1688:
cherished by them. They understand the environment in which they live only as an extension of their own narcissistic universe. They understand others only insofar—but here with the keenest empathy!—as they can serve as tools toward their own narcissistic ends or insofar as they interfere with their own purposes. It is not likely that depth psychology will find effective means to influence such persons, at least not those who present themselves in the arena of history. But the historian-analyst and the analyst-historian may well be able to make contributions that will not only increase our psychological grasp of such personalities, but will also provide answers to two interrelated questions: How do the characteristic psychological features of the messianic and charismatic person dovetail with the widespread yearning for archaic omnipotent figures? And what are the specific historical circumstances that tend to increase this yearning?
1621:
only a cover for narcissistic problems, that idealization was not a form of defense, that everyone needs mirroring, and that rage is a byproduct of the disintegration of the self. He broke free from classical metapsychology and formed his own, general psychology, with the self as its center. This would be self-psychology in its broad sense. The approaching death forced Kohut to think with his own brains. He knew that he was shaking psychoanalysis in its core, and he was afraid he would not have the time to finish his revolutionary job. By and large he stopped reading psychoanalytic literature, saying either that others say things better than him or that they write things that are no good. He devoted his time to his own writing, to listening to music and reading about the arts.
1829:"is not a technical or theoretical monograph written detachedly by an author who has achieved mastery in a stable and established field of knowledge". On the contrary, "it is a report of an analyst's attempt to struggle toward greater clarity in an area that, despite years of conscientious effort, he was unable to understand within the available psychoanalytic framework." He says he is "floundering in a morass of conflicting, poorly based, and often vague theoretical speculation," and that the only way forward was to go "back to the direct observation of clinical phenomena and the construction of new formulations that would accommodate my observations." He says he had tried to integrate his thoughts with those of previous thinkers, but this
1993:." This, together with her declining health, made it necessary for Kohut to place his mother in a nursing home in 1970. For Kohut, the fact that his mother had turned out to be crazy, was a liberating experience. He now realized that his whole life had been spent trying to escape from his latently psychotic mother. He could now also understand why his father had been absent in his childhood. Strozier argues that Else's craziness liberated Kohut's creativity and made it possible for him to study the deeper meanings of highly regressed states and thus to write his first and most important monograph,
105:
1514:. These are structures that are found in the development of all human individuals, the healthy as well as the disturbed. They have their own developmental line, which according to Kohut (at the time) was separate from the developmental line of object love. With the narcissistically disturbed people, this development has been thwarted, and the narcissistic structures have been repressed, and thus the narcissistic energies involved with them are not in the disposal of the subject. This results in low self-esteem and many diffuse symptoms, including possible
1946:
some time in this city, had gone to analysis as Jenny
Waelder's patient and had also been Aichhorn's student. They got married on October 9, 1948. They had one son, Thomas August Kohut (his first name being a reference to Mann, the middle name a reference to Aichhorn), born in 1950. After Thomas was born, Elizabeth Kohut gave up her day job at the institute, returning to work only in 1961 to work half days. The Kohuts also adopted informally the son of a colleague who had died and whose mother had committed suicide.
1192:
leads from identification by way of imitation to empathy, that is, to the comprehension of the mechanism by means of which we are enabled to take up any attitude towards the life of another soul." Kohut now took up the matter and gave a very thorough presentation on this subject, outlining what kind of subject matter can be approached with empathy and what cannot be approached with it. Essentially it means that empathy as a method defines the field that can be observed with its aid.
1683:
selfobjects, developing a superempathy towards himself, while feeling next to no empathy and plenty of fury towards the outside world. He has begun to live in a decidedly archaic world filled with rage at the torment he suffered from his early selfobjects. He feels perfect himself, and asserts his perfection with self-righteousness, and demands control over others who would then serve as vicarious regulators of self-esteem. These people have special capabilities for sensitivity,
1447:. There were nine such meetings during the spring and early summer of 1969. The manuscript was considered to be difficult by the group, and the comments convinced Kohut that he had to write a new beginning to this book, which then became its first chapter, entitled "Introductory Considerations." In reality this may actually have made the book even more difficult to digest than what it had been prior to the writing of this new first chapter.
1132:, and thus Kohut would not stand a chance in the election. Anna Freud advised him not offer himself for a defeat, and Kohut withdrew from the race. He then explained this situation to his colleagues by saying that the presidency would have interfered with his creative work, which was a self-invented myth that many colleagues duly bought. Had Kohut been elected, it would have been likely that his first monograph,
1968:. Beginning in 1951, the Kohuts usually spent two months there, from mid-July to mid-September. This way he could escape the hot and humid summers of Chicago, which caused him various problems due to his allergies. They always rented the same house, which was owned by an English couple that wanted to spend the summers in their native country. This house in Carmel is where Kohut did most of his writing.
694:
1537:. The idea was to present a theory of a type of patients whose psychological disturbance preceded the emergence of the Oedipus complex. It had traditionally been considered that these patients were too disturbed to be treated psychoanalytically. With Kohut's theory, the psychoanalytical treatment could now be extended to these patients as well.
1044:
theory course for a decade. The course was not one of the history of psychoanalysis but a study of "psychoanalytic psychology presented according to historical principles." It was a very
Freudian course and contained no hints of where he would later move in his theoretical views. Kohut appeared as a master of metapsychology in these lectures.
1188:, entitled "Introspection, Empathy, and Psychoanalysis: An Examination of the Relationship Between Mode of Observation and Theory", which was written for the twenty-fifth anniversary meeting of the Chicago Institute for Psychoanalysis in November 1957, and also presented by Kohut in a psychoanalytic congress in Paris the same year.
1074:, and in a number of committees. But in the 1960s he rose to the top of this organization. First he was its secretary during 1961–62, then president-elect during 1962–63, and finally the president during 1964–65. This further cemented his friendship with Kurt and Ruth Eissler. Kurt Eissler was now one of the leading figures of the
1651:
nor the human soul could be explained by such reductionistic formulae. For him, rage was a byproduct of the disintegration of the self. For him, the rage one feels is in no proportion to the slight that has caused it. A person filled with rage does not feel any empathy towards the person or persons that have caused the slight.
1207:, on the grounds that it presented too basic a challenge to psychoanalytic theory and thus not appropriately psychoanalytic. After an intervention by Max Gitelson, who argued that the journal should not engage itself in ideological censorship, the editorial board reconsidered the paper and eventually published it in 1959.
