287:
1004:
392:
572:, the dodder can germinate. Once germinated, the plant has 6 days to find and establish a connection with its host plant before its resources are exhausted. Dodder seeds germinate above ground, then the plant sends out stems in search of its host plant reaching up to 6 cm before it dies. It is believed that the plant uses two methods of finding a host. The stem detects its host plant's scent and orients itself in that direction. Scientists used volatiles from
31:
2268:
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into the surrounding soil. These chemical cues are a variety of compounds that are unstable and rapidly degraded in soil and are present within a radius of a few meters of the plant exuding them. Parasitic plants germinate and follow a concentration gradient of these compounds in the soil toward the
112:
connect to both the xylem and phloem of the host. This provides them with the ability to extract resources from the host. These resources can include water, nitrogen, carbon and/or sugars. Parasitic plants are classified depending on the location where the parasitic plant latches onto the host (root
999:
in the community. Parasitic plants are major shapers of their community, affecting not just the host species but indirectly affecting others. Competition amongst host species will change due to the parasitic plant. Plant parasitism have been shown to keep invasive species under control and become
512:
in several methods. These can either be chemical or mechanical and the means used by seeds often depends on whether or not the parasites are root parasites or stem parasites. Most parasitic plants need to germinate near their host plants because their seeds are limited in the number of resources
546:
There are a variety of chemical germination stimulants. Strigol was the first of the germination stimulants to be isolated. It was isolated from a non-host cotton plant and has been found in true host plants such as corn and millets. The stimulants are usually plant-specific, examples of other
140:
There is a wide range of effects that may occur to a host plant due to the presence of a parasitic plant. Often there is a pattern of stunted growth in hosts especially in hemi-parasitic cases, but may also result in higher mortality rates in host plant species following introduction of larger
664:
A parasitic plant has many obstacles to overcome to attach to a host. Distance from the host and stored nutrients are some of the problems, and the host's defenses are an obstacle to overcome. The first hurdle is penetrating the host since the host has systems to reinforce the cell wall by
783:
is the name given to plants/algae that use rocks or boulders for attachment), while not necessarily parasitic, some species occur in high correlation with a certain host species, suggesting that they rely on the host plant in some way or another. In contrast,
1642:
Schneeweiss, G. 2007. Correlated evolution of life history and host range in the nonphotosynthetic parasitic flowering plants
Orobanche and Phelipanche (Orobanchaceae). Journal Compilation. European Society for Evolutionary Biology. 20
1632:
Runyon, J. Tooker, J. Mescher, M. De Moraes, C. 2009. Parasitic plants in agriculture: Chemical ecology of germination and host-plant location as targets for sustainable control: A review. Sustainable
Agriculture Reviews 1. pp.
553:. Strigolactones are apocarotenoids that are produced via the carotenoid pathway of plants. Strigolactones and mycorrhizal fungi have a relationship in which Strigolactone also cues the growth of mycorrhizal fungus.
594:
and found that the stem orients itself in the direction of the odor. Some studies suggest that by using light reflecting from nearby plants dodders can select hosts with higher sugar because of the levels of
1757:
Landa, B. B.; Navas-CortĂ©s, J. A.; Castillo, P.; Vovlas, N.; Pujadas-SalvĂ , A. J.; JimĂ©nez-DĂaz, R. M. (2006-08-01). "First Report of
Broomrape (Orobanche crenata) Infecting Lettuce in Southern Spain".
1556:
791:
Marine parasites occur as a higher proportion of marine flora in temperate rather than tropical waters. While no full explanation for this is available, many of the potential host plants such as
891:
can reach 100% and has caused farmers in some regions of the world to abandon certain staple crops and begin importing others as an alternative. Much research has been devoted to the control of
803:
infect hosts in the same taxonomic family as themselves, these are given the designation adelphoparasites. Other marine parasites, deemed endozoic, are parasites of marine invertebrates (
815:) and can be either holoparasitic or hemiparasitic, some retaining the ability to photosynthesize after infection. These are the only parasitic plants that parasitize animal hosts.
