279:
230:
61:
47:
35:
325:
and Webb in 1992 is based on the efficacy of cross-pollen transfer, and suggests that the physical trait of reciprocal herkogamy evolved first, and then the diallelic incompatibility arose afterwards as a response to the evolution of the reciprocal herkogamy. This model is similar to Darwin's 1877
289:
Heterostyly is thought to have evolved primarily as a mechanism to promote outcrossing. Several hypotheses have been proposed to explain the repeated independent evolution of heterostyly as opposed to homostylous self-incompatibility: 1) that heterostyly has evolved as a mechanism to reduce male
186:". Each morph has two types of stamens. In one morph, the pistil is short, and the stamens are long and intermediate; in the second morph, the pistil is intermediate, and the stamens are short and long; in the third morph, the pistil is long, and the stamens are short and intermediate.
341:
The supergene model describes how the distinctive floral traits present in distylous flowers can be inherited. This model was first introduced by Ernst in 1955 and was further elaborated by
Charlesworth and Charlesworth in 1979. Lewis and Jones in 1992 demonstrated that the
298:
between floral morphs in distylous and tristylous species; and, 3) that the presence of heterostyly in plants reduces the conflict that might occur between the pollen dispersal and pollen receipt functions of the flower in a homomorphic animal-pollinated species.
143:", "brevistylous", or "short-styled" flower) the stamens are long and the pistils are short; the length of the pistil in one morph equals the length of the stamens in the second morph, and vice versa. Examples of distylous plants are the
104:. In a heterostylous species, two or three morphological types of flowers, termed "morphs", exist in the population. On each individual plant, all flowers share the same morph. The flower morphs differ in the lengths of the
377:
Additionally, supergene control is implied for tristyly, but there is no genetic evidence available to support it. A supergene model for tristyly would require the occurrence of two supergenes at the
329:
The alternative model - the selfing avoidance model - was introduced by
Charlesworth and Charlesworth in 1979 using a population genetic approach. The selfing avoidance model assumes that the
217:
originating in a long stamen will reach primarily long rather than short pistils, and vice versa. When pollen is transferred between two flowers of the same morph, no
708:
221:
will take place, because of the self-incompatibility mechanism, unless such mechanism is broken by environmental factors such as flower age or temperature.
256:. These families do not exhibit heterostyly across all species, and some families can exhibit both mating systems, such as among species in the genus
139:". In one morph (termed "pin", "longistylous", or "long-styled" flower) the stamens are short and the pistils are long; in the second morph (termed "
901:
Lloyd, D.; Webb, C.; Dulberger, R. (1990). "Heterostyly in species of
Narcissus (Amaryllidaceae) and Hugonia (Linaceae) and other disputed cases".
350:
locus is responsible for determining the characteristic of the gynoecium which includes the style length and incompatibility responses, the
333:
system was the first trait to evolve and that the physical attribute of reciprocal herkogamy evolved as a response to the former.
326:
idea that reciprocal herkogamy evolved as a direct response to the selective forces that increase accuracy of pollen transfer.
882:
692:
579:
543:
490:. Intermountain Flora; Vascular Plants of the Intermountain West, U.S.A. Vol. 4. The New York Botanical Garden. p.
370:, respectively. There have been other propositions that there are possibly 9 loci responsible for the distyly supergene in
295:
129:
734:
499:
675:
Barrett, S. C. H.; Shore, J. S. (2008), "New
Insights on Heterostyly: Comparative Biology, Ecology and Genetics",
125:
869:, Monographs on Theoretical and Applied Genetics, vol. 15, Springer Berlin Heidelberg, pp. 129–150,
566:, Monographs on Theoretical and Applied Genetics, vol. 15, Springer Berlin Heidelberg, pp. 151–178,
290:
gamete wastage on incompatible stigmas and to increase fitness through male function through reciprocal
484:
Arthur
Cronquist; Arthur H. Holmgren; Noel H. Holmgren; James L. Reveal; Patricia K. Holmgren (1984).