1936:
There is no conclusive answer to whether Kohut was Mr. Z., but
Strozier makes a strong case for it, as does Cocks. Strozier says that with such a prominent case for self psychology, it would have been highly likely that Kohut would not have used it until 1977, when he had already written two books on
1845:
For Freud the essence of psychoanalysis was that "neurotic misery would be transformed into common unhappiness", and the unconscious would have to become conscious, repression barriers would have to be overcome, and light would have to penetrate the cauldron of desires, and the truth would have to be
1667:
Kohut published another important article in 1976, entitled "Creativeness, Charisma, Group
Psychology. Reflections on the Self-Analysis of Freud". He starts by making some comments on the psychoanalytic community, and then moves to Freud's self-analysis and his relationship with Wilhelm Fließ, but in
1620:
In
Strozier's view, Kohut's illness forced him to think for himself and resulted in several breakthroughs in his career as a theorist of psychoanalysis. He came to the conclusion that many analysts had been shaming their analysands in the guise of offering interpretations, that neurotic pathology was
1560:
or lymphatic cancer. The cancer spread slowly but was mostly kept under control until 1977. Just when he had enjoyed the moment of greatest glory, he was confronted by a disease that was totally out of his control. Due to his disease he would turn down most invitations to speak, including a chance to
1047:
He later gave the course over to Philip Seitz, who had been auditing the course and had made notes of it that he had discussed with Kohut and then amended those notes in accordance of those discussions. This collaboration resulted in a joint article, entitled "Concepts and
Theories of Psychoanalysis:
1026:
Unlike Franz
Alexander, who had sought to shorten analyses, Kohut took as long as it took for the patients to get well in analysis. The agenda came entirely from the patient, whose job it was to say whatever occurred to him or her. He said to one of his patients: "I will do what I can to help you try
1022:
In the fall of 1946 he had already been accepted to the
Chicago Institute and began immediately on its courses. In the summer of 1947, he was given his first two "control" cases, followed by a third and a fourth case in early 1948. He began to receive patients on a permanent basis in 1949. In October
911:
on March 12, 1938, the new regime presented difficulties for Kohut, as he still had to take his final exams at the medical faculty. He was eventually allowed to take them after all the Jewish professors had been removed from the university. The Nazis then effectively confiscated all property owned by
1945:
In 1948 Kohut presented case material in a seminar at the
Chicago Institute, and one of the listeners was a social worker from the institute, Elizabeth Meyer. They fell immediately in love. For Kohut the decisive thing about her, as he wrote to Aichhorn, was her connection to Vienna. Meyer had spent
1682:
Charismatic and messianic personalities evolve from childhood situations, in which the child has been given empathy at first, but then the mirroring and idealized figures have caused them "abrupt and unpredictable frustrations". In result, the child has taken upon himself to perform the tasks of the
1658:
Human aggression is most dangerous when it is attached to the two great absolutarian psychological constellations: the grandiose self and the archaic omnipotent object. And the most gruesome human destructiveness is encountered, not in the form of wild, regressive, and primitive behavior, but in the
1650:
For Freud, rage was a biological given that one needed to learn to curb. For him, wars, intolerance and repression were caused by a regression to a more primitive psychological level of the drives, from which our egos are separated only by a thin layer of civilization. For Kohut, neither the history
1646:
The article was possibly a miscalculation, because he ought to have written on this topic in one of his monographs, which were more widely read than his articles. Due to this fact, criticism was leveled at him, saying that his views on aggression and rage were inadequate and naive and superficial at
1932:
was read to him at an early age. There is a camp counselor that resembles a tutor that Kohut had had at an early age. The parents were distant with each other. However, some details are slightly changed. The father of Mr. Z. sits in with a small band and sings with them, when in reality Felix Kohut
1821:
turned out to be Kohut's breakthrough, the work in which he steps up from behind the curtain. He had abandoned the drive theory and its language, and he was never again to return to the mainstream
Freudian psychoanalysis. Nearly all principles of psychoanalytic technique, inherited from Freud, were
1765:
The idea was that Kohut's disciples were to write case histories of analyses which Kohut had supervised, and that Kohut would supply the book with his comments. The book was edited by Arnold Goldberg, but John Gedo left the group in 1974, and Kohut himself soon left the project as well, although it
1305:
during Hitler's reign in Germany and their willingness to accept death as their only reward. According to Kohut, these people were not crazy, but "they represented a higher and deeper psychological truth that they reached in their actions. Their values gave them no other choice than to refuse to go
1112:
In the long run Kohut began to feel that his work as the president drained his energies and kept him from developing his own ideas. He was also beginning to have ambivalent feelings about classical analysis. In addition, this position exposed him to people who were self-centered, full of themselves
1085:
The last of these positions meant an incredible amount of work, preparing all kinds of meetings and working in a number of committees, as well as putting out all kinds of bush fires within the association. There was, for example, a question of whether analysts should or could express publicly their
1858:
Kohut wanted to fundamentally question Freudian drive theory, and he understood that at the same time he would have to question the goals of Freudian analysts: "the mastering of infantile drives through more adaptive sublimations, making unconscious material conscious, and expanding and liberating
1108:
In the fall of 1966, the University of Chicago gave Anna Freud an honorary doctoral degree. Kohut may have been among the people who initiated this idea, and when she came to Chicago for this event, she stayed with the Kohuts in their apartment. Various activities were arranged for her in Chicago,
1051:
Kohut's teaching style is said to have been brilliant, but at the same time it eclipsed the minds of the listeners, and according to Paul Ornstein who took the course, the style was pedagogically a failure. Other commentators have also said that Kohut's brilliance made his students passive and did
1982:
Kohut's mother Else also lived in Chicago, not far from Kohut's apartment. In the 1950s and 1960s she visited the Kohut family regularly for dinners and major holidays. She is said to have been the only person who could really get under Kohut's skin. Apparently no one in the family liked her. She
1521:
In the course of an analysis, these structures become activated and the patient is able to transform them. With some, the grandiose self will be dominant, resulting in what is called a mirror transference, and the patient expects to receive admiration from the analyst. With others, the omnipotent
1375:
According to Kohut, this three-part self can only develop when the needs of one's "self states", including one's sense of worth and well-being, are met in relationships with others. In contrast to traditional psychoanalysis, which focuses on drives (instinctual motivations of sex and aggression),
1043:
Kohut's work in teaching at the institute became his primary commitment for the rest of his life. He soon became known as the most gifted and creative analyst in the Chicago Institute. Together with Louis Shapiro and Joan Fleming, he rewrote the curriculum of the institute and taught its two-year
1978:
Kohut was psychologically unable to visit his native Vienna until 1957. He then visited his maternal uncle Hans Lampl, who had got back his old position as an executive of the Leykam-Josefsthal A.G. paper company. Lampl treated the Kohuts to a dinner, and used his position of influence to give a
1529:
The various other parties, such as the psychoanalyst, will be called selfobjects, because they are experienced as part of the self. Though dynamic theory tends to place emphasis on childhood development, Kohut believed that the need for such selfobject relationships does not end at childhood but
1191:
This theme actually relates to the very foundation of psychoanalysis, the ability of one human being potentially to gain access to the psychological states of another human being. Interestingly, Sigmund Freud only mentioned this phenomenon in passing in a footnote in one of his articles ("A path
1195:
The basic thesis is that those phenomena that can be approached by means of empathy are called psychological (i.e. relate to the inner life of man), and those that cannot be approached with it, are non-psychological, i.e. physical phenomena and must be approached with our sensory equipment. The
1641:
Narcissistic rage occurs in many forms; they all share, however, a specific psychological flavor which gives them a distinct position within the wide realm of human aggressions. The need for revenge, for righting a wrong, for undoing a hurt by whatever means, and a deeply anchored, unrelenting
1841:
Kohut writes about the Tragic Man (his view of man) and the Guilty Man (Freud's view of man), and Freud seems almost to suffocate Kohut. He struggles to breathe, and the "only salvation is that the struggle to breathe forces Kohut to clarify his ideas in ways that changed the field forever."
