556:
743:
team used techniques to determine some the color qualities of a set of butterflies. They found that color was more vivid on the dorsal side of the butterflies than on the ventral. Also, in comparing the sexes, females appeared to have differing brightness in specific spots. It is important to select for specific colors to avoid subtle shades in any of the species involved in the mimicry. Unsuccessful warning colors will reduce the efficiency of the aposematism. To select for specific colours, neural receptors in the butterflies' brains give a disproportionate recognition and selection to those shades. To test the importance of these neural and visual cues in the butterflies, researchers conducted an experiment wherein they eliminated colours from butterflies' wings. When a colour was eliminated, the butterfly was less successful in attracting mates, and therefore did not reproduce as much as its counterparts.
848:
890:
503:. In Batesian mimics defensive coloration or patterns are a bluff, mimicking those of actually poisonous or foul-tasting species. In MĂĽllerian mimicry all species of the set have honest warnings, but the similarity between members of a set allows a single encounter between a predator and one member of the set to deter that predator in all future encounters with all members of the set. In this way multiple, often unrelated species, effectively cooperate with one another to educate their mutual predators.
77:
863:
647:, while the parental species were highly unlikely to reproduce with the backcrosses. This is significant, because hybrids' mating behavior would relatively quickly isolate itself from its parental species, and eventually form a species itself, as defined by lack of gene flow. His team also hypothesized that along with a mixed inheritance of color and pattern, the hybrids also obtained a mixed preference for mates from their parental species genes. The
625:. Results from Supple and her team have shown SNP's being polymorphic mostly around hybrid zones of a genome, and they claimed this supported the mechanism of introgression over ancestral variation for genetic material exchange for certain species. Selection factors can drive introgression to revolve around genes correlated with wing pattern and color. Research has shown introgression centering on two known chromosomes that contain mimicry alleles.
42:
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longer life than other species, which allows them to better disperse their eggs for survival and speciation. This form of egg production is helpful because larvae are much more vulnerable than adult stages, although they also utilize aposematism. Because many of the nutrients needed to produce eggs are obtained in the adult stage, the larval stage is much shorter and less susceptible to predation.
819:
butterflies use cyanogenic characteristics, meaning they produce substances that have a cyanide group attached to them, ultimately making them harmful. Research has found that the amino acids needed to make the cyanic compounds come from feeding on pollen. Although feeding on pollen takes longer than
908:
species. These are listed alphabetically here, according to
Gerardo Lamas' (2017) updated checklist. Note that the subspecific nomenclature is incomplete for many species (there are over 2000 published names associated with the genus, many of which are subjective synonyms or infrasubspecific names).
742:
For aposematism and mimicry to be successful in the butterflies, they must continually evolve their colours to warn predators of their unpalatability. Sexual selection is important in maintaining aposematism, as it helps to select for specific shades of colours rather than general colors. A research
402:
butterflies have been a subject of many studies, due partly to their abundance and the relative ease of breeding them under laboratory conditions, but also because of the extensive mimicry that occurs in this group. From the nineteenth century to the present day, their study has helped scientists to
806:
female butterflies also disperse their eggs much more slowly than other species of butterflies. They obtain their nutrients for egg production through pollen in the adult stage rather than the larval stage. Due to nutrient collection in the adult rather than larval stage, adult females have a much
759:
that secrete these pheromones, The males are able to attach themselves using their denticles to these secretion sacs during mating in order to ensure secretion. Pheromones are vital when it comes to mate choice it determines the more likely chance that there will be a success in mating between the
657:
butterflies provide examples of a probably rare form of speciation, homoploid hybrid speciation, i.e. hybridization without changing the number of chromosomes. For various reasons, while it remains a good example of introgression of a color trait involved in mating from
418:
caterpillars favor and the resulting poisons they store in their tissues, the adult butterflies are usually unpalatable to predators. This warning is announced, to the mutual benefit of both parties, by bright colors and contrasting wing patterns, a phenomenon known as
534:(SNPs), which would be indicative of introgression, and hypothesized the same regulatory genes for color/pattern had comparably changed in response to the same selective forces. Similarly, molecular evidence indicates that
2448:
Darragh, Kathy; Vanjari, Sohini; Mann, Florian; Gonzalez-Rojas, Maria F.; Morrison, Colin R.; Salazar, Camilo; Pardo-Diaz, Carolina; Merrill, Richard M.; McMillan, W. Owen; Schulz, Stefan; Jiggins, Chris D. (2017-11-07).
1534:
Counterman, Brian A.; Araujo-Perez, Felix; Hines, Heather M.; Baxter, Simon W.; Morrison, Clay M.; Lindstrom, Daniel P.; Papa, Riccardo; Ferguson, Laura; Joron, Mathieu; ffrench-Constant, Richard H.; et al. (2010).
618:, it was found that gene sequences around mimicry loci were more recently diverged in comparison with the rest of the genome, providing evidence for speciation by hybridization over speciation by ancestral polymorphism.
677:, which occurs along the eastern slopes of the Andes between Colombia and Peru and whose divergent populations also have many other examples of different color pattern introgression from different geographic forms of
1919:
Nadeau, N.; Martin, S.; Kozak, K.; Salazar, C.; Dasmahapatra, K.; Davey, J.; Baxter, S.; Blaxter, M.; Mallet, J.; Jiggins, C. (2012). "Genome-wide patterns of divergence and gene flow across a butterfly radiation".
1647:
Supple, M., Hines, H., Dasmahapatra, K., Lewis J., Nielsen D., Lavoie, C., Ray, D., Salavar, C., Mcmillan, O., Counterman, B. 2103. Genomic architecture of adaptive color pattern divergence and convergence in
555:
824:
larvae feed on
Passifloraceae which also have cyanogenic characteristics, the larvae have evolved the ability to neutralize cyanic molecules to protect them from the negative effects of the plant.
