777:
in the U.S. are committed with assault weapons. The ban was not associated with a reduction in firearm homicides or the lethality of gun crimes in general. The authors suggest this may be due to the concurrent rise in use of non-banned semiautomatic weapons with large capacity magazines. The authors note that high-capacity magazines have a greater potential for affecting gun crime as compared to assault weapons due to the fact that high-capacity magazines are used in firearms not classified as assault weapons. The authors further note, "However, it is not clear how often the ability to fire more than 10 shots without reloading (the current magazine capacity limit) affects the outcomes of gun attacks." 95% of gun murders involve three or fewer shots fired. Overall the authors reported that "there has been no discernible reduction in the lethality and injuriousness of gun violence, based on indicators like the percentage of gun crimes resulting in death or the share of gunfire incidents resulting in injury, as we might have expected had the ban reduced crimes with both AWs and LCMs."
807:
at least 44 (64%) involved LCMs. Attacks involving LCMs "resulted in a 62% higher mean average death toll" than mass shootings in which high-capacity magazines were not used. States which had banned high-capacity magazines had a substantially lower incidence of mass shootings, as well as far fewer fatalities in mass shootings: "The incidence of high-fatality mass shootings in non–LCM ban states was more than double the rate in LCM ban states; the annual number of deaths was more than 3 times higher." The study acknowledged that because 69 incidents over a 28-year period was, for statistical purposes, "a relatively small number and limits the power to detect significant associations," it was possible that the magnitude of the effects detected was overestimated. The study authors "did not have the statistical power (and thus did not even try) to determine whether different aspects of the various LCM laws might have differential effects on the incidence of high-fatality mass shootings."
190:
20:
392:
94:), magazines designed for use in semi-automatic centrefire rifles and semi-automatic shotguns became limited to five rounds, and magazines designed for use in handguns are limited to 10 rounds. Magazines designed for use in semi-automatic rimfire rifles, as well as manually operated long guns, are exempt from the magazine capacity restrictions.
464:
unequivocal ban on large capacity magazines, all the difficulty of defining 'assault rifle' and 'semi-automatic rifles' is eliminated. The large capacity magazine itself, separate or attached to the firearm, becomes the prohibited item. A single amendment to
Federal firearms laws could effectively implement these objectives.
587:, and over 7 shells for a shotgun, are not in and of themselves banned, but using one in combination with a firearm changes its status to an "assault firearm" which is prohibited for foreign nationals without permanent residence to possess, as well as requiring a license to carry in certain counties and cities.
806:
A 2019 study examined the effect of large-capacity magazine (LCM) bans on the frequency and lethality of "high-lethality mass shootings" (defined as those resulting in six or more fatalities) in the United States from 1990 to 2017. Of the 69 high-fatality mass shootings in the U.S. over that period,
776:
A 2004 study examining the effects of the
Federal Assault Weapons Ban in effect from 1994 to 2004 which included a prohibition on sales of magazines with over ten rounds. The study found that the ban was effective at reducing crimes committed with assault weapons, though less than 2% of gun murders
162:
Since
January 1989, any shotgun with a detachable magazine, or a non-detachable magazine capable of holding more than two cartridges is classed as a Section 1 firearm and must be held on a Firearm Certificate, which is subject to more stringent requirements than "normal" Section 2 shotguns held on a
791:
review indicated that there were few methodologically rigorous studies on the impact of LCM bans on violent crime rates, and concluded that "High-capacity magazine bans have uncertain effects on firearm homicides. Evidence for the effect of high-capacity magazine bans on firearm homicides is also
463:
The best way to address the firepower concern is therefore not to try to outlaw or license many millions of older and perfectly legitimate firearms (which would be a licensing effort of staggering proportions) but to prohibit the possession of high-capacity magazines. By a simple, complete, and
97:
In recent years, there has been a growing trend of ways to legally work around the magazine capacity restrictions. Numerous semi-automatic centrefire rifles also happen to accept handgun magazines, thereby legally increasing magazine capacity. Numerous rifle and handgun magazines designed for a
468:
The
Federal Assault Weapons Ban of 1994 included a ban on magazines capable of holding more than ten rounds of ammunition. The Public Safety and Recreational Firearms Use Protection Act, commonly called the assault weapons ban (AWB), was enacted in September 1994. The ban, including its ban on
56:
included limits regarding magazines that could hold more than ten rounds. As of 2022, twelve U.S. states, and a number of local governments, ban or regulate magazines that they have legally defined as high-capacity. The majority of states do not ban or regulate any magazines on the basis of
2175:
Siegel, Michael; Goder-Reiser, Max; Duwe, Grant; Rocque, Michael; Fox, James Alan; Fridel, Emma E. (October 2020). "The relation between state gun laws and the incidence and severity of mass public shootings in the United States, 1976–2018".
