85:(褚燕) joined forces to raid the town of Yingtao (癭陶). Zhang Niujue was killed in the skirmish, and his followers followed his last order to join Chu Yan. Chu Yan changed his surname to Zhang to honour his fallen colleague, so he became known as Zhang Yan. Soon, he became the nominal chief of all bandits east of the
160:(魏郡), and killed its Grand Administrator (太守) Li Cheng (栗成). This last attack drew Yuan Shao's furious retaliation; he led a suppression campaign to crush the bandits, slaying Yu Du and many other Heishan leaders, but Yuan Shao was ultimately unable to defeat Zhang Yan, who had the backing of various Xiongnu and
109:(河內). While Zhu Jun was able to push them away from the capital, the Han were unable to control the situation north of the Yellow River, the government accepted a nominal surrender and offered the bandits official positions. However, when the central government fell under
183:
As the members of the confederacy were outlaws, many of them used nicknames, named after their defining traits. While some of these names may be genuine names, there had been some efforts to translate the names and determine the possible logic behind them.
175:, but his bandit army did not arrive in time and thus could not save Gongsun Zan from his demise. In 205, as Cao Cao drove out the Yuan family from the region, Zhang Yan led his men to submit to Cao Cao.
399:"Emperor Huan and Emperor Ling being the Chronicle of the Later Han dynasty for the years 157 to 189 AD as recorded in Chapters 54 to 59 of the Zizhi tongjian of Sima Guang". Volume 2.
89:, forming a confederacy of bandits known as the Heishan bandits. His ranks grew steadily in number until they were said to reach a million. They conducted raids in the commanderies of
148:, in Chenliu (陳留). As Chenliu was also within Cao Cao's territories, he swiftly defeated the allies and chased Yuan Shu away to the south. Later, the Heishan bandits under
77:(張牛角, aka Oxhorn Zhang), unrelated to the Yellow Turban movement, rose to power in the hill countries of the Taihang Mountains by plundering the western areas of the
428:"To Establish Peace: being the Chronicle of the Later Han dynasty for the years 189 to 220 AD as recorded in Chapters 59 to 69 of the Zizhi tongjian of Sima Guang".
167:
Yuan Shao's campaign might have diminished the
Heishan bandits' prospects in the south, but Zhang Yan and his people continued to hold out in the northern
263:
Zuoxiao (左校, Enclosure on the Left) - probably took his name from the title of the officer responsible for convict labourers under the Court
Architect
508:
74:
401:
430:
149:
53:
in China. They played a part in the internecine feuds that followed the
Eastern Han dynasty's descent into chaos preceding the
481:
462:
124:
and thus attacked commanderies that were in the possession of
Gongsun Zan's enemies. In 191 the Heishan bandits raided
446:
417:
438:
409:
164:
groups. With heavy casualties on both sides, the opposing armies made a swift withdrawal from the area.
492:
117:
513:
254:
144:
aided Yuan Shu, who was driven out of his original territory of
Nanyang (南陽) by Yuan Shao's ally
82:
70:
398:
427:
168:
102:
98:
90:
171:. In 199, Zhang Yan answered Gongsun Zan's call for help as he made his last stand in the
8:
50:
69:
Following the loosening of central government control due to the repercussions of the
477:
458:
442:
423:
413:
394:
113:'s chaotic control in 189, the Heishan bandits went back to their former activities.
78:
172:
136:, but were driven back. Early in 193, the bandits and a contingent of the Southern
106:
46:
28:
434:
405:
125:
94:
157:
54:
345:
de
Crespigny (1989), p. 193 and pp. 567-8 note 12; de Crespigny (1996), p. 115
502:
86:
121:
455:
A biographical dictionary of Later Han to the Three
Kingdoms (23–220 AD)
73:, bandits and rebels sprung up everywhere. One such bandit group under
251:
Zhang
Leigong (張雷公, Zhang Lord of Thunder) - named for his loud voice
221:
Sili
Yuancheng (司隸掾城, Director of Retainers Who Scales the City Wall)
153:
129:
110:
145:
141:
137:
133:
58:
242:
Yu Digen (于羝根) - possibly named for having a hairy face or penis
57:
period, during which they eventually surrendered to the warlord
161:
36:
236:
Wulu (五鹿, Five Deer) - possibly named for something he wore
16:
Bandit confederacy based in the
Taihang Mountains (185-205)
120:, Zhang Yan and the Heishan bandits apparently sided with
474:
Imperial warlord : a biography of Cao Cao 155-220 AD
257:(nicknamed Flying Swallow Zhang) - named for his agility
260:
Zuo Zizhangba (左髭丈八, Zuo with the Eighty-foot Mustache)
203:
Kujiu (苦蝤, Dry Grub) - possibly named for his baldness
215:
Pinghan Daji (平漢大計, Grand Design to Pacify the Han)
452:
152:(于毒), joined by local rebels, stormed Yuan Shao's
116:In the civil wars that followed the unsuccessful
500:
471:
81:. In 185, Zhang Niujue and fellow bandit
509:People during the end of the Han dynasty
178:
501:
49:range during the later years of the
381:de Crespigny (1989), p. 568 note 12
13:
197:Guo Daxian (郭大賢, Guo Great-Virtue)
45:) was a bandit confederacy in the
14:
525:
248:Zhang Niujue (張牛角, Oxhorn Zhang)
218:Qing Niujue (青牛角, Green Ox-horn)
375:
366:
357:
439:Australian National University
437:Faculty of Asian Studies, The
410:Australian National University
408:Faculty of Asian Studies, The
348:
339:
330:
321:
312:
303:
294:
283:
274:
41:
1:
388:
200:Huanglong (黃龍, Yellow Dragon)
300:de Crespigny (2007), p. 1083
7:
472:de Crespigny, Rafe (2010).