530:
will only grow about 4 mm after germination. Chemical compound cues sensed by parasitic plant seeds are from host plant root exudates that are leached nearby from the host's
520:
Root parasitic plant seeds tend to use chemical cues for germination. For germination to occur, seeds need to be quite close to the host plant. For example, the seeds of witchweed (
449:, lateral haustoria develop along the surface of the roots in these species. Later evolution led to the development of terminal or primary haustoria at the tip of the juvenile
775:, meaning that they are sedentary or attached to another structure. Plants and algae that grow on the host plant, using it as an attachment point are given the designation
266:
to at least some degree. Hemiparasites may obtain only water and mineral nutrients from the host plant, or many also obtain a part of their organic nutrients from the host.
599:
in the leaves. Once the dodder finds its host, it wraps itself around the host plant's stem. Using adventitious roots, the dodder taps into the host plant's stem with a
1063:), are parasitic on mycorrhizal fungi. This effectively gives these plants the ability to become associated with many of the other plants around them. They are termed
481:, lineages which independently has evolved further into endoparasites that, except for the flowers, spend their entire life cycle within the tissue of their host.
1359:
615:
There are several methods of seed dispersal, but all the strategies aim to put the seed in direct contact with, or within a critical distance of, the host.
513:
necessary to survive without nutrients from their host plants. Resources are limited due in part to the fact that most parasitic plants are not able to use
279:
A holoparasitic plant derives all of its fixed carbon from the host plant. Commonly lacking chlorophyll, holoparasites are often colors that are not green.
1560:
526:) need to be within 3 to 4 millimeters (mm) of its host to receive chemical signals in the soil to trigger germination. This range is important because
963:
Parasitic plants are important in research, especially on the loss of photosynthesis and the co-dependency of functional, genetic and lifestyle changes.
500:
that produces no chlorophyll; they live on sugars from neighbouring trees, usually the parent tree from which they have grown (via a somatic mutation).
556:
Stem parasitic plants, unlike most root parasites, germinate using the resources inside their endosperms and can survive for some time. For example,
788:
plants and algae grow inside their host plant, these have a wide range of host dependence from obligate holoparasites to facultative hemiparasites.
1942:"Comparative plastome analysis of root- and stem-feeding parasites of Santalales untangle the footprints of feeding mode and lifestyle transitions"
835:
alone are estimated to cost billions of dollars a year in crop yield loss annually, infesting over 50 million hectares of cultivated land within
2012:
1803:"Comparative transcriptome analyses reveal core parasitism genes and suggest gene duplication and repurposing as sources of structural novelty"
432:) is the only family that contains both holoparasitic and hemiparasitic species, making it a model group for studying the evolutionary rise of
630:
seed is large and has stored nutrients to sustain its life. This is also useful for seeds that get digested by animals and are excreted.
693:. This creates a toxic environment for the parasitic plant, eventually killing it. The fourth hurdle is the host's ability to ruin the
899:
species, which are even more devastating in developing areas of the world, though no method has been found to be entirely successful.
2030:"Do Native Parasitic Plants Cause More Damage to Exotic Invasive Hosts Than Native Non-Invasive Hosts? An Implication for Biocontrol"
484:
To maximize resources, many parasitic plants have evolved 'self-incompatibility', to avoid parasitizing themselves. Others such as
400:
witchweeds (white, center, attached to roots of the host) are economically important pests of the crop plants that they parasitize.
2150:
Těšitel, Jakub; Li, Ai-Rong; Knotková, Kateřina; McLellan, Richard; Bandaranayake, Pradeepa C G; Watson, David M (April 2021).
1439:
Westwood, James H.; Yoder, John I.; Timko, Michael P.; dePamphilis, Claude W. (2010). "The evolution of parasitism in plants".
459:. Lastly, holoparasitic plants, always forms of obligate parasites, evolved over the loss of photosynthesis, seen in the genus
636:
use a sticky seed for dispersal. The seed sticks to nearby animals and birds and then comes into direct contact with the host.
