353:, marching 250 kilometers (over 150 miles) through the Taihang Mountains, destroying the Heishan bandit camps as he went. The southern hills were overrun, but at Changshan, Zhang Yan had 20-30 thousand soldiers and several thousand cavalry. He fought for over ten days with Yuan Shao, Zhang Yan suffered major casualties and got the worst of the fighting, but Yuan Shao's troops were exhausted and also withdrew. Despite the defeats, Zhang Yan was able to maintain his independence in Changshan but his power as the head of a regional confederation was broken. In 199, Zhang Yan responded to Gongsun Zan's request, via son Gongsun Xu, for help by marching along three routes in the
234:
333:
was able to drive Zhang Yan forces away from Henei, the Han could not suppress the rebellion. In order to pacify him, the government eventually appointed Zhang Yan "General of the
Household Who Pacifies Disorder" and granted him the right to appoint officials in his territories, bringing the group
297:
in 185 and attacked
Yingtao, Zhang Niujue was mortally wounded by an arrow. Before he died, Zhang ordered his men to obey Chu Yan as their new leader. Chu Yan thus changed his family name from "Chu" to "Zhang" to honour Zhang Niujue.
345:. In 193, the Heishan bandits had backed mutineers and local rivals of Yuan Shao to seize his capital of Ye and nearly captured Yuan Shao's family. Yuan Shao responded with force, allying with reinforcements from some of the
301:
With Zhang Yan's energy and military reputation, his confederation steadily grew in strength, until they were said to be one million strong though historians suggest more in the tens of thousands. They became known as the
287:. Because he was fast, agile, and brave, his men called him "Feiyan", meaning "Flying Swallow". He raised forces during the Yellow Turban revolt and pillaged Shanze then aligned with the bandit forces of Zhang Niujue (
263:
of China. He rose from a local rebel to master of a confederation that could hold off the Han, becoming a regional power, and was able to maintain authority in
Changshan until he chose to surrender to
235:
378:). In the summer of 205, after Cao Cao drove the Yuan's to the Wuhuan, Zhang Yan brought his 100,000 followers and surrendered, he was enfeoffed as the Marquis of
918:
To
Establish Peace: being the Chronicle of the Later Han dynasty for the years 189 to 220 AD as recorded in Chapters 59 to 69 of the Zizhi tongjian of Sima Guang
929:
244:
318:
notes likely a peasant led grouping (one of many but perhaps the most successful) but he accepts the bandit designation as correct.
388:). After his death, his son Zhang Fang succeeded him as marquis; his family maintained their fief during the following decades.
652:
592:
409:
624:
962:
879:
793:
753:
967:
901:
972:
433:
397:
334:
within the administration, confirming Zhang Yan in authority while saving face for the Han court.
337:
By the early 190s with the land in civil war, Zhang Yan had formed an alliance with the warlord
330:
276:
8:
260:
128:
79:
434:"Genuine Words: Deception as a War Tactic and a Mode of Writing in Third-Century China"
566:其後人眾寢廣，常山、趙郡、中山、上黨、河內諸山谷皆相通，其小帥孫輕、王當等，各以部眾從燕，眾至百萬，號曰黑山。靈帝不能征，河北諸郡被其害。燕遣人至京都乞降，拜燕平難中郎將
913:
875:
865:
789:
749:
648:
588:
357:
against Yuan Shao, but
Gongsun Zan was defeated and killed before Zhang Yan arrived.
315:
307:
20:
445:
354:
322:
280:
153:
450:
869:
642:
625:"The Three Kingdoms and Western Jin A History of China in the Third Century A.D."
303:
294:
256:
221:
216:
945:
956:
326:
325:
and the provinces of Bing, Ji, and Yan. All the commanderies north of the
212:
924:
920:. Canberra: Faculty of Asian Studies, The Australian National University.
