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education or computer-aided instruction for learners as well. This type of learning reflected behavioral philosophy and focused on drilling and practicing. The next phase of ICT adoption, between 2001 and 2005, saw a focus on creating more access for learners, including “basic connectivity, wired schools and educator development.” Computer use for students expanded, while staff were introduced to email and the internet. During this time, ICTs were most often used to find information and for word processing tasks.
295:. The department of Basic Education pays a portion of teachers' salaries in government schools, but independent schools are funded privately. Government schools may, under certain circumstances, supplement their funds through parent contributions. Normally the School Governing Body (SGB) is responsible for fundraising in schools. The School Governing Body in primary schools consists of parents, teachers and the support staff. In high school, it consists of parents, teachers, support staff and learners.
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worked to include information and communication technology (ICT) within the education system. However, since South Africa is a developing nation, barriers to educational technology adoption and implementation exist, including lack of resources such as tablets and computers, lack of internet infrastructure, and a large gap between the “haves” and the “have-nots” when it comes to access to personal devices which can be used for education. This section will examine ICT use in South Africa prior to the
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fees paid by parents, fundraising events, and receiving donations. Generally, higher school fees prevent poorer children from attending affluent schools. There is no limit to the amount of the fees that a school may set. Parents may apply to the school for full or partial reduction of school fees. Many affluent schools provide financial assistance to a small number of learners (for example, if the parents are alumni), but it is not a legal requirement.
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ICTs as a tool to enhance students access to education. Despite the identification and introduction of ICTs in most
African education system, the expansion and its adoption remain slow due to a lack of effective ICT policies and a long run supporting ICT infrastructure (e.g., electricity, Internet, software, and hardware devices), teacher capacity, and financial resources. These challenges are being recognized and addressed.
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access by the year 2030. Rwanda provides another example of an
African government placing ICT in the forefront of policy creation towards transforming their Education and consequently their economy. Aligned with the Smart Rwanda Master Plan, the Education Sector Strategic Plan (ESSP), and the Draft ICT in Education Policy, the ICT in Education Master Plan is seen as a strategic lever for achieving this transformational vision.
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mentioned referring students to
Mindset, a government-developed program “which enables students to access on-line videos related to mathematics.” As the decade progressed, education continued to embrace varying educational technologies, and with the arrival of the COVID-19 global pandemic, educational ICTs were pushed even more to the forefront of education across the world, including in South Africa.
1069:, the Mandela government restructured these departments as well as tertiary education departments, splitting responsibilities between nine newly formed provincial education departments and a single national education department. It also set about reforming the educational system by first removing all racially offensive and outdated content and then introducing continuous assessment into schools.
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and programs were developed to address the various barriers previously discussed. In particular the national broadband policy positions the enhancement of teachers’ and principals’ internet connectivity as necessary to support access to, and the use of, learning materials that can enhance learning in classrooms and foster the development of students’ digital skills.
676:" is required, although some universities do set their own additional academic requirements. South Africa has a vibrant higher sector, with more than a million students enrolled in the country's universities, colleges and universities of technology. All the universities are autonomous, reporting to their own councils rather than government. The
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mathematics and social science subjects would be taught in
Afrikaans, and music and cultural subjects would be taught in the learner's native language. The Minister said that the reason for this decree was to ensure that black people can communicate effectively with English and Afrikaans speaking white people.
912:, was strongly committed to reconciliation between Afrikaners and English speakers; he favoured local control over many aspects of education. Provincial autonomy in education was strengthened in the early twentieth century, and all four provincial governments used government funds primarily to educate whites.
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pandemic, was the lack of a solid infrastructure and internet access throughout the entire country. In 2017, only about 22% of the population had access to the internet. Public internet access, at places such as internet cafes, existed for students in urban areas, but rural areas sometimes lacked the
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can be defined as a shorthand for the computers, software, networks, satellite links, and related systems that allow people to access, analyze, create, exchange, and use data, information, and knowledge in ways that were almost imaginable. As with many countries throughout the world, South Africa has
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Since 2006, the
Education Department offers the following incentive to the poorest 40% of schools. If the school charges no school fees, the education department increases the grant to make up for the lack of income from school fees. It was originally planned to increase this incentive to the poorest
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In 2010, the basic education system comprised 12,644,208 learners, 30,586 schools, and 439,394 teachers. In 2009, the higher education and training system comprised 837,779 students in HE institutions, 420,475 students in state-controlled FET institutions and 297,900 in state-controlled ABET centres.