709:
Some parasitic plants are generalists and parasitize many different species, even several different species at once. Dodder (
644:
seeds have a similarly sticky seed as the mistletoe but they do not rely on animals and birds, they mainly disperse by fruit
721:) are generalist parasites. Other parasitic plants are specialists that parasitize a few or just one species. Beech drops (
547:
germination stimulants include sorgolactone from sorghum, Orobanche and electoral from red clover, and 5-deoxystrigol from
113:
or stem), the amount of nutrients it requires, and their photosynthetic capability. Some parasitic plants can locate their
286:
1664:
Walters, D. (2010). Plant
Defense Warding off an attack by pathogens, herbivores, and parasitic plants. Hoboken: Wiley.
1330:
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produces the world's largest flowers at about one meter in diameter. It is a tourist attraction in its native habitat.
2272:
1741:
1247:
1204:
975:) sometimes damages underground cables. It mistakes the cables for host roots and tries to parasitize them using its
376:
1357:
408:. Roughly 1% of all angiosperm species are parasitic, with a large degree of host dependence. The taxonomic family
1103:, known for extensive mycorrhizal relationships, there are the Monotropoids. The Monotropoids include the genera
443:. The first, most ancestral, haustoria are thought to be similar to that of the facultative hemiparasites within
490:
usually avoid parasitizing other members of their species, but some parasitic plants have no such limits. The
1141:
Kokla, Anna; Melnyk, Charles W. (2018-10-01). "Developing a thief: Haustoria formation in parasitic plants".
771:
Parasitism also evolved within aquatic species of plants and algae. Parasitic marine plants are described as
60:
that derives some or all of its nutritional requirements from another living plant. They make up about 1% of
17:
1502:
1263:
Smith, David (January 2000). "The
Population Dynamics and Community Ecology of Root Hemiparasitic Plants".
626:
can live for 3–7 days and extend out 35 cm in search of the host before it dies. This is because the
1655:
Lesica, P. 2010. Dodder: Hardly
Doddering. Kelsey Newsletter of Montana Native Plant Society. Vol 23. 2, 6
2151:
648:. Once the seed makes contact with the host, rainwater can help position the seed in a suitable position.
1612:
Scott, P. 2008. Physiology and behavior of plants: parasitic plants. John Wiley & sons pp. 103–112.
1910:
1852:"Mechanistic model of evolutionary rate variation en route to a nonphotosynthetic lifestyle in plants"
297:
For hemiparasites, one from each of the three sets of terms can be applied to the same species, e.g.
2298:
2293:
2006:
1588:
540:
404:
Parasitic behavior evolved in angiosperms roughly 12-13 times independently, a classic example of
1507:
1489:
27:
Type of plant that derives some or all of its nutritional requirements from another living plant
1575:
950:
A few other parasitic plants are occasionally cultivated for their attractive flowers, such as
1850:
Wicke, S.; MĂĽller, K.F.; dePamphilis, C.W.; Quandt, D.; Bellot, S.; Schneeweiss, G.M. (2016).
1121:
among others. Myco-heterotrophic behavior is commonly accompanied by the loss of chlorophyll.
921:
species) have many important cultural uses and their fragrant oils have high commercial value.
1535:
1081:
2100:
2041:
1863:
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1448:
868:
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405:
209:
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Endoparasitic plants and fungi show evolutionary convergence across phylogenetic divisions
976:
157:, while other families have only a few representatives. One example is the North American
8:
723:
2104:
2045:
1867:
1691:
1676:"Parasite Impacts on Host Communities: Plant Parasitism in a California Coastal Prairie"
1452:
76:, which penetrates the host plant, connecting them to the host vasculature – either the
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2029:
1966:
1941:
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Nickrent, D. L. and
Musselman, L. J. 2004. Introduction to Parasitic Flowering Plants.
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1174:
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fungi. There is evidence that parasites also practice self-discrimination, species of
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The evolutionary event which gave rise to parasitism in plants was the development of
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1971:
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191:
1989:
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607:. Dodder makes several of these connections with the host as it moves up the plant.