72:
as "any ammunition feeding device with a capacity to accept more than 10 rounds." Such devices are commonly called high-capacity magazines. Among states with bans, the maximum capacity is 10 to 20 rounds. Several municipalities, such as
31:
XL, modified by the manufacturer to limit capacity to 10 rounds, rather than its full 12 rounds. Capacity is limited by the crimp seen slightly below the 10-round witness hole, for compliance with the high-capacity magazine ban in
163:
Shotgun
Certificate. Section 2 shotguns include break-barrel guns with no magazine, as well as repeating and semi-automatic guns with fixed two-round magazines. When the 1988 Act was introduced, many guns with larger (often
814:, LCM bans, and handgun purchaser licensing laws, were associated with a significant reduction in fatal mass shootings, while assault weapon bans, background checks, and de-regulation of civilian concealed carry were not.
1703:
There is widespread support for several specific changes to gun laws, ... 63% who support a ban on the sale and possession of high-capacity or extended ammunition magazines (up from 54% in
October, a new high in CNN
451:, is often ascribed with providing the impetus for high capacity magazine restrictions. Ruger proposed that instead of banning firearms, Congress should outlaw magazines holding more than 15 rounds. Ruger told
2227:
Koper, Christopher S. (February 2020). "Assessing the potential to reduce deaths and injuries from mass shootings through restrictions on assault weapons and other high-capacity semiautomatic firearms".
1337:
1154:
969:
In the context of this book, however, 'assault weapon' refers to a semi-automatic firearm that accepts high capacity magazines (10+ rounds) and is patterned after military issue select-fire weapons.
1418:
1390:
1947:"Updated Assessment of the Federal Assault Weapons Ban: Impacts on Gun Markets and Gun Violence, 1994-2003; Report to the National Institute of Justice, United States Department of Justice"
692:
251:
696:
147:) and the majority of handguns are prohibited in Great Britain. Most legally-available firearms are unsuited to high capacities (e.g. repeating bolt-action rifles).
729:
poll with a margin of error of ±3.7%. 73% of
American adults supported banning high-capacity ammunition magazines that hold more than 10 rounds, according to an
1547:
1329:
1146:
1489:
Case Note: New York State Rifle & Pistol Ass'n v. Cuomo, 804 F.3d 242 (2d Cir. 2015), cert. denied sub nom. Shaw v. Malloy, 2016 WL 632684 (June 20, 2016)
684:
663:(NRA) and other groups have been unsuccessful. The constitutionality of high-capacity magazine bans has been repeatedly upheld by the courts, including the
680:
672:
688:
668:
229:
1597:
981:
1748:
708:
200:
896:
459:
in 1992 that "No honest man needs more than 10 rounds in any gun". On March 30, 1989, Ruger sent a letter to every member of the US Congress stating:
331:
1581:
823:
353:
214:
1359:
859:
1511:
1861:
1717:
378:
133:
2132:
1377:"2006 Code of Virginia § 18.2-308.2 – Possession or transportation of firearms, stun weapons, tasers, explosives or concealed weapons by"
676:
721:
survey with an error attributable to sampling of ±2.8% at the 95% level of confidence. In late
February – early March 2018, after the
725:, 63% of American adults supported a ban on the sale and possession of high-capacity or extended ammunition magazines, according to a
2128:
1229:
119:
98:
particular caliber also happen to fit an over-the-limit number of smaller caliber rounds, also legally increasing magazine capacity.