453:de Crespigny, Rafe (2007).
372:de Crespigny (2007), p. 788
363:de Crespigny (2007), p. 772
354:de Crespigny (2007), p. 634
336:de Crespigny (1996), p. 340
327:de Crespigny (2010), p. 161
280:de Crespigny (1989), p. 193
128:(東郡), under the control of
10:
530:
318:de Crespigny (2007), p.408
309:de Crespigny (1996), p.113
206:Li Damu (李大目, Big-Eyes Li)
194:Fuyun (浮雲, Floating Cloud)
191:Bo Rao (白繞, White Circles)
118:campaign against Dong Zhuo
64:
188:Boque (白雀, White Sparrow)
32:
476:. Leiden Boston: Brill.
267:
224:Sui Gu (眭固, Fixed Gaze)
71:Yellow Turban Rebellion
25:Black Mountain bandits
245:Yu Du (于毒, Poison Yu)
179:Names of the bandits
169:Changshan Commandery
51:Eastern Han dynasty
441:, Canberra. 1996.
433:2008-08-11 at the
424:de Crespigny, Rafe
404:2008-08-11 at the
395:de Crespigny, Rafe
483:978-90-04-18522-7
464:978-90-04-15605-0
290:Houhanshu vol. 71
156:city, capital of
79:North China Plain
521:
487:
468:
382:
379:
373:
370:
364:
361:
355:
352:
346:
343:
337:
334:
328:
325:
319:
316:
310:
307:
301:
298:
292:
287:
281:
278:
173:Battle of Yijing
47:Taihang Mountain
43:
34:
529:
528:
524:
523:
522:
520:
519:
518:
514:Peasant revolts
499:
498:
484:
465:
435:Wayback Machine
406:Wayback Machine
391:
386:
385:
380:
376:
371:
367:
362:
358:
353:
349:
344:
340:
335:
331:
326:
322:
317:
313:
308:
304:
299:
295:
288:
284:
279:
275:
270:
181:
126:Dong Commandery
67:
21:Heishan bandits
17:
12:
11:
5:
527:
517:
516:
511:
497:
496:
493:Zizhi Tongjian
488:
482:
469:
463:
450:
421:
390:
387:
384:
383:
374:
365:
356:
347:
338:
329:
320:
311:
302:
293:
282:
272:
271:
269:
266:
265:
264:
261:
258:
252:
249:
246:
243:
240:
239:Yang Feng (楊鳳)
237:
234:
233:Wang Dang (王當)
231:
230:Tao Sheng (陶升)
228:
225:
222:
219:
216:
213:
210:
207:
204:
201:
198:
195:
192:
189:
180:
177:
158:Wei Commandery
66:
63:
55:Three Kingdoms
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
526:
515:
512:
510:
507:
506:
504:
495:
494:
490:Sima, Guang.
489:
485:
479:
475:
470:
466:
460:
456:
451:
448:
447:0-7315-2526-4
444:
440:
436:
432:
429:
425:
422:
419:
418:0-7315-0655-3
415:
411:
407:
403:
400:
396:
393:
392:
378:
369:
360:
351:
342:
333:
324:
315:
306:
297:
291:
286:
277:
273:
262:
259:
256:
253:
250:
247:
244:
241:
238:
235:
232:
229:
227:Sun Qing (孫輕)
226:
223:
220:
217:
214:
211:
208:
205:
202:
199:
196:
193:
190:
187:
186:
185:
176:
174:
170:
165:
163:
159:
155:
151:
147:
143:
139:
135:
132:'s associate
131:
127:
123:
119:
114:
112:
108:
104:
100:
96:
92:
88:
87:Taihang range
84:
80:
76:
72:
62:
60:
56:
52:
48:
44:
38:
30:
26:
22:
491:
473:
454:
412:, Canberra.
377:
368:
359:
350:
341:
332:
323:
314:
305:
296:
289:
285:
276:
209:Liu Shi (劉石)
182:
166:
115:
75:Zhang Niujue
68:
40:
24:
20:
18:
212:Luoshi (羅市)
122:Gongsun Zan
42:Hēishān zéi
503:Categories
389:References
457:. Brill.
255:Zhang Yan
130:Yuan Shao
111:Dong Zhuo
105:(上黨) and
103:Shangdang
99:Zhongshan
91:Changshan
431:Archived
426:(1996).
402:Archived
397:(1989).
146:Liu Biao
142:Yufuluo
138:Xiongnu
134:Cao Cao
83:Chu Yan
65:History
59:Cao Cao
29:Chinese
480:
461:
445:
416:
162:Wuhuan
140:under
101:(中山),
93:(常山),
39::
37:pinyin
31::
268:Notes
150:Yu Du
107:Henei
97:(趙),
478:ISBN
459:ISBN
443:ISBN
414:ISBN
95:Zhao
19:The
33:黑山賊
23:or
505::
154:Ye
61:.
35:;
486:.
467:.
449:.
420:.
27:(
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.