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Teachers faced challenges moving their classroom content to the online environment in a short period of time, especially in rural areas. Teachers had limited knowledge and training regarding online platforms and technologies. Mpungose suggested the importance of emotional connections in the teaching
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pandemic. In a 2010 study by
Chigona and Chigona, a participant stated “On average our class sizes are 40 plus learners...the Khanya lab has capacity to support 25 learners only. There are only 25 computers in the lab.” Another participant stated, “if you got 2000 kids in a school and you have 25 or
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Within the schools, additional barriers existed to ICT usage. One such barrier was a lack of teachers who were competent and comfortable with ICTs. Research has revealed that discomfort faced by
Ghanaian teachers in integrating ICTs into their work was due to, inter alia, insufficient digital skills
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in South Africa. The court ruled that "It is an important socioeconomic right directed, among other things, at promoting and developing a child's personality, talents and mental and physical abilities to his or her fullest potential" and that "Basic education also provides a foundation for a child's
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Under
Apartheid South Africa, there were eight education departments that followed different curricula and offered different standards of learning quality. This included nationwide departments for coloured people, for Indians and for black people, a department for independent schools, and provincial
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in the schools to build its support. The NP's narrow election victory in 1948 gave
Afrikaans new standing in the schools and, after that, all high-school graduates were required to be proficient in Afrikaans and English. The NP government also reintroduced Christian National Education as the guiding
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The size of the grant paid by government is determined largely by the poverty level of the neighbourhood in which the school is situated, as well as unemployment rate and the general education rate of the population in that neighbourhood. Consequently, schools in more affluent areas must raise more
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According to the DBE's 2010 statistics report (published in 2012), there are, on average, 30 learners per teacher, 480 learners per school, and 16 teachers per school. The ratio of learners per teacher is roughly the same in all provinces, but the ratio of learners per school varies by province. For
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researchers found that undue union influence and "critical educational factors", including weak institutional functionality, uneducated teachers and insufficient learning time, were responsible for poor academic performance in South Africa. Due to poor academic performance, teen pregnancy and crime
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exposed even more. For socioeconomically disadvantaged schools, the ability to effectively shift to online learning was elusive with the lack of resources “such as computers, tablets, the internet, skilled teachers, and other digital learning devices.” In addition to the lack of resources available
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Other examples of projects to expand technology enhanced learning in South Africa include
Connect-ED project to put computers and Internet points of presence in teacher colleges, ICT-based curriculum materials, supporting connectivity and training in schools, e-libraries etc. These various policies
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In 1974, the Minister of Bantu Education and Development issued a decree commonly known as the "Afrikaans medium decree" in which the use of both English and Afrikaans was made compulsory in black secondary schools. In this decree, physical science and practical subjects would be taught in English,
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By the late nineteenth century, three types of schools were receiving government assistance—ward schools, or small rural schools generally employing one teacher; district schools, providing primary-level education to several towns in an area; and a few secondary schools in larger cities. But during
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The size of the government grant per child depends on the "quintille" of the school. In 2009, schools in quintille 1 (the poorest) and quintille 2 received R807 and R740 per child per year, respectively, and as schools in quintille 4 and quintile 5 (the richest) received R404 and R134 per child per
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Schools in South Africa receive a grant from government for their operational costs, such as maintaining the grounds, administrative costs, salaries, books and educational materials, and extramural activities. Most schools supplement the government grant with other streams of income, such as school
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The Human Rights Measurement Initiative (HRMI) finds that South Africa is fulfilling only 57.1% of what it should be fulfilling for the right to education based on the country's level of income. HRMI breaks down the right to education by looking at the rights to both primary education and secondary
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South Africa Connect, the country’s national broadband policy of 2013, mandates the introduction of a broadband connection (with a download speed of at least 100 Mbps) to every primary school and secondary school as part of an initiative to ensure the countrywide availability of broadband internet
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In developing countries, ICTs are proposed as tools to assist in reducing the digital divide, especially in education where they can, among other things, provide access to secondary learning materials with hard-copy textbooks still being the recommended primary sources. South Africa has identified
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As seen in this section, while South Africa did have some ICT adoption starting around 1996, it was a slow process, with South Africa lagging behind due to several barriers. Two of the largest barriers – lack of internet access and lack of resources – have been addressed through several government
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In the 2010s decade, a few other ICTs were introduced including MELFA (Mobile E-Learning for Africa), the Dr. Maths initiative, Yoza, and M-Thuto. Each of these ICTs were focused on multilingual language learning, and the Dr. Maths initiative also supported mathematics learning. Some teachers also
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Since 1996, children whose parents are very poor are legally exempt from some or all school fees. Since 1998, the formula is as follows. If the combined annual income of the parents is less than ten times the annual school fee, the child is legally exempt. If the income is more than ten times the
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Schools may not refuse admission to children who live in the immediate vicinity of the school. Schools may not refuse entry to children or refuse to hand over report cards even if their parents neglect to pay the school fees, but schools are permitted to sue parents for nonpayment of school fees.
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The DBE's Foundation Phase includes a pre-school grade known as grade R, for "reception". Grade R is compulsory, but not all primary schools offer grade R. Grade R may also be attended at pre-school facilities. Other grades that can be completed at a pre-school centre include grade 00 and grade
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Before 2009, schools serving non-English speakers had to teach English as a subject only from grade 3 and all subjects were taught in English from grade 4 (except in Afrikaans language schools). Since 2009, all schools teach English as a subject from grade 1 and all subjects are taught in English
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The white education system was restructured, in anticipation of democracy, by the apartheid government. From the beginning of 1991, white schools were required to select one of four "Models": A, B, C, or D. "Model C" was a semi-private structure, with decreased funding from the state, and greatly
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Teacher-pupil ratios in primary schools averaged 1:18 in white schools, 1:24 in Asian schools, 1:27 in coloured schools, and 1:39 in black schools. Moreover, whereas 96 percent of all teachers in white schools had teaching certificates, only 15 percent of teachers in black schools were certified.
