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367:. When the model is abundant, mimics with imperfect model patterns or slightly different coloration from the model are still avoided by predators. This is because the predator has a strong incentive to avoid potentially lethal organisms, given the likelihood of encountering one. However, in areas where the model is scarce or locally extinct, mimics are driven to accurate aposematic coloration. This is because predators attack imperfect mimics more readily where there is little chance that they are the model species. Frequency-dependent selection may also have driven Batesian mimics to become polymorphic in rare cases where a single genetic switch controls appearance, as in the swallowtail butterflies (the
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perfection. They may gain advantage from resembling multiple models at once. Humans may evaluate mimics differently from actual predators. Mimics may confuse predators by resembling both model and nonmimic at the same time (satyric mimicry). Kin selection may enforce poor mimicry. The selective advantage of better mimicry may not outweigh the advantages of other strategies like thermoregulation or camouflage.
219:, as well as thousands of other insects specimens. In sorting these butterflies into similar groups based on appearance, inconsistencies began to arise. Some appeared superficially similar to others, so much so that even Bates could not tell some species apart based only on wing appearance. However, closer examination of less obvious
129:
of the model, the
Batesian mimic gains an advantage, without having to go to the expense of arming itself. The model, on the other hand, is disadvantaged, along with the dupe. If impostors appear in high numbers, positive experiences with the mimic may result in the model being treated as harmless.
593:
wasps. However, it is not a perfect mimic. Wasps have long black antennae and this fly does not. Instead, they wave their front legs above their heads to look like the antennae on the wasps. Many reasons have been suggested for imperfect mimicry. Imperfect mimics may simply be evolving towards
94:, a form of mutually beneficial convergence between two or more harmful species. However, because the mimic may have a degree of protection itself, the distinction is not absolute. It can also be contrasted with functionally different forms of mimicry. Perhaps the sharpest contrast here is with
362:
In
Batesian mimicry, the mimic effectively copies the coloration of an aposematic animal, known as the model, to deceive predators into behaving as if it were distasteful. The success of this dishonest display depends on the level of toxicity of the model and the abundance of the model in the
89:
Batesian mimicry is the most commonly known and widely studied of mimicry complexes, such that the word mimicry is often treated as synonymous with
Batesian mimicry. There are many other forms however, some very similar in principle, others far separated. It is often contrasted with
1316:
Brower, Lincoln P.; Westcott, Peter W. (1960-09-01). "Experimental
Studies of Mimicry. 5. The Reactions of Toads (Bufo terrestris) to Bumblebees (Bombus americanorum) and Their Robberfly Mimics (Mallophora bomboides), with a Discussion of Aggressive Mimicry".
138:), enabling them to mimic several different models and thereby to gain greater protection. Batesian mimicry is not always perfect. A variety of explanations have been proposed for this, including limitations in predators'
561:. In MĂĽllerian mimicry, both model and mimic are aposematic, so mimicry may be mutual, does not necessarily constitute a bluff or deception and as in the wasps and bees may involve many species in a mimicry ring.
496:, where females of one species mimic the mating signals of another species, deceiving males to come close enough for them to eat. Mimicry sometimes does not involve a predator at all though. Such is the case in
363:
geographical area. The more toxic the model is, the more likely it is that the predator will avoid the mimic. The abundance of the model species is also important for the success of the mimic because of
550:
species of varying toxicity. Some feed on more toxic plants and store these toxins within themselves. The more palatable caterpillars thus profit from the more toxic members of the same species.
130:
At higher frequency there is also a stronger selective advantage for the predator to distinguish mimic from model. For this reason, mimics are usually less numerous than models, an instance of
1506:
would be a better term (Pasteur, 1972; Bees, 1977; Rothschild, 1979). Note that all of the antagonisms raised by
Batesian mimicry will arise, but now the model and the mimic are conspecific.