543:
One puzzle with MĂĽllerian mimicry/convergence is that it would be predicted the butterflies to all eventually converge on the same color and pattern for the highest predator education. Instead,
364:. This genus is distributed throughout the tropical and subtropical regions of the New World, from South America as far north as the southern United States. The larvae of these butterflies eat
2249:
Rosser, Neil; Seixas, Fernando; Queste, Lucie M; Cama, Bruna; Mori-Pezo, Ronald; Kryvokhyzha, Dmytro; Nelson, Michaela; Waite-Hudson, Rachel; Goringe, Matt; Costa, Mauro; et al. (2024).
2341:
Llaurens, V; Joron, M; Thery, M. (2014). "Cryptic differences in colour among
Mullerian mimics: how can the visual capacities of predators and prey shape the evolution of wingcolours?".
2805:
Rosser, Neil; Freitas, André V. L.; Huertas, Blanca; Joron, Mathieu; Lamas, Gerardo; Mérot, Claire; Simpson, Fraser; Willmott, Keith R.; Mallet, James; Dasmahapatra, Kanchon K. (2019).
540:
shares the same patterning homologues, but that these loci are locked into a wing patterning supergene that results in a lack of recombination and a finite set of wing pattern morphs.
2683:
Lamas, G (Ed), 2004. Atlas of
Neotropical Lepidoptera. Checklist: Part 4A Hesperioidea – Papiionoidea. Gainesville, Scientific Publishers/Association of Tropical Lepidoptera.
2108:
Mavárez, Jesús; Salazar, Camilo A.; Bermingham, Eldredge; Salcedo, Christian; Jiggins, Chris D.; Linares, Mauricio (2021). "Author correction: speciation by hybridization in
2383:
Vane-Wright R.I, P.R. Ackery eds. (1984). The
Biology of Butterflies. Symposium of the Royal Entomological Society of London. Number 11. Academic Press, London, U.K.
1001:
522:, has revealed that homologous genomic regions in the species are responsible for the convergence in wing patterns. Also, Supple had found evidence of two co-mimics
2139:
Edelman, N B; Frandsen, P B; Miyagi, M; Clavijo, B; Davey, J; Dikow, R B; GarcĂa-Accinelli, G; Van
Belleghem, S M; Patterson, N; Neafsey, D E; et al. (2019).
2692:
Lamas, G. & Jiggins, C. 2017. Chapter 12. Taxonomic list. pp. 214-244 in The
Ecology and Evolution of Heliconius Butterflies. Oxford, Oxford University Press.
1425:
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1192:
867:
1404:
1328:
1254:
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butterflies are greatly diverse and even form multiple 'mimicry rings' within the same geographical area. Additional evolutionary forces are likely at work.
755:
secrete pheromones from a yellow like sac that they secrete the scent to appear more attractive to the males. They found that typically it is virgin female
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1128:
969:
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1202:
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There is an reproductive isolation between populations so while mates are attracted by pheromones they still will choose to similar patterned winged
499:, whereby many (sometimes unrelated) species become protected by similar patterns or coloration. This is a distinct strategy from the better-known
792:
finds a female pupa and waits until a day before she is moulted to mate with her. With this type of mating there is no sexual selection present.
3242:
1662:
Joron, M; Frezal, L; Jones, R T; Chamberlain, N L; Lee, S F; Haag, C R; Whibley, A; Becuwe, M; Baxter, S W; Ferguson, L; et al. (2011).
2065:
Melo, M.; Salazar, C.; Jiggins, C.; Linares, M. (2008). "Assortative mating preferences among hybrids offer a route to hybrid speciation".
800:
pheromones to females after copulation so that no other males will approach the mated females. No other
Lepidoptera exhibit this behavior.
3329:
735:
Aposematism, using warning colors, has been noted to improve species diversification, which may also contribute to the wide range of
3203:
3229:
315:
606:, establishing the wing pattern diversity found in both species of butterfly. In a DNA sequencing comparison involving species
403:
understand how new species are formed and why nature is so diverse. In particular, the genus is suitable for the study of both
371:
Brought to the forefront of scientific attention by
Victorian naturalists, these butterflies exhibit a striking diversity and
368:
vines (Passifloraceae). Adults exhibit bright wing color patterns which signal their distastefulness to potential predators.
3319:
1711:
Mallet, J; Gilbert, L E (1995). "Why are there so many mimicry rings? Correlations between habitat, behaviour and mimicry in
909:
Additional useful images of these butterflies, largely correctly identified to subspecies, can be found in various websites.
3234:
2192:"Full-likelihood genomic analysis clarifies a complex history of species divergence and introgression: the example of the
427:
butterflies are thus MĂĽllerian mimics of one another, and are also involved in MĂĽllerian mimicry with various species of
639:
to determine its mating habits regarding preference between other hybrids and its parental species. The results showed
2393:
Mavarez, J; Salazar, C; Bermingham, E; Salcedo, C; Jiggins, C; Linares, M (2006). "Speciation by hybridization in the
2010:
Mavarez, J; Salazar, C A; Bermingham, E; Salcedo, C; Jiggins, C D; Linares, M (2006). "Speciation by hybridization in
820:
nectar feeding, the aposematic characteristics help to warn predators away and give them more time for feeding. While
3247:
3049:"Testing historical explanations for gradients in species richness in heliconiine butterflies of tropical America"
685:
is reproductively isolated enough from its "H. timareta" parent to warrant status as a species in its own right.