1124:
1064:
1202:
1094:
64:
The federal ban which was in effect from 1994 to 2004 defined a magazine capable of holding more than 10 rounds of ammunition as a
2138:
Cook, Philip J.; Donohue, John J. (27 September 2022). "Regulating
Assault Weapons and Large-Capacity Magazines for Ammunition".
420:
828:
482:
321:
306:
110:, all magazines for use with any type of firearm except sport handguns and award weapon are limited to no more than 10 rounds.
717:
poll with a margin of error of ±4%. In 2017, 65% of
American adults supported banning high-capacity magazines, according to a
2214:
1527:
1185:
722:
660:
281:
236:
913:
The ban on assault weapons and high-capacity magazines has been a crucial component of our national crime-fighting strategy.
2001:
246:
2075:
Webster, Daniel W.; McCourt, Alexander D.; Crifasi, Cassandra K.; Booty, Marisa D.; Stuart, Elizabeth A. (February 2020).
1984:
2266:
1988:
1687:
801:
737:
poll with a margin of error of ±3.5%. 70% of registered voters supported banning high-capacity magazines, according to a
2077:"Evidence concerning the regulation of firearms design, sale, and carrying on fatal mass shootings in the United States"
962:
261:
1796:
Seventy percent of voters support a ban on high-capacity magazines, and 68 percent want to ban assault-style weapons.
1661:
833:
326:
296:
241:
564:(on sale, manufacture, and importation of magazines with a capacity of more than 10 rounds, but possession is legal)
57:
capacity. States that do have large capacity magazine bans or restrictions typically do not apply to firearms with
1442:
219:
136:. However, magazines larger than 10 to 25 rounds are rare outside of specific target events such as mini-rifle and
2213:
Rocque, Michael; Duwe, Grant; Siegel, Michael; Fox, James Alan; Goder-Reiser, Max; Fridel, Emma E. (August 2021).
1635:
469:
magazines capable of holding more than ten rounds of ammunition, became defunct (expired) in September 2004 per a
348:
1837:
1780:
664:
2113:
1302:
286:
1564:
1531:
1008:
301:
271:
91:
699:
invalidated the means-end scrutiny used in these decisions, new litigation against these bans is ongoing.
1809:"Maine Hunting & Trapping: The Official 2013–14 State of Maine Hunting & Trapping Laws and Rules"
439:
413:
266:
53:
1404:
1376:
713:
In 2012 62% of Americans favored banning the sale of high-capacity ammunition magazines, according to a
1660:
Parker, Kim; Menasce Horowitz, Juliana; Igielnik, Ruth; Oliphant, Baxter; Brown, Anna (June 22, 2017).
811:
358:
1898:"The Association of Firearm Caliber With Likelihood of Death From Gunshot Injury in Criminal Assaults"
1735:
Some specific measures that are broadly popular ... 63 percent favor a ban on high-capacity magazines.
1034:
781:
1970:
1882:
870:
810:
A 2020 study, examining fatal mass shootings in the U.S. for the period 1984–2017, found that, when
1405:"2006 Code of Virginia § 18.2-287.4 – Carrying loaded firearms in public areas prohibited; penalty"
311:
276:
1207:
291:
164:
90:
With the passage of Bill C-17 in 1993 under Prime Minister Kim Campbell (in response to the 1989
1469:
573:
406:
1957:
1869:
952:
605:
448:
338:
189:
1391:"Former Virginia Tech student was allowed to have gun, but not with high-capacity magazine"
1234:
396:
256:
45:
19:
8:
1722:
1665:
1330:"Gov. J.B. Pritzker Signs Comprehensive Gun Bill Banning Sale of Military-Style Firearms"
1116:
1056:
718:
647:
24:
1946:
1086:
2245:
2201:
2163:
2052:
2028:"The Effect of Large-Capacity Magazine Bans on High-Fatality Mass Shootings, 1990–2017"
2027:
1922:
1897:
1239:
623:
561:
144:
137:
1913:
926:
2249:
2205:
2193:
2167:
2155:
2057:
1927:
1181:
958:
635:
617:
368:
2237:
2185:
2147:
2088:
2047:
2039:
1917:
1909:
1639:
788:
714:
629:
611:
599:
545:
488:
470:
444:
373:
151:
143:
The topic is somewhat academic as semi-automatic rifles (other than in .22-caliber
41:
124:
There are no capacity restrictions on detachable magazines in the United Kingdom.