1494:, with one being completely potent with regard to cardiac glycoside toxicity, the second not. The first will fit all of the characteristics for warning coloration, the second not. In fact,
702:
to detect their prey. Some potential prey are unpalatable to bats, and produce an ultrasonic aposematic signal, the auditory equivalent of warning coloration. In response to echolocating
504:. In protective mimicry, the meeting between mimic and dupe is not such a fortuitous occasion for the mimic, and the signals it mimics tend to lower the probability of such an encounter.
254:, and were thus avoided by them. He extended that logic to forms that closely resembled such protected species and mimicked their warning coloration but not their toxicity.
223:
characters seemed to show that they were not even closely related. Shortly after his return to
England, he read a paper on his theory of mimicry at a meeting of the
515:
machinery identifies as belonging to the crop. Vavilovian mimicry is not
Batesian, because man and crop are not enemies. By contrast, a leaf-mimicking plant, the
1673:
800:
MĂĽllerian mimicry in its simplest form is not a bluff at all, but since toxicity is relative, there is a spectrum of mimicry from
Batesian to MĂĽllerian.
250:
and flew in a leisurely manner, almost as if taunting predators to eat them. He reasoned that these butterflies were unpalatable to birds and other
724:
moths that produce such warning sounds as well. Acoustic mimicry complexes, both
Batesian and MĂĽllerian, may be widespread in the auditory world.
207:
in 1848. While
Wallace returned in 1852, Bates remained for over a decade. Bates's field research included collecting almost a hundred species of
519:, employs Batesian mimicry by adapting its leaf shape and colour to match that of its host to deter herbivores from eating its edible leaves.
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500:, where the mimic once again benefits from the encounter. For instance, some fungi have their spores dispersed by insects by smelling like
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showed that color proportions in these snakes were important in deceiving predators but that the order of the colored rings was not.
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on 21 November 1861, which was then published in 1862 as 'Contributions to an Insect Fauna of the Amazon Valley' in the society's
534:; the model is the same species as its mimic. Equivalent to Batesian mimicry within a single species, it occurs when there is a
2332:
1674:
http://digitallibrary.amnh.org/bitstream/handle/2246/2364//v2/dspace/ingest/pdfSource/nov/N1492.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y
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Brower, L. P.; Ryerson, W. N.; Coppinger, L. L.; Glazier, S. C. (1968). "Ecological chemistry and the palatability spectrum".
569:
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Brower, L. P. (1970) Plant poisons in a terrestrial food chain and implications for mimicry theory. In K. L. Chambers (ed)
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235:
1901:
1897:"Mimicry on the edge: Why do mimics vary in resemblance to their model in different parts of their geographical range?"
1809:
1772:
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Dittrich, W.; Gilbert, F.; Green, P.; McGregor, P.; Grewcock, D. (1993). "Imperfect mimicry – a pigeons perspective".
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A case somewhat similar to Batesian mimicry is that of mimetic weeds, which imitate agricultural crops. In weed or
359:(warning) patterns. The brightness of such warning signs is correlated with the level of toxicity of the organism.
1946:
Kikuchi, David W.; Pfennig, David W. (December 2010). "Predator Cognition Permits Imperfect Coral Snake Mimicry".
113:. The predatory species mediating indirect interactions between the mimic and the model is variously known as the
646:
1537:
MĂĽller, F. (1879). "Ituna and Thyridia; a remarkable case of mimicry in butterflies. (R. Meldola translation)".
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discharge of the electric eel. This is thought to be Batesian mimicry of the powerfully protected electric eel.
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produce warning sounds. Bats learn to avoid the harmful moths, but similarly avoid other species such as some
583:
In imperfect Batesian mimicry, the mimics do not exactly resemble their models. An example of this is the fly
2589:
1235:
Foster, Brodie; McCulloch, Graham; Foster, Yasmin; Kroos, Gracie; King, Tania; Waters, Jonathan (July 2023).
