests 2419: 2415: 2409: 2388: 2383: 2379: 2373: 2367: 2353:Grootfontein 2350: 2337: 2316: 2303:gonial angle 2270: 2268: 2259: 2247: 2243: 2239: 2237: 2217:frontal bone 2200: 2196: 2194: 2164: 2156: 2154: 2149: 2135: 2130: 2126: 2122: 2117: 2113: 2103: 2097: 2092: 2080: 2071:Neanderthals 2059: 2055: 2051: 2035: 2031: 2027: 2023: 2013: 2009: 2005: 2004: 1994:H. bodoensis 1993: 1989:H. bodoensis 1988: 1984:H. bodoensis 1982: 1978: 1974: 1970: 1967:Cecil Rhodes 1960:rhodesiensis 1959: 1955: 1951: 1949: 1940: 1932:Saccopastore 1915: 1899: 1895: 1891: 1877:in Germany, 1873:in Hungary, 1871:Vértesszőlős 1844: 1837: 1833: 1829: 1825: 1817: 1809: 1805: 1801: 1797: 1794:Homo sapiens 1793: 1783: 1769: 1759: 1746:(SH) in the 1741: 1717: 1713: 1697: 1696:in China—as 1681: 1667: 1664: 1658: 1653: 1649: 1638:Björn Kurtén 1630:Homo sapiens 1628: 1624: 1620: 1616: 1612: 1596: 1592: 1590: 1560: 1545: 1401: 1357: 1335:Ardipithecus 1334: 1253:Earlier apes 1210:Neanderthals 1194:Homo sapiens 1191: 1190: 1179: 1177: 1161: 1153: 1145: 1135: 1134: 1120: 1112: 1102: 1101: 1087: 1079: 1071: 1061: 1060: 1046: 1031: 1019:Ardipithecus 1016: 1015: 1001: 993: 979: 966: 953: 943:Sivapithecus 940: 930:Oreopithecus 927: 914: 900: 892: 883: 870: 857: 845: 831: 818: 803: 635: 628:Neanderthals 623: 620:Homo sapiens 619: 613: 605: 601: 593: 580: 552: 530: 501: 489: 483: 458: 454: 450: 447:Neanderthals 442: 436: 428: 422: 418: 410: 409: 404: 392: 388: 382: 361: 360: 355: 354: 349: 348: 347: 327: 309:Schoetensack 301: 296: 280: 279: 266: 222:Infraorder: 35: 29: 9507:Wikispecies 9386:Wikispecies 9144:unchambered 9139:Long barrow 9129:Grave goods 9085:Court cairn 9080:Clava cairn 9032:Bowl barrow 8970:Rock cupule 8913:Golden hats 8906:Hill figure 8807:Unstan ware 8787:Cord-marked 8652:Sweet Track 8574:Burnt mound 8495:Stilt house 8483:Sibudu Cave 8276:Tally stick 8244:Quern-stone 8229:Hammerstone 8219:Fire plough 8190:Pesse canoe 8148:Bannerstone 8118:Other tools 8031:Lithic core 7979:Aurignacian 7867:Bare Island 7749:Quern-stone 7241:Grandmother 7196:Shore-based 7157:Aquatic ape 7048:Tam Pa Ling 6943:H. ergaster 6762:P. robustus 6419:Petralona 1 6257:Archaeology 6207:Smithsonian 6193:(in German) 5979:: 214–225. 5775:: 576–590. 4596:1 September 4543:: 148–160. 3597:Meyer, M.; 3509:29 November 3002:Ceprano Man 2942:Kathu Pan 1 2870:Fermanville 2866:Terra Amata 2746:Movius Line 2724:Stone tools 2650:Baume Bonne 2581:Terra Amata 2509:(30.6%) or 2393:Turkana Boy 2258:Bust of an 2110:Gran Dolina 2084:nuclear DNA 2052:H. ergaster 1928:Ehringsdorf 1906:, Ceprano, 1865:in France, 1742:In 1976 at 1706:Narmada Man 1156:H. ergaster 1049:Ar. ramidus 1034:Ar. kadabba 996:O. praegens 834:Pleistocene 663:This box: 424:H. ergaster 387:in 1950 