1513:. In July 1990 a parliamentary "ad hoc select committee", mandated to provide the necessary oversight, asked Hermann Axen to prove that the money he was seeking to convert had been acquired lawfully. (They asked Erich Honecker to provide similar proof in respect of the slightly smaller amount that he had applied to convert.) In the event the parliamentary committee only investigated conversion applications from senior East German politicians, but a Berlin court subsequently decided that the committee had simply focused on the largest amounts for which application to convert had been submitted: the high value applications were indeed restricted to senior members of the
1517:, but that should not be imputed to political motives on the part of committee members. In September 1990 the select committee, still not persuaded that Axen's savings had been lawfully acquired, ordered the confiscation of the monies in his relevant bank accounts. The committee gave as its reason that Axen had abused his office to benefit himself, applying self-conferred privileges and through transactions that grossly violated moral standards, in order to advantage himself and others, to the detriment of the national budget and other public funds (
1348:. They remained close friends, and during the period 1971-1989, as he exercised his Politburo responsibilities for international relations, Hermann Axen's natural confidence in his interpersonal skills and intellectual abilities was matched by a political confidence that the leadership would always respect and usually follow his judgements, especially during the first decade or so after 1970. To commentators more familiar with western European government structures than with the party-focused model applied in
794:. He had already served seven months of his sentence while in pre-trial investigatory detention, and he was accordingly released in November 1937. Possibly on account of having presented himself to the authorities as a Polish citizen three years earlier, but possibly simply on account of his Communist activism and his Jewish family provenance, by this time he had been stripped of any residual German citizenship rights, and his release was made conditional on his immediately leaving the country.
920:. In June 1940 the authorities reassigned the camp which was now to be used to accommodate "all foreigners considered suspect or dangerous to the public order". By the end of May 1940 it is estimated that Axen was one of at least 250 of the Camp Vernet inmates who were German-speaking political exiles, and the two years he spent at the camp afforded significant networking opportunities with men some of whom would become leading members of the political establishment in the
31:
1392:'s visits to the west, on which he would accompany his leader. From the standpoint of interested observers, Hermann Axen stood out from the mainstream of East German politicians. In East Germany he was known both for his diminutive (and increasingly plump) form and as an exceptionally able and experienced foreign policy operator. From his days in "Agitprop" and his ten-year editorship of
1400:, meanwhile, saw him as "very pleasant", a polite and humorous individual completely unlike most members of the East German politburo. He was fluent not just in Russian, but also in French and English. He came across as something of an intellectual: he liked, on occasion, to quote Shakespeare. Western intelligence also believed that he enjoyed the complete confidence of
1519:"...durch Missbrauch seiner Funktionen durch Inanspruchnahme von selbstbestätigten Privilegien und durch Handlungen, die einen gröblichen Verstoss gegen die guten Sitten darstellen, sich und anderen persönliche Vorteile zum Nachteil der Gesellschaft und zu Lasten des Staatshaushalts und anderer gesellschaftlicher Fonds verschafft hat."
1320:, in 1966 Hermann Axen was appointed Central Committee secretary for International Relations which made him, according to at least one source, the principal architect of East German foreign policy. His mandate also included matters involving the international communist and labour movements. He had been made a candidate for
1263:, Hermann Axen would never be a complete political insider. It was also self-evident that the events of June 1953 had represented a major "Agitprop" failure. Axen shared the responsibility for failing to curb the effectiveness of the ideological counter-offensive and the popularisation of the vernacular of the
960:
At least one source warns that as
Hermann Axen rose in the East German political and media hierarchies, his role during his time in the Nazi concentration camp system was often exaggerated retrospectively. For the fifteenth edition of his "autobiography" a ghost writer presented a scene that involved
1379:
The relationship with West
Germany was particularly important for the East German leadership, partly for reasons of shared history, language and culture, but also on account of shared interests between the two states. There was, in addition, a growing economic interdependency during the later 1980s.
1455:
Hermann Axen was arrested on 16 January 1990 at Berlin airport, as he arrived on a flight from Moscow. He was held on suspicion of corruption and abuse of office. His bank accounts, which he shared with his wife, were blocked. The arrest warrant was rescinded on 31 January 1990, however, because of
773:
Hermann Axen was arrested, along with fourteen comrades, on 3 November 1934. He now presented himself as a Polish citizen and a disciple of the "Mosaic religious community". His papers were sufficiently convincing for the arrest to prompt an intervention by the Polish consulate in
Leipzig. On 20
1242:
and received a different set of reports. The
Central Committee's "Agitprop" secretary felt unable to pretend that nothing was happening, but his public response concentrated on the western broadcasts: he was able to deliver a suitably reassuring statement that the Soviet government would intervene
1493:
to be politically necessary. The first 4,000 Marks worth of an individual's savings could be converted at a rate of 1 for 1. Company debts and house loans were converted at the rate of 2 "East Marks" for each (western) Mark, while so-called "speculative money" was converted at a rate of 3:1. It
2212:
DDR-Politiker Axen in den USA .... Als "Rendezvous mit einem AuĂźerirdischen" wurde die
Begegnung später bezeichnet: Unverhofft bekam DDR-Außenpolitiker Hermann Axen im Mai 1988 die einmalige Chance, die Außen- und Handelsminister der USA zu treffen - und gleichzeitig mit einem dunklen Kapitel
940:
no longer relied simply on its extremely remote location, and the camp was being described as a holding centre for Jewish families awaiting deportation to Nazi labour and extermination camps. In August 1942 Hermann Axen and various other internees picked out as Jewish communists, including
1344:. It was only in May 1971 that the Soviets forced the resignation of Walter Ulbricht, but during 1970 it became increasingly clear that Erich Honecker represented the future. Hermann Axen and Erich Honecker had worked closely together in the later 1940s on the launch of the
1282:) for Berlin in July 1953. Since Berlin had been the focus of street protests the previous month, it may well have been thought that Axen's "Agitprop" experience would have been of value, but sources nevertheless present this appointment as a significant demotion.
854:. For the next couple of years, till 1940, he took casual work, employed in a support capacity in a range of businesses, while at the same time undertaking courier jobs for members of the illegal German Communist Party leadership. From April 1938 he was taking on
1243:
with the western powers, and with its agents "roll up the whole West Berlin problem". Within days a major exercise in blame allocation followed, accompanied by sackings and demotions within the government. Those whom Walter
Ulbricht mistrusted least tended to be
965:
worked closely with Axen during the 1960s and 1970s, and described Axen the concentration camp inmate as "very cool and reserved". "In the concentration camp, as a relatively young comrade, he played no significant role, or at least not a strikingly positive one".