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The Extension of Universities Act of 1959 made provision for separate universities for separate races. In addition, the independent homelands were given universities of their own. After the re-incorporation of the independent homelands, there were 36 universities and technikons in South Africa,
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The GET band is subdivided further into "phases" called the Foundation Phase (Grades R to 3), the Intermediate Phase (Grades 4 to 6), and the Senior Phase (Grades 7 to 9). On an international level, the Foundation and Intermediate phases correspond to elementary education, while the Senior Phase
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The DBE officially groups grades into two "bands" called General Education and Training (GET), which includes Grade R (South Africa's equivalent of Kindergarten) plus Grades 1 to 9, and Further Education and Training (FET), which includes Grades 10 to 12 as well as non-higher education vocational
1313:, and projectors are referred to as information and communication technologies (ICTs). ICTs can enhance learning for disadvantaged students who are unable to attend classes but at the same time, barriers may exist such as lack of resources, poor internet access, and lack of training for teachers
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The early years of ICT adoption occurred from 1996 to 2000. During this time, some South African higher education institutions began using computers and many institutions built computer labs. At this time, computers were used mainly by staff, but some institutions also implemented computer-based
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A final barrier faced by schools that is worth mentioning is the same as stated in the paragraph above – lack of a solid infrastructure and internet access. Besides internet access, infrastructure needed by schools included reliable electricity. Some rural schools had unreliable internet, which
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for all racial groups, but at different ages, and the law was enforced differently. Whites were required to attend school between the ages of seven and sixteen. Black children were required to attend school from age seven until the equivalent of seventh grade or the age of sixteen. This law was
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requiring schools to move to distance learning. The challenge of offering traditional face-to-face teaching-learning sessions to fully online or digital sessions shifted the former teacher-driven process into the hands of learner-parent and technology processes. Measures put into place such as
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Despite these efforts ICT is at an embryonic stage in the majority of African countries. Supporting evidence is scene in school policy prohibiting student use of personal digital devices (with the exception of calculators) on school premises and suggest a potential disconnect between bottom-up
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screened applicants for immigration for background qualifications. They selected educated families, for the most part, to establish a British presence in the Cape Colony. After their arrival, these parents placed a high priority on education. Throughout this time, most religious schools in the
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are usually required to purchase and wear school uniforms although it is often possible to buy them second-hand. Most schools offer extramural activities such as a variety of sports and cultural activities, which require money to maintain. Many schools maintain their own sports fields as well.
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Some home schools and private schools offer the option to complete an additional year after grade 12, sometimes known as grade 13 or "post-matric". The South African governmental school system does not have a grade 13 yet, but it forms part of non-South African curriculums that are sometimes
1003:, when students and those able to take a stand demanded to be taught in their mother tongue. Many were killed and injured that day due to police intervention. They are remembered as martyrs. Schools were vandalized and teachers left unable to teach and students were unable to come to school.
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The administrative structure of most ordinary schools in South Africa do not reflect the division of bands and phases, however. For historical reasons, most schools are either "primary" schools (grade R plus grades 1 to 7) or "secondary" schools, also known as high schools (grades 8 to 12).
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The number of schools for blacks increased during the 1960s, but their curriculum was designed to prepare children for menial jobs. Per capita government spending on black education slipped to one-tenth of spending on whites in the 1970s. Black schools had inferior facilities, teachers, and
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In 2005, The concept of Outcomes Based Education (OBE), Curriculum identifies the new national curriculum framework introduced in grade 1 in 1998 and progressively is being included to subsequent grades of the basic education. Outcome Based Education regards learning in South Africa as an
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caused by lack of integration of ICT adoption into teaching and learning. Technical support assists in bridging that gap of ICT competency in teachers, but other barriers persist. Teachers sometimes resisted ICT adoption, believing ICTs were useless or even a hindrance to learning.
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and learning environment as a way to promote successful learning by sharing stories, discussion of case studies, use of critical reflection, and incorporating engaging activities in the online environment such as break out rooms for small group discussion. Adu et al. suggest the
232:. The public schools and private schools are collectively known as ordinary schools, which are roughly 97% of schools in South Africa. Unlike in most countries, many public schools charge tuition (referred to as fees). No-fee schools were introduced on a limited basis in 2007.
1340:(ICTs) in teaching and learning. Mhlanga and Moloi recommend fiscal expansion of funding for online education. There is also a need to equip teachers and students with ICT skills for maximum benefit of digital education and move forward in South Africa’s educational goals.
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schools (down from 9 the previous year, and among 18 nationwide) obtained a 0% pass rate in the National Senior Certificate exams. The locally dismal performance was ascribed to uncommitted teachers, proximity of schools to taverns, inactive governing bodies and the
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education. While taking into consideration South Africa's income level, the nation is achieving 70.8% of what should be possible based on its resources (income) for primary education and 80.9% for secondary education, but 19.6% in general for education quality.
