1085:, a Qatari diplomat who is considered one of the Arabs with a lot of original Arabic academic works in sinology, published the book "Zheng He, Chinese Emperor of the Seas". The book covers the history and adventures of a Chinese commander by the name Zheng He whose fleet went round the known world in seven voyages between the years 1415 and 1432. He also wrote before that the novel "The Fleet of the Sun" inspired by the story of the Chinese commander. It was considered the first Arabic novel with a Chinese as the central character, thus it achieved some fame in the Arab world, although it was not published until recently. He also published "China in the Eyes of Travelers", a book that delved deep into the history of ancient China through the discoveries made by travellers and explorers. Al-hajri further wrote the book "Arts in the Ming Dynasty", in which he elaborated on the political and economic development of the
1039:, on his fourth voyage in 1412 AD. It is clear from the foregoing that there had been friction between China and the Arabs from a long time ago, and that there are cultural and commercial relations existing between the Arab and Chinese civilizations, which required the visiting Arabs to learn the Chinese language and vice versa. However, there are no texts indicating that the Arabs during this period studied the Chinese language or culture beyond what their missionary or trades affairs demanded, and the reason for this is due to the fact that the purpose of the visits was often to trade or to spread Islam.
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stations, and the pilgrimage to Mecca, in addition to the flourishing of land and sea trade. All this led to the advancement of their studies in geography and thus, new knowledge about China found its way to the Arab world. Up to the twelfth century, the Arabs possessed exclusive knowledge about the East, and they were contributing to the transmission of knowledge to the West, which contributed to the advancement of
Islamic civilization and its impact on world culture.
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annotated translation. This emphasis on translating classical texts inhibited the use of social science methodology or comparing these texts of other traditions. One scholar described this type of sinology as "philological hairsplitting" preoccupied with marginal or curious aspects. Secular scholars gradually came to outnumber missionaries, and in the 20th century sinology slowly gained a substantial presence in
Western universities.
1016:, for instance, suggests a "New Sinology", one which "emphasizes strong scholastic underpinnings in both the classical and modern Chinese language and studies, at the same time as encouraging an ecumenical attitude in relation to a rich variety of approaches and disciplines, whether they be mainly empirical or more theoretically inflected."
988:, in reply to the back and forth of this debate, issued what he called "A Lone Cheer for Sinology". He did not accept the assumption that there is "some implicit hostility between 'Sinology' and the disciplines of history and social sciences." Sinology, he continued, is used in too a wide range of meanings to be so confined:
1069:
size, teaching quality, and the level of teachers and staff. The
Bourguiba Institute for Modern Languages was also opened in Tunisia, and it specializes in the Chinese language in 1977. Cairo University also established the Chinese Language Department in September 2004 becoming a major center for Sinology is
1009:, such as the close parsing of official announcements for hidden meanings, movements of officials reported in newspapers, and analysis of photographs of public appearances. But in the years since the opening of China, China watchers can live in China and take advantage of normal sources of information.
1050:
Abu Zayd's book "On China and India" was a well-known and highly regarded Arabic historical material. The book had two separate parts, the first part was "History of Indian and
Chinese Affairs" by an unknown author, and the second part was "A Collection of Rumors of India and China" by Abu Zayd. The
992:
At one extreme it is used to characterize a rather ridiculous caricature compounded of pedantry and preoccupation with peripheral and precious subjects of little general significance.... At the other extreme, the definition used by Prof. Mote is so broad and all-inclusive as to mean little more than
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During the 20th century, projects of cooperation between China and the Arab countries led to the development of
Sinology in the Arab countries nominally after expanding the scope of Chinese-Arab cooperation in the field of education, with some difference according to the level of cooperation. Since
1047:
coastal regions of China, and then visited Zabagh and
Turkistan in Central Asia. He died in the year 956, and he is the author of the book "Meadows of Gold", which deals with history, geography, and other fields. He had many records about China, and these records were popular among orient scholars.