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for up to five years before they find a host plant. Using the resources in the seed
149:
Parasitic plants occur in multiple plant families, indicating that the evolution is
2222:
2212:
2171:
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2108:
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1961:
1953:
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983:
Some parasitic plants are destructive while some have positive influences in their
717:
332:
1460:
685:
environment at the location where the parasitic plant attaches. The host secretes
2201:"An ethnobotanical analysis of parasitic plants (Parijibi) in the Nepal Himalaya"
2054:
2016:
1363:
1055:
864:
670:
604:
549:
522:
154:
134:
1154:
262:
A hemiparasitic plant lives as a parasite under natural conditions, but remains
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992:
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263:
122:
114:
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1818:
1377:"The Population Dynamics and Community Ecology of Root Hemiparasitic Plants"
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2128:
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1975:
1895:
1836:
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1476:
1408:
1284:
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A few dozen parasitic plants have occasionally been used as food by people.
939:
850:
829:
are some of the most economically destructive species on Earth. Species of
640:
585:
465:. The most specialized forms of holoparasitic plants are the four families
150:
96:
connect only to the xylem, via xylem bridges (xylem-feeding). Alternately,
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of the parasitic seed. The third hurdle is the host's ability to create a
581:
391:
1957:
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A facultative parasite can complete its life cycle independent of a host.
61:
30:
1771:
1320:
577:
1117:
1041:
1018:
1008:
926:
914:
780:
763:. The mechanism for self-discrimination in parasites is not yet known.
745:
666:
600:
470:
433:
367:
310:
92:
73:
1911:"Molecular evolution of plastid genomes in parasitic flowering plants"
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1675:
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are generally restricted to temperate areas. Roughly 75% of parasitic
328:
Holoparasites are always obligate so only two terms are needed, e.g.
1192:
1105:
1099:
1051:
984:
957:
887:
859:
800:
785:
735:
674:
645:
633:
569:
461:
440:
428:
372:
357:
348:
321:
306:(Western Australian Christmas tree) is an obligate root hemiparasite.
290:
164:
163:(Indian pipe or corpse plant) which is a member of the heath family,
153:. Some families consist mostly of parasitic representatives such as
108:
1376:
436:. The remaining groups contain only hemiparasites or holoparasites.
2278:
1699:
1557:"A Creepy Monster of the Forest: The Albino, Vampiric Redwood Tree"
1392:
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944:
881:
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808:
804:
776:
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experience reduced haustorium development in the presence of other
698:
694:
690:
682:
565:
198:
An obligate parasite cannot complete its life cycle without a host.
69:
46:
2249:
Judd, Walter S., Christopher
Campbell, and Elizabeth A. Kellogg.
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931:
903:
Mistletoes cause economic damage to forests and ornamental trees.
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854:
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557:
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352:
339:
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35:
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also threatens a wide range of important crops, including peas,
673:
of the host's roots. The second hurdle is the host's ability to
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produced in the host's roots and start to grow towards the host.
2267:
1756:
1032:, parasitic plants are used for medicinal and ritual purposes.
872:
841:
831:
812:
573:
455:
422:
396:
97:
86:
81:
41:
2152:"The bright side of parasitic plants: what are they good for?"
2192:
1438:
1026:
77:
65:
57:
1849:
167:, better known for its member blueberries, cranberries, and
2089:"Parasitic plants: parallels and contrasts with herbivores"
1318:
792:
531:
126:
2149:
1503:"It's no snow job - handful of redwoods are rare albinos"
535:
host plants if close enough. These compounds are called
2028:
Song, Wenjing; Jin, Zexin; Li, Junmin (April 6, 2012).
2087:
Pennings, Steven C.; Callaway, Ragan M. (2002-05-01).
1801:
Yang, Z.; Wafula, E.K.; Honaas, L.A.; et, al. (2015).
1314:
1312:
1310:
1308:
1306:
1304:
1302:
517:
nutrition to establish the early stages of seeding.
133:
of parasitic plants in approximately 20 families of
365:. Plants usually considered hemiparasites include
2253:. Sunderland, MA: Sinauer Associates, 2008. Print.
1800:
1299:
727:) is a root holoparasite only on American beech (
697:using gums and gels or injecting toxins into the
564:drop their seeds to the ground. These may remain
2285:
2199:O'Neill, Alexander; Rana, Santosh (2017-07-16).