1494:
therefore became important to be able to identify where money came from before converting it. During the "conversion period" Hermann Axen applied to convert a quarter of a million East Marks. The provenance of the money was declared to be as "regular income".
1473:
determined that the house had been built on land that he did not own and partly paid for from public funds. The subsequent upkeep of the property was paid for out of public funds. Axen had indeed paid rent, but the amount of the rent paid had been nominal.
1424:
and high blood pressure, and had been fitted with a heart pace-maker. There was speculation that this might have been behind reports to the effect that he was particularly considerate in looking after subordinates who were unwell and/or getting on in years.
1460:
the Berlin district court rejected an application by the state prosecutor to re-open the case on 27 June 1991. The prosecutor appealed the decision, but the application had still not been heard on 15 February 1992 when
Hermann Axen died of heart failure.
1541:, a monthly publication intended for small children, launched in 1957 and named after its leading character, a teddy bear. There are references to her having been a victim of Nazi persecution, like her husband, but further details are not provided.
2790:
619:
of which he was a member, resigned in 8 November 1989, and he too was excluded from it. On his return in
January 1990 he was arrested, suspected of corruption and abuse of public office. This dramatic reversal of fortune came during a period of
1521:). The Axens lodged an appeal, but this was heard only in May 1993. The court upheld the judgement of the parliamentary select committee. Sonja Axen appealed that decision on behalf of the family, and in the end the case came to be heard by the
1404:, both on questions of foreign policy and in matters of ideology and theory. Intelligence analysts speculated that the close relationahip between the two men went back to their shared experiences: they had both served time in prison under the
1436:. He served between 1981 and 1989 as a member of the politburo's "Commission for coordinating economic, cultural and technical-scientific relations with the countries of Asia, Africa and the Arabic region. He served on the presidium of the
1237:
more than was apparent at the time. East German news broadcasts played down the wave of violently suppressed strikes and street protests, but many listeners in and close to Berlin were also able to listen to radio reports transmitted from
1647:
1218:
line. A large number of senior managers were dismissed from the broadcasters' offices in Berlin, to be replaced by comrades who could be better trusted to conform. Sources also refer to the presence by 1950, of
888:) by summarily identifying a large number of German political and race refugees from Nazism as enemy aliens and interning them, in the first instance, in a large Paris football stadium and subsequently in the
624:. At the time of his death the arrest warrant had been rescinded and the case against him remained unproven, the necessary investigations having been delayed or suspended in response to his declining health.
1028:
in July 1945, and by August 1945 Hermann Axen had been installed as Head of the Youth
Committee with the appointed city council of Soviet-administered Leipzig and as a member of the regional leadership team
1313:, indicating unambiguously that he was back in favour with the party. Further national awards followed over the next ten years. In addition, he served as a Berlin city councillor between 1963 and 1967.
1304:
in the editorial position. Stibli had been in post only since the previous year, but
Hermann Axen remained managing editor till 1966. His ten years tenure in charge at the newspaper was the longest of any
1191:. The extent to which the Central Committee monopolised political power was blurred to the extent that leading Central Committee members were often also, concurrently or successively, members of the
1214:
which he quickly and effectively reconfigured (or, in the words of at least one source, "purged") in 1949, introducing a consistency of editorial focus to ensure that broadcasts followed the
117:
1537:
Hermann Axen appears to have married his wife, Sonja, in the later 1940s. The year of her birth is given as 1925 and she worked, during the East German period, as a contributing editor with
2511:
Erinnerungspolitik der DDR. Dargestellt an der Berichterstattung der Tageszeitung "Neues Deutschland" über die Nationalen Mahn- und Gedenkstätten Buchenwald, Ravensbrück und Sachsenhausen
1175:
positions.) Under the highly centralised Leninist constitutional structure, power flowed not from any national parliament nor indeed from government ministries. Power rested with the
1050:
1336:. Ulbricht, was now in his mid-seventies, and when he dismissed Honecker from his party post he was immediately forced to reverse his position. The younger man enjoyed the backing of
754:
Between March and November 1934 he undertook and completed a commercial apprenticeship with Hoffner, Moses & Co., a fur trading company. By June 1934 he was also responsible for
2880:
1137:
1125:
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formally proclaimed in October 1949 but a Leninist constitutional model. (A new written constitution, endorsed by referendum in 1968, would in most respects belatedly align the
1057:. Its promoters may have hoped that the merger would take effect across Germany, but in the event it was only possible obtain the support necessary for it to take effect in the
1420:
also received reports from their informants that Axen suffered from an inferiority complex, that he was short and by this time fat, with terrible eye-sight. He suffered from
770:). The group had by this point been effectively destroyed through arrests, and Axen now teamed up with a fellow young communist called Heinz MiĂźlitz to try and rebuild it.
1825:
2562:
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made him a "grammar school boy". His family background was evidently an intellectual one: a source mentions his father's large private library. The family adhered to
1437:
1267:. Hermann Axen retained his membership of the Central Committee, but he was stripped of his special secretarial responsibilities within it. Perhaps "election" to the
743:). As a seventeen year old, in Nazi Germany he served, in the words of one admiring source, as an illegal resistance worker, a "party instructor" and a party contact (
1371:
Throughout his political career, Hermann Axen spoke at the National Memorial of the GDR at celebrations commemorating the liberation of Buchenwald concentration camp.
2890:
957:
where for more than two years he was set to work underground in the coal mines. It is recorded in sources that here he was a leader of the illegal camp committee.
2416:
Book review of "Hermann Axen: Ich war Diener der Partei. Autobiographische Gespräche mit Harald Neubert, edition ost, Berlin 1996" (Teil des nd-Archivs seit 1946)
880:
and the French and British governments reacted by declaring war on Germany, but on the streets of Paris little changed till May 1940 when the Germans rapidly
2855:
1207:
department. Between March 1949 and July 1953 he served as Central Committee Secretary with special responsibility for Mass Agitation and Press matters.