1753:
1512:
Federal court upholds New Jersey gun-control law limiting high-capacity magazines
983:
New York, N.Y. Consolidated Laws, General Business Law, Article 26: Miscellaneous
744:
1598:
9th Circuit upholds large-capacity gun magazine ban, reversing earlier decisions
1749:"NPR Poll: After Parkland, Number of Americans Who Want Gun Restrictions Grows"
209:
58:
28:
1565:
Federal Appeals Court Upholds Ban on Assault Weapons, Large-Capacity Magazines
2260:
2043:
1281:
838:
641:
535:
74:
2241:
2151:
2093:
2076:
2002:"Effects of Assault Weapon and High-Capacity Magazine Bans on Violent Crime"
1985:
Policy Brief: What Are the Most Effective Policies in Reducing Gun Homicides
1808:
2197:
2159:
2061:
1931:
1688:"CNN Poll: Seven in 10 favor tighter gun laws in wake of Parkland shooting"
1548:
Supreme Court Won't Hear Challenge to Assault Weapons Ban in Chicago Suburb
572:, high-capacity magazines, which are defined as being over 20 rounds for a
550:
363:
1621:
1203:"Fully Loaded: Inside the Shadowy World of America's 10 Biggest Gunmakers"
507:
343:
1582:
U.S. Appeals Court In Chicago Again Upholds Laws Banning Assault Weapons
1488:
2189:
1945:
Koper, Christopher S.; Woods, Daniel J.; Roth, Jeffrey A. (July 2004).
595:
U.S. cities with high-capacity magazine restrictions or bans include:
577:
540:
532:(on in-state sales of magazines with a capacity of more than 10 rounds)
504:(on in-state sales of magazines with a capacity of more than 15 rounds)
498:(on in-state sales of magazines with a capacity of more than 10 rounds)
495:
452:
224:
49:
1659:
1818:. Maine Department of Inland Fisheries and Wildlife. January 7, 2014
558:(10-round magazine limit on rifles and a 15-round limit on handguns)
61:
whose capacity would otherwise exceed the large capacity threshold.
1784:
1526:, 849 F.3d 114 (4th Cir. 2017) (en banc); see also Lyle Denniston,
739:
590:
569:
529:
523:
512:
501:
456:
2026:
Klarevas, Louis; Conner, Andrew; Hemenway, David (December 2019).
1991:/Regional Gun Violence Research Consortium (March 29, 2019), p. 9.
1505:
Ass'n of N.J. Rifle & Pistol Clubs, Inc. v. Att’y Gen. of N.J.
755:
Some jurisdictions apply magazine limits to hunters. For example,
77:, restrict magazine capacity to 5 rounds for rifles and shotguns.
1147:"Guidance - Adapting shotgun magazines and deactivating firearms"
897:"President's Message: Reauthorization of the Assault Weapons Ban"
555:
763:
have a 5-cartridge limit on auto-loading firearms for hunting.
760:
584:
517:
107:
1230:"Magazine limits were first proposed by Connecticut gun maker"
857:
473:. Attempts to renew the ban have failed on the federal level.
1718:"Two New Polls Show Widespread Support for Stricter Gun Laws"
784:
association between state-level LCM bans and homicide rates.
756:
734:
580:
2174:
1596:, 19 F.4th 1087 (9th Cir. 2021) (en banc). Kristina Davis,
1273:
2074:
1624:, Congressional Research Service (updated March 25, 2019).