947:
762:
132:, that is, the pollen from a flower on one morph cannot fertilize another flower of the same morph.
515:
483:
491:
485:
318:
Current models for evolution include the pollen transfer model and the selfing avoidance model.
635:
Mulcahy, David L. (1975). "The
Reproductive Biology of Eichhornia crassipes (Pontederiaceae)".
322:
93:
354:
locus determines the pollen size and the pollen's incompatibility responses, and finally the
952:
330:
270:
8:
240:
Heterostyly has evolved independently in over 25 different plant families, including the
926:
918:
847:
804:
750:
652:
612:
595:
427:
878:
839:
796:
730:
688:
617:
575:
539:
495:
264:
194:
188:
930:
851:
808:
910:
870:
831:
788:
779:
Charlesworth, D.; Charlesworth, B. (1979). "A Model for the
Evolution of Distyly".
726:
722:
714:
680:
644:
607:
567:
531:
523:
423:
362:
allele and the s alleles segregating at the supergene S locus, which is notated as
144:
24:
278:
117:
874:
684:
571:
446:
407:
249:
527:
941:
843:
800:
718:
520:
Self-Incompatibility in
Flowering Plants Evolution, Diversity, and Mechanisms
303:
218:
205:
The lengths of stamens and pistils in heterostylous flowers are adapted for
621:
596:"The Origin and Evolutionary Development of Heterostyly in the Angiosperms"
358:
locus determines the anther height. These three diallelic loci compose the
253:
307:
245:
241:
206:
922:
450:
914:
835:
656:
258:
236:
is an example of distyly present in a family that exhibits other morphs
210:
175:
535:
410:(1862). "On the two forms, or dimorphic condition, in the species of
343:
291:
229:
154:
113:
97:
648:
792:
183:
562:
Lloyd, D. G.; Webb, C. J. (1992), "The
Evolution of Heterostyly",
60:
374:, but there has been no convincing genetic data to support this.
169:
149:
136:
46:
822:
Ernst, Alfred (1955). "Self-fertility in monomorphic
Primulas".
285:
exhibits tristyly present in a family that exhibits other morphs
865:
Lewis, D.; Jones, D. A. (1992), "The Genetics of Heterostyly",
214:
109:
105:
101:
34:
900:
268:
exhibits distyly, whereas another species in the same genus,
163:
710:
The Different Forms of Flowers on Plants of the Same Species
452:
The Different Forms of Flowers on Plants of the Same Species
182:
Heterostylous plants having three flower morphs are termed "
66:
Dissection of long-styled (A) and short-styled (B) flowers:
416:
Journal of the Proceedings of the Linnaean Society (Botany)
294:; 2) heterostyly evolved as a consequence of selection for
158:
121:
135:
Heterostylous plants having two flower morphs are termed "
778:
213:, or different body parts of the same pollinator. Thus,
16:
Two different types of flowers (style) on same plant
112:, and these traits are not continuous. The morph
939:
445:
406:
346:consists of three linked diallelic loci. The
679:, Springer Berlin Heidelberg, pp. 3–32,
514:
468:
414:, and on their remarkable sexual relations".
310:flowers are effective in cross- pollination.
674:
593:
224:
864:
464:
462:
611:
561:
677:Self-Incompatibility in Flowering Plants
441:
439:
437:
402:
400:
398:
277:
228:
634:
459:
940:
706:
487:Subclass Asteridae (except Asteraceae)
471:The collected papers of Charles Darwin
321:The pollen transfer model proposed by
867:Evolution and Function of Heterostyly
821:
774:
772:
637:Bulletin of the Torrey Botanical Club
564:Evolution and Function of Heterostyly
434:
395:
670:
668:
666:
557:
555:
124:responsible for a unique system of
13:
769:
613:10.1111/j.1558-5646.1967.tb00150.x
428:10.1111/j.1095-8312.1862.tb01218.x
302:Heterostyly is most often seen in
296:heteromorphic self-incompatibility
130:heteromorphic self-incompatibility
14:
964:
894:
663:
552:
59:
45:
33:
903:Plant Systematics and Evolution
858:
815:
700:
262:(Pontederiaceae). For example,
628:
594:Vuilleumier, Beryl S. (1967).