312:
1361:
1321:
1184:
727:, became illegal. Rolf Axen, until his killing, was leader of the underground Communist group in East Saxony. Hermann Axen undertook a course at the
616:
605:
562:
556:
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949:, sent to the Paris area and placed on "Convoy 18 (12 August 1942)", one of the trains which, since March of that year, had been rolling across to
1928:
2870:
2780:
1360:, who served as Ministers for Foreign Affairs respectively from 1965 till 1975 and from 1975 till 1990, but neither of whom ever made it to the
1041:
region. In April 1946 he was one of thousands of Communist Party members who lost no in signing their party membership over to the newly formed
980:
near Weimar. Sources assert that he was a member of the illegal Communist Party leadership team in the concentration camp. As the war neared
2875:
2845:
2671:
ProzessfĂĽhrer: Sonja Axen, Katrin Teubner und Sophia Jossifov .... Prozessgegner: Bundesrepublik Deutschland .... Entscheidungsform: Urteil
1560:
Aktuelle Fragen der internationalen Beziehungen der Sozialistischen Einheitspartei Deutschlands und der Deutschen Demokratischen Republik.
1285:
In July 1956 he left his position with the party administration in Berlin as his career moved on. He was now appointed managing editor of
2860:
2566:(author) ; Vladimir Bilandžić (co-editor-compiler); Dittmar Dahlmann (co-editor-compiler); Milan Kosanovic (co-editor-compiler) (2012).
2885:
1352:, it is noteworthy that in the German Democratic Republic under Honecker, Axen had far more power over East German foreign policy than
1324:
in January 1963, and in 1970, finally, he was elected to full membership, filling the vacancy arising through the illness and death of
1317:
1220:
1200:
1176:
1017:
538:
2623:
Friedrich Wolff: Verlorene Prozesse: Meine Verteidigungen in politischen Verfahren. Abschnitt Gericht ĂĽber Hermann Axen (1989-1998).
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at unrealistically favourable exchange rates. The arrangement was unpopular with West German central bankers, but was felt by the
1388:(which headed up that country's governing coalition between 1969 and 1982). He laid the diplomatic and practical groundwork for
1328:. During 1970 politburo members enjoyed a ringside seat in an increasingly frantic power struggle between the country's leader,
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2440:. Staatsbibliothek zu Berlin - PreuĂźischer Kulturbesitz, Zeitungsabteilung im ehemaligen Getreidespeicher, Berlin. 23 May 2018
693:
on 23 September 1933. Rolf's body was promptly handed over to his parents following the killing. According to a personal "
2729:
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2325:
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1989:
1951:
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in Silesia. He was held for more than two days at the main Auschwitz-Birkenau camp before being allocated to a sub-camp at
1774:
2246:
GeschichtsKorrespondenz: Marxistischer Arbeitskreis zur Geschichte der deutschen Arbeiterbewegung bei der Partei Die Linke
1255:. That Hermann Axen had chosen to flee not to Moscow but to Paris back in 1938 had avoided the risk of being caught up in
1470:
1210:
One important task undertaken by the Central Committee's Agitprop chief involved radio transmissions originating in the
2840:
2835:
2785:
1622:
1385:
1054:
723:
which meant that any political activity outside the Nazi Party, and in particular political activity on behalf of the
657:. A year later he horrified his parents by renouncing religion. Two years after that (and less than a year before the
2775:
1498:
1271:
1157:
859:
763:
759:
666:
212:
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Aus dem Bericht ĂĽber die Ergebnisse der Internationalen Beratung der Kommunistischen und Arbeiterparteien in Moskau.
1140:
till 16 November 1989, when his parliamentary mandate was revoked "by a resolution of the party Volkskammer group" (
762:, identified among comrades by the code names "Max" and, subsequently, "Friedrich". In September 1934 he joined the
1514:
1510:
1381:
1290:
1264:
1227:
1215:
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1113:
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and mandated to develop/endorse a constitution for the new Germany, based on a draft document issued by the ruling
1086:
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698:
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686:
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1522:
1005:
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he was respected as the "undisputed number one" when it came to thoughtful and effective mass communication.
981:
977:
2537:
2513:(in German). Frankfurt am Main: Peter Lang. pp. 17, 26, 30, 41, 47–49, 51, 53–55, 60–61, 84–87, 94–95.
2239:"Die Verwirklichung der Jugendpolitik der Partei erfolgte mit groĂźer UnterstĂĽtzung der sowjetischen Freunde"
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30:
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1409:
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in Leipzig during 1932/33 after which he took on a leadership role in the youth section in the party's
724:
601:
472:
244:
1364:. Between November 1976 and 1989 Axen was a member of the politburo's "West Germany Working Group" (
1124:, a form of national parliament: at this point Axen was not a member. In 1954, however, he became a
1065:. For Hermann Axen 1946 was also the year in which he co-founded the "Anti-Fascist youth committee" (
2610:
2495:
2397:
2347:
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2011:
1915:
904:. However, still in May 1940 he was identified as a "stateless communist", arrested and interned in
1640:
1310:
831:
1770:
596:, most of which he spent in state detention. After the war he became a national politician in the
589:
646:
1203:. Reflecting his interests and abilities, from 1949 he was in charge of the Central Committee's
961:
Axen, armed with a machine pistol, storming an SS watch-tower: this is believed to be fiction.
2563:
1442:
1211:
1153:
1109:
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1021:
913:
889:
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728:
597:
452:
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1941:
932:
Over the next couple of years the Vichy government was increasingly marginalised, and by 1942
2719:
2315:
2154:
2078:
2031:
1979:
1089:. Between March 1946 and February 1949 he served as secretary to the FDJ National Council (
1037:. Between October 1945 and February 1946 he was Head of the Youth Committee for the entire
942:
855:
1883:
896:
status, Axen avoided this fate and managed to escape to the southern half of France where a
2770:
2765:
1634:
1478:
1457:
936:
officers were a regular sight on the streets of the cities in southern France. Security at
835:
787:
720:
2666:
8:
2791:
Members of the Politburo of the Central Committee of the Socialist Unity Party of Germany
1781:. Ch. Links Verlag, Berlin & Bundesstiftung zur Aufarbeitung der SED-Diktatur, Berlin
1025:
654:
588:(6 March 1916 – 15 February 1992) was a German political activist who became involved in
2238:
1275:
976:
advanced from the east, in January 1945 and Axen was among the survivors transferred to
2587:
2483:
2385:
2335:
2288:
2098:
2051:
1999:
1903:
1821:
1766:
962:
877:
702:
1061:, where the SED quickly emerged as the permanent ruling party in a new kind of German
901:
2725:
2633:
2573:
2514:
2469:
2371:
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2274:
2160:
2084:
2037:
1985:
1947:
1889:
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Axen was responsible for talks on disarmament that took place between East Germany's
1345:
1306:
1286:
1078:
1009:
917:
786:). He was convicted and sentenced to a three-year jail term which he served in the
775:
407:
48:
1602:
Kampf um den Frieden – Schlüsselfrage der Gegenwart. Ausgewählte Reden und Aufsätze.