1687:
hey seem to combine an absolute certainty concerning the power of their selves and an absolute conviction concerning the validity of their ideals with an equally absolute lack of empathic understanding for large segments of feelings, needs, and rights of other human beings and for the values
1093:
Kohut was at the time very much a representative of traditional Freudian analysis, and he was very careful not to do anything that could have been interpreted as a departure from traditional views. He was also careful about "his reputation as the chosen one to provide leadership for the next
1034:
Kohut analyzed several people, who were already analysts but who felt they had not benefited as much from their didactic analyses as they had hoped. Some did their training analyses with him. These individuals included Peter Barglow, Michael Franz Basch, George Klumpner and Paul Tolpin.
1889:) was in preparation, Eckstaedt wrote to Kohut with two demands: (1) the case needed to be disguised further, and (2) Eckstaedt wanted to have more credit for the case. These demands were clearly mutually exclusive, resulting in a dilemma, which Kohut solved by writing up the case of
1113:
and narcissistic in the worst sense of the word. There was nothing wrong in the science of psychoanalysis, he felt, but the problem was in the people "who are carrying on their work on the basis of these ideas." One could say that this was his higher education in matters related to
1128:(IPA). In 1968 he was encouraged by Anna Freud and the Eisslers to run for the presidency of this world-wide organization, as in 1969 it was the Americans' turn to have their representative elected. In the end it turned out that the European members of IPA were beginning to favour
1837:
Kohut bypasses most authors in the field of psychoanalysis, but not Freud. He is in constant dialogue with him, and often finds himself contradicting him: Freud is no longer a relevant thinker from the point of view of history, or conceptually, therapeutically of philosophically.
1766:
is said on the cover that it was "written with the collaboration of Heinz Kohut". Kohut then assembled a smaller group which would meet in private homes. People from outside Chicago were also invited. This group would in 1978 evolve into annual conferences on self-psychology.
995:
of the 1920s. Kohut was not accepted, and the rejection was decisive. The reason for this remains unclear, but Kohut was not even allowed to begin a didactic analysis. However, he found a clever way around this impasse by going into analysis, beginning in March 1943, with
1642:
compulsion in the pursuit of all these aims which gives no rest to those who have suffered a narcissistic injury—these are features which are characteristic for the phenomenon of narcissistic rage in all its forms and which set it apart from other kinds of aggression.
1616:
as the speaker. Kohut himself would respond to Gedo's speech by delivering a speech which he had spent months preparing and which he had memorized and presented as a spontaneous response to Gedo. It was later published with the title "The Future of Psychoanalysis."
1055:
Kohut felt that analysts should be scientists and not technicians who just applied a set of rules to their work. He believed that if the latter were to be the case, the whole field of psychoanalysis would be assimilated to dynamic psychiatry and disappear forever.
1910:
Kohut did not discuss the case of Mr. Z. with his wife Elizabeth or his son Thomas, and he did not read out the article to them, something which he usually did with all his works. Elizabeth and Thomas did not really read the article until after Kohut's death.
1030:
He received his patients at the institute. All his patients are said to have adored him, although in the beginning of his career he had one case with which he failed miserably. Also, during the early years of his career as an analyst, his success was mixed.
1525:
In a normal childhood as well as in analysis, these (re)activated structures enter the process of transmuting internalization, and what follows is that the grandiose self will turn into a set of ambitions and the omnipotent object into a set of ideals.
1822:
now in the line of fire: the drive theory, the central role of infantile sexuality, the Oedipus complex, the close relationship between conflicts, defenses and resistances, and working through. Kohut makes a clear break from Freudian thinking.
1663:
Mature aggression, however, is goal oriented and limited in scope. Rage, on the other hand, consists of a desperate need for revenge, an unforgiving fury for righting a wrong, when one's self has disintegrated due to an experienced slight.
1906:
Mr. Z. is presented as a patient that Kohut had analyzed twice for four years, first within a Freudian framework, and after an interval of five years, within Kohut's new framework of self psychology. Both analyses lasted for five years.
1278:
The scholar is doing his study outside the traditional psychoanalytic situation, and thus without the benefit of the free association of the analysand. Furthermore, the person under study may have presented a false self in his artistic
1815:, such a difficult read. Kohut had decided to make his new book more accessible, and he worked together with Natalie Altman, his publisher's editor, who would read and comment on his text. This work proceeded throughout the year 1976.
1801:. However, he carried on working on this book for the next year, and during this time he abandoned the awkward subtitle. The book was published in the spring of 1977, and it was an immediate success: by June it had sold 11.500 copies.
1292:
The article entitled "On Courage", first published posthumously in 1985, is said to have been the most personal one Kohut wrote, with the exception of the article entitled "The Two Analyses of Mr. Z." He examines here the actions of
1172:. In 1950 he wrote the final version of his thoughts on this novella and presented it as his graduation paper. He decided, however, not to publish it, as Mann was still alive. This article was finally published in 1957, also in the
780:
and moved into business with Paul Bellak. His mother opened her own shop sometime after the war, something that few women did at that time in Vienna. Else's relationship with her son has been described as "narcissistic enmeshment".
1282:
Often efforts in applied analysis are geared toward demonstrating the importance of psychoanalysis itself, and thus these studies have little relevance in the art form which is being studied and leaves itself open to critique of
1439:
Goldberg eventually emerged as the central figure of the group, whereas Paul Ornstein would become the editor of Kohut's collected works. Basch was the most original thinker of the group, but he chose to remain on its fringes.
1874:"Mr. X." had originally been a case history by Anita Eckstaedt, a German analyst. Mr. X. was a German student of theology analyzed by Eckstaedt, but Kohut had disguised him as a young American man, who had wanted to join the
3479:
1833:
would have entangled me in a thicket of similar, overlapping, or identical terms and concepts which, however, did not carry the same meaning and were not employed as a part of the same conceptual context.
1221:
an article entitled "Beyond the Bounds of the Basic Rule. Some Recent Contributions to Applied Psychoanalysis." In it he deals with four psychoanalytic biographic works that had recently been published:
792:, or the 19th District, where the Kohuts built a house. During his time at the school he had one, then he had been isolated from his peers by his mother. At school, a special emphasis was given to the
1859:
the realm of the ego." Very few of Kohut's contemporaries understood that these goals originated from the drive theory. Challenging this paradigm was equal to an attack at the core of psychoanalysis.
1914:
The important facts of the life of Mr. Z., which coincide with Kohut's life, are the following: He was an only child, his mother had similar character traits to Else Kohut, including her interest in
1659:
form of orderly and organized activities in which the perpetrators' destructiveness is alloyed with absolute conviction about their greatness and with their devotion to archaic omnipotent figures.
1793:, during his summer vacation in 1974. By February 1975, he had written ca. "three quarters" of it, and by June he said it was soon to be completed. Its working title was a rather awful one,
1326:, with whom Kohut had become acquainted since the 1950s. Mitscherlich was a medical doctor and a psychoanalyst who had written several well received books on Germany's guilt concerning
912:
Jews. The property was sold for much less than its market value, and much of the rest was taken by the state in taxes. Kohut eventually left Austria, landing first in a refugee camp in
624:
1334:. Kohut's main thesis was that Mitscherlich had applied the "analytic principle of individual cure to the therapeutic transformation of a whole population." The audience included the
1846:
seen face to face, no matter what would follow from it. For Freud, Kohut's idea that the psyche could be transformed into something new was "completely alien and exceedingly naïve."
784:
Kohut was not enrolled in school until the fifth grade. Before that he was taught by several tutors, a series of "Fräuleins and mademoiselles". Special care was taken that he learn
1849:"In Freud's early work with hysteria, Kohut argues, he probably cured mostly through suggestion and the mighty force of his belief in the rightness of his views," writes Strozier.