1046:
Arabs such as Abu al-Hasan Ali al-Masoudi, who is a well-known historical figure in the
Arabian Peninsula, made significant contributions to Sinology. Al-Masoudi has traveled all over the world since he was a child, visiting faraway places. In the year 915, he visited India, Ceylon, Champa, and the
1029:
Chinese historical sources indicate that the
Chinese had knowledge of the Arabs several centuries before Islam, as the history of relations between the two civilizations dates back to the pre-Islamic era. The policy of the Han Dynasty (206 BC) aimed at opening trade routes with the western regions,
678:
in 1583, and would spend the rest of his life in China. Unlike most of his predecessors and contemporaries, Ricci did not view the
Chinese firstly as pagans or idolators, but as "like-minded literati approachable on the level of learning". Like Chinese literati, he studied the Confucian classics in
1076:
Arab scholars sought to delve deeper into
Sinology for academic, political, cultural and diplomatic purposes in order to build a bridge of communication between the Arab and Chinese peoples. Their interest in the history of China also increased greatly. Many books related to the history of Chinese
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called for the social sciences to make more use of China, but wrote "In recent years the cry has gone up: Sinology is dead; long live Chinese studies!" and concluded that "Sinology, a discipline unto itself, is being replaced by Chinese studies, a multidisciplinary endeavour with specific research
1068:
The number of Arabs that learn the Chinese Language has increased. The Chinese Language Department at Ain Shams University is a major center for teaching the Chinese language in Egypt and one of the notable centers for teaching the Chinese language in the Arab world and Africa in terms of student
1042:
At the beginning of the seventh century until the eighth century, the power of the Arabs increased due to the expansion of Islam and its spread throughout the world, and their control expanded to the east and west. Their power was strengthened by their vast lands, their advanced network of postal
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Many books have been translated from Chinese into Arabic as part of these efforts. Where more than 700 books about the people of China, their culture, economy, literature and philosophy have been translated into Arabic by the (House of Wisdom) company located in the Ningxia Hui region, northwest
895:
both published basic studies and trained students. Pelliot's knowledge of the relevant languages, especially those of Central Asia, and control of bibliography in those languages, gave him the power to write on a range of topics and to criticize in damning detail the mistakes of other scholars.
874:
The image of China as an essentially Confucian society conveyed by Jesuit scholars dominated Western thought in these times. While some in Europe learned to speak Chinese, most studied written classical Chinese. These scholars were in what is called the "commentarial tradition" through critical
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opened the Chinese language specialization in 1958. However, the course was stopped for prevailing political reasons at the time. In the period between 1958 and 1963, 33 Chinese language students graduated from Egyptian universities. In 1977, Ain Shams University reintroduced the Sinology
736:
Because Chinese texts did not have any major connections to most important European topics (such as the Bible), they were scarcely studied by European universities until around 1860. An exception to this was France, where Chinese studies were popularized owing to efforts from
1005:, especially American government officials or journalists. Mutual distrust between the United States and China and the prohibition of travel between the countries meant they did not have access to press briefings or interviews. They therefore adopted techniques from
958:. Tsou emphasized the importance of academic objectivity in general and in sinology in particular, stressing that intellectual and academic exchange between China and the West was the only way for both parties to come to a greater understanding of one another.
1738:
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which are today called Central Asia, India and Western Asia, extending to the Arabian Peninsula and Africa. Historical studies confirmed that Muslim Arabs entered China during the early days of Islam to spread the religion, when four of
1034:
companions namely Saad bin Abi Waqqas, Jaafar bin Abi Talib, and Jahsh bin Riab preached in China in the year 616/17. During the reign of Emperor Yongle, the first Chinese fleet arrived on the shores of the Arabian Peninsula, led by
896:
Maspero expanded the scope of sinology from Confucianism to include Daoism, Buddhism, and popular religion, as well as art, mythology, and the history of science. The contribution of Granet was to apply the concepts of
862:
for over 40 years, starting his studies with Rémusat and succeeding him in 1833. He was notable for his translations not only of classical texts but also works of vernacular literature, and for his knowledge of Manchu.
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the establishment of diplomatic relations between China and Egypt in 1956, Egypt began to open the Chinese language specialization course in Egyptian universities, but on a small scale at that time.
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between 1711 and 1723, and returned to Naples with four young Chinese Christians, who all taught their native language and formed the institute to teach Chinese to missionaries en route to China.