1529:. (Erich Honecker had died of liver cancer in 1994.). The appeals failed, however.
1501:. This meant that during the seven months between March 1990 and reunification the
1482:
1433:
1133:
881:
870:
694:
642:
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and/or government ministers. Hermann Axen became a member of the Party Executive (
1628:
1526:
1525:, where it was effectively joined with a broadly similar appeal being pursued by
1341:
1329:
1309:
managing editor in the twentieth century. In September 1956 he was awarded the
1260:
1234:
847:
714:
710:
709:. The coming to power of the Nazis at the start of 1933 had been followed by a
658:
1136:
as chair of the parliamentary foreign affairs committee. Hermann Axen remained
2667:"Europäischer Gerichtshof für Menschenrechte Urt. v. 27.02.2003, Az.: 54999/00"
1401:
1389:
1333:
1301:
1244:
1074:
1069:). Of greater long-term importance was his role as co-founder, together with
650:
641:. His father worked as a sales representative. His schooling took him to the
2538:"Hermann Axen * 6.3.1916 - †15.2.1992 Mitglied des Politbüros des ZK der SED"
1775:"Axen, Hermann * 6.3.1916, †15.2.1992 Mitglied des Politbüros des ZK der SED"
1199:) in 1949, and he remained an important member as it quickly evolved into the
2759:
1486:
1349:
1163:. In practice the new country's constitutional arrangements followed not the
893:
803:
701:
file", his parents were killed by the Nazis after 1939/40 in "the ghetto" or
411:
2156:
Mineurs de charbon à Auschwitz: Jawischowitz 15 août 1942 - 18 janvier 1945
1648:
Jubilee Medal "Forty Years of Victory in the Great Patriotic War 1941–1945"
1405:
1337:
1297:
1293:
1248:
1231:
897:
842:" looming ever larger on the horizon, in January 1938 Hermann Axen fled to
823:
678:
662:
593:
1584:
Sozialismus und revolutionärer Weltprozeß. Ausgewählte Reden und Aufsätze.
1132:
members representing the Greater Berlin region. In 1971 he took over from
2637:
2216:
1502:
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1353:
1268:
1256:
1239:
1192:
1117:
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deutscher Geschichte abzuschlieĂźen. Doch seine Reise wurde zum Reinfall
1590:
Starker Sozialismus – sicherer Frieden. Ausgewählte Reden und Aufsätze.
997:
717:
862:. He also undertook translation jobs for "German Freedom Radio 29.8" (
782:. The charge was the usual one of "preparing to commit high treason" (
2133:
Internierungslager – noch immer ein großes deutsch-französisches Tabu
1572:
Zur internationalen Lage und zur Entwicklung des Kräfteverhältnisses.
1259:, but fifteen years later it meant that while the country was led by
909:
874:
839:
621:
2673:. Wolters Kluwer Deutschland GmbH ("Jurion"), Köln. 27 February 2003
2418:. Neues Deutschland Druckerei und Verlag GmbH, Berlin. 28 March 1996
2367:
Antifascismus und Apparat .... Volksaufstand und Schutz der Diktatur
850:, had served informally as one of two headquarter locations for the
1765:
1538:
1429:
1421:
1274:
represented a consolation. He was also appointed, in succession to
1204:
1172:
996:
Although the region of central southern Germany that included both
973:
755:
2083:. J.B.Metzlersche Verlagsbuchhandlung, Stuttgart. pp. 89–90.
900:
had been established under the leadership of the World War I hero
561:
1963–1971: Member, Commission for Agitation and Propaganda at the
2248:. Wolfram Triller i.A. Marxistische Linke. April 2010. p. 26
1168:
1001:
946:
933:
827:
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779:
736:
690:
682:
638:
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403:
604:. He served as a relatively high-profile member of the powerful
1596:
Aus dem Bericht des PolitbĂĽros an die 5. Tagung des ZK der SED.
1252:
1116:
three years earlier. In 1949/50 the "Volksrat" gave way to the
1038:
819:
815:
811:
748:
438:
416:
193:
for Cottbus-Stadt, Cottbus-Land, Calau, Forst, Guben, Spremberg
1085:, which very quickly became, in effect, the youth wing of the
1943:
Fremd unter meinesgleichen: Erinnerungen eines Dresdner Juden
843:
758:
for the local leadership for Leipzig-West of the underground
1826:"Hermann Axen (SED) – ein jüdischer Deutscher und Kommunist"
1566:
Zu ideologischen Problemen des XXIII. Parteitages der KPdSU.
1929:
The date of Rudolf Aksen's death comes from his grave stone
1608:
Ich war ein Diener der Partei. Autobiographische Gespräche.
1408:. They had started their party careers at the birth of the
1016:
whereby the entire central portion of the country would be
706:
1554:Ăśber die Fragen der fortschrittlichen deutschen Filmkunst.
1296:, and by far the most widely available daily newspaper in
1278:, Second Secretary to the regional party leadership team (
1469:
In 1986 Hermann Axen had a holiday home built. In 1993 a
2881:
Recipients of the Patriotic Order of Merit (honor clasp)
1481:, which formally took place in October 1990, holders of
1428:
Axen was in the team that accompanied Erich Honecker to
822:, backed on this point by widespread popular support in
2231:
2691:
908:, a vast holding camp in the mountains to the west of
2556:
1610:
editited by Harald Neubert. Edition Ost, Berlin 1996.
818:. By this time, however, it was no secret that the
1053:
of the Communist Party and the less Moscow oriented
1332:, and a would-be successor, second party secretary
697:" compiled by Axen in 1949 and later found in his "
2532:
2530:
2199:
2173:
2152:
2126:
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2120:
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814:, following a route which involved travelling via
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2657:
2655:
2544:. Mitteldeutscher Rundfunk, Leipzig. 28 June 2017
2457:
2455:
2359:
2357:
2025:
2023:
2021:
1614:
2891:Recipients of the Order of Friendship of Peoples
2757:
2468:. Böhlau Verlag Köln Weimar. pp. 248, 251.