338:
871:
A Biographical
Dictionary of Later Han to the Three Kingdoms (23-220 AD)
372:
and besieging Ye. Cao Cao appointed him
General Who Pacifies The North (
940:
369:
479:
A Biographical
Dictionary of Later Han to the Three Kingdoms 23–220 AD
896:
342:
365:
311:
310:. Though the use of the term bandits could have multiple meanings,
350:
548:
361:
264:
90:
293:) with Niujue as the superior commander. When the group raided
585:
Fire over
Luoyang: A History of the Later Han Dynasty 23–220 AD
346:
516:
514:
512:
510:
379:
284:
157:
841:
672:
507:
481:(978-90-04-15605-0 ed.). Leiden: Brill. p. 1083.
321:
Their position gave them access to the capital region of
364:, who at the time was warring against Yuan Shao's sons,
275:
Originally named Chu Yan, he was from
Zhending County,
16:
Late 2nd century Chinese leader of the Heishan bandits
267:, getting enfeoffment that remained with his family.
786:
Imperial Warlord: A biography of Cao Cao 155-220 AD
746:
Imperial Warlord: A biography of Cao Cao 155-220 AD
644:
Imperial Warlord: A Biography of Cao Cao 155-220 AD
545:俱攻廮陶。牛角為飛矢所中。被創且死，令眾奉燕，告曰：「必以燕為帥。」Sanguozhi vol.8.
954:
826:Ts'ao Ts'ao and the Rise of Wei: The Early Years
811:Ts'ao Ts'ao and the Rise of Wei: The Early Years
771:Ts'ao Ts'ao and the Rise of Wei: The Early Years
706:Ts'ao Ts'ao and the Rise of Wei: The Early Years
610:Ts'ao Ts'ao and the Rise of Wei: The Early Years
360:In 204, Zhang Yan made contact with the warlord
314:Carl Leban uses the term rebels instead while
306:, and operated as a bandit confederacy in the
45:General of the Household Who Pacifies Disorder
383:
373:
288:
930:Annotations to Records of the Three Kingdoms
912:
864:
847:
783:
743:
678:
622:
582:
554:
520:
476:
727:紹與布擊張燕于常山。燕精兵萬餘，騎數千。常與其親近成廉、魏越等陷鋒突陳，遂破燕軍。
640:
449:
19:For the Western Han dynasty empress, see
828:. Columbia University. pp. 310–311.
773:. Columbia University. pp. 215–217.
708:. Columbia University. pp. 197–198.
349:and Xiuchuge tribes with the support of
329:were exposed to their attacks and while
612:. Columbia University. pp. 67–215.
431:
955:
823:
808:
784:De Crespigny, Rafe (18 August 2010).
768:
744:De Crespigny, Rafe (18 August 2010).
739:
737:
703:
607:
578:
576:
410:Lists of people of the Three Kingdoms
391:
86:General Who Pacifies the North (平北將軍)
427:
425:
813:. Columbia University. p. 176.
788:. Leiden: Brill. pp. 485–486.
587:. Leiden: Brill. pp. 426–427.
13:
890:
734:
573:
400:, leading his own bandit faction.
14:
984:
422:
183:Bandit leader, general, official
832:
817:
802:
777:
762:
721:
712:
697:
684:
661:
634:
616:
601:
560:
500:黃巾起，燕合聚少年為群盜，在山澤閒轉攻，還真定，眾萬餘人
341:against their common opponent,
857:
748:. Leiden: Brill. p. 161.
628:Australian National University
539:
526:
494:
491:張燕，常山真定人也，本姓褚。Sanguozhi vol.8.
485:
470:
458:
384:
289:
279:, which is around present-day
1:
902:Records of the Three Kingdoms
451:10.1080/15299104.2022.2101766
415:
718:Yingxiongji Sangzuozhi vol.6
438:Early Medieval China Journal
7:
641:Crespigny, Rafe De (2010).
623:De Crespigny, Rafe (2003).
583:De Crespigny, Rafe (2017).
532:博陵張牛角亦起眾，自號將兵從事，與燕合。燕推牛角為帥
477:De Crespigny, Rafe (2007).
