45:
38:
203:
177:
The
Jinniushan specimen's body mass is estimated to be around 78.6 kg (173 lb), making it the largest female specimen ever discovered in the fossil record. The next largest female specimen ever discovered, found at Grotte du Prince, early Late Pleistocene, from around 100,000 BP, has an
554:. The cranial vault and supraorbitals of the Jinniushan specimen are thinner than those of the Dali specimen. Jinniushan's external cranium is the same size as Dali's, but Jinniushan's bones are thinner, so the Jinniushan specimen has a larger brain capacity than the Dali specimen.
568:
Morphologically, archaic female and
Neanderthal females are more similar to modern females than their male counterparts are to modern males. The similar morphologies imply that the birth mechanics of the Jinniushan hominin is probably similar to that of modern females.
168:
The hominid fossils at
Jinniushan all belong to one individual. Initially, the fossils were believed to have belonged to a male specimen, since the fossils were so big. Later analysis shows that the fossil remains actually come from a female specimen.
194:, the large body, wide trunk, and short limbs of the Jinniushan female is to be expected, as the hominins from that time relied more on their physical body as a cold adaptation, as their technological culture was not yet as advanced as later hominins.
1094:
Zhang, Zihui; Huang, Yunping; James, Helen F.; Hou, Lianhai (2012b). "Two Old World vultures from the middle
Pleistocene of northeastern China and their implications for interspecific competition and biogeography of Aegypiinae".
185:
reached its maximum during the Middle
Pleistocene, so the size of the Jinniushan specimen is not surprising, especially since the specimen was found at a high latitude, cold climate location. In accordance with
1146:
237:(EQ) is estimated to be around 4.150. Both are typical of the rapidly increasing brain capacity and EQ found in other specimens from the Middle Pleistocene.
557:
Both specimens have flat and broad faces, a feature shared with the specimen from Hulu Cave, Nanjing; both also share some features with the
1013:
Rosenberg, Karen R.; Wu, Xinzhi (2013). "Chapter 3: A River Runs through It: Modern Human
Origins in East Asia". In Smith, Fred H. (ed.).
77:
1022:
1141:
1136:
37:
1097:
1049:
1034:"Chapter 23: Morphological Variation in West Asian Postcrania: Implications for Obstetric and Locomotor Behavior"
595:
962:"Body size, body proportions, and encephalization in a Middle Pleistocene archaic human from northern China"
558:
209:
The fossil elements at
Jinniushan all belong to one female individual. The fossil remains consist of one
156:
site, dating to around 260,000 BP, most famous for its archaic hominin fossils. The site is located near
603:
fossils were found at
Jinniushan. Several new species of extinct birds were also discovered, including
742:"Massive cranium from Harbin in northeastern China establishes a new Middle Pleistocene human lineage"
605:
234:
1041:
1033:
973:
824:
753:
160:, Liaoning, China. Several new species of extinct birds were also discovered at the site.
8:
977:
828:
757:
1114:
1082:
1061:"A Marabou (Ciconiidae: Leptoptilos) from the Middle Pleistocene of Northeastern China"
996:
961:
848:
787:
774:
741:
191:
150:
117:
611:
229:, two left ribs, and several hand and feet bones. The Jinniushan specimen's estimated
1045:
1018:
1001:
852:
840:
791:
779:
551:
153:
1118:
1086:
1151:
1106:
1072:
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230:
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298:
187:
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202:
836:
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583:
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530:
92:
79:
986:
1077:
1060:
1005:
844:
783:
535:
341:
512:
508:
268:
810:"A late Middle Pleistocene Denisovan mandible from the Tibetan Plateau"
504:
400:
1059:
Zhang, Zihui; Huang, Yunping; James, Helen F.; Hou, Lianhai (2012a).
805:
960:
Rosenberg, Karen R.; Lü, Zuné; Ruff, Christopher B. (Mar 7, 2006).
363:
218:
214:
64:
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925:
888:
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157:
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Major
National Historical and Cultural Sites in Liaoning
910:
859:
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specimen, but more gracile, which can be explained by
1093:
1058:
943:
931:
1015:The Origins of Modern Humans Biology Reconsidered
217:(one cervical, five thoracic), one complete left
178:estimated body mass of 74 kg (163 lb).
1128:
959:
892:
808:; Welker, F.; Shen, C.-C.; et al. (2019).
715:
633:
16:Paleoanthropological site in northeastern China
804:
1038:Neandertals and Modern Humans in Western Asia
740:Ni, X.; Ji, Q.; Wu, W.; et al. (2021).
1012:
904:
877:
798:
727:
688:
650:
233:is 1,330 cm (81 cu in). The
546:The Jinniushan specimen is similar to the
1076:
1031:
995:
985:
919:
865:
773:
667:
201:
1129:
1017:(2 ed.). Wiley. pp. 89–121.
739:
529:The Jinniushan specimen belongs to an
733:
163:
13:
1098:Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology
44:
14:
1163:
43:
36:
952:
577:Fossils of the extinct macaque
1040:. Plenum Publishers. pp.