364:
131:
740:, is capable of delivering a powerful electric shock that can stun or kill its prey. Bluntnose knifefishes,
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Predators may identify their prey by sound as well as sight; mimics have accordingly evolved to deceive the
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the second butterfly is a harmless Batesian mimic of the first, even though both belong to the same species
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177:
109:, while the imitated species (protected by its toxicity, foul taste or other defenses) is known as the
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where a harmless species has evolved to imitate the warning signals of a harmful species directed at a
2659:
224:
427:
2518:
2124:
Stoddard, P. K. (1999). "Predation enhances complexity in the evolution of electric fish signals".
711:
444:
17:
1688:"The relationship between mimetic imperfection and phenotypic variation in insect colour patterns"
492:, where the mimic profits from interactions with the signal receiver. One such case of this is in
331:
to become more efficient at defeating the prey's adaptations. Some organisms have evolved to make
2295:
1093:"High-model abundance may permit the gradual evolution of Batesian mimicry: an experimental test"
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377:
324:
280:
258:
243:
1668:
Curran, C. H. (1951). Synopsis of the North American species of Spilomyia (Syrphidae, Diptera).
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2487:
2450:
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Howse, P. E.; Allen, J. A. (1994). "Satyric mimicry – the evolution of apparent imperfection".
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system, which means that all three parties are from different species. An example would be the
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Bates put forward the hypothesis that the close resemblance between unrelated species was an
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where a predator or parasite mimics a harmless species, avoiding detection and improving its
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2013:
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649:, analogous to a herbivorous insect's mimicking a well-defended insect to deter predators.
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explanation required no supernatural forces, it met with considerable criticism from
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1975:
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Only certain traits may be required to deceive predators; for example, tests on the
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is an imperfect Batesian mimic of wasps, lacking their long antennae and wasp waist.
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are aposematic by sound, emitting ultrasonic warning signals. They are mimicked by
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139:
1580:
854:"Contributions to an insect fauna of the Amazon valley (Lepidoptera: Heliconidae)"
669:
2336:
2321:
Review of Contributions to an insect fauna of the Amazon valley by Charles Darwin
2292:
Avoiding Attack: The Evolutionary Ecology of Crypsis, Warning Signals and Mimicry
2094:
1062:
828:"Contributions to an insect fauna of the Amazon valley. Lepidoptera: Heliconidae"
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742:
691:
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border (where the two are in the same area, and where they are not) of the mimic
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196:
166:
2380:
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Batesian mimicry of ants appears to have evolved in certain plants, as a visual
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558:
402:
2445:
2041:
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
1423:
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
1287:
Vane-Wright, R. I. (1976). "A unified classification of mimetic resemblances".
332:
266:
1378:
1361:
2643:
2283:
1518:
MĂĽller, Fritz (1878). "Ueber die Vortheile der Mimicry bei Schmetterlingen".
1338:
1076:
1057:
716:
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661:, have dark dots and stripes on their flowers thought to serve this purpose.
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signals of strongly electric fish, probably constituting electrical mimicry.
162:
2061:
1636:
145:
While visual signals have attracted most study, Batesian mimicry can employ
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2155:
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1967:
1932:
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83:
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50:
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2261:
Pasteur, Georges (1982). "A classificatory review of mimicry systems".
2219:
2179:
1498:. L. Brower, J. Brower, and Corvino (1967) have termed this phenomenon
936:
915:
Pasteur, Georges (1982). "A classificatory review of mimicry systems".
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41:
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predators, constituting auditory Batesian mimicry, while some weakly
46:
2211:
1959:
1330:
1053:
598:
547:
463:
192:
99:
71:
2147:
746:, create an electric discharge pattern similar to the low voltage
319:
Most living things have predators and therefore are in a constant
2537:
2372:
516:
501:
67:
32:
1992:
Lev-Yadun, Simcha (2009). "Ant mimicry by Passiflora Flowers?".
1844:
Johnstone, R. A. (2002). "The evolution of inaccurate mimics".