2086:
2007:Sclerenchymatic guillotine in the haustorium of
1040:About 400 species of flowering plants, plus one
453:, seen in obligate hemiparasitic species within
347:Plants usually considered holoparasites include
2198:
1227:
669:so that it stops the parasitic progress at the
659:
174:Parasitic plants are characterized as follows:
845:can infest both grasses and grains, including
72:plants develop a specialized organ called the
1559:. Discover Magazine Discoblog. Archived from
885:(e.g. cabbage and broccoli). Yield loss from
1940:Chen, X.; Fang, D.; Wu, C.; et, al. (2020).
1939:
1908:
1199:. Berkeley: University of California Press.
1035:
603:, an absorptive organ within the host plant
1140:
1067:. Some myco-heterotrophs are Indian pipe (
766:
2251:Plant Systematics: A Phylogenetic Approach
1434:
1432:
1430:
1428:
1426:
386:
246:A root parasite attaches to the host root.
233:A stem parasite attaches to the host stem.
2279:The International Parasitic Plant Society
2226:
2216:
2205:Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine
2175:
2063:
2053:
2027:
1965:
1885:
1875:
1826:
1651:
1649:
1628:
1626:
1624:
1622:
1620:
1618:
1531:"Albino redwoods hold scientific mystery"
1500:
1494:
1197:The biology of parasitic flowering plants
857:, some of the most important food crops.
1727:
1725:
1608:
1606:
1604:
1602:
1600:
1598:
1002:
995:. This results in the reduced damage of
390:
285:
29:
1673:
1528:
1522:
1423:
14:
2286:
1646:
1615:
677:germination inhibitors. This prevents
1731:
1722:
1595:
1374:
1262:
1191:
318:) is a facultative root hemiparasite.
121:in the air or soil given off by host
2243:
1319:Heide-Jørgensen, Henning S. (2008).
1136:
1134:
543:in seeds causing them to germinate.
84:, or both. For example, plants like
1000:keystone species in an ecosystem.
969:Western Australian Christmas tree (
503:
24:
1667:
1017:), a flowering plant parasitic on
25:
2310:
2260:
1501:Stienstra, T. (11 October 2007).
1228:Heide-Jørgensen, Henning (2008).
1131:
651:Some seeds detect and respond to
610:
377:Western Australian Christmas tree
324:is an obligate stem hemiparasite.
144:
2266:
2143:
2080:
2021:
2000:
1982:
1933:
1909:Wicke, S.; Naumann, J. (2018).
1902:
1843:
1794:
1750:
1658:
1636:
1549:
1097:). Within the taxonomic family
1025:In many regions, including the
987:. Some parasitic plants damage
293:, an obligate stem hemiparasite
1915:Advances in Botanical Research
1483:
1368:
1339:
1256:
1240:10.1163/ej.9789004167506.i-438
1221:
1185:
739:is a holoparasite on the vine
64:and are found in almost every
13:
1:
1674:Marvier, Michelle A. (1998).
1529:Krieger, L. M. (2010-11-28).
1461:10.1016/j.tplants.2010.01.004
1375:Smith, David (January 2000).
1124:
879:, and varieties of the genus
818:
704:
141:parasitic plant populations.
117:plants by detecting volatile
39:, a stem holoparasite, on an
2188:– via Oxford Academic.
2055:10.1371/journal.pone.0034577
1856:Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A
1734:The Biology of Marine Plants
660:Obstacles to host attachment
343:spp. are root holoparasites.
129:, respectively. About 4,500
7:
1447:(4). Elsevier BV: 227–235.