2317:Deutsche Interessen und alliierte Einflussnahmen
1544:Their two daughters were born in 1950 and 1953.
1024:. The Americans pulled their troops back to the
2527:
2430:
2117:
2036:. Böhlau Verlag Köln Weimar. pp. 55, 266.
1939:
1820:
1499:first (and last) free and fair general election
2652:
2461:
2452:
2363:
2354:
2313:
2029:
2018:
1668:
1432:in 1975 for the conference that delivered the
1189:First Secretary/General Secretary of the party
1142:"Mandatsniederlegung nach Fraktionsbeschluss "
988:that liberated Axen from the Buchenwald camp.
2266:
1984:Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht. pp. 31, 34.
1187:which for most purposes was dominated by the
1147:
955:Jawischowitz (as it was known to the Germans)
632:
2856:Jewish emigrants from Nazi Germany to France
2711:
2626:
2508:
2412:"Ich war Diener der Partei... (book review)"
2320:. ibidem Verlag, Stuttgart. pp. 31–32.
2146:
1881:
1877:
1875:
1828:. JĂĽdische Rundschau, Berlin. Archived from
1761:
1759:
1757:
1755:
1753:
1751:
1749:
1747:
1745:
1743:
1741:
1739:
1737:
1735:
1733:
1731:
1729:
1727:
1725:
1723:
1721:
1719:
1717:
1715:
1713:
1450:
1128:, holding one of the 17 seats allocated for
1045:"Sozialistische Einheitspartei Deutschlands"
685:which took place, following torture, at the
2717:
2307:
1933:
1816:
1711:
1709:
1707:
1705:
1703:
1701:
1699:
1697:
1695:
1693:
2749:Party Executive Committee until July 1950.
2692:Helmut Höge (compiler) (17 January 1994).
2370:. Böhlau Verlag Köln Weimar. p. 396.
2260:
2205:
1977:
1973:
1971:
1969:
1967:
1965:
1963:
1814:
1812:
1810:
1808:
1806:
1804:
1802:
1800:
1798:
1796:
29:
2181:"Hermann Axen .... Biographische Angaben"
1872:
1161:German Democratic Republic (East Germany)
991:
602:German Democratic Republic / East Germany
2685:
2404:
1844:
1690:
1497:In March 1990 East Germany had held its
2866:Buchenwald concentration camp survivors
2724:. Singel Uitgeverijen. pp. 32–33.
2438:"Informationen zum "Neuen Deutschland""
2077:Hans-Albert Walter (13 December 2016).
1960:
1793:
1412:with their shared work on creating the
1350:countries under strong Soviet influence
1108:, a precursor parliament set up in the
731:"Marxistische Arbeiterschule" / "MASch"
645:which in the eyes of British historian
611:In November 1989 he visited Moscow for
2871:Auschwitz concentration camp survivors
2781:Politicians from the Kingdom of Saxony
2758:
2572:. V&R unipress GmbH. p. 289.
2569:GDR dissidents and human rights issues
1852:"Hermann Axen; Aide to Erich Honecker"
1485:were able to exchange their money for
927:
873:broke out in September 1939, when the
2185:Nachlass Hermann Axen .... Einleitung
2153:Christian LANGEOIS (28 August 2014).
1885:Who were the 'prisoners' of Wandlitz?
1205:agitation and propaganda ("Agitprop")
972:was emptied of its internees, as the
912:, previously used to house returning
756:agitation and propaganda ("Agitprop")
62:July 1956 – 18 February 1966
2876:Recipients of the Order of Karl Marx
2509:Tillack-Graf, Anne-Kathleen (2012).
329:International Politics and Economics
2846:Communists in the German Resistance
2273:. LIT Verlag MĂĽnster. p. 348.
1316:Having never lost his place in the
13:
2861:Prisoners and detainees of Germany
2314:Daniel Schwane (31 January 2012).
2127:Klaus-Peter Schmid (25 May 1990).
1623:Medal for Fighters Against Fascism
1509:was no longer the creature of the
1183:. Key decisions were taken in the
1067:"antifaschistische JugendausschuĂź"
892:. Possibly in connection with his
766:' Leipzig region leadership team (
606:Politburo of the Central Committee
532:Politburo of the Central Committee
525:Politburo of the Central Committee
14:
2902:
2886:Recipients of the Banner of Labor
1946:. Ch. Links Verlag. p. 265.
1676:"BĂĽro Hermann Axen im ZK der SED"
1547:
1374:
1223:"spies" among broadcasting staff
555:Foreign Policy Commission at the
2129:"Gefangen in der zweiten Heimat"
1004:was liberated by US forces, the
2718:F. Springer (15 October 2010).
2617:
2502:
2070:
1464:
1049:. The SED was formed through a
1014:territorial division of Germany
864:"Deutsche Freiheitssender 29,8"
852:German Communist Party in exile
797:
672:
615:. While he was away the entire
118:Socialist Unity Party in Berlin
2831:Members of the 9th Volkskammer
2826:Members of the 8th Volkskammer
2821:Members of the 7th Volkskammer
2816:Members of the 6th Volkskammer
2811:Members of the 5th Volkskammer
2806:Members of the 4th Volkskammer
2801:Members of the 3rd Volkskammer
2796:Members of the 2nd Volkskammer
2743:
1978:Heike Amos (28 October 2015).
1922:
1655:Order of Friendship of Peoples
1615:Awards and honours (selection)
1523:European Court of Human Rights
832:the independent Austrian state
517:Central institution membership
178:Parliamentary constituencies
130:July 1953 – July 1956
1:
2851:Jews in the German resistance
1981:Westarbeit war Chefsache! ...
1882:David Childs (30 July 2014).
1662:
1247:who, like him, had spent the
1138:a member of the "Volkskammer"
884:. The authorities responded (
869:From a Paris perspective the
784:"Vorbereitung zum Hochverrat"
651:the liberal branch of Judaism
313:Central Committee Secretariat
16:German politician (1916–1992)
2634:"Gestorben ... Hermann Axen"
2159:. Cherche Midi. p. 75.