526:(10 rounds for rifles or shotguns, 15 rounds for handguns)
132:
High-capacity magazines may be used in any legal rifle or
1758:
1691:
1035:"Gun Culture in Russia: How does it compare to the U.S.?"
730:
726:
167:) were brought into compliance by crimping the magazine.
1487:, 804 F.3d 242 (2d Cir. 2015); see also Timothy Bowman,
1279:
659:
Challenges to high-capacity magazine bans raised by the
795:
2025:
1528:
Supreme Court Justices allow ban on high-capacity guns
771:
433:
40:
is a law which bans or otherwise restricts detachable
1636:"Americans Want Stricter Gun Laws, Still Oppose Bans"
1280:
Roth, Jeffrey A.; Christopher S. Koper (March 1999).
52:. For example, in the United States, the now-expired
1303:"Large Capacity Ammunition Magazines Policy Summary"
476:
154:, and there is no restriction on magazine capacity.
2212:
1896:Braga, Anthony A.; Cook, Philip J. (27 July 2018).
1328:Pearson, Rick; Gorner, Jeremy (January 10, 2023).
1309:. Law Center to Prevent Gun Violence. May 31, 2013
869:. California Department of Justice. Archived from
709:Public opinion on gun control in the United States
491:have high-capacity magazine restrictions or bans.
1473:: Petition for certiorari denied on June 15, 2020
957:. Iola, Wisconsin: Gun Digest Books. p. 11.
695:. However, after the Supreme Court's decision in
2258:
1772:
1260:
858:Office of the Attorney General (November 2001).
824:Assault weapons legislation in the United States
591:Municipal and county high-capacity magazine bans
1295:
1289:National Institute of Justice Research in Brief
1175:
903:. International Association of Chiefs of Police
2114:"Mass Shootings Justify S.F. Limit on Bullets"
1944:
1627:
1178:Gun Digest Book of Ruger Pistols and Revolvers
1327:
414:
16:Law restricting magazine capacity in firearms
1495:, Vol. 48, No. 2 (Spring 2016), pp. 391-393.
1485:N.Y. State Rifle & Pistol Ass'n v. Cuomo
1321:
68:Likewise, the state of California defines a
44:that can hold more than a certain number of
2137:
2133:Giffords Law Center to Prevent Gun Violence
2021:
2019:
2017:
2015:
1740:
1679:
1447:Giffords Law Center to Prevent Gun Violence
1261:William B. Ruger (1992). "An Open Letter".
1015:. Royal Canadian Mounted Police. 2014-12-08
954:Gun Digest Buyer's Guide to Assault Weapons
944:
924:
860:"Assault Weapons Identification Guide 2000"
80:
2216:Policy Solutions to Address Mass Shootings
1709:
1662:"America's Complex Relationship With Guns"
1622:Post-Heller Second Amendment Jurisprudence
1194:
851:
421:
407:
2092:
2051:
1921:
1895:
1282:"Impacts of the 1994 Assault Weapons Ban"
1200:
120:Firearms regulation in the United Kingdom
66:large capacity ammunition feeding device.
2012:
1468:, 922 F.3d 26 (1st Cir. 2019); see also
950:
18:
1778:
1686:Agiesta, Jennifer (February 25, 2018).
1685:
1653:
925:Kerlikowske, R. Gil (August 24, 2004).
894:
354:Right to keep and bear arms in the U.S.
327:International treaties for arms control
127:
2259:
2222:. Rockefeller Institute of Government.
2131:- summary of U.S. state laws from the
2111:
1746:
1013:Special Bulletin for Businesses No. 72
829:Gun laws in the United States by state
483:Gun laws in the United States by state
322:History of concealed carry in the U.S.
2226:
1781:"Gun control support surges in polls"
1779:Shepard, Steven (February 28, 2018).
1514:, Associated Press (December 5, 2018.
1340:from the original on January 13, 2023
1009:"Maximum Permitted Magazine Capacity"
895:Polisar, Joseph M. (September 2004).