590:
522:
Another analogous case within a single species has been termed
1558:
1362:"Leaf Mimicry in a Climbing Plant Protects against Herbivory"
1142:"Rapid evolution of mimicry following local model extinction"
348:
344:
343:. Others have developed chemical defences such as the deadly
150:
1769:
1417:
Brower, L. P.; Van Brower, J. V. Z.; Corvino, J. M. (1967).
2198:
Evans, M. A. (1965). "Mimicry and the Darwinian Heritage".
791:
This is often described as parasitizing the honest signals.
488:
Batesian mimicry stands in contrast to other forms such as
2341:
1234:
686:
moths, which are not foul-tasting but emit similar sounds.
184:
described the form of mimicry that bears his name in 1861.
695:
347:
of certain snakes and wasps, or the noxious scent of the
158:
2279:
A detailed discussion of the different forms of mimicry.
1945:
1237:"ebony underpins Batesian mimicry in melanic stoneflies"
134:. Some mimetic populations have evolved multiple forms (
1416:
74:
of them both. It is named after the English naturalist
39:
from Bates 1861, illustrating Batesian mimicry between
2247:
Defence in Animals: A Survey of Anti-Predator Defences
1685:
2310:. Chapters 10 and 11 provide an up-to-date synopsis.
2234:(Translated from the German) McGraw-Hill, New York.
1612:"A Mullerian mimicry ring in Appalachian millipedes"
1539:
Proclamations of the Entomological Society of London
53:) (second and bottom rows). A non-Batesian species,
1058:"Antipredator deception in terrestrial vertebrates"
887:
485:), which is noxious to predators due to its sting.
261:explanation fitted well with the recent account of
1603:
995:
635:The elongated spots on the reproductive organs of
538:within a population of harmful prey. For example,
246:. He noted that some species showed very striking
2037:"Acoustic mimicry in a predator prey interaction"
1987:
1985:
1554:
1552:
396:
27:Bluffing imitation of a strongly defended species
2641:
1609:
553:Another important form of protective mimicry is
1616:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
557:, discovered by and named after the naturalist
2249:. Harlow, Essex & NY: Longman 357 p.
1982:
1686:Holloway, G.; Gilbert, F.; Brandt, A. (2002).
1549:
1315:
1282:
1280:
1090:
530:and Jane Van Zandt Brower). This is a case of
283:, both in academic circles and in the broader
233:. He elaborated on his experiences further in
2357:
2117:
1894:
1469:
1139:
1001:
564:
392:: the former is deceptive, the latter honest.
157:warning signals sent by unpalatable moths to
2034:
2030:
2028:
1407:Corvallis, OR: Oregon State Univ. pp. 69-82.
1195:"Diversity in mimicry: paradox or paradigm?"
883:
881:
454:Batesian mimicry is a case of protective or
45:species (top row and third row) and various
2324:The Complete Works of Charles Darwin Online
2194:Provides many examples of Batesian Mimicry.
1939:
1419:"Plant poisons in a terrestrial food chain"
1286:
1277:
1188:
1182:
2364:
2350:
2330:Biographical sketch of Bates, with picture
2004:
1806:
511:, the weed survives by having seeds which
2558:Coloration evidence for natural selection
2070:
2060:
2025:
1991:
1922:
1843:
1754:
1743:Biological Journal of the Linnean Society
1713:
1645:
1635:
1476:Bell, William J.; Cardé, Ring T. (2013).
1475:
1452:
1442:
1399:
1397:
1377:
1290:Biological Journal of the Linnean Society
1260:
1165:
1116:
1075:
1029:
1019:
978:
910:
908:
906:
904:
878:
869:
858:Biological Journal of the Linnean Society
2263:Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics
2123:
1002:Gohli, Jostein; Högstedt, Göran (2010).
949:
917:Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics
668:
655:flowers of at least 22 species, such as
630:
620:
568:
383:
300:
176:
172:
31:
2260:
2093:
2011:Weins, D. (1978). "Mimicry in plants".