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and a series of debates comparing Chinese and Western cultures. At that time, sinologists often described China as an enlightened kingdom, comparing it to Europe, which had just emerged from the
691:, sinologists started to introduce Chinese philosophy, ethics, legal system, and aesthetics into the West. Though often unscientific and incomplete, their works inspired the development of
932:, and the growth of university graduate programs has changed the role of sinology. Funding for Chinese and Taiwanese studies comes from a variety of sources; one prominent source is the
542:, the European and the American usages may differ. In Europe, sinology is usually known as "Chinese studies", whereas in the United States, sinology is a subfield of Chinese studies. A
943:
promoted the "study of China within a discipline," an approach which downplayed the role of philological sinology and focused on issues in history and the social sciences.
984:, a specialist in traditional China, replying to Skinner, spoke up for sinology, which he saw as a field or discipline in itself. Another specialist in traditional China,
1115:
1012:
Towards the end of the century, many of those studying China professionally called for an end to the split between sinology and the disciplines. The Australian scholar
1807:
1051:
first part was a selection from Solomon's "Chinese experiences" and other anonymous sources, written and recorded in 851, together with their experiences in India.
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The earliest Westerners known to have studied Chinese in significant numbers were 16th-century Portuguese, Spanish, and Italian missionaries. All were either
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1978:(London: Wellsweep, 1989). 125 pages. "Published in its original form in F. Wood, ed., British Library Occasional papers, 10: Chinese studies , p. 9-53.".
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specialization course. In addition to Egypt, there were activities to teach the Chinese language in Kuwait as well, but they stopped after a short period.
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Dominican accomplishments among the Chinese diaspora pale in comparison to the success of the Jesuits in mainland China, led by the renowned pioneer
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The Russian school of sinology was focused mainly on learning classical Chinese texts. For example, the contribution of the Russian sinologist
659:
operated a printing press; between 1593 and 1607, they produced four works on Catholic doctrine for the Chinese immigrant community, three in
1440:
Liu, Qing (May 2020). "To Be an Apolitical Political Scientist: A Chinese Immigrant Scholar and (Geo)politicized American Higher Education".
1406:
1859:
976:, a historian, went further. He doubted that sinology was a tool that social scientists would still find useful, while another historian,
834:(1797–1843) and Wilhelm Schott (1807–1889) respectively, though the first important secular sinologists in these two countries were
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The academic field of sinology often refers to Western scholarship. Until the 20th century, it was historically seen as equivalent to
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The Area studies approach, especially in the United States, challenged the dominance of classical sinology. Scholars such as
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with von der Gabelentz taking the position. Scholars like Legge often relied on the work of ethnic Chinese scholars such as
842:. In 1878, a professorship of Far Eastern languages, the first of its kind in the German-speaking world, was created at the
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980:, on the other hand, replied that the disciplines were too often treated as ends in themselves. Sinology had its backers.
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766:) founded the "Chinese Institute" in Naples—the first school of sinology on the European continent, and sanctioned by
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culture and its people were published in the Arabic language. In 2020 after spending about six years as a consul in
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Twentieth Century China: An Annotated Bibliography of Reference Works in Chinese, Japanese, and Western Languages
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The Paris-based type of sinology dominated learning about China until the Second World War even outside France.
814:, filled the position, becoming the first professor of Chinese in Europe. By then the first Russian sinologist,
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917:) was made by him in 1937. Later his translation was translated in English and other European languages.
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461:. Its origin "may be traced to the examination which Chinese scholars made of their own civilization."
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2176:
1860:"Across China: Publishing house brings Chinese wisdom to Arabic speakers - Xinhua | English.news.cn"
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1958:
Handbook for Asian Studies Specialists: A Guide to Research Materials and Collection Building Tools
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383:
2842:
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2065:, Stuttgart: F. Steiner Verlag Wiesbaden, 1985; rpr. Honolulu: University of Hawai'i Press, 1989
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Europe Studies China: Papers from an International Conference on the History of European Sinology
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and the historical development of Chinese culture. Four of his books are translated into Chinese
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Incense at the Altar: Pioneering Sinologists and the Development of Classical Chinese Philology
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order to present Catholic doctrine and European learning to the Chinese using their own terms.