963:, where he lived and worked until 1948. He was board certified in neurology in 1947. Around this time, he apparently decided that he would assume a gentile identity, and chose the
970:
Kohut was unhappy with neurology, and it seems he was bored in this field. Too much of his time was spent in the laboratory, and there was not enough contact with human emotion.
776:, or the Ninth District, who had married two years earlier. His father was an aspiring concert pianist, but abandoned his dreams having been traumatized by his experiences in
1149:
Beginning in 1946, Kohut's friend Siegmund Levarie organized a series of concerts at the University of Chicago. In 1947, the response of the audience to a piece composed by
1709:, on the other, began to cool off slowly, as the latter began to understand the implications of Kohut's work. Among Kohut peers, a notable exceptions to this pattern were
1364:
Though he initially tried to remain true to the traditional analytic viewpoint with which he had become associated and viewed the self as separate but coexistent to the
1023:
1950 he took his exams, passed them and became officially an analyst. He became a training and supervising analyst as well as a member of the institute's staff in 1953.
2749:
Kohut, Heinz (1978). Ornstein, Paul (ed.). "Introspection, Empathy, and Psychoanalysis: An Examination of the Relationship Between Mode of Observation and Theory".
1503:
are members of the psychic apparatus and thus agencies of the mind, the self is not an agency but still a content and a structure within the psychic apparatus.
1867:
In 1977, at the age of 64, Kohut wrote an article that was to be entitled "The Two Analyses of Mr. Z." This text was first intended for the German edition of
1855:"Freud's values were not primarily health values", Kohut wrote. However, in Kohut's view, "it is to Freud's eternal credit that he created depth psychology."
880:. Sometime after this, Kohut entered psychotherapy with Walter Marseilles, who seems not to have been competent at his profession. Early in 1938, Kohut began
1413:
2611:
Kohut, Heinz; Seitz, Philip (1963). Wepman, Joseph M.; Heine, Ralph W. (eds.). "Concepts and Theories of Psychoanalysis: Relation of Method and Theory".
1580:
In 1973, a banquet was arranged for Kohut's 60th birthday, which turned into a conference on self psychology. Among the participants were such people as
1723:
1217:
1070:
2044:
In the final week of his life, knowing that his time was at an end, Kohut spent as much time as he could with his family and friends. He fell into a
1807:
is the best-written and most accessible book by Kohut. He tried as best he could to avoid the language of the drive theory as well as psychoanalytic
1097:
During this time Kohut became acquainted with everyone who mattered in psychoanalysis worldwide. For Kohut, the most important of these figures was
1429:
490:
125:
1960:
Although Kohut enjoyed holiday trips to Europe, often in connection with psychoanalytic events, his favorite place for holidays was the town of
1075:
943:
in the United States, arranged a visa for him and invited him to join him there. Kohut's mother Else also emigrated to Chicago, traveling via
1433:
1425:
1734:
In 1973, Kohut assembled again the group of his younger followers, inactive since 1969, to write what would be published as the so-called
936:
2792:
Kohut, Heinz (1978). Ornstein, Paul (ed.). "Beyond the Bounds of the Basic Rule. Some Recent Contributions to Applied Psychoanalysis".
1125:
632:
3484:
1679:
The key concept in this article is the group self, which he puts forward in a tentative manner, as a "potentially fruitful concept".
3405:
3393:
2634:
Kohut, Heinz; Seitz, Philip (1978). Ornstein, Paul (ed.). "Concepts and Theories of Psychoanalysis: Relation of Method and Theory".
2020:
to be immoral and stupid, yet he did not initially understand his son's anti-war attitude. Thomas Kohut was at the time studying at
2005:
Kohut was not a political person. According to his biographer Strozier, Kohut barely noticed the Nazis when they took over Vienna.
1950:
1899:
1871:, where it would replace the case of "Mr. X." The story is autobiographical, although Kohut himself never admitted this to anyone.
872:, which subjected Kohut to shocking experiences. In Paris, he became acquainted with Jacques Palaci, a Jewish medical student from
724:
605:
2888:
Flanagan, Laura Melano (1996). "The theory of self psychology". In Berzoff, Joan; Flanagan, Laura Melano; Hertz, Patricia (eds.).
3030:
1797:. After the summer of 1975, he would say that the book was already finished. By October 1975, he had arrived at the final title,
427:
3474:
1376:
internal conflicts, and fantasies, self psychology thus placed a great deal of emphasis on the vicissitudes of relationships.
3357:
2171:
2140:
1581:
1323:
1728:
1319:
984:
960:
416:
1878:
but had been turned down. He had supposedly been analyzed in the US by Kohut's younger colleague in supervision with him.
1094:
generation of psychoanalysts." Much later he jokingly said that in the 1950s and early 1960s he was "Mr. Psychoanalysis."
1593:
1065:
637:
1361:(the emotional interests and needs of people struggling with issues of identity, meaning, ideals, and self-expression).
1271:
With regard to using a psychoanalytic approach to works of art and to the lives of artists, Kohut lists three problems:
955:
Kohut was able to secure his first position in the South Shore Hospital in Chicago, and in 1941 he began a residency in
1153:
led him to write an article on some general principles of the psychology of music, which was published in 1950 in the
1048:
Relation of Method and Theory" (1963). Seitz published his notes more than three decades later in the form of a book.
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2468:
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2410:
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2368:
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2338:
2319:
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2199:
2185:
2157:
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2062:
The Analysis of the Self: A Systematic Approach to the Psychoanalytic Treatment of Narcissistic Personality Disorders
1473:
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1008:, also an analyst, was regarded by August Aichhorn as the most promising future leader of psychoanalysis in America.
642:
3434:
2065:
618:
470:
1314:
Kohut spoke and wrote on the post-war psychological problems of the German people when he was invited to speak in
3464:
3459:
992:
768:, Austria, to Felix Kohut and Else Kohut (née Lampl). He was the only child of the family. Kohut's parents were
3449:
2903:
964:
613:
559:
510:
480:
1986:
After 1965, when Else was getting close to 75 years of age, she began to "demonstrate a set of circumscribed
1961:
1436:
and in the early days John Gedo were interested in his work, and David Marcus was also involved for a while.
450:
440:
2025:
1633:, Kohut states that the topic of narcissistic rage will be taken up separately. This he did in the article
717:
554:
406:
1613:
3469:
2722:
Freud, Sigmund (1921). "Massenpsychologie und Ich-Analyse/Group Psychology and the Analysis of the Ego".
2420:
2132:
1777:
846:
190:
1522:
object is dominant, and in this case the patient directs an idealizing transference toward the analyst.
1203:
Despite the warm reception of this paper in Chicago, it was initially turned down by the editors of the
3439:
1983:
would be pushy and aggressive, speak directly at other people's faces and poke people with her finger.
809:
3385:
1443:
The group met originally in Kohut's apartment in order to discuss his manuscript of what would become
2330:
2149:
579:
130:
3279:
2024:, which had a long history in opposing all kinds of social injustice, beginning with opposition to
1574:
1464:
1458:
1155:
160:
120:
1795:
The Rehabilitation of the Self: Thoughts About the Termination of Analyses and the Concept of Cure
2379:
1294:
710:
569:
88:
1897:
in the German edition, which came out in 1979. Kohut later published the case in English in the
939:, who had emigrated to live with an uncle in Chicago and who would subsequently become a famous
756:
theory which helped transform the modern practice of analytic and dynamic treatment approaches.