403:
10:
989:
210:
18:
874:. Leiden, Boston: Brill.
398:Total War: Three Kingdoms
374:
205:
195:
187:
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171:
163:
143:
138:
134:
124:
98:
85:
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44:
40:
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28:
963:People from Shijiazhuang
255:, was the leader of the
199:Marquis of Anguo Village
270:
968:Generals under Cao Cao
557:, pp. 1070, 1083.
432:Hui Goh, Meow (2022).
647:. Brill. p. 42.
396:Zhang Yan appears in
824:Leban, Carl (1971).
809:Leban, Carl (1971).
769:Leban, Carl (1971).
704:Leban, Carl (1971).
608:Leban, Carl (1971).
277:Changshan Commandery
848:de Crespigny (2007)
679:de Crespigny (2007)
555:de Crespigny (2007)
521:de Crespigny (2007)
261:Eastern Han dynasty
129:Emperor Xian of Han
80:Emperor Ling of Han
973:2nd-century births
914:de Crespigny, Rafe
866:de Crespigny, Rafe
392:In popular culture
191:Zhang Feiyan (張飛燕)
690:燕遣人至京都乞降，拜燕平難中郎將
668:Houhanshu vol. 71
654:978-90-04-18522-7
594:978-90-04-32491-6
316:Rafe De Crespigny
308:Taihang Mountains
209:
208:
94:
21:Empress Zhang Yan
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355:Battle of Yijing
292:
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281:Zhengding County
259:during the late
251:, also known as
247:180s–205), born
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154:Zhengding County
139:Personal details
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927:(5th century).
899:(3rd century).
893:
891:Further reading
888:
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850:, p. 1042.
846:
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304:Heishan bandits
295:Julu Commandery
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257:Heishan bandits
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946:Zizhi Tongjian
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336:
327:Yellow River
320:
300:
274:
253:Zhang Feiyan
252:
248:
228:
227:
220:
213:Chinese name
148:Chu Yan (褚燕)
100:
51:
941:Sima, Guang
858:Works cited
339:Gongsun Zan
217:family name
957:Categories
897:Chen, Shou
444:(28): 10.
416:References
370:Yuan Shang
312:Sinologist
188:Other name
180:Occupation
175:Zhang Fang
907:Sanguozhi
729:Sanguozhi
692:Sanguozhi
568:Sanguozhi
534:Sanguozhi
502:Sanguozhi
465:Sanguozhi
343:Yuan Shao
229:Zhang Yan
101:In office
60:180s/190s
56:180s/190s
52:In office
30:Zhang Yan
943:(1084).
916:(1996).
868:(2007).
404:See also
366:Yuan Tan
211:In this
172:Children
362:Cao Cao
265:Cao Cao
249:Chu Yan
196:Peerage
167:Unknown
151:Unknown
125:Monarch
115: (
107: (
91:Cao Cao
89:(under
76:Monarch
66: (
58: (
878:
792:
752:
731:vol.7.
694:vol.8.
651:
591:
570:vol.8.
536:vol.8.
504:vol. 8
467:vol.8.
347:Wuhuan
331:Lu Zhi
215:, the
201:(安國亭侯)
351:Lü Bu
323:Henei
285:Hebei
222:Zhang
158:Hebei
876:ISBN
790:ISBN
750:ISBN
649:ISBN
589:ISBN
442:2022
385:安國亭侯
375:平北將軍
368:and
271:Life
164:Died
144:Born
446:doi
290:張牛角
245:fl.
243:) (
219:is
109:204
105:204
959::
937:).
909:).
736:^
575:^
509:^
440:.
436:.
424:^
283:,
156:,
113:–?
64:–?
36:張燕
949:.
933:(
905:(
884:.
798:.
758:.
657:.
630:.
597:.
454:.
448::
382:(
231:(
225:.
119:)
117:?
111:)
93:)
70:)
68:?
62:)
23:.
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