506:
Work has been done to understand the genetic changes responsible for the convergent evolution of wing patterns in
192:
531:
3286:
2707:
782:, however, have converged evolutionarily in regard to pupal mating. One species to exhibit this behavior is
1479:
Baxter, S W; Papa, R; Chamberlain, N; Humphray, J S; Joron, M; Morrison, C; Ffrench-Constant, R H (2008).
3324:
3138:
2451:"Male sex pheromone components in Heliconius butterflies released by the androconia affect female choice"
651:
likely had a genetic attraction for other hybrids, leading to its reproductive isolation and speciation.
19:"Crenis" redirects here. For another genus of brush-footed butterflies with the same (invalid) name, see
3143:
688:
However, at least two more recent excellent examples of homoploid hybrid speciation have cropped up in
76:
3273:
3036:
2653:
Nahrstedt A, R.H. Davis. 1980. The occurrence of the cyanoglucosides linamarin and lotaustralin, in
489:, and benefit from mimicking other unpalatable species of butterfly in their local habitat, such as
375:, both amongst themselves and with species in other groups of butterflies and moths. The study of
778:
has evolved two forms of mating. The main form is standard sexual reproduction. Some species of
578:
has been hypothesized to occur in this genus and may contribute to the diverse mimicry found in
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2023:
1812:
1664:"Chromosomal rearrangements maintain a polymorphic supergene controlling butterfly mimicry"
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1306:
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57:
2807:"Cryptic speciation associated with geographic and ecological divergence in two Amazonian
486:
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8:
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1414:
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1182:
1086:
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182:
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2874:
2861:
Kapan, D D (2001). "Three-butterfly system provides a field test of MĂĽllerian mimicry".
2612:
2548:
2410:
2277:
2250:
2027:
1816:
1590:
Joron, M; Papa, R; Beltran, M; Chamberlain, N; Mavarez, J; Baxter, S; Abanto, M (2006).
2989:
2955:"Natural hybridization in heliconiine butterflies: The species boundary as a continuum"
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moths. They are probably the models for various palatable
Batesian mimics, including
51:
2945:
2370:
2190:
Thawornwattana, Yuttapong; Seixas, Fernando A.; Yang, Ziheng; Mallet, James (2021).
2094:
1961:"Butterfly genome reveals promiscuous exchange of mimicry adaptations among species"
3169:
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628:
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404:
372:
63:
2672:
Plant- Animal Interactions: Evolutionary Ecology in Tropical and Temperate Regions
1537:"Genomic hotspots for adaptation: The population genetics of MĂĽllerian mimicry in
1612:
1557:
1382:
851:
460:
2827:
2806:
1501:
2267:
2125:
1805:
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
893:
836:
384:
365:
2784:
2302:"The evolution of the aposematism is accompanied by increased diversification"
1763:
889:
3303:
3104:
2476:
2216:
878:
667:
622:
188:
2157:
1825:
1797:"Rapid Morphological Radiation and Convergence Among Races of the Butterfly
3041:
2998:
2979:
2937:
2890:
2852:
2640:
2621:
2556:
2494:
2426:
2362:
2327:
2286:
2251:"Hybrid speciation driven by multilocus introgression of ecological traits"
2235:
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2086:
2043:
1996:
1941:
1905:
1887:
1781:
1697:
1631:
1576:
1520:
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174:
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1852:
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is today regarded as little more than a local form of the more widespread
3216:
3113:
3020:
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797:
452:
420:
353:
252:
148:
138:
128:
2418:
2035:
1977:
1679:
3208:
3047:
Rosser, N; Phillimore, AB; Huertas, B; Willmott, KR; Mallet, J (2012).
3042:
Neil Rosser et al.: Source geographic distribution data for the species
2564:
2467:
1834:
862:
571:
465:
443:
379:
and other groups of mimetic butterflies allowed the English naturalist
2908:"Multilocus analyses of admixture and introgression among hybridizing
2354:
3221:
3190:
3156:
3028:
2882:
428:
108:
88:
41:
3075:
2141:"Genomic architecture and introgression shape a butterfly radiation"
832:
582:
butterflies. It has been proposed that two closely related species,
3195:
3151:
3098:
2670:
Price P.W., T.M. Lewinsohn, G.W. Fernandes, W.W. Benson eds. 1991.
1481:"Convergent evolution in the genetic basis of MĂĽllerian mimicry in
874:
491:
455:
448:
437:
3281:
1592:"A conserved supergene locus controls color pattern diversity in
1533:
507:
432:
200:
20:
2447:
1954:
3046:
2392:
2107:
2009:
383:, following his return from Brazil in 1859, to lend support to
118:
98:
3182:
2952:
2759:
2189:
3268:
2906:
Kronforst, M R; Young, L G; Blume, L M; Gilbert, L E (2006).
1478:
666:
is no longer regarded as a good example of hybrid speciation
595:
349:
3012:
2138:
1661:
1589:
2905:
2508:
Sourakov, Andrei (2008). "Pupal Mating in Zebra Longwing (
635:
from its parental species. Melo did a study on the hybrid
2953:
Mallet, J; Beltrán, M; Neukirchen, W; Linares, M (2007).
2804:
2064:
904:
Most current researchers agree that there are some 45-50
796:
has a unique mating ritual, in which males transfer anti-
2531:
Gilbert, Lawrence E. (1976). "Postmating Female Odor in
1918:
730:
1455:"A Supergene Paints Wings for Surviving Biological War"
2299:
2248:
1801:
Inferred from Patterns of Mitochondrial DNA Evolution"
720:, which has been shown to be a hybrid species between
696:
is almost certainly an ancient hybrid species between
2674:. John Wiley and Sons, Inc, New. York, United States.