1953:
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900:, a pioneer sociologist, to the society of ancient China, especially the family and ritual.
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In modern China, the studies of China-related subjects is known as "national studies" (
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China Bibliography: A Research Guide to Reference Works About China Past and Present
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Singular Listlessness: A Short History of Chinese Books and British Scholars
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2083:. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Asia Center, Harvard University Press.
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in 1893. Chavannes pursued broad interests in history as well as language.
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Christianity to the Chinese people. An early Spanish Dominican mission in
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2045:, Vol. 122, No. 3 (Jul.-Sep., 2002), pp. 620–624, available through
1885:
1735:"الأساطير المتعلقة بوصول الإسلام إلى الصين – مركز جمال بن حويرب للدراسات"
1237:
The Evolution of American Contemporary China Studies: Coming Full Circle?
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to catalog the royal collection of Chinese texts. Huang was assisted by
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that focuses on the study of the Chinese civilization primarily through
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2031:
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1493:
778:. Ripa had worked as a painter and copper-engraver in the court of the
505:
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involved in social sciences and humanities research on China. It is an
2396:. Oxford, UK: University of Oxford, Bodleian Libraries. Archived from
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in 1949, China studies developed along diverging lines. The rise of
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Electronic Resources for Chinese Studies and East Asian Libraries
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debated the continued relevance of sinology. The anthropologist
594:). This historical field is distinguished from modern sinology.
770:. The institute was first nucleus of what would become today's
656:
546:
is a person who monitors current events and power struggles in
523:
258:
2055:
Curious Land: Jesuit Accommodation and the Origins of Sinology
1407:"Organizations That Support Taiwan Studies: A Select Overview"
2046:
1472:(1964). "What the Study of China Can Do for Social Science".
547:
332:
272:
221:
2437:. National University of Singapore Libraries. Archived from
1341:
1339:
480:. Since then, the scope of sinology has expanded to include
2371:
2135:. Honolulu: Brill; reprinted, University of Hawai'i Press.
1367:
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was especially valuable. The best full translation of the
2219:
1384:
1382:
1336:
194:
180:
1124:, China Heritage Project, Australian National University
663:
and one in a mixture of Literary Chinese and vernacular
616:), and foreign sinology is translated as "Han studies" (
1149:
Journal of the European Association for Chinese Studies
950:
China and Sino-American relations was Chinese-American
2236:
Sinology Project, University of Massachusetts, Amherst
701:. Among the European literati interested in China was
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126:
112:
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1292:
American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language
526:
314:
300:
1294:(Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 3rd edition 1992): 1686.
1622:(1964). "The Case for the Integrity of Sinology".
1433:
1321:
1270:
741:. In 1711, he appointed a young Chinese man named
1309:
1297:
3014:
2412:
2101:(Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1969).
244:
2125:A Brief History of Chinese Studies and Sinology
1808:"التعاون التعليمي الصيني- العربي في سبعين عاما"
1520:"The Humanistic Disciplines: Will Sinology Do?"
749:, who published a grammar of Chinese in 1742.
580:) as well as with the study of the West (first
2268:
1668:(December 1964). "A Lone Cheer for Sinology".
1116:Bulletin de l'École française d'Extrême Orient
922:proclamation of the People's Republic of China
822:for ten years. Abel-Rémusat's counterparts in
531:—which ultimately derive from "Qin", i.e. the
365:
351:
337:
2484:
2470:
867:succeeded to the position after the death of
771:
572:. It was contrasted with the study of Japan (
68:
54:
2262:"Swedish Sinology: A Historical Perspective"
993:the humanistic studies in the Chinese field.
857:
799:
774:Università degli studi di Napoli L'Orientale
277:
263:
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723:
508:
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1405:Brown, Deborah (September–December 2004).
1388:
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2076:
1796:(Translated by Lóng Jiāng 2020 ed.).
1664:
1587:
1535:
1054:
946:One of the earliest American scholars of
2415:"Research Resources for Chinese Studies"
2043:Journal of the American Oriental Society
2014:. New Haven: American Oriental Society.