970:Auschwitz concentration camp
806:, and with the agreement of
600:, relaunched in 1949 as the
529:1963–1970: Candidate member,
215: – 16 November 1989
7:
2694:"Was fĂĽr ein Durcheinander"
2208:"Deal mit dem Klassenfeind"
1532:
1185:Central Committee Politburo
10:
2907:
2640:(online). 24 February 1992
2206:Jörg Beige (20 May 2008).
1580:Dietz-Verlag, Berlin 1969.
1574:Dietz-Verlag, Berlin 1967.
1568:Dietz-Verlag, Berlin 1966.
1562:Dietz-Verlag, Berlin 1965.
1456:his failing health. After
1410:German Democratic Republic
1148:German Democratic Republic
1026:agreed lines on their maps
922:German Democratic Republic
729:Marxist Workers' Academy (
633:Provenance and early years
473:Communist Party of Germany
2841:Neues Deutschland editors
2836:Free German Youth members
2786:Jewish German politicians
1604:Dietz-Verlag, Berlin 1986
1598:Dietz-Verlag, Berlin 1982
1592:Dietz-Verlag, Berlin 1981
1586:Dietz-Verlag, Berlin 1976
1451:Arrest, illness and death
1438:East German Peace Council
860:(German) Young Communists
637:Hermann Axen was born in
579:
513:
490:
482:
458:
448:
428:
390:
385:
381:
369:
357:
345:
333:
319:
311:
307:
303:
299:
295:
279:
267:
250:
241:
231:
219:
205:
187:
183:
176:
172:
162:
152:
134:
123:
114:
104:
94:
66:
55:
44:
40:
28:
21:
2776:Politicians from Leipzig
2698:Die Tageszeitung, Berlin
2033:Die Kommunistem im Lande
1940:Helmut Eschwege (1991).
1888:. Routledge. p. 4.
1641:Patriotic Order of Merit
1503:East German parliament (
1311:Patriotic Order of Merit
1000:and Axen's home city of
945:were handed over to the
882:over-ran northern France
810:, he at once headed for
377:Mass Agitation and Press
274:Constituency established
2462:Karin Hartewig (2000).
2364:Karin Hartewig (2000).
2187:. Bundesarchiv, Koblenz
2030:Karin Hartewig (2000).
1779:Wer war wer in der DDR?
1447:between 1982 and 1989.
1318:Party Central Committee
1081:"Freie Deutsche Jugend"
1055:Social Democratic Party
1043:Socialist Unity Party (
984:, in April 1945 it was
826:and, more importantly,
774:June 1935 he faced the
627:
608:between 1970 and 1989.
536:1949–1989: Full member,
522:1970–1989: Full member,
365:International Relations
245:German People's Council
115:Second Secretary of the
2721:Quadriga: een eindspel
2542:Die BND-Akte PolitbĂĽro
2267:Markus Behmer (2000).
2080:Die "besonderen" Lager
1491:West German chancellor
1212:Soviet occupation zone
1156:was relaunched as the
1154:Soviet occupation zone
1110:Soviet occupation zone
1063:one-party dictatorship
1059:Soviet occupation zone
1022:Soviet occupation zone
992:Soviet occupation zone
890:Drancy internment camp
725:banned Communist Party
622:rapid political change
598:Soviet occupation zone
1771:Helmut MĂĽller-Enbergs
1477:During the run-up to
1104:" Deutscher Volksrat"
1035:local Communist Party
741:"Unterbezirk Leipzig"
465:Socialist Unity Party
286:multi-member district
226:multi-member district
1398:Western intelligence
1322:Politburo membership
1280:"SED-Bezirksleitung"
1165:written constitution
1152:In October 1949 the
1126:"Volkskammer" member
590:political resistance
2564:Joachim Scholtyseck
2465:Nachkriegskarrieren
1832:on 14 December 2018
1384:and West Germany's
1366:"Arbeitsgruppe BRD"
1079:Free German Youth (
928:Concentration camps
776:district high court
687:main police station
677:He was affected by
341:Foreign Information
45:Editor-in-chief of
2598:has generic name (
1860:. 18 February 1992
1767:Bernd-Rainer Barth
1511:ruling SED (party)
1382:ruling SED (party)
1228:June 1953 uprising
1118:People's Chamber (
1102:People's Council (
1096:In 1948 he became
1051:contentious merger
951:Auschwitz-Birkenau
703:concentration camp
663:his brother Rudolf
653:and he received a
592:during the twelve
567:1963–1967: Member,
548:Other offices held
353:General Department
2731:978-90-214-3923-5
2579:978-3-89971-938-3
2520:978-3-631-63678-7
2475:978-3-412-02800-8
2377:978-3-412-02800-8
2327:978-3-8382-5526-2
2280:978-3-8258-4615-2
2166:978-2-7491-3450-5
2090:978-3-476-03185-3
2043:978-3-412-02800-8
1991:978-3-647-30077-1
1953:978-3-86153-023-7
1895:978-1-317-88310-4
1857:Los Angeles Times
1487:West German money
1483:East German money
1394:Neues Deutschland
1338:the Soviet leader
1307:Neues Deutschland
1300:. He succeeded
1287:Neues Deutschland
1221:Central Committee
1201:Central Committee
1197:"Partei Vorstand"
1177:Central Committee
1006:victorious allies
918:Spanish Civil War
898:puppet government
745:"Verbindungsmann"
661:), influenced by
583:
582:
539:Central Committee
408:Kingdom of Saxony
291:
290:
81:GĂĽnter Kertzscher
75:Eberhard Heinrich
49:Neues Deutschland
2898:
2750:
2747:
2736:
2735:
2715:
2709:
2708:
2706:
2704:
2689:
2683:
2682:
2680:
2678:
2663:
2650:
2649:
2647:
2645:
2630:
2624:
2621:
2615:
2614:
2608:
2603:
2597:
2593:
2591:
2583:
2560:
2554:
2553:
2551:
2549:
2534:
2525:
2524:
2506:
2500:
2499:
2493:
2489:
2487:
2479:
2459:
2450:
2449:
2447:
2445:
2434:
2428:
2427:
2425:
2423:
2408:
2402:
2401:
2395:
2391:
2389:
2381:
2361:
2352:
2351:
2345:
2341:
2339:
2331:
2311:
2305:
2304:
2298:
2294:
2292:
2284:
2264:
2258:
2257:
2255:
2253:
2243:
2235:
2229:
2228:
2226:
2224:
2203:
2197:
2196:
2194:
2192:
2177:
2171:
2170:
2150:
2144:
2143:
2141:
2139:
2124:
2115:
2114:
2108:
2104:
2102:
2094:
2074:
2068:
2067:
2061:
2057:
2055:
2047:
2027:
2016:
2015:
2009:
2005:
2003:
1995:
1975:
1958:
1957:
1937:
1931:
1926:
1920:
1919:
1913:
1909:
1907:
1899:
1879:
1870:
1869:
1867:
1865:
1848:
1842:
1841:
1839:
1837:
1824:(6 April 2018).