810:
2586:
2584:
2582:
2535:Butterflies: A Male-Contributed Antiaphrodisiac?".
1748:
butterflies? A review and critique of the evidence"
2340:
1643:
1641:
746:
510:species. Molecular work on two distantly related
3301:
2855:, Venette, pp. 1–328, pl. 1–51
2661:butterflies. Comp. Biochem. Physiol.68B:575-577.
2579:
2300:Prezeczek, K; Mueller, C.; Vamosi, S.M. (2008).
1652:butterflies. Genome research (2013): gr-150615.
394:
1865:
1638:
387:, who had found similar diversity amongst the
1710:
1872:butterfly species exchange mimicry alleles?"
1741:
495:. This type of mimicry typically results in
3037:Checklist of Heliconiini with links to maps
2701:
1448:
1446:
1082:– white-edged longwing or eleuchia longwing
414:Because of the type of plant material that
1866:Smith, Joel; Kronforst, Marcus R. (2013).
40:
3064:
3053:Biological Journal of the Linnean Society
2988:
2978:
2927:
2826:
2815:Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society
2630:
2620:
2484:
2466:
2317:
2276:
2266:
2225:
2215:
2166:
2156:
1986:
1976:
1895:
1842:
1824:
1771:
1717:Biological Journal of the Linnean Society
1687:
1621:
1611:
1566:
1556:
1510:
1500:
965:– Atthis longwing or false zebra longwing
2507:
1443:
888:
873:
861:
846:
831:
570:butterflies are models for the study of
554:
2590:
2530:
1735:
1229:– Mexican longwing or mountain longwing
1103:– crimson-patched longwing, red postman
1018:– Clysonymus longwing, montane longwing
770:
3302:
1794:
3080:
3079:
2860:
2727:Lepidoptera and Some Other Life Forms
2593:"Feeding and Reproductive Biology of
731:Sexual selection of aposematic colors
3287:9071CB0B-B4D1-4E62-B3C9-8118C4A8F919
3274:491817D9-9241-86C3-ECB8-D7A6D00F61F3
1452:
348:comprises a colorful and widespread
2514:News of the Lepidopterists' Society
1240:– Ismenius tiger or tiger helconian
1145:– tiger longwing or Hecale longwing
788:. In this form of mating, the male
590:, hybridized to create the species
559:Wing pattern mimicry among various
13:
2929:10.1111/j.0014-3820.2006.tb01203.x
2838:
2757:
2720:
1729:10.1111/j.1095-8312.1995.tb01057.x
811:Cyanogenic glycosides as a defence
14:
3341:
3006:
1453:Wade, Nicholas (15 August 2011).
751:In order to attract mates female
621:Hybridization is correlated with
16:Genus of brush-footed butterflies
3330:Taxa named by Jan Krzysztof Kluk
3066:10.1111/j.1095-8312.2011.01814.x
3021:Michel Cast La La diversité des
2782:
2319:10.1111/j.1749-4877.2008.00091.x
2079:10.1111/j.1558-5646.2009.00633.x
1934:10.1111/j.1365-294X.2012.05730.x
815:In order to be unpalatable, the
716:lineages. A more recent case is
75:
2798:
2776:
2751:
2733:
2714:
2695:
2686:
2677:
2664:
2647:
2524:
2501:
2441:
2386:
2377:
2334:
2293:
2242:
2183:
2132:
2101:
2058:
2003:
1948:
1912:
1859:
532:single-nucleotide polymorphisms
1788:
1704:
1655:
1583:
1527:
1472:
747:Sexual Selection of Pheromones
471:
291:Rafinesque, 1815: preoccupied)
1:
2785:"La Diversité des Heliconius"
1795:Brower, Andrew V. Z. (1994).
1437:
550:
3320:Nymphalidae of South America
1613:10.1371/journal.pbio.0040303
1558:10.1371/journal.pgen.1000796
1301:(Moreira & Mielke, 2010)
485:are famous practitioners of
395:Model for evolutionary study
209:
7:
2512:): Photographic Evidence".
1502:10.1534/genetics.107.082982
1112:(Joicey & Talbot, 1925)
10:
3346:
2268:10.1038/s41586-024-07263-w
2126:10.1038/s41586-021-03330-8
1959:Genome Consortium (2012).
827:
18:
3088:
2828:10.1093/zoolinnean/zly046
1764:10.1007/s10709-010-9530-4
1061:– Doris longwing or Doris
224:
217:
206:
199:
180:
173:
72:Scientific classification
70:
48:
39:
32:
2847:and Holzinger, R, 1994.
2760:"Heliconius Butterflies"
631:reproductively isolates
354:brush-footed butterflies
2745:Neotropical Butterflies
2158:10.1126/science.aaw2090
1826:10.1073/pnas.91.14.6491
1156:– five-spotted longwing
1002:Heliconius chestertonii
643:chose to reproduce via
2980:10.1186/1471-2148-7-28
2622:10.1073/pnas.69.6.1403
2591:Gilbert, L.E. (1972).
2557:10.1126/science.935877
2510:Heliconius charithonia
2217:10.1093/sysbio/syac009
1888:10.1098/rsbl.2013.0503
1744:"Hybrid speciation in
1108:Heliconius eratosignis
991:Heliconius charithonia
901:
886:
871:
859:
844:
785:Heliconius charithonia
669:; the problem is that
564:
356:commonly known as the
2601:Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci
1742:Brower A V Z (2011).