587:
508:
477:
1:
388:
173:species, and many species of
198:) and some other species of
7:
875:10.1007/978-3-642-86656-2_5
685:10.1007/978-3-540-68486-2_1
572:10.1007/978-3-642-86656-2_6
516:Franklin-Tong, Vernonica E.
473:. Chicago University Press.
469:P. H. Barrett, ed. (1977).
306:flowers presumably because
10:
969:
528:10.1007/978-3-540-68486-2
719:10.1017/cbo9780511731419
707:Darwin, Charles (2010).
225:Evolution of heterostyly
781:The American Naturalist
727:2027/coo.31924000539431
286:
237:
192:, purple loosestrife (
337:Genetic determination
281:
232:
331:self-incompatibility
283:Eichhornia crassipes
271:Eichhornia crassipes
126:self-incompatibility
92:is a unique form of
52:short-styled flower
915:10.1007/BF00937808
836:10.1007/bf01664170
287:
238:
40:long-styled flower
884:978-3-642-86658-6
694:978-3-540-68485-5
581:978-3-642-86658-6
545:978-3-540-68485-5
455:. London: Murray.
265:Eichhornia azurea
234:Eichhornia azurea
195:Lythrum salicaria
189:Oxalis pes-caprae
960:
948:Plant morphology
934:
909:(1/4): 215–227.
888:
887:
862:
856:
855:
819:
813:
812:
776:
767:
766:
760:
756:
754:
746:
744:
743:
704:
698:
697:
672:
661:
660:
632:
626:
625:
615:
591:
585:
584:
559:
550:
549:
512:
506:
505:
481:
475:
474:
466:
457:
456:
443:
432:
431:
404:
202:are trimorphic.
70:Corolla (petals)
63:
49:
37:
25:Primula vulgaris
968:
967:
963:
962:
961:
959:
958:
957:
938:
937:
897:
892:
891:
885:
863:
859:
820:
816:
777:
770:
758:
757:
748:
747:
741:
739:
737:
705:
701:
695:
673:
664:
649:10.2307/2484592
633:
629:
592:
588:
582:
560:
553:
546:
513:
509:
502:
482:
478:
467:
460:
444:
435:
405:
396:
391:
227:
147:and many other
116:is genetically
87:
86:
85:
84:
83:
82:
64:
55:
54:
53:
50:
42:
41:
38:
29:
28:
17:
12:
11:
5:
966:
956:
955:
950:
936:
935:
896:
895:External links
893:
890:
889:
883:
857:
830:(1): 391–448.
814:
793:10.1086/283496
787:(4): 467–498.
768:
759:|website=
735:
699:
693:
662:
627:
606:(2): 210–226.
586:
580:
551:
544:
507:
500:
476:
458:
447:Charles Darwin
433:
408:Charles Darwin
393:
392:
390:
387:
275:is tristylous.
250:Pontederiaceae
226:
223:
167:species, some
81:
80:
77:
74:
73:Calyx (sepals)
71:
67:
65:
58:
57:
56:
51:
44:
43:
39:
32:
31:
30:
21:
20:
19:
18:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
965:
954:
951:
949:
946:
945:
943:
932:
928:
924:
920:
916:
912:
908:
904:
899:
898:
886:
880:
876:
872:
868:
861:
853:
849:
845:
841:
837:
833:
829:
825:
818:
810:
806:
802:
798:
794:
790:
786:
782:
775:
773:
764:
752:
738:
736:9780511731419
732:
728:
724:
720:
716:
712:
711:
703:
696:
690:
686:
682:
678:
671:
669:
667:
658:
654:
650:
646:
642:
638:
631:
623:
619:
614:
609:
605:
601:
597:
590:
583:
577:
573:
569:
565:
558:
556:
547:
541:
537:
533:
529:
525:
521:
517:
511:
503:
501:0-89327-248-5
497:
493:
489:
488:
480:
472:
465:
463:
454:
453:
448:
442:
440:
438:
429:
425:
422:(22): 77–96.