3454:
3444:
865:
861:
2670:
2314:(1984). Edited by Paul E. Stepansky and Arnold Goldberg. The Analytic Press, Hillsdale, N.J.
1500:
1369:
1365:
1102:
1016:
1004:
and a training and supervising analyst at the institute. Furthermore, Ruth Eissler's husband
856:
in 1932. His studies took six years, during which time he spent six months in internships in
677:
544:
534:
1953:
and eventually went through psychoanalytic training, but then decided to make a career as a
1922:. His father was away for a few years, before the son was five years of age, the story of a
1275:
The scholar must have a solid grounding in both psychoanalysis and in the field under study.
1159:
with the title "On the Enjoyment of Listening to Music." Also in 1947 Kohut began to ponder
3429:
3424:
2029:
1928:
1668:
the end he writes about charismatic and messianic personalities. His examples of these are
1570:
1335:
1262:
1252:
853:
824:
662:
375:
150:
8:
3402:
3390:
2194:(1991). Edited by Paul Ornstein. International Universities Press, Madison, Connecticut.
2180:(1990). Edited by Paul Ornstein. International Universities Press, Madison, Connecticut.
2164:
The Kohut Seminars on Self Psychology and Psychotherapy With Adolescents and Young Adults
947:. With the money she had smuggled out of Austria, she opened a shop called "De Elsie's".
769:
185:
1408:, Kohut's peers were not receptive to his new ideas. However, younger analysts, such as
2674:
2405:
2376:
The New World of Self, Heinz Kohut's Transformation of Psychoanalysis and Psychotherapy
2223:
1790:
1562:
997:
837:
460:
155:
1372:. He then developed his ideas around what he called the tripartite (three-part) self.
1341:, and the speech was broadcast live to an estimated audience of 20–30 million people.
849:, accused him of plagiarism. The thesis was accepted after Kohut's father intervened.
265:
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2315:
2301:
2286:
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2227:
2209:
2195:
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2153:
2136:
2111:
2097:
2083:
2069:
1673:
1391:. By talking highly of himself, the person can eliminate his sense of worthlessness.
1315:
1226:
698:
385:
145:
104:
56:
285:
2616:
2589:
2208:(1994). Edited by Geoffrey Cocks. University of Chicago Press, Chicago and London.
1718:
1533:
Kohut presented his theory as a parallel to the drive theory and the theory of the
1338:
1150:
805:
801:
667:
574:
380:
360:
260:
1357:, Freudian analysis focused on individual guilt and tended not to reflect the new
3409:
3397:
2021:
1747:
1743:
1534:
1409:
1168:
1087:
1005:
1001:
988:
885:
785:
745:
584:
345:
76:
3298:
Strozier, Charles B. (1998). Goldberg, Arnold (ed.). "From the Kohut Archives".
2825:
Self Psychology and the Humanities: Reflections on a New Psychoanalytic Approach
2479:
2166:(1987). Edited by Miriam Elson. W. W. Norton & Co., New York & London.
1808:
1759:
1496:
1231:
1079:
881:
793:
753:
749:
672:
564:
539:
370:
365:
340:
325:
300:
250:
235:
195:
96:
2374:
Charles B. Strozier, Konstantine Pinteris, Kathleen Kelley, and Deborah Cher:
1971:
In addition to the holidays in Carmel, the Kohuts also had a country house in
876:, and paid a visit to him in 1936. The following year, Kohut's father died of
3418:
3380:
2895:
2110:(1978). Edited by Paul Ornstein. International Universities Press, New York.
2096:(1978). Edited by Paul Ornstein. International Universities Press, New York.
2033:
2009:
1755:
1751:
1609:
1421:
1417:
1354:
1302:
1235:
889:
741:
355:
330:
320:
295:
275:
140:
2913:
2192:
The Search for the Self: Selected Writings of Heinz Kohut: 1978–1981. Vol. 4
2178:
The Search for the Self: Selected Writings of Heinz Kohut: 1978–1981. Vol. 3
1710:
1601:
1379:
Kohut demonstrated his interest in how we develop our "sense of self" using
2298:
Heinz Kohut and the Psychology of the Self (Makers of Modern Psychotherapy)
2108:
The Search for the Self: Selected Writings of Heinz Kohut 1950–1978, Vol. 2
2094:
The Search for the Self: Selected Writings of Heinz Kohut 1950–1978, Vol. 1
1714:
1706:
1669:
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1362:
1350:
1327:
1197:
908:
842:
817:
500:
305:
290:
255:
245:
240:
230:
225:
180:
175:
165:
135:
2920:
2869:
Kohut, Heinz (1978). Ornstein, Paul (ed.). "Peace Prize 1969: Laudation".
1612:
from Princeton was a featured speaker. The high point was a banquet, with
3317:
Kohut, Heinz (1991). Ornstein, Paul (ed.). "The Two Analyses of Mr. Z.".
2032:. Eventually Kohut came to see reason in his son's views, and their anti-
2017:
1875:
1388:
1298:
1160:
1136:
would have remained his only main contribution to psychoanalytic theory.
1129:
813:
777:
549:
335:
280:
1600:, as well as many psychoanalysts from the United States, including e.g.
1015:, and in 1947 he was appointed associate professor of psychiatry at the
2553:
2400:
2013:
1965:
1926:
vacation and the hotel there is similar to Kohut's own life. The novel
1702:
1515:
1380:
1114:
1098:
1012:
940:
773:
270:
3480:
Jewish emigrants from Austria after the Anschluss to the United States
2620:
2440:. Chicago and London: The University of Chicago Press. pp. 1–31.
1717:. Most of his old friends shunned him. For example, Martin Stein from
2460:
1972:
1954:
1762:, David Marcus and Meyer Gunther. However, Gedo soon left the group.
1585:
1469:
1358:
1331:
956:
927:
In February 1940, Kohut was allowed to travel in a British convoy to
921:
900:
832:
350:
310:
200:
3319:
The Search for the Self: Selected Writings of Heinz Kohut: 1978–1981
2871:
The Search for the Self: Selected Writings of Heinz Kohut: 1950–1978
2840:
The Search for the Self: Selected Writings of Heinz Kohut: 1978–1981
2794:
The Search for the Self: Selected Writings of Heinz Kohut: 1950–1978
2751:
The Search for the Self: Selected Writings of Heinz Kohut: 1950–1978
2691:
2636:
The Search for the Self: Selected Writings of Heinz Kohut: 1950–1978
2517:
2505:
1589:
1184:
Kohut's first truly scientific contribution was his 1959 article on
740:(May 3, 1913 – October 8, 1981) was a Jewish Austrian-born American
2016:, and he was for state control of gun ownership. He considered the
1990:
1987:
1915:
1557:
877:
873:
869:
828:
789:
205:
2565:
2049:
1185:
1164:
932:
917:
904:
896:
1479:
As his starting point, Kohut takes the conceptual separation of
1344:
2823:
Kohut, Heinz (1985). Strozier, Charles B. (ed.). "On Courage".
1923:
1919:
1605:
1577:, which bestowed upon him an honorary degree in November 1973.
1566:
928:
765:
170:
37:
3375:
2983:
Elson, Miriam. (1986). Self Psychology in Clinical Social Work
2275:
1597:
944:
920:. Many of his relatives who stayed behind were killed in the
857:
797:
2541:
1975:, where they could spend weekends, often during the winter.