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the last decades of that century, all four provinces virtually abolished African enrolment in government schools. African children attended mission schools, for the most part, and were taught by clergy or by lay teachers, sometimes with government assistance.
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In 1994, the government embarked on a restructure of the universities and technikons by a series of mergers and incorporations. This was completed by January 2005. It created 22 new institutions from the previous 36. Ten of the universities got new names.
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As discussed, ICT usage in South African education has slowly developed from computer use for basic functions like word processing to mobile technology and app usage by students and into web conferencing and massive distance learning prompted by the
904:. To counter the British influence, a group of Afrikaner churches proposed an education program, Christian National Education, to serve as the core of the school curriculum. The government initially refused to fund schools adopting this program, but
1390:. More than a fifth of sexual assaults on South African children were found to have taken place in schools. Gang fighting in schools, whereby dangerous weapons which include guns, are used, has also become common in recent years, specifically in
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The South African government implemented an education system called Christian National Education (CNE). The basis of this system is that a person's social responsibilities and political opportunities are defined by that person's ethnic identity.
999:, where practically no one spoke Afrikaans. Tensions over language in education erupted into violence on 16 June 1976, when students took to the streets in Soweto and eventually in other towns and cities in the country. This is known as the
1022:—for whites, coloureds, and Indians—had an education department for one racial group. Each of the ten homelands had its own education department. In addition, several other government departments managed specific aspects of education.
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A graph mapping out the National Qualification Frameworks (NQF) and how they relate to different educational options within the South African educational system in 2017. NQFs are a key component of the South African higher education
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In 1997, the government launched its new education system called Curriculum 2005, which would be based on "outcomes based education" (OBE). By 2006 it was clear that OBE as a social experiment had failed, and it was quietly shelved.
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school fee but less than thirty times the school fee, the child is legally entitled to a specific reduction in school fees. In practice, those regulations help only very poor families, not working-class and middle-income families.
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sentiment at the level of rural schools and the top-down South Africa Connect drive for increased ICT use. There is still enormous work to be done in Africa’s education system to ensure that all countries uniformly meet the 2030
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money from other sources to maintain the same standard of education, but schools from affluent areas often have so much additional income that their standard of education is much higher than that of less affluent schools anyway.
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3276:. (12 March 2008). In Venda, children are violeted by teachers by beating them by sticks. So can the government have a word about schools like Mulenca Secondary School & Mutititi Primary against school violence
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National Education Policy Act of 1996 inscribes law into policies, legislative and monitoring responsibilities of the Minister of Basic Education, including the formal relationship between national and provincial
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000 (although the 000 and 00 designations are not universally applied). Grade R is sometimes called Grade 0 (pronounced "grade nought"), particularly in previously white schools, where the usage was once common.
949:(No. 47) of 1953 the government tightened its control over religious high schools by eliminating almost all financial aid, forcing many churches to sell their schools to the government or close them entirely.
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Before 1953, many black people attended schools set up by religious organizations. These schools provided schooling of the same quality that white children received in state schools. This changed after the
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South African Schools Act of 1996 facilitate access to education, promotes quality and democratic governance in the schooling system, and ensures that all learners have access to quality education without
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pandemic caused the shutdown of businesses and institutions across the globe affecting daily activities including the teaching and learning process in schools. On March 26, 2020, South Africa opted for
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The Education Department and the Centre for Justice and Crime Prevention initiated a program named Hlayiseka, the purpose of which is to curb the epidemic of school violence in South African schools.
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pandemic. Furthermore, in rural areas, less personal resources, such as personal computers and tablets, were available, often due to low socioeconomic status and being unable to afford such luxuries.
1207:(UNISA), one student from a rural area spoke of lack of internet causing them to fall behind in their studies, indicating that internet access did indeed impact education in South Africa prior to the
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for educational purposes, institutions lagged behind and did not generally implement learning opportunities via mobile-based teaching. Furthermore, social media use exploded with the advent of
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pandemic was a motivating factor towards digital transformation in South Africa that should have already been in process. In the post-pandemic era, there is an increasing global call to adopt
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Basic Education in South Africa takes place in primary and secondary level from Grade 1 (6 - 7-year-olds) to Grade 12 (18 - 20-year-olds). Students who succeed in Grade 12 graduate with a
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pandemic. Though barriers exist, including lack of internet infrastructure, lack of resources, and inequity in access, ICT likely will continue to be embraced in South African education.
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The National Policy for General Affairs Act (No. 76) of 1984 provided some improvements in black education but maintained the overall separation called for by the Bantu education system.
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Schools are not required to publish their school fees publicly, and many schools are secretive about it, but here are some examples of school fees in non-private schools in South Africa:
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Barakabitze, Alcardo Alex; William-Andey Lazaro, Anangisye; Ainea, Neterindwa; Mkwizu, Michael Hamza; Maziku, Hellen; Matofali, Alex Xavery; Iddi, Aziza; Sanga, Camillius (2019-02-03).