1818:
1791:
1790:
1788:
1786:
1763:
1688:
1687:
1685:
1683:
1672:
1446:
1434:Helsinki Accords
1418:western analysts
1265:"Fascist Putsch"
1158:Soviet sponsored
871:Second World War
788:old penitentiary
768:"Bezirksleitung"
764:Young Communists
760:Young Communists
711:rapid transition
695:curriculum vitae
667:Young Communists
665:, he joined the
553:1962–1989: Head,
478:
470:
435:
432:15 February 1992
424:
400:
398:
386:Personal details
374:
373:
362:
361:
350:
349:
338:
337:
326:
325:
315:responsibilities
282:
270:
255:
234:
222:
210:
201:
174:
173:
165:
155:
137:
128:
107:
97:
69:
60:
33:
19:
18:
2906:
2905:
2901:
2900:
2899:
2897:
2896:
2895:
2756:
2755:
2754:
2753:
2748:
2744:
2739:
2732:
2716:
2712:
2702:
2700:
2690:
2686:
2676:
2674:
2665:
2664:
2653:
2643:
2641:
2632:
2631:
2627:
2622:
2618:
2606:
2605:
2595:
2594:
2585:
2584:
2580:
2561:
2557:
2547:
2545:
2536:
2535:
2528:
2521:
2507:
2503:
2491:
2490:
2481:
2480:
2476:
2460:
2453:
2443:
2441:
2436:
2435:
2431:
2421:
2419:
2410:
2409:
2405:
2393:
2392:
2383:
2382:
2378:
2362:
2355:
2343:
2342:
2333:
2332:
2328:
2312:
2308:
2296:
2295:
2286:
2285:
2281:
2265:
2261:
2251:
2249:
2241:
2237:
2236:
2232:
2222:
2220:
2204:
2200:
2190:
2188:
2179:
2178:
2174:
2167:
2151:
2147:
2137:
2135:
2125:
2118:
2106:
2105:
2096:
2095:
2091:
2075:
2071:
2059:
2058:
2049:
2048:
2044:
2028:
2019:
2007:
2006:
1997:
1996:
1992:
1976:
1961:
1954:
1938:
1934:
1927:
1923:
1911:
1910:
1901:
1900:
1896:
1880:
1873:
1863:
1861:
1850:
1849:
1845:
1835:
1833:
1822:Stefan Winckler
1819:
1794:
1784:
1782:
1764:
1691:
1681:
1679:
1674:
1673:
1669:
1665:
1660:
1629:Banner of Labor
1617:
1550:
1535:
1527:Margot Honecker
1467:
1453:
1440:
1377:
1342:Leonid Brezhnev
1330:Walter Ulbricht
1261:Walter Ulbricht
1257:Stalin's purges
1150:
994:
963:Manfred Uschner
930:
902:Philippe PĂ©tain
894:legal stateless
800:
675:
643:"Realgymnasium"
635:
630:
575:
568:
554:
550:
549:
544:
543:
537:
530:
523:
519:
518:
509:
476:
475:
471:
468:
467:
460:
459:Other political
449:Political party
437:
433:
414:
402:
396:
394:
371:
370:
359:
358:
347:
346:
335:
334:
323:
321:
320:
280:
268:
256:
251:
243:
232:
220:
213:17 October 1954
211:
206:
195:
194:
192:
179:
163:
153:
148:
136:First Secretary
135:
129:
124:
116:
105:
95:
90:
67:
61:
56:
46:
36:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
2904:
2894:
2893:
2888:
2883:
2878:
2873:
2868:
2863:
2858:
2853:
2848:
2843:
2838:
2833:
2828:
2823:
2818:
2813:
2808:
2803:
2798:
2793:
2788:
2783:
2778:
2773:
2768:
2752:
2751:
2741:
2740:
2738:
2737:
2730:
2710:
2684:
2651:
2625:
2616:
2596:|author1=
2578:
2555:
2526:
2519:
2501:
2474:
2451:
2429:
2403:
2376:
2353:
2326:
2306:
2279:
2259:
2230:
2198:
2172:
2165:
2145:
2116:
2089:
2069:
2042:
2017:
1990:
1959:
1952:
1932:
1921:
1894:
1871:
1843:
1792:
1689:
1666:
1664:
1661:
1659:
1658:
1657:(Soviet award)
1651:
1650:(Soviet award)
1644:
1637:
1635:Hero of Labour
1631:
1625:
1618:
1616:
1613:
1612:
1611:
1605:
1599:
1593:
1587:
1581:
1575:
1569:
1563:
1557:
1549:
1548:Selected works
1546:
1534:
1531:
1466:
1463:
1452:
1449:
1402:Erich Honecker
1390:Erich Honecker
1376:
1375:Honecker years
1373:
1334:Erich Honecker
1149:
1146:
1075:Erich Honecker
1031:"Kreisleitung"
1010:already agreed
993:
990:
943:Kurt Goldstein
929:
926:
878:invaded Poland
799:
796:
681:murder by the
674:
671:
659:Nazi take-over
634:
631:
629:
626:
581:
580:
577:
576:
574:
573:
565:
559:
547:
546:
545:
542:
541:
534:
527:
516:
515:
514:
511:
510:
508:
507:
504:
501:
498:
494:
492:
488:
487:
484:
480:
479:
462:
456:
455:
450:
446:
445:
436:(aged 75)
430:
426:
425:
392:
388:
387:
383:
382:
379:
378:
375:
367:
366:
363:
355:
354:
351:
343:
342:
339:
331:
330:
327:
317:
316:
309:
308:
305:
304:
301:
300:
297:
296:
293:
292:
289:
288:
283:
277:
276:
271:
265:
264:
248:
247:
239:
238:
235:
229:
228:
223:
217:
216:
203:
202:
188:Member of the
185:
184:
181:
180:
177:
170:
169:
166:
160:
159:
156:
150:
149:
147:
146:
144:Alfred Neumann
140:
138:
132:
131:
121:
120:
112:
111:
108:
102:
101:
98:
92:
91:
89:
88:
87:Walter Florath
85:
82:
79:
76:
72:
70:
64:
63:
53:
52:
42:
41:
38:
37:
34:
26:
25:
22:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2903:
2892:
2889:
2887:
2884:
2882:
2879:
2877:
2874:
2872:
2869:
2867:
2864:
2862:
2859:
2857:
2854:
2852:
2849:
2847:
2844:
2842:
2839:
2837:
2834:
2832:
2829:
2827:
2824:
2822:
2819:
2817:
2814:
2812:
2809:
2807:
2804:
2802:
2799:
2797:
2794:
2792:
2789:
2787:
2784:
2782:
2779:
2777:
2774:
2772:
2769:
2767:
2764:
2763:
2761:
2746:
2742:
2733:
2727:
2723:
2722:
2714:
2699:
2695:
2688:
2672:
2668:
2662:
2660:
2658:
2656:
2639:
2635:
2629:
2620:
2612:
2601:
2589:
2581:
2575:
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2697:
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1942:
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1862:. Retrieved
1855:
1846:
1834:. Retrieved
1830:the original
1783:. Retrieved
1778:
1680:. Retrieved
1670:
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1556:Berlin 1952.