723:Stoneman Douglas High School shooting
661:National Rifle Association of America
237:Brady Handgun Violence Prevention Act
1862:"FBI Expanded Homicide Data Table 8"
1716:Hart, Benjamin (February 25, 2018).
1715:
1633:
1127:from the original on 3 November 2019
796:On mass shooting rates and lethality
2112:Dinzeo, Maria (February 21, 2014).
1989:Rockefeller Institute of Government
1983:Michael Siegel & Claire Boine,
802:Mass shootings in the United States
772:On gun homicide rates and lethality
487:A number of U.S. states as well as
434:Federal Assault Weapons Ban of 1994
54:Federal Assault Weapons Ban of 1994
13:
2105:
1616:, 670 F.3d 1244 (D.C. Cir. 2011) (
262:Domestic Violence Offender Gun Ban
14:
2278:
2032:American Journal of Public Health
1914:10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2018.0833
1634:Saad, Lydia (December 27, 2012).
1544:Friedman v. City of Highland Park
1201:Harkinson, Josh (June 14, 2016).
1157:from the original on 23 July 2019
1153:. Home Office. 17 December 2010.
1097:from the original on 10 June 2022
1067:from the original on 10 June 2022
918:
834:Gun politics in the United States
747:poll with a margin of error ±2%.
702:
477:State high-capacity magazine bans
297:Gun-Free School Zones Act (GFSZA)
252:Connecticut Children's Safety Act
113:
1546:, 784 F.3d 406 (7th Cir. 2015);
390:
220:Bipartisan Safer Communities Act
188:
170:
2230:Criminology & Public Policy
2081:Criminology & Public Policy
2068:
1994:
1977:
1938:
1889:
1854:
1830:
1801:
1607:
1587:
1574:
1557:
1537:
1517:
1507:, 910 F.3d 106 (3d Cir. 2018);
1498:
1478:
1459:
1435:
1411:
1397:
1383:
1369:
1352:
1254:
1222:
1180:. Gun Digest Books. p. 7.
1169:
1139:
1117:"Firearms (Amendment) Act 1988"
1109:
1087:"Firearms (Amendment) Act 1997"
1057:"Firearms (Amendment) Act 1988"
812:controlling for other variables
654:
150:Pistols may be legally held in
1747:Khalid, Asma (March 2, 2018).
1614:District of Columbia v. Heller
1079:
1049:
1027:
1001:
974:
927:"Save the Assault Weapons Ban"
888:
334:Background Check System (NICS)
1:
844:
307:Gun laws in the U.S. by state
287:Firearm Owners Protection Act
232:Firearms and Explosives (ATF)
1532:National Constitution Center
272:Federal Firearms Act of 1938
92:Ecole Polytechnique Massacre
7:
1838:"ODFW Weapons Restrictions"
1037:. Russia Beyond. 2018-06-04
817:
440:Federal Assault Weapons Ban
339:National Firearms Act (NFA)
267:Federal Assault Weapons Ban
247:Concealed carry in the U.S.
230:Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco,
215:Assault weapons legislation
178:Firearm legal topics of the
157:
10:
2283:
2267:United States firearms law
951:Peterson, Phillip (2008).
799:
750:
706:
480:
437:
359:Second Amendment sanctuary
317:High-capacity magazine ban
117:
38:high-capacity magazine ban
2116:. Courthouse News Service
1123:. The National Archives.
1093:. The National Archives.
1063:. The National Archives.
931:Christian Science Monitor
782:statistically significant
766:
332:National Instant Criminal
101:
85:
2129:Large Capacity Magazines
2044:10.2105/AJPH.2019.305311
1816:Warden Service Documents
1584:, NPR (August 29, 2019).
1176:Patrick Sweeney (2007).
397:United States portal
312:Gun politics in the U.S.
277:Federal Firearms License
242:Campus carry in the U.S.