as 242:Subfamily: 226:Simiiformes 9583:Categories 9283:trepanning 9176:Ring cairn 9134:Jar burial 9117:transepted 9049:U.S. sites 8950:Petroglyph 8876:Bird stone 8834:wine press 8507:Stone roof 8490:Roundhouse 8382:long house 8359:Stonehenge 8327:Ceremonial 8271:Stone tool 8098:Tool stone 8068:Metallurgy 7972:Mousterian 7949:Toolmaking 7887:Cumberland 7860:Transverse 7830:Schöningen 7722:Qesem cave 7690:Earth oven 7644:Irrigation 7555:Technology 7523:Prehistory 7280:Skin color 7265:Bipedalism 7226:Killer ape 7038:Cro-Magnon 6937:Denisovans 6813:H. habilis 6777:Humans and 6662:A. ramidus 6655:A. kadabba 6384:Bodo skull 6379:Madam Buya 5501:: 92–104. 4008:(4): 164. 3103:2023-09-23 3048:References 2972:handedness 2968:middle ear 2964:hyoid bone 2858:Přezletice 2849:, Israel. 2807:) and the 2719:Technology 2652:, France. 2507:Swartkrans 2403:, but the 2374:The human 2319:long bones 2275:Montmaurin 2244:H. erectus 2197:H. erectus 2161:bottleneck 2073:using the 2010:H. erectus 1926:, France; 1869:in Italy, 1859:Swanscombe 1851:Pontnewydd 1735:") at the 1731:Skull 5 (" 1702:Denisovans 1694:Jinniushan 1665:H. erectus 1633:sensu lato 1613:H. sapiens 1593:H. erectus 1225:Denisovans 1164:Au. sediba 1138:H. erectus 1105:H. habilis 895:Ou. turkae 624:H. erectus 615:H. erectus 598:Ernst Mayr 541:Heidelberg 490:H. erectus 471:Jinniushan 438:H. sapiens 419:H. erectus 405:H. erectus 384:H. erectus 371:subspecies 216:Haplorhini 212:Suborder: 9327:symbolism 9191:Tor cairn 9149:Grønsalen 9090:Cremation 8982:Sculpture 8960:Pictogram 8945:Petroform 8765:amber use 8733:Cosmetics 8543:Reservoir 8528:Check dam 8458:Pueblitos 8453:Pit-house 8436:Longhouse 8370:Dwellings 8239:Microlith 8170:Bow drill 8165:Bone tool 8158:prismatic 7967:Acheulean 7882:Cresswell 7855:Arrowhead 7781:Boomerang 7697:Granaries 7659:Terracing 7538:Stone Age 7399:Theorists 7366:Timelines 7246:Patriarch 7222:Behavior 7147:Gathering 7075:Ancestors 6820:H. naledi 6755:P. boisei 6726:A. sediba 6059:206544031 5814:: 14–22. 5477:0300-9483 5163:1040-6182 5141:: 83–93. 5133:Spain)". 5119:1755-375X 5060:1844-122X 4768:Foley, R. 4661:261396309 4645:0036-8075 4586:0261-3077 4518:214736611 4492:1476-4687 4426:: 22–31. 4285:250071605 4059:: 66–81. 3764:214736650 3584:225069666 3481:0960-9822 3379:205826399 2930:Lehringen 2805:Acheulian 2767:, England 2763:found at 2761:hand axes 2738:hand axes 2734:Acheulian 2713:quartzite 2627:, Germany 2567:. At the 2555:megafauna 2439:Pathology 2376:body plan 2001:Evolution 1855:Steinheim 1839:H. helmei 1758:remains ( 1720:in 2015. 