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150:). The bread's original owner, Celer, is known to have survived the eruption of Vesuvius and the subsequent pyroclastic flow as his name appears in a later list of freed slaves. Celer's captor Quintus Granius Verus was one of the city elders and the loaf itself is important as it proves that he owned the House of the Stags where the loaf was discovered. Quintus Granius Verus was also a member of a successful merchant family.
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and
Herculaneum. One such discovery included 81 loaves of bread from a single oven. However, foodstuff which has survived in Pompeii and Herculaneum has been known to be noticeably smaller than expected caused by loss of water. Presumably, the surviving breads have also shrunk in size, as they were
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The loaf is stamped with the text "Of Celer, slave of
Granius Verus". Loaves of bread were marked in this manner before being, for instance, taken into a communal bakery (see
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Nicholas P. (Professor of Botany and
Western Program Director at Miami University in Oxford Money, Ohio); Nicholas P. Money (22 February 2018).
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The loaf was discovered in 1930 when the House of the Stags was excavated (between 1929–1932) where the loaf of bread was found.
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The loaf was incised before being baked by dividing it into wedges to make the bread easier to share. Similar loaves appear in
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subjected to temperatures of at least 400°C. Scoring and stamping on the
Herculaneum loaf is clear due to this process of
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The loaf was found in a house owned by
Quintus Granius Verus and bears a stamp stating that it was made by one of his
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The bread had been tied with a string around its side, shown by a line, to make it easier to carry.
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show similar depressions on their sides signifying that they were tied with a string when baked.
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The bread has been analysed and is a sourdough type whose recipe has been recreated.
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A 2000-Year-Old
Carbonized Roman Bread – The Herculaneum Loaf – Food in Ancient Rome
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The
Herculaneum loaf was baked just before the eruption of Mount Vesuvius in 79 AD.
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Shopping in
Ancient Rome: The Retail Trade in the Late Republic and the Principate
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Stories of Daily Life from the Roman World: Extracts from the
Ancient Colloquia
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Other similar loaves have been also recovered from the archaeological sites at
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24 Hours in
Ancient Rome: A Day in the Life of the People Who Lived There
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in the eruption. It was discovered on the archaeological site in 1930.
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2000-year-old preserved loaf of bread found in the ruins of Pompeii
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The Routledge Handbook of Diet and Nutrition in the Roman World
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The Rise of Yeast: How the Sugar Fungus Shaped Civilisation
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120:, as portrayed in a wall painting from Herculaneum
379:Paul Erdkamp; Claire Holleran (26 October 2018).
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409:Herculaneum: A Reasoned Archaeological Itinerary
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41:. It has been partially preserved due to being
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447:A carbonised loaf of bread from Pompeii
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264:. Oxford University Press. p. 46.
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102:National Archaeological Museum, Naples
54:National Archaeological Museum, Naples
385:. Taylor & Francis. p. 66.
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505:Eruption of Mount Vesuvius in 79 AD
359:Ancient History and Archaeology.com
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160:Food and dining in the Roman Empire
78:Eruption of Mount Vesuvius in 79 AD
39:Eruption of Mount Vesuvius in 79 AD
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232:. Michael O'Mara. pp. 33–34.
226:Philip Matyszak (5 October 2017).
100:The loaf is currently held at the
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285:Claire Holleran (26 April 2012).
196:Eleanor Dickey (31 August 2017).
325:How to make 2,000-year-old-bread
18:Sourdough bread loaf baked 79 AD
485:1930 archaeological discoveries
116:Similar incised bread, and two
33:that was baked in the town of
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291:. OUP Oxford. p. 131.
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60:Preservation and discovery
94:by the pyroclastic flow.
52:. It is currently in the
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355:"The House of the Stags"
412:. T&M. p. 85.
442:Roman bread reinvented
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406:Mario Pagano (2000).
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108:Features of the bread
76:Further information:
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37:shortly before the
353:Sheldon, Natasha.
320:The British Museum
165:Herculaneum papyri
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480:1st-century works
419:978-88-87150-04-9
392:978-1-351-10731-0
298:978-0-19-969821-9
271:978-0-19-874970-7
239:978-1-78243-857-1
209:978-1-107-17680-5
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495:Sourdough breads
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68:Loaves from
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500:Herculaneum
143: [
35:Herculaneum
474:Categories
176:References
43:carbonised
328:(Video).
129:Roman art
27:sourdough
450:Archived
154:See also
29:loaf of
465:YouTube
364:22 July
335:22 July
330:YouTube
87:Pompeii
70:Pompeii
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50:slaves
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31:bread
414:ISBN
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366:2020
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118:figs
21:The
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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
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