1265:
and his Nephew. A Psychoanalytic Study of their Relationship
978:
3329:
3288:, pp. 3, 100–101, 105, 107, 110–111, 113–114, 160–163.
2850:
2804:
2730:
2646:
2206:
The Curve of Life: Correspondence of Heinz Kohut, 1923–1981
2045:
1637:, which he published in 1972. In the article, Kohut wrote:
913:
831:
in order to study French. At school he wrote his thesis on
2438:
The Curve of Life. Correspondence of Heinz Kohut 1923–1981
3300:
The World of Self Psychology: Progress in Self Psychology
2838:
Kohut, Heinz (1990). Ornstein, Paul (ed.). "On Courage".
2703:
2048:
on the evening of October 7, 1981, and died of cancer in
1105:. After that they were constantly writing to each other.
3057:
3055:
2577:
2529:
2263:(1999). The Analytic Press, Hillsdale, N.J. and London.
1404:
With the exception of such persons as Louis Shapiro and
1368:, Kohut later rejected Freud's structural theory of the
1318:
in October 1969. He was chosen as the laudator when the
2773:
2761:
2361:
Treating the Self: Elements of Clinical Self Psychology
1011:
In 1944 Kohut decided to leave neurology and move into
3391:
Final chapter of Charles Stroizer's biography of Kohut
3325:. New York: International Universities Press: 395–446.
2846:. New York: International Universities Press: 129–181.
2827:. New York & London: W. W. Norton & Co.: 5–50.
2800:. New York: International Universities Press: 279–283.
2757:. New York: International Universities Press: 205–206.
2642:. New York: International Universities Press: 337–374.
1721:
lambasted later Kohut's 1977 book in the pages of the
1000:, who was a fellow Viennese and a fellow analysand of
868:. The latter hospital specialized in the treatment of
788:. From 1924 on he attended the Döblinger Gymnasium in
3052:
2283:
Releasing the Self: The Healing Legacy Of Heinz Kohut
2248:. (1978) International Universities Press, New York.
2238:
2131:(1984). Ed. Arnold Goldberg with Paul E. Stepansky.
2082:(1977). International Universities Press, New York.
2036:
sentiments presumably gave them some common ground.
1530:
continues throughout all stages of a person's life.
1701:the friendship between Kohut, on the one hand, and
1540:
1472:, which was published in 1971. It is a treatise on
2877:. New York: International Universities Press: 570.
2633:
2610:
1724:Journal of the American Psychoanalytic Association
1218:Journal of the American Psychoanalytic Association
1205:Journal of the American Psychoanalytic Association
1124:, Kohut was in 1965 elected vice-president of the
1071:Journal of the American Psychoanalytic Association
1059:
3386:Preface to Charles Strozier's biography of Kohut
2606:
2604:
1139:
3416:
2312:Kohut's Legacy: Contributions to Self Psychology
1387:, it will allow him to suppress feelings of low
2222:(1996). Edited Paul Tolpin and, Marian Tolpin.
1727:. Kohut was even voted out of the board of the
1394:
1120:After leaving his position of the president of
1076:New York Psychoanalytic Society & Institute
1019:. He got his certification psychiatry in 1949.
491:The Four Fundamental Concepts of Psychoanalysis
3245:
3243:
3233:
3231:
3229:
3031:"Thoughts on Narcissism and Narcissistic Rage"
2664:
2601:
1769:
1109:and for Kohut this visit was a great success.
1068:from the 1950s. He served on the board of the
1862:
1345:Development of psychoanalytic self psychology
718:
2598:, pp. 80, 92–96, 117–118, 120–126, 128.
1635:Thoughts on Narcissism and Narcissistic Rage
1336:President of the Federal Republic of Germany
1250:Ida Macalpine and Richard A. Hunter, (ed.):
1038:
973:
3352:. New York, NY: Farrar, Straus and Giroux.
3240:
3226:
1506:The self contains two part structures, the
1450:
1306:along with the demands of the Nazi regime.
1101:. He first met her in 1964 in a meeting in
1082:, who was a very important figure for him.
3350:Heinz Kohut: the making of a psychoanalyst
2481:Heinz Kohut: The Making of a Psychoanalyst
2457:Heinz Kohut and the Psychology of the Self
2346:The Theory And Practice Of Self Psychology
2327:Heinz Kohut: The Making of a Psychoanalyst
2276:Literature on Heinz Kohut and his theories
1126:International Psychoanalytical Association
748:, an influential school of thought within
725:
711:
633:International Psychoanalytical Association
16:Austrian-American psychiatrist (1913–1981)
2881:
1782:The title of Kohut's second monograph is
1608:. The distinguished historian of Vienna,
1476:, and on their psychoanalytic treatment.
1309:
1210:
979:Moving into psychiatry and psychoanalysis
961:University of Chicago's Billings Hospital
852:Kohut entered the medical faculty of the
845:sentiments and later participated in the
3347:
3335:
3297:
3285:
2926:
2887:
2856:
2810:
2736:
2709:
2697:
2652:
2595:
2583:
2571:
2559:
2547:
2535:
2523:
2511:
2477:
1900:International Journal of Psycho-Analysis
1692:
950:
3040:. The Psychoanalytic Study of the Child
2484:. New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux.
1624:
1552:In 1971, just after the publication of
3417:
2779:
2767:
2615:. Chicago: Aldine Publishing Company.
2454:
2246:The Psychology of the Self: A Casebook
2028:and being an important station in the
1903:, carefully edited by Natalie Altman.
1740:The Psychology of the Self: A Casebook
1565:, and to deliver the Freud lecture in
3316:
3028:
2868:
2837:
2822:
2791:
2748:
2721:
2432:
1238:, A Psychoanalytic Study of Two Lives
2148:(1985). Ed. by Charles B. Strozier.
1789:Kohut started to write this book in
1729:Chicago Institute for Psychoanalysis
1573:, but he did speak regularly at the
1320:Peace Prize of the German Book Trade
1052:not encourage independent thinking.
985:Chicago Institute for Psychoanalysis
627:Psychoanalytic Training and Research
417:The Psychopathology of Everyday Life
3403:Brief Biography by Charles Strozier
2677:. pp. Introduction, xiii–xix.
1066:American Psychoanalytic Association
983:In late 1942, Kohut applied to the
823:In 1929, Kohut spent two months in
638:World Association of Psychoanalysis
13:
2929:, pp. 181, 183, 185, 190–191.
2426:
2146:Self Psychology and the Humanities
2000:
1979:special gift to his nephew's son.
1474:narcissistic personality disorders
1260:Editha Sterba and Richard Sterba:
764:Kohut was born on May 3, 1913, in
744:best known for his development of
126:Psychosocial development (Erikson)
14:
3496:
3369:
2724:Gesammelte Werke/Standard Edition
2411:Narcissistic personality disorder
2239:In collaboration with Heinz Kohut
1758:, Paul Tolpin and Marian Tolpin,
1399:
1245:Great Men: Psychoanalytic Studies
1144:
1086:views about the mental health of
643:List of schools of psychoanalysis
3485:20th-century American physicians
3019:Strozier 2001, pp. 240–241, 243.
2562:, pp. 56, 59–62, 68, 79–71.
2066:International Universities Press
1997:. Else Kohut died in late 1972.
1951:University of Chicago Lab School
1940:
1176:, two years after Mann's death.