1347:The Plant Health Instructor
1155:10.1016/j.ydbio.2018.06.013
539:. Strigolactone stimulates
10:
2315:
1927:10.1016/bs.abr.2017.11.014
1355:10.1094/PHI-I-2004-0330-01
1322:Parasitic flowering plants
1231:Parasitic flowering plants
943:) is the floral emblem of
588:) to test the reaction of
2218:10.1186/s13002-016-0086-y
2113:10.1007/s00442-002-0923-7
1036:Plants parasitic on fungi
930:) is the state flower of
414:(encompassing the genera
251:
222:
179:
927:Castilleja linariaefolia
767:Aquatic parasitic plants
1994:parasiticplants.siu.edu
1877:10.1073/pnas.1607576113
1583:Cite magazine requires
1508:San Francisco Chronicle
1441:Trends in Plant Science
1381:The American Naturalist
1265:The American Naturalist
1085:), bird's nest orchid (
1079:), underground orchid (
387:Evolution of parasitism
335:is a stem holoparasite.
2168:10.1093/plphys/kiaa069
1990:"Parasitic Plant Food"
1022:
940:Phoradendron serotinum
795:and other macroscopic
715:spp.) and red rattle (
401:
294:
186: a
49:
1819:10.1093/molbev/msu343
1736:. London: E. Arnold.
1732:Dring, M. J. (1982).
1536:San Jose Mercury News
1143:Developmental Biology
1082:Rhizanthella gardneri
1006:
667:protein cross-linking
653:chemical stimulations
541:ethylene biosynthesis
394:
289:
33:
2275:at Wikimedia Commons
749:become parasites of
497:Sequoia sempervirens
406:convergent evolution
106:and some members of
2105:2002Oecol.131..479P
2046:2012PLoSO...734577L
1868:2016PNAS..113.9045W
1772:10.1094/PD-90-1112B
1692:1998Ecol...79.2616M
1453:2010TPS....15..227W
1091:), and sugarstick (
937:The oak mistletoe (
924:Indian paintbrush (
724:Epifagus virginiana
689:compounds into the
2015:2006-07-26 at the
2009:Nuytsia floribunda
1958:10.1093/gbe/evz271
1362:2016-10-05 at the
1088:Neottia nidus-avis
1076:Sarcodes sanguinea
1070:Monotropa uniflora
1023:
1014:Sarcodes sanguinea
972:Nuytsia floribunda
908:Rafflesia arnoldii
837:sub-Saharan Africa
402:
303:Nuytsia floribunda
295:
160:Monotropa uniflora
50:
2271:Media related to
1946:Genome Biol. Evol
1862:(32): 1091–6490.
1325:. Leiden: Brill.
1094:Allotropa virgata
1065:myco-heterotrophs
1030:Eastern Himalayas
743:. Plants such as
730:Fagus grandifolia
508:Parasitic plants
284:
283:
16:(Redirected from
2306:
2299:Plant physiology
2294:Parasitic plants
2273:Parasitic plants
2270:
2254:
2247:
2241:
2240:
2230:
2220:
2196:
2190:
2189:
2179:
2162:(4): 1309–1324.
2156:Plant Physiology
2147:
2141:
2140:
2084:
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2077:
2067:
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2019:
2004:
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1060:Aneura mirabilis
1047:Parasitaxus usta
997:invasive species
989:invasive species
718:Odontites vernus
504:Seed germination
475:Mitrastemonaceae
280:
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135:flowering plants
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2017:Wayback Machine
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1007:Newly emergent
977:sclerenchymatic
823:Species within
821:
769:
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550:Lotus japonicus
528:Striga Asiatica
523:Striga asiatica
506:
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2261:External links
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2099:(4): 479–489.
2079:
2020:
1999:
1981:
1932:
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1901:
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1700:10.2307/176505
1666:
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629:
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563:
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476:
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435:
431:
430:
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411:Orobanchaceae
407:
399:
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382:
381:yellow rattle
378:
374:
370:
369:
364:
360:
359:
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341:
337:
334:
331:
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316:Yellow rattle
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169:rhododendrons
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1551:
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1534:
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1506:
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639:
627:
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589:
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521:
519:
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494:is a mutant
485:
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151:polyphyletic
148:
139:
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1514:December 6,
1112:Monotropsis
1019:mycorrhizal
985:communities
979:guillotine.
797:brown algae
761:Triphysaria
756:Triphysaria
751:mycorrhizal
741:Tetrastigma
679:germination
597:chlorophyll
532:root system
515:autotrophic
487:Triphysaria
446:Triphysaria
417:Triphysaria
363:Hydnoraceae
210:Facultative
137:are known.