1566:
1514:
961:In 1964 an exchange in the pages of the
2205:Australian Center on China in the World
1886:"Focus | China Heritage Quarterly"
1468:
1093:China since its establishment in 2011.
3015:
2353:School of Oriental and African Studies
2278:. Netherlands: Sinological Institute,
1794:History of the development of Sinology
856:served as the chair of Chinese at the
504:were coined around 1838, derived from
196:
158:
2458:
2107:ALA Guide to Researching Modern China
2009:
1951:
1773:from the original on 24 November 2022
1404:
1398:
1330:
1315:
1303:
1279:
2276:"Internet Guide for Chinese Studies"
1988:
1985:, London: Han-Shan Tang Books, 1995.
1981:Cayley, John & Ming Wilson ed.,
1892:from the original on 13 January 2019
1761:"Jewel of Chinese Muslim's Heritage"
1618:
553:
1439:
1101:For a more comprehensive list, see
638:
633:
597:
13:
2104:
1836:. 17 November 2022. Archived from
1791:
1737:. 26 December 2022. Archived from
1229:
1136:Harvard Journal of Asiatic Studies
840:Hans Georg Conon von der Gabelentz
14:
3039:
2372:Northwestern University Library.
2151:
1810:. 7 December 2019. Archived from
1572:"The Fetish of the 'Disciplines'"
3000:
2988:
2976:
2964:
2257:- Australian National University
2109:. American Library Association.
1914:. 5 October 2008. Archived from
1019:
564:In Japan, sinology was known as
1922:
1904:
1878:
1852:
1826:
1800:
1785:
1753:
1727:
1704:
1658:
1612:
1560:
1508:
1462:
1154:The (Cambridge) China Quarterly
785:
682:
222:
195:
181:
2367:. USA: University of Michigan.
2355:Library, University of London.
2325:Indiana University Bloomington
2232:- City University of Hong Kong
1932:. 5 April 2009. Archived from
1723:Australian National University
1721:, China Heritage Project, The
1443:History of Education Quarterly
1422:(3/4): 281–314. Archived from
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301:
157:
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127:
113:
99:
69:
55:
25:. For the study of sound, see
1:
2311:. Harvard University Library.
2299:. USA: University of Chicago.
2080:Chinese History: A New Manual
1960:. ABC-CLIO. pp. 25–134.
1862:. 26 May 2022. Archived from
1251:
1241:Journal of Contemporary China
1001:, China Watchers centered in
16:Area studies focused on China
2177:Resources in other libraries
2129:Zurndorfer, Harriet (1999).
2077:Wilkinson, Endymion (2012).
1670:The Journal of Asian Studies
1624:The Journal of Asian Studies
1524:The Journal of Asian Studies
1474:The Journal of Asian Studies
869:Marquis d'Hervey-Saint-Denys
518:
7:
2269:Library and research guides
2230:Chinese Civilisation Centre
1952:Asato, Noriko, ed. (2013).
1211:
1108:
934:Chiang Ching-kuo Foundation
590:
582:
574:
566:
527:
10:
3044:
1944:
1235:Shambaugh, David (2024). "
1215:
1122:Chinese Heritage Quarterly
1100:
557:
20:
2886:
2493:
2327:Libraries. Archived from
2172:Resources in your library
1834:"الملتقى القطري للمؤلفين"
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2010:Honey, David B. (2001).
1576:Journal of Asian Studies
1143:Journal of Asian Studies
964:Journal of Asian Studies
808:Jean-Pierre Abel-Rémusat
488:, among other subjects.
50:Traditional Chinese
2382:Northwestern University
1989:Cole, James H. (2003).
1974:Barrett, Timothy Hugh,
1083:Ali bin Ghanem Al-Hajri
879:20th and 21st centuries
760:"Sacred Congregation" (
64:Simplified Chinese
2413:University Libraries.
2390:"China and Inner Asia"
2345:"China and Inner Asia"
2248:China Heritage Project
2187:The Sinology Institute
2123:Zurndorfer, Harriet, "
2099:Excursions in Sinology
1055:20th century and after
812:taught himself Chinese
762:
756:, a missionary of the
729:(News from China) and
724:
721:who penned his famous
708:L'orphelin de la Chine
509:
409:, also referred to as
245:
1264:Cf. p.4, Zurndorfer,
956:University of Chicago
844:University of Leipzig
818:, had been living in
705:, who wrote the play
21:For the company, see
2321:Resources by Subject
2225:Chinese Text Project
2192:New Sinology 后汉学/後漢學
2105:Ye, Yunshan (2014).