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30 computers, it is absolutely no good.” These quotes illustrate the difficulty with implementing ICTs for education when resources are limited and schools are overcrowded.
643:. Not all private schools in South Africa charge high school fees. Certain private schools also receive a grant from the state, depending on the community served and fees charged.
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enforced only weakly and not at all in areas where schools were unavailable. For Asians and coloured children, education was compulsory between the ages of seven and fifteen.
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Although the form of "Model C" was abolished by the post-apartheid government, the term is still commonly used to describe former whites-only government schools, as of 2013.
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Private schools, also known as independent schools, are schools that are not owned by the state. They are usually owned and operated by a trust, church or community, or by a
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example, in Gauteng, there are 800 learners per school and 28 teachers per school, whereas in the Eastern Cape, there are 350 learners per school and 12 teachers per school.
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year. Schools in quintile 1-3 may apply for classification as a "No Fee" school; 5% of all schools are quintille 5 schools, and 15% of all schools are quintille 4 schools.
1799:"Report on the Alignment of the South African National Qualifications Framework (SANQF) to the Southern African Development Community Qualifications Framework (SADCQF)"
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legacy. School curricula and structuring of exams has been criticized as following an antiquated paradigm which does not cater to the requirements of innovation or the
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2787:"Technology enhanced teaching and learning in South African higher education - A rearview of a 20 year journey: 20 years reflection on technology enhanced learning"
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disease while use of innovation and technology were implemented to continue learning while navigating unknown territory. Computers, laptops, the internet, tablets,
821:—primarily the result of Afrikaner resistance to British education. Enrolments in these republics increased after the government of the Union agreed to the use of
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and curriculum irrelevant to rural life and their values. Throughout the nineteenth century, Dutch farmers resisted government policies aimed at the spread of the
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prohibited established universities from accepting most black students, although the government did create universities for black, coloured, and Indian students.
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2905:"Teachers' Perceptions of Adopting Information and Communication Technologies in Teaching and Learning at Rural Secondary Schools in Eastern Cape, South Africa"
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1329:(DHET) provide schools with digital equipment and teachers are trained in digital skills and strategies for teaching and learning in the digital arena.
1170:, which started around the same time as Facebook, also became an educational tool over the years. Instant messaging and other short message services such as
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Secondary-school pass rates for black pupils in the nationwide, standardised high-school graduation exams were less than one-half the pass rate for whites.
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recommended establishing a separate education system for blacks under the Ministry of Native Affairs. Minister of Native Affairs and future Prime Minister
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60% of schools by 2009. The incentive applies only to children in the GED band, and children who wish to complete grade 10-12 must still pay the full fee.
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The DHET department deals with further education and training (FET) colleges now known as Technical and Vocational Education and Training (TVET) colleges,
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Employment of Educators Act of 1998 regulates the professional, moral, and ethical responsibilities of educators and competency requirements for teachers.
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Starting around 2005-2006, ICT use within the South African student population began to include mobile phones. However, while students began using their
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2723:"Teachers' ICT Adoption in South African Rural Schools: A Study of Technology Readiness and Implications for the South Africa Connect Broadband Policy"
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also have their own education departments that are responsible for implementing the policies of the national department and dealing with local issues.
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217:- Central Intelligence Agency as of 2019, 95% of the population aged from 15 and over can read and write in South Africa were respectively literate.
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2468:"Factors influencing Grade 7 teachers' implementation of outcomes-based approaches in the National Curriculum when teaching "Human Reproduction""
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for remote learning, focusing on learning while in the home environment was difficult due to lack of space available for uninterrupted learning.
3056:"Lecturers' reflections on use of Zoom video conferencing technology for e-learning at a South African university in the context of coronavirus"
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2540:"Transforming African Education Systems in Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics (STEM) Using ICTs: Challenges and Opportunities"
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277:. The department of Higher Education and Training is headed by the director-general, Gwebs Qonde, and its policy is made by the minister
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By 1877 some 60 percent of white school-age children in Natal were enrolled in school, as were 49 percent in the Cape Colony. After the
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from grade 4. Afrikaans language schools are an exception, in that all subjects (other than other languages) are taught in Afrikaans.
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Higher education was generally reserved for those who could travel to Europe, but in 1829 the government established the multiracial
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The Department of Basic Education is headed by the director-general, Hubert Mathanzima Mweli, and its policy is made by the minister
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The Department of Basic Education action plan in 2015 provides strategies to integrate the use of ICT in South African education:
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and enforced mother-tongue instruction in the first years of primary school. The government gave strong management control to the
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755:(meesters) taught basic literacy and math skills. British mission schools proliferated after 1799, when the first members of the
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Language soon became a sensitive issue in education. At least two dozen English-language schools operated in rural areas of the
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interactive process between educators and learners, with the learner at the centre and the educator serving as a facilitator.
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2663:"The same course, different access: the digital divide between urban and rural distance education students in South Africa"
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economy, while not addressing real-life problems like finding a job, thinking critically or conducting original research.