197:
1:
893:Rosenberg, LĂĽ & Ruff 2006
716:Rosenberg, LĂĽ & Ruff 2006
634:Rosenberg, LĂĽ & Ruff 2006
618:
596:Stephanorhinus kirchbergensis
240:
1111:10.1080/02724634.2012.624146
1036:. In Akazawa, Takeru (ed.).
1032:Rosenberg, Karen R. (1998).
507:are most closely related to
7:
10:
1168:
1142:Paleolithic sites in China
1137:Paleoanthropological sites
766:10.1016/j.xinn.2021.100130
837:10.1038/s41586-019-1139-x
590:Sinomegaceros pachyosteus
458:
398:
383:
376:
361:
354:
339:
332:
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266:
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248:Recent human family tree
146:
128:
123:
113:
108:
71:
60:
31:
24:
606:Aegypius jinniushanensis
572:
235:encephalization quotient
25:
987:10.1073/pnas.0508681103
905:Rosenberg & Wu 2013
878:Rosenberg & Wu 2013
728:Rosenberg & Wu 2013
689:Rosenberg & Wu 2013
651:Rosenberg & Wu 2013
172:
1078:10.1525/auk.2012.11227
206:
93:40.57778°N 122.44389°E
601:Microtus brandtioides
205:
129:Excavation dates
225:, one complete left
221:, one complete left
154:paleoanthropological
978:2006PNAS..103.3552R
829:2019Natur.569..409C
758:2021Innov...200130N
98:40.57778; 122.44389
89: /
21:
944:Zhang et al. 2012a
932:Zhang et al. 2012b
207:
164:Jinniushan hominin
151:Middle Pleistocene
118:Middle Pleistocene
52:Shown within China
19:
1024:978-0-470-89409-5
972:(10): 3552–3556.
823:(7756): 409–412.
563:Yunxian specimens
552:sexual dimorphism
527:
526:
519:analyses by Chen
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495:According to Ni
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891:
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812:
803:
799:
738:
734:
726:
722:
718:, p. 3555.
714:
695:
687:
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649:
640:
636:, p. 3552.
632:
625:
621:
612:Leptoptilos lĂĽi
599:, and the vole
581:, large beaver
579:Macaca robustus
575:
517:ancient protein
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299:Homo antecessor
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192:Bergmann's rule
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1123:
1105:(1): 117–124.
1091:
1071:(4): 699–706.
1056:
1050:
1029:
1023:
1010:
956:
954:
951:
949:
948:
946:, p. 699.
936:
934:, p. 117.
924:
922:, p. 375.
920:Rosenberg 1998
909:
907:, p. 103.
897:
882:
870:
868:, p. 368.
866:Rosenberg 1998
858:
797:
732:
730:, p. 107.
720:
693:
691:, p. 102.
672:
670:, p. 373.
668:Rosenberg 1998
655:
653:, p. 101.
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880:, p. 96.
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752:(3): 100130.
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593:, rhinoceros
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584:Trogontherium
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531:archaic human
522:
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511:according to
510:
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461:Modern humans
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541:Homo sapiens
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536:Homo erectus
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509:Neanderthals
499:2021 (note,
496:
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269:Neanderthals
267:
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188:Allen's rule
182:
180:
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138:
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559:Zhoukoudian
533:with mixed
521:et al.
497:et al.
321:Jinniushan
198:Description
96: /
84:122°26′38″E
72:Coordinates
1131:Categories
746:Innovation
619:References
543:features.
505:Denisovans
241:Comparison
139:Jinniushan
124:Site notes
81:40°34′40″N
20:Jinniushan
853:141503768
792:236784246
215:vertebrae
1119:85765495
1087:55170353
1006:16505378
845:31043746
806:Chen, F.
784:34557770
219:os coxae
65:Liaoning
61:Location
1152:Yingkou
1065:The Auk
1042:367–379
997:1450121
974:Bibcode
825:Bibcode
775:8454562
754:Bibcode
587:, deer
523:2019.)
342:Hualong
227:patella
211:cranium
158:Yingkou
149:) is a
143:Chinese
114:Periods
109:History
67:, China
1117:
1085:
1048:
1021:
1004:
994:
851:
843:
817:Nature
790:
782:
772:
401:Harbin
213:, six
145::
1115:S2CID
1083:S2CID
849:S2CID
813:(PDF)
788:S2CID
573:Fauna
501:Xiahe
386:Xiahe
1046:ISBN
1019:ISBN
1002:PMID
966:PNAS
841:PMID
780:PMID
609:and
561:and
548:Dali
539:and
515:and
513:nDNA
503:and
364:Dali
223:ulna
190:and
183:Homo
173:Size
132:1984
1107:doi
1073:doi
1069:129
992:PMC
982:doi
970:103
833:doi
821:569
770:PMC
762:doi
147:金牛山
26:金牛山
1133::
1113:.
1103:32
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912:^
885:^
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141:(
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