1736:
1359:
1091:Kikuchi, D. W.; Pfennig, D. W. (2009).
1046:
1008:Communicative & Integrative Biology
914:
818:
816:
14:
2642:
1895:Harper, G. R.; Pfennig, D. W. (2007).
1536:
1517:
1394:
1140:Akcali, C. K.; Pfennig, D. W. (2014).
901:
769:(females mimic multiple model species)
269:, as outlined in his famous 1859 book
2345:
2197:
2035:Barber, J. R.; Conner, W. E. (2007).
2010:
1739:"Why are there good and poor mimics?"
1004:"Reliability in aposematic signaling"
851:
822:
727:
698:are nocturnal predators that rely on
2257:Chapter 4 discusses this phenomenon.
1502:, though others have suggested that
1052:
955:"The coevolution of warning signals"
813:
355:to their attackers with conspicuous
305:The yellow-banded poison dart frog (
105:The imitating species is called the
2275:10.1146/annurev.es.13.110182.001125
929:10.1146/annurev.es.13.110182.001125
894:The Naturalist on the River Amazons
833:Transactions of the Linnean Society
664:
641:may mimic ants to deter herbivores.
471:, which is a Batesian mimic of its
236:The Naturalist on the River Amazons
24:
2498:Pouyannian (with pseudocopulation)
2242:Especially the first two chapters.
2173:
1902:Proceedings of the Royal Society B
1810:Proceedings of the Royal Society B
1773:Proceedings of the Royal Society B
1756:10.1111/j.1095-8312.2000.tb01234.x
1693:Proceedings of the Royal Society B
1610:Marek, P. E.; Bond, J. E. (2009).
1303:10.1111/j.1095-8312.1976.tb00240.x
1097:Proceedings of the Royal Society B
959:Proceedings of the Royal Society B
871:10.1111/j.1095-8312.1981.tb01842.x
846:10.1111/j.1096-3642.1860.tb00146.x
375:, and in the New Zealand stonefly
25:
2671:
2314:
351:. Such prey often send clear and
2624:
2623:
2464:
2399:Aristotelian/Distraction display
442:(top) resembles the unpalatable
426:
415:
2200:Journal of the History of Ideas
2186:. Methuen and Co, Ltd., London
2087:
1888:
1837:
1800:
1763:
1730:
1679:
1662:
1530:
1511:
1410:
1353:
1309:
1228:
794:
2184:Adaptive Coloration in Animals
1482:. Springer. pp. 270–271.
1133:
1084:
943:
785:
397:Classification and comparisons
290:
13:
1:
2590:Frequency-dependent selection
2232:Mimicry in Plants and Animals
2224:For a historical perspective.
1581:10.1126/science.161.3848.1349
1214:10.1016/s0169-5347(98)01483-9
807:
403:Mimicry § Classification
365:frequency-dependent selection
132:frequency-dependent selection
1994:Israel Journal of Entomology
852:Bates, Henry Walter (1981).
479:(now more commonly known as
335:less likely, for example by
7:
2371:
1479:Chemical Ecology of Insects
753:
191:(1825–1892) was an English
10:
2676:
624:
565:Imperfect Batesian mimicry
400:
294:
2618:
2511:
2473:
2462:
2379:
1670:American Museum Novitates
1379:10.1016/j.cub.2014.03.010
1360:Gianoli, Ernesto (2014).
225:Linnean Society of London
2655:Antipredator adaptations
2519:Anti-predator adaptation
778:
760:Phylogenetics of mimicry
445:Pachliopta aristolochiae
325:antipredator adaptations
2296:Oxford University Press
2290:; Speed, M. P. (2004).