808:. Kohut also came to appreciate
692:
619:British Psychoanalytical Society
471:Civilization and Its Discontents
103:
3341:
3310:
3291:
3270:
3261:
3252:
3217:
3208:
3199:
3190:
3181:
3172:
3163:
3154:
3145:
3136:
3127:
3118:
3109:
3100:
3091:
3082:
3073:
3064:
3022:
3013:
3004:
2995:
2986:
2977:
2968:
2959:
2950:
2941:
2932:
2862:
2831:
2816:
2785:
2742:
2715:
2665:Rubovits-Seitz, Philip (1999).
2658:
2627:
2421:True self and false self: Kohut
2122:
2055:
1852:Healing was not Freud's point.
1569:. He also gave up his talks at
1255:, Memoirs of my Nervous Illness
1215:In 1960 Kohut published in the
1060:Administrator in psychoanalysis
993:Berlin Psychoanalytic Institute
2220:The Chicago Institute Lectures
1140:A writer within psychoanalysis
1078:. He also became friends with
935:by bus. A friend from Vienna,
625:Columbia University Center for
614:British Psychoanalytic Council
511:The Sublime Object of Ideology
481:The Mass Psychology of Fascism
1:
3475:Analysands of August Aichhorn
3348:Strozier, Charles B. (2001).
2526:, pp. 21, 23–24, 29, 32.
2514:, pp. 3, 16, 19, 22, 66.
2259:Philip F. D. Rubovits-Seitz:
2052:on the morning of October 8.
1933:was an accomplished pianist.
1893:, which replaced the case of
1811:, which made his first book,
1287:
1179:
991:in 1932, modelling it on the
931:, from where he travelled to
841:. His Latin teacher, who had
759:
451:Beyond the Pleasure Principle
441:Psychology of the Unconscious
3381:Self Psychology Bibliography
2700:, pp. 127–140, 170–175.
2499:
2478:Strozier, Charles B (2004).
2344:White, M. & Weiner, M.,
1949:Thomas Kohut studied at the
1786:. It was published in 1977.
1395:The self psychology movement
987:, which had been founded by
407:The Interpretation of Dreams
7:
3267:Strozier 2001, pp. 310–316.
3258:Strozier 2001, pp. 310–311.
3178:Strozier 2001, pp. 282–283.
3133:Strozier 2001, pp. 276–277.
3124:Strozier 2001, pp. 272–274.
3115:Strozier 2001, pp. 269–272.
2992:Strozier 2001, pp. 231–232.
2394:
2133:University of Chicago Press
2080:The Restoration of the Self
1881:When the German edition of
1869:The Restoration of the Self
1827:The Restoration of the Self
1805:The Restoration of the Self
1799:The Restoration of the Self
1784:The Restoration of the Self
1778:The Restoration of the Self
1771:The Restoration of the Self
1556:, Kohut was diagnosed with
1383:as a model. If a person is
10:
3501:
3196:Strozier 2001, s. 283–284.
3160:Strozier 2001, s. 281–282.
2574:, pp. 71, 72, 74, 76.
1863:The Two Analyses of Mr. Z.
1775:
1742:. Invited were John Gedo,
1456:
1027:and understand yourself."
428:Three Essays on the Theory
2894:. Northvale, New Jersey:
2891:Inside out and outside in
2455:Siegel, Allen M. (1996).
2331:Farrar, Straus and Giroux
2152:, New York & London.
1697:After the publication of
1039:Teacher of psychoanalysis
974:Career as a psychoanalyst
606:Boston Graduate School of
72:
64:
45:
30:
23:
3088:Kohut 1976, pp. 793–843.
2433:Cocks, Geoffrey (1994).
2039:
1995:The Analysis of the Self
1813:The Analysis of the Self
1699:The Analysis of the Self
1631:The Analysis of the Self
1575:University of Cincinnati
1554:The Analysis of the Self
1465:The Analysis of the Self
1459:The Analysis of the Self
1452:The Analysis of the Self
1445:The Analysis of the Self
1174:Psychoanalytic Quarterly
1156:Psychoanalytic Quarterly
1134:The Analysis of the Self
1064:Kohut was active in the
121:Psychosexual development
3435:American psychoanalysts
2965:Kohut 1971, s. 28, 175.
2938:Kohut 1971, s. xiii–xv.
2667:Kohut's Freudian Vision
2613:Concepts of Personality
2380:Oxford University Press
2261:Kohut's Freudian Vision
2244:Arnold Goldberg (ed.):
2129:How Does Analysis Cure?
1957:and a psychohistorian.
1468:is Heinz Kohut's first
3465:American psychiatrists
3460:Austrian psychiatrists
3408:March 3, 2016, at the
3396:March 3, 2016, at the
3249:Strozier 2001, p. 311.
3237:Strozier 2001, p. 309.
3223:Strozier 2001, p. 308.
3214:Strozier 2001, s. 288.
3205:Strozier 2001, s. 284.
3187:Strozier 2001, s. 283.
3169:Kohut 1977, s. xx–xxi.
3151:Strozier 2001, s. 279.
3142:Strozier 2001, s. 278.
3097:Strozier 2001, p. 255.
3079:Strozier 2001, p. 250.
3061:Strozier 2001, p. 249.
3010:Strozier 2001, p. 239.
3001:Strozier 2001, p. 238.
2956:Kohut 1971, s. 37–101.
2150:W. W. Norton & Co.
2135:, Chicago and London.
1887:Die Heilung des Selbst
1835:
1690:
1661:
1644:
1582:Alexander Mitscherlich
1324:Alexander Mitscherlich
1310:Mitscherlich laudation
1211:Applied psychoanalysis
847:Austrian Nazi movement
3450:Jewish psychoanalysts
3029:Kohut, Heinz (1972).
2671:Hillsdale, New Jersey
2550:, pp. 45, 48–52.
2325:Charles B. Strozier:
2012:, he was viewed as a
1831:
1693:The group begins anew
1685:
1656:
1639:
1501:id, ego and super-ego
1495:), which was done by
1370:id, ego, and superego
1017:University of Chicago
967:as his denomination.
951:Early days in Chicago
699:Psychology portal
678:Psychoanalytic theory
2726:. 13/18: 309n/ 110n.
2030:Underground Railroad
1654:According to Kohut,
1625:On narcissistic rage
1571:Princeton University
1349:In the aftermath of
1253:Daniel Paul Schreber
888:, a close friend of
854:University of Vienna
825:Saint-Quay-Portrieux
663:Child psychoanalysis
151:Id, ego and superego
89:a series of articles
3338:, pp. 167–169.
3106:Kohut 1976, p. 834.
3070:Kohut 1972, p. 635.
2974:Kohut 1971, s. xiv.
2859:, pp. 176–178.
2813:, pp. 179–180.
2739:, pp. 141–144.
2655:, pp. 127–131.
2459:. London/New York:
1748:Michael Franz Basch
1414:Michael Franz Basch
1243:Edward Hirschmann:
866:Hôpital Saint-Louis
186:Countertransference
3470:Narcissism writers
3276:Cocks 1994, p. 20.
2675:The Analytic Press
2406:Healthy narcissism
2226:, Hillsdale, N.J.
2224:The Analytic Press
1791:Carmel, California
1588:, Paul Parin from
1563:Harvard University
1295:Franz Jägerstätter
864:, and then at the
528:Schools of thought
461:The Ego and the Id
3440:Jewish physicians
3359:978-0-374-16880-3
2947:Kohut 1971, s. 9.