2052:Mungello, David E.,
1792:Mò, Dōngyín (1943).
1766:. 24 November 2022.
1415:Issues & Studies
1181:Sino-Platonic Papers
1062:Ain Shams University
978:Benjamin I. Schwartz
790:In 1814, a chair of
689:Age of Enlightenment
588:, then more broadly
296:Revised Romanization
2909:Culture by location
2041:of the work in the
1840:on 17 November 2022
1741:on 26 December 2022
1710:Barmé, Geremie R.,
1456:10.1017/heq.2020.10
1218:Outline of sinology
1167:Late Imperial China
1103:List of sinologists
674:. Ricci arrived in
513:, in turn from the
423:academic discipline
413:, is a subfield of
2944:Vernacular culture
2668:Germanic languages
2423:Rutgers University
2253:2011-07-16 at the
2241:2016-03-04 at the
2210:2017-02-15 at the
2197:2017-02-10 at the
2060:2022-12-06 at the
2037:2016-08-27 at the
1918:on 5 October 2008.
1912:"東方学報 京都大学人文科学研究所"
1814:on 7 December 2019
1717:2015-04-11 at the
1620:Mote, Frederick W.
1568:Schwartz, Benjamin
1516:Levenson, Joseph R
1470:Skinner, G William
1266:China Bibliography
969:G. William Skinner
941:John King Fairbank
763:De propaganda fide
714:The Orphan of Zhao
651:seeking to spread
538:In the context of
419:East Asian studies
2952:
2951:
2934:Political culture
2441:on 7 January 2019
2400:on 7 January 2019
2380:. Illinois, USA:
2374:"Chinese Studies"
2361:"Chinese Studies"
2331:on 7 January 2019
2317:"Chinese Studies"
2305:"Chinese Studies"
2293:"Chinese Studies"
2282:. 21 August 1998.
2280:Leiden University
2158:Library resources
2116:978-0-8389-1209-6
2002:978-0-7656-0395-1
1967:978-1-59884-843-4
1389:Zurndorfer (1999)
1376:, pp. 32–33.
1374:Zurndorfer (1999)
1358:Zurndorfer (1999)
1346:Zurndorfer (1999)
1160:Journal Asiatique
982:Frederick W. Mote
865:Édouard Chavannes
859:Collège de France
802:Collège de France
731:Giambattista Vico
554:Japanese sinology
404:
403:
396:
395:
322:
321:
310:McCune–Reischauer
229:
228:
87:Standard Mandarin
3035:
3005:
3004:
3003:
2993:
2992:
2991:
2981:
2980:
2979:
2969:
2968:
2967:
2960:
2924:Official culture
2904:Cultural studies
2593:Central European
2487:cultural studies
2479:
2472:
2465:
2456:
2455:
2451:(includes China)
2450:
2448:
2446:
2426:
2409:
2407:
2405:
2394:Oxford LibGuides
2385:
2368:
2356:
2340:
2338:
2336:
2312:
2300:
2283:
2218:
2146:
2120:
2097:Yang Liansheng,
2094:
2028:E.G. Pulleyblank
2025:
2006:
1971:
1938:
1937:
1936:on 5 April 2009.
1926:
1920:
1919:
1908:
1902:
1901:
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1882:
1876:
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1798:
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1783:
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1778:
1772:
1765:
1757:
1751:
1750:
1748:
1746:
1731:
1725:
1708:
1702:
1701:
1666:Twitchett, Denis
1662:
1656:
1655:
1616:
1610:
1609:
1591:
1564:
1558:
1557:
1539:
1512:
1506:
1505:
1466:
1460:
1459:
1437:
1431:
1430:
1429:on 27 July 2011.