1426:Heliconius xanthocles
1350:Heliconius peruvianus
1340:Heliconius pardalinus
1313:– Natterer's longwing
1178:– Hermathena longwing
1172:Heliconius hermathena
1012:Heliconius clysonymus
892:
877:
865:
850:
835:
558:
2851:and related genera.
1421:– Wallace's longwing
1400:– telesiphe longwing
1394:Heliconius telesiphe
1307:Heliconius nattereri
1276:Heliconius melpomene
1193:Heliconius hewitsoni
1150:Heliconius hecalesia
933:– Antiochus longwing
927:Heliconius antiochus
868:Heliconius hewitsoni
771:Mating and offspring
681:It is unlikely that
604:Heliconius melpomene
516:Heliconius melpomene
497:convergent evolution
479:butterflies such as
2971:2007BMCEE...7...28M
2875:2001Natur.409..338K
2613:1972PNAS...69.1403G
2549:1976Sci...193..419G
2419:10.1038/nature04738
2411:2006Natur.441..868M
2306:Integrative Zoology
2036:10.1038/nature04738
2028:2006Natur.441..868M
1978:10.1038/nature11041
1817:1994PNAS...91.6491B
1680:10.1038/nature10341
1415:Heliconius wallacei
1405:Heliconius timareta
1356:– Peruvian longwing
1335:– pachinus longwing
1329:Heliconius pachinus
1287:Heliconius metharme
1261:– Leucadia longwing
1255:Heliconius leucadia
1234:Heliconius ismenius
1223:Heliconius hortense
1183:Heliconius heurippa
1087:Heliconius elevatus
1076:Heliconius eleuchia
1023:Heliconius congener
986:– Burney's longwing
718:Heliconius elevatus
594:. In addition, the
183:Papilio charithonia
3325:Nymphalidae genera
3016:Research Worldwide
2468:10.7717/peerj.3953
2204:Systematic Biology
1282:– (common) postman
1266:Heliconius luciana
1245:Heliconius lalitae
1129:Heliconius godmani
1124:– Ethilla longwing
1118:Heliconius ethilla
1050:– Demeter longwing
1044:Heliconius demeter
980:Heliconius burneyi
970:Heliconius besckei
949:Heliconius astraea
902:
887:
872:
860:
845:
565:
381:Henry Walter Bates
3297:
3296:
3256:Open Tree of Life
3082:Taxon identifiers
2758:Demaio, Massimo,
2702:Niklas Wahlberg.
2543:(4251): 419–420.
2405:(7095): 868–871.
2355:10.1111/jeb.12317
2261:(8009): 811–817.
2151:(6465): 594–599.
1922:Molecular Ecology
1811:(14): 6491–6495.
1431:
1420:
1410:
1399:
1388:
1387:(Fabricius, 1793)
1377:
1367:– ricini longwing
1366:
1361:Heliconius ricini
1355:
1345:
1334:
1324:– Numata longwing
1323:
1318:Heliconius numata
1312:
1302:
1292:
1281:
1271:
1260:
1250:
1239:
1228:
1218:
1213:Heliconius himera
1208:
1203:Heliconius hierax
1198:
1188:
1177:
1167:– Hecuba longwing
1166:
1161:Heliconius hecuba
1155:
1144:
1143:(Fabricius, 1775)
1139:Heliconius hecale
1134:
1123:
1113:
1102:
1092:
1081:
1071:
1066:Heliconius egeria
1060:
1049:
1038:
1037:(Doubleday, 1847)
1028:
1017:
1007:
996:
985:
975:
964:
959:Heliconius atthis
954:
943:
932:
918:
856:Heliconius numata
841:Heliconius hecale
724:and H. pardalinus
576:Hybrid speciation
537:Heliconius numata
530:having no shared
487:MĂĽllerian mimicry
482:Heliconius numata
409:MĂĽllerian mimicry
389:Galápagos finches
341:
340:
335:
327:
319:
308:
300:
292:
280:
272:
264:
256:
251:Castelnau, 1875:
247:Buchecker, 1880 (
240:
232:
169:
58:H. melpomene
52:Heliconius numata
3337:
3290:
3289:
3277:
3276:
3264:
3263:
3251:
3250:
3238:
3237:
3225:
3224:
3212:
3211:
3199:
3198:
3186:
3185:
3173:
3172:
3160:
3159:
3147:
3146:
3134:
3133:
3124:
3123:
3122:
3109:
3108:
3107:
3077:
3076:
3070:
3068:
3002:
2992:
2982:
2949:
2931:
2902:
2883:10.1038/35053066
2869:(6818): 338–40.
2833:
2832:
2830:
2802:
2796:
2795:
2793:
2791:
2780:
2774:
2773:
2772:
2770:
2755:
2749:
2748:
2737:
2731:
2730:
2721:Savela, Markku.
2718:
2712:
2711:
2710:on 14 June 2024.
2706:. Archived from
2699:
2693:
2690:
2684:
2681:
2675:
2668:
2662:
2651:
2645:
2644:
2634:
2624:
2607:(6): 1403–1407.
2588:
2577:
2576:
2528:
2522:
2521:
2505:
2499:
2498:
2488:
2470:
2445:
2439:
2438:
2390:
2384:
2381:
2375:
2374:
2338:
2332:
2331:
2321:
2297:
2291:
2290:
2280:
2270:
2246:
2240:
2239:
2229:
2219:
2210:(5): 1159–1177.
2187:
2181:
2180:
2170:
2160:
2136:
2130:
2129:
2105:
2099:
2098:
2073:(6): 1660–1665.
2062:
2056:
2055:
2022:(7095): 868–71.