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1225:
1216:ruling party
1209:
1196:
1181:ruling party
1151:
1141:
1119:
1103:
1095:
1091:"Zentralrat"
1090:
1080:
1066:
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1018:administered
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924:after 1949.
868:
863:
846:which since
801:
798:French exile
783:
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744:
740:
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721:dictatorship
707:Lviv/Lemberg
676:
673:Nazi Germany
647:David Childs
636:
610:
586:Hermann Axen
585:
584:
461:affiliations
434:(1992-02-15)
401:6 March 1916
285:
281:Succeeded by
273:
260: –
252:
237:Petra GĂĽndel
233:Succeeded by
225:
207:
200:; 1954–1963)
164:Succeeded by
125:
106:Succeeded by
78:Hajo Herbell
57:
47:
35:Axen in 1946
23:Hermann Axen
2771:1992 deaths
2766:1916 births
2638:Der Spiegel
2607:|work=
2492:|work=
2394:|work=
2344:|work=
2297:|work=
2270:Footnote 64
2217:Der Spiegel
2107:|work=
2060:|work=
2008:|work=
1912:|work=
1682:22 November
1678:(in German)
1515:SED (party)
1441: [
1416:. However,
1386:SPD (party)
1354:Otto Winzer
1302:Georg Stibi
1269:Volkskammer
1240:West Berlin
1232:East German
1193:Volkskammer
1114:SED (party)
1071:Paul Verner
906:Camp Vernet
875:German army
655:Bar Mitzvah
613:eye surgery
570:East Berlin
503:Party Clerk
477:(1932–1946)
469:(1946–1989)
453:Independent
269:Preceded by
262:30 May 1949
221:Preceded by
190:Volkskammer
168:Willi Kuhn
154:Preceded by
100:Georg Stibi
96:Preceded by
2760:Categories
1663:References
1251:exiled in
1249:Nazi years
1235:leadership
1087:ruling SED
1012:a postwar
998:Buchenwald
978:Buchenwald
836:an anomaly
594:Nazi years
497:Politician
491:Occupation
486:Sonja Axen
397:1916-03-06
322:1985–1989;
2609:ignored (
2588:cite book
2494:ignored (
2484:cite book
2396:ignored (
2386:cite book
2346:ignored (
2336:cite book
2299:ignored (
2289:cite book
2109:ignored (
2099:cite book
2062:ignored (
2052:cite book
2010:ignored (
2000:cite book
1914:ignored (
1904:cite book
1362:Politburo
1294:newspaper
1033:) of the
986:US troops
916:from the
910:Perpignan
856:"Red Aid"
840:Anschluss
808:the party
804:stateless
617:Politburo
563:Politburo
557:Politburo
372:1949–1953
360:1966–1989
348:1977–1984
336:1979–1989
324:1981–1984
253:In office
208:In office
126:In office
58:In office
2219:(online)
1533:Personal
1430:Helsinki
1422:Diabetes
1173:de facto
1098:a member
974:Red army
914:fighters
838:: with "
506:Merchant
1643:in gold
1272:in 1954
1179:of the
1169:de jure
1100:of the
1077:of the
1020:as the
1002:Leipzig
982:its end
947:Gestapo
934:Gestapo
828:Austria
824:Germany
792:Zwickau
780:Dresden
737:Leipzig
691:Dresden
683:Gestapo
639:Leipzig
443:Germany
421:Germany
404:Leipzig
2728:
2703:6 July
2677:6 July
2644:7 July
2576:
2548:6 July
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2472:
2444:6 July
2422:6 July
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2277:
2252:6 July
2223:5 July
2191:5 July
2163:
2138:5 July
2087:
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1988:
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1892:
1864:4 July
1836:4 July
1785:4 July
1289:, the
1253:Moscow
1083:/ FDJ)
1047:/ SED)
1039:Saxony
938:Vernet
830:, saw
816:Poland
812:Vienna
749:Saxony
483:Spouse
439:Berlin
417:Saxony
198:Berlin
68:Deputy
2242:(PDF)
1653:1986
1646:1985
1639:1966
1633:1965
1627:1960
1621:1958
1539:Bummi
1445:]
1406:Nazis
1291:party
1245:those
844:Paris
747:) in
718:party
705:near
699:party
415:(now
2726:ISBN
2705:2018
2679:2018
2646:2018
2611:help
2600:help
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2550:2018
2515:ISBN
2496:help
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2424:2018
2398:help
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2254:2018
2225:2018
2193:2018
2161:ISBN
2140:2018
2111:help
2085:ISBN
2064:help
2038:ISBN
2012:help
1986:ISBN
1948:ISBN
1916:help
1890:ISBN
1866:2018
1838:2018
1787:2018
1684:2023
1414:FDJ)
1346:FDJ)
1226:The
1171:and
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