2782:, pp. 53–54.
2770:, pp. 49–51.
2712:, pp. 96–98.
2621:10.1037/11175-005
2586:, pp. 78–81.
2538:, pp. 34–35.
2416:Narcissistic rage
2172:978-0-393-70041-1
2141:978-0-226-45034-6
1929:Uncle Tom's Cabin
1512:omnipotent object
1316:Frankfurt am Main
1227:Phyllis Greenacre
1196:approach thus is
735:
734:
219:Important figures
146:Psychic apparatus
82:
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57:Chicago, Illinois
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2359:Ernest S. Wolf:
1825:Kohut says that
1339:Gustav Heinemann
965:Unitarian Church
937:Siegmund Levarie
806:Roman literature
778:World War I
770:assimilated Jews
727:
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668:Depth psychology
570:Object relations
516:
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2436:Introduction in
2429:
2427:General sources
2397:
2382:, Oxford, U.K.
2278:
2241:
2125:
2058:
2042:
2022:Oberlin College
2003:
2001:Political views
1943:
1865:
1780:
1774:
1744:Arnold Goldberg
1695:
1627:
1550:
1535:Oedipus complex
1461:
1455:
1410:Arnold Goldberg
1402:
1397:
1347:
1322:was awarded to
1312:
1290:
1213:
1198:epistemological
1182:
1169:Death in Venice
1147:
1142:
1088:Barry Goldwater
1062:
1041:
1006:Kurt R. Eissler
1002:August Aichhorn
989:Franz Alexander
981:
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886:August Aichhorn
860:, first at the
762:
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1594:Jacques Palaci
1549:
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1508:grandiose self
1499:. Whereas the
1497:Heinz Hartmann
1457:Main article:
1454:
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1400:The beginnings
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53:(aged 68)
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3336:Strozier 2001
3332:
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3042:. Retrieved
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2061:
2056:Publications
2043:
2007:
2004:
1994:
1985:
1981:
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1715:Jerome Kavka
1707:Kurt Eissler
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1406:Jerome Kavka
1403:
1385:narcissistic
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1328:World War II
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998:Ruth Eissler
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941:musicologist
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843:anti-Semitic
836:
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818:Robert Musil
783:
763:
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501:Anti-Oedipus
499:
489:
479:
469:
459:
449:
439:
430:of Sexuality
426:
415:
405:
315:
271:Freud (Anna)
181:Transference
166:Introjection
156:Ego defenses
136:Preconscious
51:(1981-10-08)
18:
3430:1981 deaths
3425:1913 births
2780:Siegel 1996
2768:Siegel 1996
2018:Vietnam War
1883:Restoration
1876:Peace Corps
1819:Restoration
1760:Ernest Wolf
1547:Restoration
1516:perversions
1434:Ernest Wolf
1426:Paul Tolpin
1389:self-esteem
1161:Thomas Mann
1151:Béla Bartók
1130:Leo Rangell
838:The Cyclops
814:Thomas Mann
738:Heinz Kohut
131:Unconscious
34:May 3, 1913
25:Heinz Kohut
3419:Categories
3038:Mindsplain
2905:1568217773
2401:Narcissism
1966:California
1711:René Spitz
1703:Anna Freud
1602:René Spitz
1485:das Selbst
1381:narcissism
1288:On courage
1279:creations.
1180:On empathy
1115:narcissism
1099:Anna Freud
1013:psychiatry
862:Hôtel-Dieu
774:Alsergrund
772:living in
760:Early life
580:Relational
191:Resistance
161:Projection
65:Occupation
2500:Citations
2461:Routledge
1991:delusions
1973:Wisconsin
1955:historian
1674:Churchill
1614:John Gedo
1586:Frankfurt
1561:speak at
1470:monograph
1359:zeitgeist
1332:Holocaust
1263:Beethoven
1103:Princeton
957:neurology
922:Holocaust
833:Euripides
381:Winnicott
361:Spielrein
341:Laplanche
261:Fairbairn
201:Dreamwork
40:, Austria
3406:Archived
3394:Archived
2914:76937378
2395:See also
2378:(2022).
2363:(2002).
2348:(1986).
2329:(2004).
2300:(1996),
2285:(2001).
2064:(1971).
1988:paranoid
1916:painting
1736:Casebook
1719:New York
1558:lymphoma
1543:Analysis
1541:Between
1510:and the
1491:(German
1483:(German
1481:the self
1330:and the
878:leukemia
874:Istanbul
870:syphilis
829:Brittany
790:Grinzing
656:See also
598:Training
575:Reichian
550:Lacanian
535:Adlerian
376:Sullivan
371:Strachey
326:Kristeva
301:Jacobson
296:Irigaray
286:Guattari
266:Ferenczi
251:Chodorow
206:Cathexis
114:Concepts
87:Part of
2050:Chicago
2026:slavery
2014:liberal
2008:In the
1493:das Ich
1489:the ego
1487:) from
1267:(1954).
1257:(1955);
1247:(1955);
1240:(1955);
1236:Carroll
1186:empathy
1165:novella
959:at the
933:Chicago
918:England
905:Germany
901:annexed
897:Austria
835:' play
565:Marxist
545:Jungian
256:Erikson
226:Abraham
3356:
2912:
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2681:
2488:
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2114:
2100:
2086:
2072:
1962:Carmel
1924:skiing
1920:poetry
1895:Mr. X.
1891:Mr. Z.
1670:Hitler
1647:best.
1606:Denver
1590:Zürich
1567:Vienna
929:Boston
909:Hitler
895:After
810:Goethe
786:French
766:Vienna
515:(1989)
505:(1972)
495:(1964)
485:(1933)
475:(1930)
465:(1923)
455:(1920)
445:(1912)
434:(1905)
421:(1901)
411:(1899)
366:Stekel
346:Mahler
291:Horney
246:Breuer
236:Balint
196:Denial
171:Libido
59:, U.S.
38:Vienna
3034:(PDF)
2040:Death
2034:Nixon
1604:from
1598:Paris
1596:from
1584:from
1232:Swift
945:Italy
884:with
858:Paris
802:Greek
798:Latin
794:Greek
386:Žižek
356:Reich
336:Laing
331:Lacan
321:Klein
316:Kohut
306:Jones
281:Fromm
231:Adler
176:Drive
3354:ISBN
3306:: 3.
3046:2020
2910:OCLC
2900:ISBN
2679:ISBN
2486:ISBN
2465:ISBN
2442:ISBN
2384:ISBN
2365:ISBN
2350:ISBN
2335:ISBN
2316:ISBN
2302:ISBN
2287:ISBN
2265:ISBN
2250:ISBN
2228:ISBN
2210:ISBN
2196:ISBN
2182:ISBN
2168:ISBN
2154:ISBN
2137:ISBN
2112:ISBN
2098:ISBN
2084:ISBN
2070:ISBN
2046:coma
1918:and
1754:and
1713:and
1705:and
1672:and
1592:and
1545:and
1432:and
1353:and
1301:and
1299:Hans
1234:and
914:Kent
899:was
816:and
804:and
796:and
351:Rank
311:Jung
241:Bion
46:Died
31:Born
2617:doi
1964:in
1366:ego
1163:'s
907:by
903:to
827:in
3421::
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3304:14
3302:.
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3228:^
3054:^
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2603:^
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