2007:
2001:
2000:
1990:
1980:
1952:
1946:
1945:
1916:
1910:
1909:
1899:
1863:
1857:
1856:
1846:
1828:
1799:Heliconius erato
1792:
1786:
1785:
1775:
1739:
1733:
1732:
1708:
1702:
1701:
1691:
1674:(7363): 203–08.
1659:
1653:
1645:
1636:
1635:
1625:
1615:
1587:
1581:
1580:
1570:
1560:
1539:Heliconius erato
1531:
1525:
1524:
1514:
1504:
1476:
1470:
1469:
1467:
1465:
1450:
1429:
1418:
1409:(Hewitson, 1867)
1408:
1397:
1386:
1378:– Sapho longwing
1375:
1372:Heliconius sapho
1365:(Linnaeus, 1758)
1364:
1353:
1343:
1332:
1321:
1310:
1300:
1297:Heliconius metis
1290:
1280:(Linnaeus, 1758)
1279:
1269:
1258:
1248:
1237:
1226:
1216:
1206:
1197:Staudinger, 1875
1196:
1187:(Hewitson, 1853)
1186:
1176:(Hewitson, 1853)
1175:
1164:
1153:
1142:
1133:Staudinger, 1882
1132:
1121:
1111:
1101:(Linnaeus, 1764)
1100:
1097:Heliconius erato
1090:
1079:
1069:
1059:(Linnaeus, 1771)
1058:
1055:Heliconius doris
1048:Staudinger, 1897
1047:
1039:– cydno longwing
1036:
1033:Heliconius cydno
1026:
1015:
1006:(Hewitson, 1872)
1005:
997:– zebra longwing
995:(Linnaeus, 1767)
994:
983:
973:
962:
953:Staudinger, 1897
952:
944:– Aoede longwing
941:
938:Heliconius aoede
931:(Linnaeus, 1767)
930:
916:
898:Heliconius doris
629:Assortive mating
602:radiated before
600:Heliconius erato
520:Heliconius erato
501:Batesian mimicry
405:Batesian mimicry
333:
325:
314:
306:
298:
286:
278:
270:
262:
246:
238:
230:
164:
80:
79:
44:
30:
29:
3345:
3344:
3340:
3339:
3338:
3336:
3335:
3334:
3300:
3299:
3298:
3293:
3285:
3280:
3272:
3267:
3259:
3254:
3246:
3241:
3233:
3228:
3220:
3215:
3207:
3202:
3194:
3189:
3181:
3176:
3168:
3163:
3155:
3150:
3142:
3137:
3129:
3127:
3118:
3117:
3112:
3103:
3102:
3097:
3084:
3009:
2841:
2839:Further reading
2836:
2803:
2799:
2789:
2787:
2781:
2777:
2768:
2766:
2756:
2752:
2739:
2738:
2734:
2719:
2715:
2700:
2696:
2691:
2687:
2682:
2678:
2669:
2665:
2652:
2648:
2589:
2580:
2529:
2525:
2506:
2502:
2446:
2442:
2391:
2387:
2382:
2378:
2339:
2335:
2298:
2294:
2247:
2243:
2188:
2184:
2137:
2133:
2120:(7852): E4–E5.
2106:
2102:
2063:
2059:
2008:
2004:
1971:(7405): 94–98.
1953:
1949:
1917:
1913:
1876:Biology Letters
1864:
1860:
1793:
1789:
1740:
1736:
1709:
1705:
1660:
1656:
1646:
1639:
1606:(10): 1831–40.
1588:
1584:
1551:(2): e1000796.
1532:
1528:
1477:
1473:
1463:
1461:
1451:
1444:
1440:
1398:Doubleday, 1847
1389:– Sara longwing
1383:Heliconius sara
1249:Brévignon, 1996
1016:Latreille, 1817
974:Ménétriés, 1857
963:Doubleday, 1847
883:Heliconius sara
852:Numata longwing
830:
813:
773:
749:
733:
616:H. m. amaryllis
553:
474:
461:Papilio zagreus
397:
195:
186:
163:
74:
26:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3343:
3333:
3332:
3327:
3322:
3317:
3312:
3295:
3294:
3292:
3291:
3278:
3265:
3252:
3239:
3226:
3213:
3200:
3187:
3174:
3161:
3148:
3135:
3125:
3110:
3094:
3092:
3086:
3085:
3074:
3073:
3072:
3071:
3059:(3): 479–497.
3039:
3034:
3029:Tree of Life:
3026:
3018:
3008:
3007:External links
3005:
3004:
3003:
2950:
2922:(6): 1254–68.
2903:
2858:
2840:
2837:
2835:
2834:
2821:(1): 233–249.
2797:
2783:Cast, Michel.
2775:
2764:heliconius.net
2750:
2741:"Heliconiinae"
2732:
2713:
2694:
2685:
2676:
2663:
2646:
2578:
2523:
2500:
2440:
2397:butterflies".
2385:
2376:
2349:(3): 531–540.
2333:
2312:(3): 149–156.
2292:
2241:
2182:
2131:
2112:butterflies".
2100:
2057:
2014:butterflies".
2002:
1947:
1928:(3): 814–826.
1911:
1858:
1787:
1758:(2): 589–609.
1734:
1723:(2): 159–180.
1715:butterflies".
1703:
1654:
1637:
1582:
1526:
1495:(3): 1567–77.