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In 2008, some 5 million learners in 14,264 schools benefited from the No Fee school program, and most of them were in the
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3154:"Reinforcing the Role of ICT in Enhancing Teaching and Learning Post-COVID-19 in Tertiary Institutions in South Africa"
3004:"Innovation and Technology: A Panacea to Teaching and Learning Challenges during the Covid-19 Lockdown in South Africa"
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802:-speaking groups sent their children to mission schools after the mid-nineteenth century. The government also financed
1631:"Human Rights Measurement Initiative – The first global initiative to track the human rights performance of countries"
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established their own institutions of higher learning in Dutch. The government established Grey College—later the
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Orphans and children of parents who receive poverty-linked social grants are also exempt from paying school fees.
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Information and communication technology (ICT) use in South African education used during and post-COVID-19
1279:
Goal number 4, which is to “Ensure inclusive and quality education for all and promote lifelong learning.”
1076:
was promulgated to "provide for a uniform system for the organisation, governance and funding of schools".
673:
3963:
3943:
3794:
2109:
257:
spent 21% of the national budget on education. Some 10% of the education budget is for higher education.
2258:"Global Perspectives on Human Language: The South African Context - Timeline of Education and Apartheid"
813:(ended 1902) in the former Afrikaner republics, however, enrolments remained low—only 12 percent in the
213:. Among sub-Saharan African countries, South Africa has one of the highest literacy rates. According to
4450:
4205:
4018:
3938:
3918:
3746:
3721:
3706:
1204:
1113:
873:
254:
1977:
4685:
4550:
4355:
3958:
3872:
3756:
3711:
3660:
3610:
3581:
3055:
2904:
2840:
2186:
1098:
946:
756:
243:
83:
3110:"COVID-19 and the Digital Transformation of Education: What Are We Learning on 4IR in South Africa?"
2034:
825:
in the schools and to allow Afrikaner parents greater control over primary and secondary education.
4565:
4455:
4385:
4071:
4061:
3983:
3928:
3908:
3857:
3684:
3670:
3541:
3449:
2950:
Padayachee, Keshnee (2017-10-13). "A Snapshot Survey of ICT Integration in South African Schools".
1218:
Lack of resources and overcrowding were also major barriers within schools to ICT use prior to the
844:. Religious seminaries accepted a few African applicants as early as 1841. In 1852 the independent
3347:
2009:
4625:
4545:
4510:
4495:
4480:
4435:
4370:
4265:
4258:
4028:
3998:
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3799:
3782:
3598:
3437:
3429:
1457:
1357:
837:
2312:"'Model C' is the model to emulate - 1 February 2011 - South AfricanInstitute of Race Relations"
1530:
1062:
that were incorporated back into South Africa in 1994 also had their own education departments.
4500:
4046:
3978:
3933:
3819:
3701:
2661:
Lembani, Reuben; Gunter, Ashley; Breines, Markus; Dalu, Mwazvita Tapiwa Beatrice (2019-11-22).
2588:"An Investigation of Factors affecting the Use of ICT for Teaching in the Western Cape Schools"
1193:
845:
640:
3250:"Our archaic matric exam system dates back to 1858 and can inflict a lifetime of mental scars"
3153:
1178:, launched in 2014, were also adopted, mainly by students. Web conferencing via programs like
4600:
4575:
4425:
4420:
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4365:
4350:
4274:
4239:
4234:
4096:
4081:
4076:
4051:
4013:
3913:
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1939:
1109:
1019:
833:
806:
classes for Africans as part of its pacification campaign throughout the nineteenth century.
775:
744:
687:
1134:
Information and communication technology (ICT) use in South African education prior to COVID
785:
After British colonial officials began encouraging families to emigrate from Britain to the
634:
4585:
4555:
4540:
4525:
4515:
4505:
4470:
4465:
4415:
4360:
4335:
4131:
3486:
3342:
1609:
1046:, by 1993, due to government policy, 96% of white public schools became "Model C" schools.
1025:
991:
This decree was unpopular with learners and teachers alike, particularly in towns like the
206:
2903:
Chisango, Grasia; Marongwe, Newlin; Mtsi, Nomxolisi; Matyedi, Thembisile E. (2020-03-03).
2341:"Curriculum reform in South Africa : a critical analysis of outcomes-based education"
2257:
1404:
456:
8:
4595:
4590:
4530:
4485:
4445:
4340:
4321:
4279:
4195:
3731:
2786:
2183:
2130:
1474:
1014:
The Department of Education and Training was responsible for black education outside the
900:
to instil the English language and British cultural values, especially in the two former
868:
in 1856; Graaff-Reinet College was founded in 1860. The Christian College was founded at
2785:
Ng'ambi, Dick; Brown, Cheryl; Bozalek, Vivienne; Gachago, Daniela; Wood, Denise (2016).
1490:"The implementation of inclusive education in South Africa after ten years of democracy"
4570:
4520:
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4405:
4345:
4055:
3839:
3511:
3298:
3183:
3083:
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3003:
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2868:
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2756:
2690:
2233:
2031:"ISASA | Independent Schools Association of Southern Africa - Search the Database"
1822:
1722:
1298:
1293:
965:
961:
920:
707:
289:
225:
214:
202:
3273:
2721:
Mwapwele, Samuel Dick; Marais, Mario; Dlamini, Sifiso; Biljon, Judy Van (2019-12-06).