81:Magazine bans by country
2242:10.1111/1745-9133.12485
2152:10.1001/jama.2022.17120
2094:10.1111/1745-9133.12487
1602:San Diego Union-Tribune
381:and Law Enforcement Act
364:Sullivan Act (New York)
292:Gun Control Act of 1968
70:large capacity magazine
2178:Law and Human Behavior
1965:Cite journal requires
1877:Cite journal requires
780:A 2019 study found no
665:U.S. Courts of Appeals
466:
449:Sturm, Ruger & Co.
349:Open carry in the U.S.
33:
901:Police Chief Magazine
800:Further information:
707:Further information:
461:
379:Violent Crime Control
134:long-barrelled pistol
118:Further information:
22:
1604:(November 30, 2021).
1534:(November 27, 2017).
1235:Connecticut Magazine
876:on December 13, 2013
257:Constitutional carry
128:Rifles & Pistols
1842:www.dfw.state.or.us
1666:Pew Research Center
1554:(December 8, 2015).
1263:American Handgunner
719:Pew Research Center
302:Gun law in the U.S.
2190:10.1037/lhb0000378
1571:(August 29, 2019).
1419:"Municode Library"
1393:. 31 January 2018.
1360:"Senate Bill 5078"
1240:New Haven Register
1121:legislation.gov.uk
1091:legislation.gov.uk
1061:legislation.gov.uk
520:(on handguns only)
138:Practical shooting
34:
2146:(12): 1191–1192.
2038:(12): 1754–1761.
1902:JAMA Network Open
1443:"Assault Weapons"
1365:. March 23, 2022.
1187:978-0-89689-472-3
431:
430:
165:tubular magazines
42:firearm magazines
2274:
2253:
2223:
2221:
2209:
2171:
2125:
2123:
2121:
2099:
2098:
2096:
2072:
2066:
2065:
2055:
2023:
2010:
2009:
2008:. 22 April 2020.
1998:
1992:
1981:
1975:
1974:
1968:
1963:
1961:
1953:
1951:
1942:
1936:
1935:
1925:
1893:
1887:
1886:
1880:
1875:
1873:
1865:
1858:
1852:
1851:
1849:
1848:
1834:
1828:
1827:
1825:
1823:
1813:
1805:
1799:
1798:
1793:
1791:
1776:
1770:
1769:
1767:
1765:
1744:
1738:
1737:
1732:
1730:
1713:
1707:
1706:
1700:
1698:
1683:
1677:
1676:
1674:
1672:
1657:
1651:
1650:
1648:
1646:
1631:
1625:
1611:
1605:
1591:
1585:
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1563:Asher Stockler,
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1493:The Urban Lawyer
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1471:Worman v. Healey
1466:Worman v. Healey
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789:RAND Corporation
489:Washington, D.C.
471:sunset provision
445:William B. Ruger
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374:Tiahrt Amendment
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2106:Further reading
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2013:
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745:Morning Consult
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685:Seventh Circuit
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447:, a founder of
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59:fixed magazines
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2184:(5): 347–360.
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2100:
2087:(1): 171–212.
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2011:
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1967:|journal=
1937:
1908:(3): e180833.