1471:
1441:
1439:
1436:
1435:
1434:
1433:
1432:
1422:
1411:
1401:
1390:
1379:
1368:
1357:
1346:
1336:
1325:
1322:(Cramer, 1780)
1314:
1303:
1293:
1283:
1272:
1262:
1251:
1241:
1230:
1219:
1217:Hewitson, 1867
1209:
1207:Hewitson, 1869
1199:
1189:
1179:
1168:
1157:
1154:Hewitson, 1853
1146:
1135:
1125:
1122:(Godart, 1819)
1114:
1104:
1093:
1083:
1080:Hewitson, 1853
1072:
1070:(Cramer, 1775)
1062:
1051:
1040:
1029:
1019:
1008:
998:
987:
984:(HĂĽbner, 1816)
976:
966:
955:
945:
934:
920:
919:
894:Doris longwing
837:Tiger longwing
829:
826:
812:
809:
772:
769:
748:
745:
732:
729:
552:
549:
473:
470:
435:, Riodinidae (
396:
393:
385:Charles Darwin
366:passion flower
339:
338:
337:
336:
328:
320:
309:
301:
293:
287:HĂĽbner, 1816 (
281:
279:Billberg, 1820
273:
265:
257:
241:
233:
222:
221:
215:
214:
212:list in text.
208:About 39, see
204:
203:
197:
196:
187:
178:
177:
171:
170:
156:
152:
151:
146:
142:
141:
136:
132:
131:
126:
122:
121:
116:
112:
111:
106:
102:
101:
96:
92:
91:
86:
82:
81:
68:
67:
46:
45:
37:
36:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3342:
3331:
3328:
3326:
3323:
3321:
3318:
3316:
3313:
3311:
3308:
3307:
3305:
3288:
3283:
3279:
3275:
3270:
3266:
3262:
3257:
3253:
3249:
3244:
3240:
3236:
3231:
3227:
3223:
3218:
3214:
3210:
3205:
3201:
3197:
3192:
3188:
3184:
3179:
3175:
3171:
3166:
3162:
3158:
3153:
3149:
3145:
3140:
3136:
3132:
3126:
3121:
3115:
3111:
3106:
3100:
3096:
3095:
3093:
3091:
3087:
3083:
3078:
3067:
3062:
3058:
3054:
3050:
3045:
3044:
3043:
3040:
3038:
3035:
3033:
3032:
3027:
3025:
3024:
3019:
3017:
3015:
3011:
3010:
3000:
2996:
2991:
2986:
2981:
2976:
2972:
2968:
2964:
2960:
2959:BMC Evol Biol
2956:
2951:
2947:
2943:
2939:
2935:
2930:
2925:
2921:
2917:
2913:
2911:
2904:
2900:
2896:
2892:
2888:
2884:
2880:
2876:
2872:
2868:
2864:
2859:
2857:
2854:
2850:
2846:
2845:Holzinger, H.
2843:
2842:
2829:
2824:
2820:
2816:
2812:
2810:
2801:
2786:
2779:
2765:
2761:
2754:
2746:
2742:
2736:
2728:
2724:
2717:
2709:
2705:
2704:"Heliconiini"
2698:
2689:
2680:
2673:
2667:
2660:
2656:
2650:
2642:
2638:
2633:
2628:
2623:
2618:
2614:
2610:
2606:
2602:
2598:
2596:
2587:
2585:
2583:
2574:
2570:
2566:
2562:
2558:
2554:
2550:
2546:
2542:
2538:
2534:
2527:
2519:
2515:
2511:
2504:
2496:
2492:
2487:
2482:
2478:
2474:
2469:
2464:
2460:
2456:
2452:
2444:
2436:
2432:
2428:
2424:
2420:
2416:
2412:
2408:
2404:
2400:
2396:
2389:
2380:
2372:
2368:
2364:
2360:
2356:
2352:
2348:
2344:
2343:J. Evol. Biol
2337:
2329:
2325:
2320:
2315:
2311:
2307:
2303:
2296:
2288:
2284:
2279:
2274:
2269:
2264:
2260:
2256:
2252:
2245:
2237:
2233:
2228:
2223:
2218:
2213:
2209:
2205:
2201:
2199:
2195:
2186:
2178:
2174:
2169:
2164:
2159:
2154:
2150:
2146:
2142:
2135:
2127:
2123:
2119:
2115:
2111:
2104:
2096:
2092:
2088:
2084:
2080:
2076:
2072:
2068:
2061:
2053:
2049:
2045:
2041:
2037:
2033:
2029:
2025:
2021:
2017:
2013:
2006:
1998:
1994:
1989:
1984:
1979:
1974:
1970:
1966:
1962:
1958:
1951:
1943:
1939:
1935:
1931:
1927:
1923:
1915:
1907:
1903:
1898:
1893:
1889:
1885:
1881:
1877:
1873:
1871:
1862:
1854:
1850:
1845:
1840:
1836:
1832:
1827:
1822:
1818:
1814:
1810:
1806:
1802:
1800:
1791:
1783:
1779:
1774:
1769:
1765:
1761:
1757:
1753:
1749:
1747:
1738:
1730:
1726:
1722:
1718:
1714:
1707:
1699:
1695:
1690:
1685:
1681:
1677:
1673:
1669:
1665:
1658:
1651:
1644:
1642:
1633:
1629:
1624:
1619:
1614:
1609:
1605:
1601:
1597:
1595:
1586:
1578:
1574:
1569:
1564:
1559:
1554:
1550:
1546:
1545:PLOS Genetics
1542:
1540:
1530:
1522:
1518:
1513:
1508:
1503:
1498:
1494:
1490:
1486:
1484:
1475:
1460:
1456:
1449:
1447:
1442:
1428:
1427:
1423:
1419:Reakirt, 1866
1417:
1416:
1412:
1407:
1406:
1402:
1396:
1395:
1391:
1385:
1384:
1380:
1376:(Drury, 1782)
1374:
1373:
1369:
1363:
1362:
1358:
1352:
1351:
1347:
1344:(Bates, 1862)
1342:
1341:
1337:
1331:
1330:
1326:
1320:
1319:
1315:
1309:
1308:
1304:
1299:
1298:
1294:
1289:
1288:
1284:
1278:
1277:
1273:
1268:
1267:
1263:
1259:(Bates, 1862)
1257:
1256:
1252:
1247:
1246:
1242:
1236:
1235:
1231:
1225:
1224:
1220:
1215:
1214:
1210:
1205:
1204:
1200:
1195:
1194:
1190:
1185:
1184:
1180:
1174:
1173:
1169:
1163:
1162:
1158:
1152:
1151:
1147:
1141:
1140:
1136:
1131:
1130:
1126:
1120:
1119:
1115:
1110:
1109:
1105:
1099:
1098:
1094:
1091:Nöldner, 1901
1089:
1088:
1084:
1078:
1077:
1073:
1068:
1067:
1063:
1057:
1056:
1052:
1046:
1045:
1041:
1035:
1034:
1030:
1025:
1024:
1020:
1014:
1013:
1009:
1004:
1003:
999:
993:
992:
988:
982:
981:
977:
972:
971:
967:
961:
960:
956:
951:
950:
946:
940:
939:
935:
929:
928:
924:
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1327:
1316:
1311:Felder, 1865
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1285:
1274:
1264:
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698:H. telesiphe
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694:H. hecalesia
693:
689:
687:
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660:H. melpomene
659:
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645:backcrossing
640:
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620:
615:
611:
608:H. m. aglope
607:
603:
599:
591:
588:H. melpomene
587:
583:
579:
567:
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544:
542:
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528:H. melpomene
527:
523:
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490:
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476:
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464:and various
459:
442:
436:
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376:
370:
361:
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344:
343:
342:
334:HĂĽbner, 1816
330:
326:HĂĽbner, 1816
322:
311:
307:HĂĽbner, 1825
303:
299:Turner, 1976
295:
288:
283:
275:
267:
263:HĂĽbner, 1821
259:
248:
243:
239:HĂĽbner, 1816
235:
231:HĂĽbner, 1816
227:
207:
181:
175:Type species
159:
158:
62:
56:
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33:
27:
21:
3315:Heliconiini
3217:iNaturalist
3114:Wikispecies
2520:(1): 26–32.
1430:Bates, 1862
1270:Lichy, 1960
1238:Latreille,
798:aphrodisiac
766:Heliconius.
762:Heliconius.
706:H. hortense
692:. Firstly,
683:H. heurippa
675:H. timareta
671:H. heurippa
664:H. heurippa
649:H. heurippa
641:H. heurippa
637:H. heurippa
633:H. heurippa
612:H. timareta
598:containing
592:H. heurippa
472:Convergence
421:aposematism
362:heliconians
271:Godart 1819
253:preoccupied
244:Blanchardia
236:Apostraphia
149:Heliconiini
139:Nymphalidae
129:Lepidoptera
3310:Heliconius
3304:Categories
3120:Heliconius
3090:Heliconius
3031:Heliconius
3023:Heliconius
3014:Heliconius
2910:Heliconius
2849:Heliconius
2809:Heliconius
2659:Heliconius
2595:Heliconius
2533:Heliconius
2395:Heliconius
2198:Heliconius
2194:erato-sara
2110:Heliconius
2012:Heliconius
1957:Heliconius
1870:Heliconius
1746:Heliconius
1713:Heliconius
1650:Heliconius
1594:Heliconius
1483:Heliconius
1438:References
942:(HĂĽbner, )
917:Kluk, 1802
914:Heliconius
906:Heliconius
822:Heliconius
817:Heliconius
804:Heliconius
790:Heliconius
780:Heliconius
776:Heliconius
757:Heliconius
753:Heliconius
737:Heliconius
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690:Heliconius
655:Heliconius
580:Heliconius
572:speciation
568:Heliconius
561:Heliconius
551:Speciation
545:Heliconius
514:comimics,
512:Heliconius
477:Heliconius
466:Phyciodina
453:pericopine
444:Stalachtis
425:Heliconius
416:Heliconius
400:Heliconius
377:Heliconius
345:Heliconius
312:Podalirius
160:Heliconius
109:Arthropoda
34:Heliconius
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2916:Evolution
2477:2167-8359
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2196:group of
2067:Evolution
1464:17 August
714:H. himera
508:comimetic
429:Ithomiini
358:longwings
284:Migonitis
268:Heliconia
95:Kingdom:
89:Eukaryota
49:Forms of
3152:BugGuide
3128:BioLib:
3099:Wikidata
2999:17319954
2946:17899934
2938:16892975
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2095:17250691
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2044:16778888
1997:22722851
1942:22924870
1906:23864282
1782:21113790
1752:Genetica
1698:21841803
1632:17002517
1577:20140239
1521:18791259
1489:Genetics
1459:NY Times
1227:Guérin,
794:H. erato
710:H. erato
584:H. cydno
563:species.
524:H. erato
492:Melinaea
449:Acraeini
438:Ithomeis
331:Sicyonia
304:Phlogris
219:Synonyms
189:Linnaeus
135:Family:
105:Phylum:
99:Animalia
85:Domain:
3282:ZooBank
3261:1050577
3209:1900140
3105:Q655665
2990:1821009
2967:Bibcode
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2871:Bibcode
2790:23 June
2769:23 June
2609:Bibcode
2565:1742803
2545:Bibcode
2537:Science
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373:mimicry
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228:Ajantis
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145:Tribe:
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1831:JSTOR
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2173:PMID
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1955:The
1938:PMID
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166:Kluk
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