1773:
1747:
4580:
4490:
4380:
4041:
3506:
3481:
3471:
3328:
3187:
3175:
3131:
3087:
3075:
3037:
3025:
3002:
Adu, Kemi O.; Badaru, Kazeem Ajasa; Duku, Ntombozuko; Adu, Emmanuel O. (2022-04-19).
2967:
2936:
2924:
2872:
2860:
2760:
2748:
2694:
2682:
2561:
2221:
2211:
1712:
1509:
1302:
1143:
1117:
945:
and educate Africans "in accordance with their opportunities in life." Following the
942:
889:
849:
814:
752:
740:
703:
699:
229:
3387:
2820:
680:(NQF) system of administering higher education broadly in the country is run by the
3165:
3121:
3067:
3015:
2959:
2958:(2). South African Institute of Computer Scientists and Information Technologists.
2916:
2852:
2806:
2798:
2738:
2730:
2674:
2662:
2632:
2622:
2551:
1501:
1203:
infrastructure needed for consistent internet access. In a study undertaken at the
1194:
Barriers to Implementing ICT Faced by South African Educational Institutions
938:
861:
818:
803:
771:
484:
194:
86:
3071:
2920:
2856:
2678:
1248:
Introducing a link between the usage of ICT in the classroom and learning outcomes
466:
3521:
2416:
1387:
1121:
1000:
799:
790:
691:
270:
236:
51:
1198:
One of the biggest barriers to ICT usage in South Africa, at least prior to the
382:
4217:
3516:
3325:
The Education Triple Cocktail: System-wide Instructional Reform in South Africa
3228:"Limpopo Education MEC blames 'lazy teachers' for 0% pass rate in some schools"
1253:
Analysing the status quo of electronic education initiatives and their results.
1058:
departments for white people in each of the former four provinces. Some of the
901:
897:
865:
278:
274:
190:
55:
3346:
860:
in 1855 and placed it under the supervision of the Dutch Reformed Church. The
4713:
4227:
4156:
4151:
3179:
3135:
3079:
3029:
2971:
2928:
2864:
2752:
2722:
2686:
2627:
2565:
2225:
2192:
1513:
1316:
Inequalities were already known in the education system in South America and
869:
618:
511:
445:
282:
168:
3126:
3109:
2963:
1726:
4166:
4161:
4146:
4141:
3501:
3425:
3020:
2734:
2556:
2539:
1706:
1395:
1243:
Establishing collaborations with stakeholders to drive electronic education
1159:
1101:, and the first year of schooling is provided in all these home languages.
992:
905:
857:
795:
748:
614:
417:
392:
372:
221:
181:
2537:
2179:
1257:
1042:
increased autonomy for schools. Although most white schools opted for the
4222:
4171:
4136:
3852:
3496:
3476:
3170:
2056:"South African graduates may be employed but skills and jobs don't match"
1310:
934:
786:
779:
763:
476:
437:
427:
402:
318:
3394:
1681:
694:
are continuing problems, since most students continue to enroll for the
651:
4200:
4188:
2802:
2743:
2587:
2368:"OBE's cost too high to calculate among SA's young people - Times LIVE"
1505:
559:
4290:
2811:
2637:
1630:
739:
The earliest European schools in South Africa were established in the
698:. Too few students are choosing to study high-demand subjects such as
4212:
3536:
2841:"Educator Perceptions and Use of Technology in South African Schools"
1652:
1650:
1489:
1391:
1367:
1059:
1015:
822:
715:
173:
3381:
2441:
4183:
3491:
1345:
1333:
1317:
1306:
1288:
1219:
1208:
1199:
1175:
1163:
810:
2504:"South African government loses court case to bar child education"
1804:. South African Qualifications Authority. October 2018. p. 28
1647:
1386:
has found that 40% of children interviewed said they had been the
747:
elders committed to biblical instruction, which was necessary for
4178:
2191:
This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the
1708:
Systematic Reviews of Research in Basic Education in South Africa
1362:
1167:
625:. Not all schools that qualify for the incentive make use of it.
622:
1149:
327:, which enables them to transition to tertiary level education.
2417:"South Africa: Foundation Phase Learners to Take More Subjects"
1183:
996:
957:
782:, and many educated their children at home or in the churches.
209:. Prior to 2009, both departments were represented in a single
3366:
2784:
1452:
1450:
1448:
766:
by 1827, but their presence rankled among some members of the
1657:
1179:
767:
292:
1873:"Is there a difference between Gr0 and Gr00 ? - Sprogs"
2902:
2720:
1445:
1171:
589:
Middelburg hoerskool, Middelburg: R25000 per child per year
546:
Updated 2013 statistics (published in 2015) are available.
586:
Monument Park High, Kraaifontein: R9000 per child per year
3371:
2106:"Unisa Online - the restructuring of SA higher education"
224:, private schools (also referred to by the department as
3376:
2660:
798:
children who applied for admission; in Natal many other
722:
often in close proximity and offering the same courses.