1642:Cromerian 1609:Petralona 1123:Au. garhi 557:premolars 486:Acheulian 274:Species: 246:Homininae 236:Hominidae 172:Kingdom: 166:Eukaryota 9540:11092916 9492:Wikidata 9432:10961818 9371:Wikidata 8965:Rock art 8928:painting 8901:Geoglyph 8726:timeline 8706:Beadwork 8446:Mehrgarh 8441:Mudbrick 8349:megalith 8224:Fire-saw 8046:debitage 8041:analysis 8009:Hand axe 7989:Cupstone 7567:Glossary 7528:Timeline 7445:Category 7300:Language 7270:Skeleton 6965:H. longi 6719:A. garhi 6556:Hominins 6551:Taxonomy 6315:Africa ( 6125:17804038 6051:23161998 6001:26442632 5958:26294864 5931:21402905 5869:20042224 5707:88099778 5631:beads". 5584:29718916 5543:PLOS ONE 5523:26596728 5358:16468210 5281:19332773 5226:20937858 5078:22567060 5029:26324920 4921:22196156 4871:36974955 4863:26249757 4750:21705705 4742:12124914 4705:15160365 4653:37651513 4510:32269345 4394:31088294 4330:26976447 4277:35758530 4236:33465331 4183:34710249 4145:sp. nov" 4119:26701026 4030:11442202 4022:28815959 3958:26583275 3816:12802332 3756:32296179 3695:22552077 3657:(2012). 3633:26976447 3576:33099880 3548:(2020). 3489:24650901 3439:(2014). 3371:22718477 3324:25601948 3316:21086529 3228:19249816 3127:openstax 2990:See also 2952:Language 2878:Normandy 2773:Boxgrove 2765:Boxgrove 2703:hand axe 2577:roe deer 2465:kyphosis 2248:ergaster 2211:(on the 2201:ergaster 2184:Cast of 2146:hand axe 2050:between 1945:priority 1908:HaZore'a 1863:Tautavel 1776:humans. 1733:Miguelón 1727:Cast of 1645:industry 847:Hominini 821:Pliocene 508:Taxonomy 337:Woodward 318:Synonyms 256:Hominini 232:Family: 206:Primates 196:Mammalia 186:Chordata 182:Phylum: 176:Animalia 162:Domain: 9553:7655073 9527:4827562 9498:Q131464 9458:3607676 9445:1425170 9419:4827561 9406:4454115 9377:Q105784 9322:Symbols 8933:pigment 8819:Weaving 8782:Cardium 8777:Pottery 8772:Mirrors 8760:Jewelry 8701:Baskets 8681:culture 8533:Cistern 8339:Pyramid 8281:Weapons 8259:Scraper 8249:Racloir 8209:Cleaver 8197:Chopper 8103:Uniface 8014:Grooves 8004:Hafting 7962:Oldowan 7921:Systems 7872:Cascade 7835:woomera 7825:harpoon 7798:history 7764:Hunting 7744:Pottery 7685:Cooking 7594:Farming 7560:history 7533:Outline 7457:Commons 7409:Fossils 7275:Muscles 7186:Cooking 7142:Hunting 6619:Orrorin 6328:Kabwe 1 6271:Mauer 1 6154:Bibcode 6105:Bibcode 6031:Bibcode 6023:Science 5981:Bibcode 5922:3069174 5899:Bibcode 5849:Bibcode 5777:Bibcode 5735:Bibcode 5699:2741829 5643:Bibcode 5575:5931501 5552:Bibcode 5503:Bibcode 5455:Bibcode 5415:Bibcode 5318:7785727 5272:2672549 5217:2973007 5194:Bibcode 5143:Bibcode 5069:3168817 5020:4577189 4997:Bibcode 4901:Bibcode 4770:(ed.). 4625:Bibcode 4617:Science 4545:Bibcode 4501:7582224 4472:Bibcode 4440:clade 4386:9162001 4365:Science 4338:4467094 4310:Bibcode 4227:7876604 4174:9297855 4061:Bibcode 3905:6410925 3864:6412559 3824:4432091 3796:Bibcode 3736:Bibcode 3703:4420496 3673:Bibcode 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