62:angiosperms
2288:Categories
2211:(14): 14.
1567:2012-11-23
1542:2012-11-23
1193:Kuijt, Job
1125:References
1118:Pterospora
1050:) and one
1042:gymnosperm
1009:snow plant
991:more than
915:Sandalwood
819:Importance
786:endophytic
746:Pterospora
705:Host range
601:haustorium
471:Cytinaceae
434:parasitism
368:Castilleja
361:, and the
311:Rhinanthus
93:Rhinanthus
74:haustorium
2121:1432-1939
2093:Oecologia
1780:0191-2917
1708:0012-9658
1469:1360-1385
1401:0003-0147
1234:. BRILL.
1163:0012-1606
1106:Monotropa
1100:Ericaceae
1056:liverwort
1052:bryophyte
958:broomrape
893:Orobanche
888:Orobanche
865:chickpeas
860:Orobanche
809:flatworms
801:red algae
781:epilithic
777:epiphytic
736:Rafflesia
634:Mistletoe
582:β-myrcene
570:endosperm
510:germinate
462:Orobanche
441:haustoria
429:Orobanche
373:mistletoe
358:Rafflesia
349:broomrape
322:Mistletoe
291:Mistletoe
165:Ericaceae
119:chemicals
109:Orobanche
70:parasitic
2237:26912113
2186:33793868
2129:28547541
2074:22493703
2034:PLOS ONE
2013:Archived
1976:31845987
1896:27450087
1837:25534030
1788:30781327
1643:471-478.
1633:123-136.
1477:20153240
1409:10657173
1360:Archived
1285:10657173
1195:(1969).
1179:49394142
1171:29935146
945:Oklahoma
919:Santalum
882:Brassica
869:tomatoes
805:mollusks
699:tubercle
695:tubercle
691:apoplast
687:phenolic
624:seedling
578:α-pinene
576:plants (
192:Obligate
47:Pakistan
45:tree in
2228:4765049
2177:8133642
2137:6496538
2101:Bibcode
2065:3321012
2042:Bibcode
1967:6953812
1887:4987836
1864:Bibcode
1828:4327159
1688:Bibcode
1680:Ecology
1449:Bibcode
1417:4437738
1293:4437738
953:Nuytsia
932:Wyoming
917:trees (
877:lettuce
873:carrots
855:sorghum
839:alone.
813:sponges
773:benthic
712:Cuscuta
675:secrete
628:Cuscuta
622:Cuscuta
566:dormant
560:Cuscuta
451:radicle
340:Hydnora
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131:species
103:Cuscuta
36:Cuscuta
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842:Striga
832:Striga
671:cortex
584:, and
574:tomato
456:Striga
426:, and
423:Striga
397:Striga
379:, and
353:dodder
333:Dodder
314:(e.g.
275:Holo-
258:Hemi-
123:shoots
98:plants
87:Striga
82:phloem
68:. All
42:Acacia
2133:S2CID
1712:JSTOR
1413:S2CID
1289:S2CID
1215:85341
1175:S2CID
1054:(the
1027:Nepal
1021:fungi
683:toxic
562:spp.)
242:Root
229:Stem
127:roots
100:like
78:xylem
66:biome
58:plant
56:is a
2233:PMID
2182:PMID
2125:PMID
2117:ISSN
2070:PMID
1972:PMID
1892:PMID
1833:PMID
1784:PMID
1776:ISSN
1738:ISBN
1704:ISSN
1589:help
1516:2010
1473:PMID
1465:ISSN
1405:PMID
1397:ISSN
1327:ISBN
1281:PMID
1244:ISBN
1211:OCLC
1201:ISBN
1167:PMID
1159:ISSN
956:and
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853:and
851:rice
847:corn
793:kelp
619:The
477:and
115:host
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2213:doi
2172:PMC
2164:doi
2160:185
2109:doi
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2060:PMC
2050:doi
1962:PMC
1954:doi
1923:doi
1882:PMC
1872:doi
1860:113
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1815:doi
1768:doi
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779:(
20:)
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