344:. Meetings of the SPD local party executive still took place, but they were now defined as birthday parties. They were nevertheless effective opportunities for exchanging information and discussing ways in which the Nazi régime might more effectively be opposed. There was illegal printed material, smuggled in at great personal risk by covert couriers from abroad, to be located and distributed. Along with her "illegal party work" Hermine Berthold sustained her contacts with members of "Vorwärts", the
195:. The period was one of rapid industrial expansion across much of western Europe, however, and "factory wages" were generally higher than those of domestic servants. Working hours in factories, although long by later standards, were generally neither as long nor as unpredictable as those experienced by domestic servants. After two years (like her future political colleague
422:. In defiance of Gestapo threats, she had continued to make contact with (politically inclined) friends from the pre-Nazi years. Three months after the re-arrest, to her surprise, she was released again. This seems to have been because, directly before her fre-arrest, her husband had suffered a fatal accident in the port, where he had evidently still been employed.
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a family, and
Hermine Berthold continued to work at the factory. By the time the couple's third son was born, in 1922, Hermann Berthold had become a dock worker. They could afford for Hermine to take a break from paid work and concentrate on the children, while also devoting more time to her political activities.
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Directly after the war, as she concentrated on making her half destroyed apartment habitable for herself and her surviving son, there was a determination to have nothing more to do with politics, but that quickly weakened and she became a member locally of an all-party ant-fascism association, which
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quarter of Bremen. Her first son was born in 1915. The boy's father, a sailor called
Hermann Berthold, married her three years later when her second son was born. Hermann had by this point lost his job at sea, and was working on the land, but this was not sufficiently well paid for him to support
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in sixteen years. On 16 October 1946 Berthold was elected to the assembly, remaining a member till 1959. In her "candidate leaflet" she presented herself as a woman who, as a factory worker, had "up close experience" of the class antagonisms in the capitalist system, and undertook to stand up, in
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The unexpected death of
Hermann Berthold in 1939 was followed by the deaths of the Bertholds' second and third sons in the war. Their eldest son, described as "always delicate", survived, and continued to live with his mother till he died, still relatively young, in 1958. Public records indicate
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particular, for working class voters. As a postwar parliamentarian she was a member of the groups dealing with nutrition, agriculture, labour and restitution. Colleagues found her diligent and reliable, but also quiet, preferring behind the scenes work to making speeches to the full. assembly.
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into which, for administrative purposes, it would be subsumed in 1902. While she was still a child her mother married the widowed father of seven children, and
Hermine accordingly became the elder sister to seven step siblings. Her new stepfather was an activist member of the
286:(which incorporated votes for women without much sign of the resistance that the notion encountered elsewhere in Europe). The party leadership's support for war credits back in 1914-18 was yesterday's issue. In the
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and in the Autumn elections was duly elected. She remained a member until 15 March 1933 which was when the parliament, like other democratic institutions across
Germany, dissolved itself in response to the
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SPD Berthold took the initiative in creating a women's group inside the local party, and was very soon recruited onto the executive committee of the women's group in respect of the
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She remained politically active during the Nazi years which was, by definition, illegal (except for Nazi Party supporters). Berthold retained particularly close links with
191:, which ensured an early introduction to the rapidly changing world of socialist politics. After completing her time at junior school, in 1910 she followed her mother into
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would remain the firmest of friends over the decades that followed. In 1938, her sentence expunged, Hermine
Berthold was released. A year later, on 1 September 1939, as
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with which she had been working since the 1920s. The Nazis never disbanded the consumer co-operatives, even though they tended to be front organisations for the outlawed
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370:, along with a large number of party comrades were betrayed to the authorities and arrested. The charge was the usual one of "preparing to commit high treason" (
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520:, her Communist friend from their time in prison together. She continued her co-operative work long after she retired, at the age of 63, from membership of the
374:), and the sentence was a four year jail term. By the time of her trial and sentencing Berthold had already been held in "investigatory detention" at Bremen's
266:. Around about the time she joined it, the USPD was itself undergoing a further split, with the leftwing majority (nationally) forming the nucleus of the new
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unfolded, being the principal transit point in western
Germany for the US military. Berthold was persuaded by comrades to rejoin the (no longer banned)
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Very soon after joining the workforce at the jute mill she became involved in the activities of the textile workers trades union (
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446:"Gerade jetzt, wo wir wieder vor einem Trümmerhaufen stehen, kann und darf die Frau im politischen Leben nicht beiseite stehen."
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442:"Now more than ever, standing before another huge pile of rubble, women can not and must not stand aside from political life"
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invaded Poland from opposite sides, Berthold was re-arrested because she had failed to comply with conditions imposed by the
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Renate Meyer-Braun (author); Verena
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that by this time
Berthold was also a grandmother, but sources are otherwise silent over her four grandchildren.
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had ended up under US military occupation, quickly acquiring great strategic significance as the
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Hermine
Berthold addressing a local meeting in Huckelriede district, 30 January 1946
657:"Im Vorhof der Hölle - Kriegsbeginn in Bremen am 1. September 1939 .... Footnote 7"
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in 1917, principally because members rejected the mainstream party's parliamentary
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145:(born Hermine Brühning: 22 March 1896 – 2 June 1990) was a worker, a politician (
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Hermine Auguste Brühning was born the illegitimate daughter of a serving-maid in
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women's section of it. She became a member of the executive committee of the
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Hermine Berthold (22.3 1896 bis 2.6.1990) Ein ganz bescheidene, enfache Frau
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October 1946 saw the first free elections to the now re-instated
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406:, became ever frostier, but in Bremen Hermine Berthold and
378:. The next three years she spent at the women's prison at
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376:"Ostertorwache" (as the establishment was then known)
250:"Unabhängige Sozialdemokratische Partei Deutschlands"
662:. Fraktion DIE LINKE. in der Bremischen Bürgerschaft
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women's section of the SPD, now being re-created by
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during 1934. In November 1934 Hermine Berthold and
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in 1918 or 1919. The USPD had broken away from the
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603:. BoD – Books on Demand. pp. 199–217.
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717:Members of the Bürgerschaft of Bremen
248:Independent Social Democratic Party (
561:Renate Meyer-Braun (19 March 2017).
276:a year of revolutions in the cities
203:"Jute-Spinnerei und Weberei Bremen"
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386:from Bremen being held in Lübeck,
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226:Consumers' co-operative movement (
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128:3. ______ Berthold
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60:(1990-06-02)
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420:authorities
236:and of the
201:jute mill (
153:during the
116:(1915-1958)
58:2 June 1990
681:Categories
528:References
336:Nazi years
155:Nazi years
84:politician
36:1896-03-22
640:ignored (
619:cite book
390:. After
384:communist
479:Cold War
318:towards
216:Politics
184:the city
111:Children
666:3 March
569:2 March
400:the SPD
288:Hastedt
252:/ USPD)
48:Germany
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475:Bremen
412:German
361:Bremen
278:, the
103:Spouse
66:Bremen
660:(PDF)
323:party
209:Walle
149:), a
668:2018
642:help
631:help
605:ISBN
571:2018
426:Loss
414:and
402:and
392:1945
355:The
320:one-
262:the
169:Life
93:USPD
55:Died
26:Born
364:SPD
303:SPD
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147:SPD
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