2062:10.1073/pnas.0703627104
1948:The American Naturalist
1637:10.1073/pnas.0810408106
1405:Biochemical Coevolution
1319:The American Naturalist
647:anti-herbivory strategy
608:Lampropeltis elapsoides
546:) caterpillars feed on
378:Zelandoperla fenestrata
244:antipredator adaptation
153:; some moths mimic the
1915:10.1098/rspb.2007.0558
1823:10.1098/rspb.1994.0102
1786:10.1098/rspb.1993.0029
1706:10.1098/rspb.2001.1885
1158:10.1098/rsbl.2014.0304
1109:10.1098/rspb.2009.2000
1077:10.1093/czoolo/60.1.16
971:10.1098/rspb.2001.1944
687:
642:
580:
393:
353:honest warning signals
321:evolutionary arms race
316:
308:Dendrobates leucomelas
185:
125:. By parasitising the
60:
2610:Underwater camouflage
2389:Aggressive/Wicklerian
1520:Zoologischer Anzeiger
1444:10.1073/pnas.57.4.893
672:
634:
625:Further information:
621:Plants mimicking ants
586:Spilomyia longicornis
576:Spilomyia longicornis
572:
536:palatability spectrum
401:Further information:
387:
327:, while the predator
304:
272:The Origin of Species
205:Alfred Russel Wallace
180:
173:Historical background
127:honest warning signal
35:
2585:Evolutionary ecology
2570:Deception in animals
2564:Dazzled and Deceived
2524:Animal communication
2100:The Blind Watchmaker
2014:Evolutionary Biology
1737:Edmunds, M. (2000).
1193:(11 November 1998).
1021:10.4161/cib.3.1.9782
694:of their predators.
638:Passiflora incarnata
482:Bombus pensylvanicus
468:Mallophora bomboides
436:A well-known mimic,
407:Cleaner fish mimicry
373:pipevine swallowtail
165:appear to mimic the
56:Pseudopieris nehemia
2431:Emsleyan/Mertensian
2140:1999Natur.400..254S
2053:2007PNAS..104.9331B
1866:10.1038/nature00845
1858:2002Natur.418..524J
1628:2009PNAS..106.9755M
1573:1968Sci...161.1349B
1435:1967PNAS...57..893B
1253:2023MolEc..32.4986F
1191:Mallet, James L. B.
1103:(1684): 1041–1048.
951:Sherratt, Thomas N.
889:Bates, Henry Walter
824:Bates, Henry Walter
59:, is in the centre.
2575:Deimatic behaviour
2335:2008-09-29 at the
2245:Edmunds, M. 1974.
728:Electrical mimicry
688:
643:
581:
509:Vavilovian mimicry
490:aggressive mimicry
394:
317:
311:) has conspicuous
281:anti-evolutionists
211:from the families
189:Henry Walter Bates
186:
182:Henry Walter Bates
96:aggressive mimicry
76:Henry Walter Bates
61:
2637:
2636:
2605:Signalling theory
2580:Mimicry#Evolution
2553:Community ecology
2548:Animal coloration
2394:Ant/Myrmecomorphy
2305:978-0-19-852859-3
2284:Ruxton, Graeme D.
2134:(6741): 254–256.
2110:978-0-393-31570-7
2047:(22): 9331–9334.
1909:(1621): 1955–61.
1852:(6897): 524–526.
1817:(1349): 111–114.
1780:(1332): 195–200.
1700:(1489): 411–416.
1622:(24): 9755–9760.
1567:(3848): 1349–51.
1504:Browerian mimicry
1489:978-1-4899-3368-3
1262:10.1111/mec.17085
1247:(18): 4986–4998.
1241:Molecular Ecology
965:(1492): 741–746.
773:Locomotor mimicry
555:MĂĽllerian mimicry
528:Lincoln P. Brower
524:Browerian mimicry
498:dispersal mimicry
456:defensive mimicry
390:MĂĽllerian mimicry
201:Amazon rainforest
199:who surveyed the
92:MĂĽllerian mimicry
78:, who worked on
16:(Redirected from
2667:
2660:Chemical ecology
2629:Category mimicry
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2103:. W. W. Norton.