1428:
1411:
1402:
1396:
1386:
1377:
1371:
1365:
1355:
1349:
1343:
1334:
1328:
1319:
1313:
1307:
1301:
1295:
1289:
1283:
1277:
1268:
1262:
1174:Monumenta Serica
905:Julian Shchutsky
861:
860:
854:Stanislas Julien
805:
804:
777:
776:
768:Pope Clement XII
765:
747:Étienne Fourmont
727:
725:Novissima Sinica
661:Literary Chinese
639:Early modern era
634:Western sinology
628:
623:
619:
614:
609:
605:
598:Chinese sinology
593:
587:
579:
571:
530:
521:
512:
478:Chinese language
470:Chinese classics
427:Chinese language
392:
391:
375:
374:
369:
368:
355:
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341:
340:
318:
317:
304:
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287:
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132:
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116:
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102:
101:
78:
77:
72:
71:
58:
57:
32:
31:
3043:
3042:
3038:
3037:
3036:
3034:
3033:
3032:
3028:Chinese culture
3013:
3012:
3011:
3001:
2999:
2989:
2987:
2977:
2975:
2965:
2963:
2955:
2953:
2948:
2882:
2843:Southeast Asian
2768:Native American
2489:
2483:
2444:
2442:
2429:
2419:Research Guides
2403:
2401:
2388:
2365:Research Guides
2359:
2343:
2334:
2332:
2315:
2309:Research Guides
2303:
2291:
2274:
2271:
2260:Torbjörn Lodén,
2255:Wayback Machine
2243:Wayback Machine
2216:
2212:Wayback Machine
2202:The China Story
2199:Wayback Machine
2183:
2182:
2181:
2166:
2165:
2161:
2154:
2149:
2143:
2117:
2091:
2062:Wayback Machine
2039:Wayback Machine
2022:
2003:
1995:. M.E. Sharpe.
1968:
1947:
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1941:
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1719:Wayback Machine
1712:On New Sinology
1709:
1705:
1682:10.2307/2050419
1663:
1659:
1636:10.2307/2050234
1617:
1613:
1589:10.2307/2050236
1565:
1561:
1537:10.2307/2050230
1513:
1509:
1486:10.2307/2050232
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1348:, p. 8-14.
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1247:(146): 314–331.
1232:
1230:Further reading
1220:
1214:
1111:
1106:
1099:
1057:
1027:
1022:
986:Denis Twitchett
974:Joseph Levenson
915:Book of Changes
881:
816:Nikita Bichurin
798:was founded at
788:
685:
641:
636:
600:
562:
556:
494:
482:Chinese history
476:written in the
468:concerning the
234:Vietnamese name
138:Tongyong Pinyin
128:
30:
17:
12:
11:
5:
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2914:Ethnic studies
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2497:
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2474:
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2459:
2453:
2452:
2435:Subject Guides
2431:"Area Studies"
2427:
2421:. New Jersey:
2410:
2386:
2369:
2357:
2349:Subject Guides
2341:
2313:
2301:
2297:Library Guides
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2152:External links
2150:
2148:
2147:
2142:978-9004102781
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2115:
2102:
2095:
2089:
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2050:
2021:978-0940490161
2020:
2007:
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1948:
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1940:
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1903:
1877:
1866:on 26 May 2022
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1676:(1): 109–112.
1657:
1630:(4): 531–534.
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930:China watchers
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898:Emile Durkheim
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1020:Arab Sinology
1017:
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1014:Geremie Barmé
1010:
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989:
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972:objectives."
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2738:Kremlinology
2658:Filipinology
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2439:the original
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384:Romanization
207:Southern Min
94:Hanyu Pinyin
44:Chinese name
18:
2773:New Zealand
2613:Circumpolar
2558:Assyriology
1201:Toho Gakuho
1129:Euro-Sinica
1097:Sinologists
1025:Before 1900
997:During the
836:James Legge
832:Samuel Kidd
754:Matteo Ripa
694:chinoiserie
687:During the
533:Qin dynasty
522:, from the
492:Terminology
253:Korean name
3017:Categories
2748:Macedonian
2728:Kartvelian
2643:Eskimology
2633:Egyptology
2628:East Asian
2573:Belarusian
2563:Australian
2506:Albanology
2264:(archived)
2071:0824812190
2026:(See also
1896:23 October
1391:, p.