421:
417:
413:
409:
403:
401:
399:
394:
386:
384:
380:
375:
373:
369:
365:
361:
357:
353:
349:
345:
339:
338:
334:
332:
327:
324:
319:
316:
315:
311:
309:
305:
304:actinomorphic
300:
297:
293:
284:
280:
276:
274:
272:
267:
266:
261:
260:
255:
251:
247:
243:
235:
231:
222:
220:
219:fertilization
216:
212:
209:by different
208:
203:
201:
197:
196:
191:
190:
185:
180:
178:
177:
172:
171:
166:
165:
160:
156:
152:
151:
146:
142:
138:
133:
131:
127:
123:
119:
115:
111:
107:
103:
99:
95:
91:
78:
75:
72:
69:
68:
62:
48:
36:
27:
26:
906:
902:
866:
860:
827:
823:
817:
784:
780:
740:. Retrieved
709:
702:
676:
643:(1): 18–21.
640:
636:
630:
603:
599:
589:
563:
519:
510:
486:
479:
470:
451:
419:
415:
411:
385: loci.
382:
378:
376:
371:
367:
363:
359:
355:
351:
347:
340:
336:
335:
328:
320:
317:
313:
312:
301:
288:
282:
269:
263:
257:
254:Boraginaceae
239:
233:
204:
199:
193:
187:
181:
174:
168:
162:
148:
140:
134:
94:polymorphism
89:
88:
23:
953:Pollination
308:zygomorphic
246:Primulaceae
242:Oxalidaceae
211:pollinators
207:pollination
90:Heterostyly
22:Flowers of
942:Categories
742:2020-05-26
389:References
259:Eichhornia
252:, and the
184:tristylous
176:Cryptantha
161:and other
844:0016-6707
801:0003-0147
761:ignored (
751:cite book
600:Evolution
536:1893/1157
344:supergene
292:herkogamy
155:buckwheat
153:species,
137:distylous
128:, termed
114:phenotype
98:herkogamy
931:44876403
923:23674709
852:40422115
824:Genetica
809:85285185
622:28556125
518:(2008).
449:(1877).
145:primrose
657:2484592
412:Primula
372:Primula
200:Lythrum
170:Lythrum
150:Primula
110:stamens
102:flowers
929:
921:
881:
850:
842:
807:
799:
733:
691:
655:
620:
578:
542:
498:
314:Models
215:pollen
118:linked
106:pistil
79:Pistil
76:Stamen
927:S2CID
919:JSTOR
848:S2CID
805:S2CID
653:JSTOR
323:Lloyd
164:Linum
141:thrum
122:genes
879:ISBN
840:ISSN
797:ISSN
763:help
731:ISBN
689:ISBN
618:PMID
576:ISBN
540:ISBN
496:ISBN
381:and
366:and
159:flax
108:and
96:and
911:doi
907:172
871:doi
832:doi
789:doi
785:114
723:hdl
715:doi
681:doi
645:doi
641:102
608:doi
568:doi
532:hdl
524:doi
492:224
424:doi
368:gpa
364:GPA
120:to
100:in
944::
925:.
917:.
905:.
877:,
846:.
838:.
828:27
826:.
803:.
795:.
783:.
771:^
755::
753:}}
749:{{
729:.
721:.
713:.
687:,
665:^
651:.
639:.
616:.
604:21
602:.
598:.
574:,
554:^
538:.
530:.
522:.
494:.
461:^
436:^
418:.
397:^
248:,
244:,
179:.
157:,
933:.
913::
873::
854:.
834::
811:.
791::
765:)
745:.
725::
717::
683::
659:.
647::
624:.
610::
570::
548:.
534::
526::
504:.
430:.
426::
420:6
383:M
379:S
360:S
356:A
352:P
348:G
273:,
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