2095:Dawkins, Richard
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766:Papilio dardanus
665:Acoustic mimicry
614:Micrurus fulvius
544:Danaus plexippus
475:model and prey,
430:
419:
64:Batesian mimicry
21:
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2176:
2174:Further reading
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1146:Biology Letters
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1063:Current Zoology
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748:electrolocation
743:Brachyhypopomus
730:
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589:, which mimics
567:
477:B. americanorum
452:
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439:Papilio polytes
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2512:Related topics
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1954:(6): 830–834.
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517:chameleon vine
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371:) such as the
295:Main article:
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275:. Because the
267:Charles Darwin
174:
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149:of any of the
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2600:Polymorphism
2595:Phagomimicry
2562:
2543:Co-evolution
2408:
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2199:
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2018:
2012:
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864:(1): 41–54.
861:
857:
837:
831:
796:
787:
764:
741:
737:
734:electric eel
731:
715:
700:echolocation
689:
677:
658:P. incarnata
656:
650:
644:
636:
612:
606:
596:
584:
582:
574:
559:Fritz MĂĽller
552:
543:
535:
523:
521:
506:
497:
487:
480:
476:
466:
459:
453:
443:
437:
388:Batesian vs
376:
369:Papilionidae
361:
337:nocturnality
318:
306:
285:social realm
270:
259:naturalistic
256:
252:insectivores
241:
234:
230:Transactions
228:
217:Heliconiinae
187:
144:
136:polymorphism
122:
118:
114:
110:
106:
104:
88:
63:
62:
54:
40:
29:
2529:Aposematism
2404:Automimicry
2269:: 169–199.
2228:Wickler, W.
1500:automimicry
1014:(1): 9–11.
923:: 169–199.
850:; Reprint:
712:tiger moths
674:Tiger moths
627:Ant mimicry
532:automimicry
323:to develop
315:coloration.
297:Aposematism
291:Aposematism
209:butterflies
86:of Brazil.
84:rainforests
80:butterflies
51:Nymphalidae
2644:Categories
2534:Camouflage
2503:Vavilovian
2493:Gilbertian
2456:Wasmannian
2381:In animals
2180:Cott, H.B.
2021:: 365–403.
2000:: 159–163.
808:References
652:Passiflora
464:robber fly
357:aposematic
341:camouflage
313:aposematic
248:coloration
213:Ithomiinae
197:naturalist
155:ultrasound
42:Dismorphia
2488:Dodsonian
2475:In plants
2441:MĂĽllerian
2414:Locomotor
2164:204994529
1339:0003-0147
1297:: 25–56.
1070:: 16–25.
1054:Caro, Tim
603:allopatry
513:winnowing
494:fireflies
473:bumblebee
448:(bottom).
333:detection
277:Darwinian
263:evolution
147:deception
140:cognition
102:success.
47:Ithomiini
2483:Bakerian
2426:Chemical
2409:Batesian
2333:Archived
2156:10421365
2097:(1986).
2081:17517637
1976:35411437
1968:20950143
1933:17567563
1874:12152077
1831:84458742
1794:84467142
1724:11886630
1656:19487663
1597:45185502
1589:17831347
1545:: 20–29.
1526:: 54–55.
1388:24768053
1347:83531239
1271:37503654
1222:21238394
1176:24919704
1152:(6): 4.
1127:19955153
1056:(2014).
1040:20539774
989:11934367
953:(2002).
891:(1863).
826:(1861).
754:See also
714:such as
704:red bats
599:sympatry
548:milkweed
460:disjunct
193:explorer
123:operator
115:receiver
100:foraging
72:predator
18:Batesian
2650:Mimicry
2538:Crypsis
2436:Eyespot
2373:Mimicry
2230:(1968)
2220:2708228
2182:(1940)
2136:Bibcode
2072:1890494
2049:Bibcode
1924:2275182
1882:4424680
1854:Bibcode
1715:1690905
1647:2700981
1624:Bibcode
1569:Bibcode
1561:Science
1463:5231352
1431:Bibcode
1249:Bibcode
1167:4090552
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