1360:, p.
1252:References
1188:T'oung Pao
1032:Muhammad's
920:After the
758:Neapolitan
649:Dominicans
558:See also:
506:Late Latin
502:sinologist
496:The terms
474:literature
472:and other
443:philosophy
439:literature
240:Vietnamese
122:Wade–Giles
3007:Singapore
2995:Hong Kong
2929:Philology
2919:Ethnology
2863:Ukrainian
2858:Turkology
2763:Mongolian
2693:Hispanism
2688:Hungarian
2648:Ethiopian
2618:Coptology
2548:Aromanian
2485:Regional
2378:LibGuides
1698:162434544
1652:163521238
1606:146894392
1554:163599896
1502:143323553
1224:Sinophile
1079:Guangzhou
1003:Hong Kong
952:Tang Tsou
752:In 1732,
739:Louis XIV
699:Dark Ages
676:Guangzhou
466:philology
182:hon3 hok6
129:han-hsüeh
3023:Sinology
2873:Yugoslav
2828:Sinology
2813:Scottish
2778:Oriental
2753:Mandaean
2718:Japanese
2698:Indology
2683:Hellenic
2673:Hawaiian
2653:European
2623:Croatian
2583:Canadian
2543:Armenian
2511:American
2445:23 April
2404:22 April
2335:23 April
2251:Archived
2239:Archived
2208:Archived
2195:Archived
2163:Sinology
2058:Archived
2035:Archived
1930:"東洋史研究会"
1890:Archived
1870:28 March
1844:27 March
1818:27 March
1768:Archived
1745:27 March
1715:Archived
1570:(1964).
1518:(1964).
1212:See also
1109:Journals
1037:Zheng He
999:Cold War
948:Cold War
848:Wang Tao
703:Voltaire
653:Catholic
576:kokugaku
498:sinology
407:Sinology
361:Katakana
347:Hiragana
223:hàn-ha̍k
176:Jyutping
144:hàn-syué
114:ㄏㄢˋ ㄒㄩㄝˊ
108:Bopomofo
35:Sinology
27:Sonology
23:Synology
2957:Portals
2887:Related
2823:Serbian
2818:Semitic
2803:Russian
2793:Romance
2783:Pacific
2713:Italian
2703:Iranian
2678:Hebraic
2638:English
2608:Chinese
2598:Chicano
2538:Aramaic
2501:African
2323:. USA:
2127:," in
1954:"China"
1945:Sources
1777:27 June
1690:2050419
1644:2050234
1598:2050236
1546:2050230
1494:2050232
954:of the
910:I Ching
828:Germany
824:England
820:Beijing
792:Chinese
719:Leibniz
665:Hokkien
645:Jesuits
584:rangaku
568:kangaku
560:Kangaku
459:science
435:culture
431:history
390:kangaku
246:Hán học
214:Hokkien
2983:Taiwan
2878:Zhuang
2853:Taiwan
2848:Syriac
2838:Somali
2833:Slavic
2798:Romani
2788:Polish
2733:Korean
2723:Jewish
2663:German
2588:Celtic
2578:Bengal
2568:Balkan
2526:Latino
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2018:
1999:
1964:
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810:, who
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627:Hànxué
613:guóxué
591:yōgaku
524:Arabic
457:, and
455:cinema
316:hanhak
302:hanhak
259:Hangul
100:hànxué
2971:China
2868:Welsh
2708:Irish
2603:Czech
2553:Asian
2521:Black
2494:Local
2047:JSTOR
1771:(PDF)
1764:(PDF)
1694:S2CID
1686:JSTOR
1648:S2CID
1640:JSTOR
1602:S2CID
1594:JSTOR
1550:S2CID
1542:JSTOR
1498:S2CID
1490:JSTOR
1427:(PDF)
1410:(PDF)
1362:14-15
830:were
548:China
519:Sinae
515:Greek
510:Sinae
451:music
333:Kanji
273:Hanja
2533:Arab
2447:2014
2406:2014
2337:2014
2137:ISBN
2111:ISBN
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2067:ISBN
2030:'s
2016:ISBN
1997:ISBN
1962:ISBN
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1747:2023
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