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1524:Kolbe v. Hogan
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681:Fourth Circuit
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989:. p. 328
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2118:. Retrieved
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2031:
2005:
1996:
1979:
1958:cite journal
1940:
1905:
1901:
1891:
1870:cite journal
1856:
1845:. Retrieved
1841:
1832:
1820:. Retrieved
1815:
1803:
1795:
1788:. Retrieved
1774:
1762:. Retrieved
1752:
1742:
1734:
1727:. Retrieved
1721:
1711:
1702:
1695:. Retrieved
1681:
1669:. Retrieved
1655:
1643:. Retrieved
1629:
1620:); see also
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1461:
1450:. Retrieved
1446:
1437:
1426:. Retrieved
1422:
1413:
1399:
1385:
1371:
1354:
1342:. Retrieved
1333:
1323:
1311:. Retrieved
1306:
1297:
1288:
1275:
1266:
1262:
1256:
1244:. Retrieved
1233:
1224:
1212:. Retrieved
1208:Mother Jones
1206:
1196:
1177:
1171:
1161:21 September
1159:. Retrieved
1150:
1141:
1131:21 September
1129:. Retrieved
1120:
1111:
1101:21 September
1099:. Retrieved
1090:
1081:
1071:21 September
1069:. Retrieved
1060:
1051:
1039:. Retrieved
1029:
1017:. Retrieved
1012:
1003:
991:. Retrieved
982:
976:
968:
953:
946:
934:. Retrieved
930:
920:
912:
905:. Retrieved
900:
890:
878:. Retrieved
871:the original
866:
853:
809:
805:
786:
779:
775:
754:
738:
712:
693:D.C. Circuit
658:
655:Legal status
594:
567:
551:Rhode Island
486:
467:
462:
443:
316:
201:Amendment II
199:
161:
149:
142:
131:
123:
105:
96:
89:
69:
65:
63:
37:
35:
1344:January 15,
993:28 December
606:Cook County
508:Connecticut
344:NY SAFE Act
225:Bump stocks
1847:2018-03-19
1452:2018-03-19
1428:2018-03-19
1019:28 January
867:oag.ca.gov
845:References
650:, New York
644:, New York
638:, New York
632:, New York
626:, Illinois
620:, Illinois
614:, Illinois
608:, Illinois
602:, Colorado
578:centerfire
562:Washington
541:New Jersey
496:California
481:See also:
453:Tom Brokaw
369:Suppressor
50:ammunition
2250:213080445
2206:225049140
2168:252541656
1822:March 14,
1790:March 19,
1764:March 19,
1729:March 19,
1697:March 19,
1671:March 24,
1645:March 20,
1618:Heller II
1313:March 14,
1041:11 August
936:April 21,
907:April 21,
880:April 21,
648:Rochester
140:matches.
2261:Category
2198:33090863
2160:36166010
2062:31622147
1932:30646040
1785:Politico
1723:New York
1704:polling)
1569:Newsweek
1509:see also
1338:Archived
1269:(5): 18.
1155:Archived
1125:Archived
1095:Archived
1065:Archived
818:See also
740:Politico
667:for the
642:New York
624:Oak Park
570:Virginia
546:New York
530:Maryland
524:Illinois
513:Delaware
502:Colorado
457:NBC News
158:Shotguns
25:magazine
2120:May 25,
2053:6836798
1923:6324289
1864:. 2019.
1246:June 6,
1214:May 31,
787:A 2020
751:Hunting
636:Buffalo
618:Chicago
556:Vermont
145:rimfire
2248:
2204:
2196:
2166:
2158:
2060:
2050:
1930:
1920:
1640:Gallup
1184:
1151:gov.uk
961:
767:Impact
761:Oregon
715:Gallup
691:, and
630:Albany
612:Aurora
600:Denver
585:pistol
518:Hawaii
108:Russia
102:Russia
86:Canada
46:rounds
27:for a
2246:S2CID
2220:(PDF)
2202:S2CID
2164:S2CID
1950:(PDF)
1812:(PDF)
1363:(PDF)
1285:(PDF)
987:(PDF)
874:(PDF)
863:(PDF)
757:Maine
735:Ipsos
697:Bruen
581:rifle
2194:PMID
2156:PMID
2140:JAMA
2122:2014
2058:PMID
2006:RAND
1971:help
1928:PMID
1883:help
1824:2014
1792:2018
1766:2018
1731:2018
1699:2018
1673:2018
1647:2018
1346:2023
1315:2014
1248:2018
1216:2018
1182:ISBN
1163:2022
1133:2022
1103:2022
1073:2022
1043:2022
1021:2015
995:2017
959:ISBN
938:2014
909:2014
882:2014
759:and
2238:doi
2186:doi
2148:doi
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2089:doi
2048:PMC
2040:doi
2036:109
1918:PMC
1910:doi
1759:NPR
1692:CNN
731:NPR
727:CNN
583:or
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455:of
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