583:
The Settler's High, Bellville: R15200 per child per year
239:(ABET) centres, and higher education (HE) institutions.
2283:"The Afrikaans Medium Decree & the Soweto Uprising"
1258:
South Africa Connect and other Governmental Initiatives
1238:
Knowledge of various technologies accessible in schools
878:
Potchefstroom University for Christian Higher Education
646:
3372:(Ministry) Department of Higher Education and Training
2205:
319:
Basic education system (primary and secondary schools)
2131:"AllBursaries - list of universities in South Africa"
892:, the British High Commissioner for Southern Africa,
2727:
The African Journal of Information and Communication
1555:"Free schooling for five million - SouthAfrica.info"
968:, who were elected by the parents in each district.
185:
is governed by two national departments, namely the
48:
Minister of Higher Education, Science and Technology
1361:the country has a high dropout rate. In 2020 seven
1186:also gained popularity in South African education.
2208:South Africa : the rise and fall of apartheid
2123:
2081:"SA graduates may get the job but lack the skills"
1940:"NO fees Schools in South Africa - Policy Brief 7"
334:Grouping of grades into phases, bands, and schools
228:), early childhood development (ECD) centres, and
1934:
1932:
4711:
3001:
896:, brought thousands of teachers from across the
3377:(Ministry) Department of Science and Technology
3203:"Education in South Africa: A system in crisis"
2586:Chigona, Agnes; Chigona, Wallace (2010-01-01).
2251:
2249:
1848:"Going to primary school | Sprogs Q and A"
1608:. Department of Basic Education. Archived from
3327:. University of Cape Town Press. p. 196.
2585:
1929:
1439:"Budget Speech 2022: Expenditure on education"
4306:
3410:
2839:Torres, Kelly M.; Giddie, Lord (2020-03-14).
1150:History of ICT use in South African Education
1128:
549:
530:followed by private schools in South Africa.
3382:(Ministry) Department of Education Bursaries
3107:
2838:
2465:
2246:
1772:Macha, Wilson; Kadakia, Aditi (2017-05-02).
1746:Macha, Wilson; Kadakia, Aditi (2017-05-02).
1231:initiatives, discussed in the next section.
872:in 1869 and was later incorporated into the
2206:Clark, Nancy L.; William H. Worger (2016).
1606:"Education Statistics in South Africa 2009"
1494:European Journal of Psychology of Education
1487:
1327:Department of Higher Education and Training
1125:lifetime learning and work opportunities."
919:(NP) was able to capitalise on the fear of
199:Department of Higher Education and Training
40:Department of Higher Education and Training
4313:
4299:
3417:
3403:
3158:Journal of Culture and Values in Education
3008:Research in Social Sciences and Technology
2949:
2442:"Education | Statistics South Africa"
2238:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
1525:
1523:
1338:information and communication technologies
1116:ruled against the ban of children without
593:
351:Primary and secondary educational levels
343:corresponds to lower secondary education.
3424:
3169:
3125:
3019:
2810:
2791:British Journal of Educational Technology
2742:
2636:
2626:
2555:
1469:
1467:
264:
3367:(Ministry) Department of Basic Education
3355:. London: John Murray. pp. 575–586.
3053:
2667:Journal of Geography in Higher Education
1403:
908:, the Transvaal leader who later became
650:
298:The Department of Basic Education Acts:
167:
4725:History of the Dutch East India Company
4320:
3341:
3322:
3247:
3200:
3108:Mhlanga, David; Moloi, Tankiso (2020).
2002:"Monument Park School fees (Afrikaans)"
1711:(1 ed.). African Sun Media. 2021.
1520:
14:
4712:
3225:
3219:
3147:
3145:
3103:
3101:
3099:
3097:
2501:
2255:
2175:
2173:
2171:
1823:"High School - Roseway Waldorf School"
1464:
1419:Educational management in South Africa
1277:United Nations Sustainable Development
1227:impeded ICT usage within the schools.
682:South African Qualifications Authority
483:Further Education and Training Phase (
4294:
3398:
3256:. dailymaverick.co.za. Daily Maverick
3151:
3054:Mpungose, Cedric Bheki (2021-03-19).
3049:
3047:
2997:
2995:
2993:
2991:
2989:
2987:
2985:
2983:
2981:
2898:
2896:
2894:
2892:
2890:
2888:
2886:
2884:
2882:
2834:
2832:
2830:
2780:
2778:
2776:
2774:
2772:
2770:
2716:
2714:
2712:
2710:
2708:
2706:
2704:
2656:
2654:
2609:
2607:
2605:
2603:
2601:
2581:
2579:
2577:
2575:
2533:
2531:
2529:
2527:
2525:
2523:
2280:
2169:
2167:
2165:
2163:
2161:
2159:
2157:
2155:
2153:
2151:
1384:South African Human Rights Commission
1182:and learning management systems like
1166:, launched in 2005, and other sites.
973:Extension of University Education Act
888:Following the British victory in the
696:humanities, arts, and social sciences
574:
4127:South African Bantu-speaking peoples
3241:
2943:
2385:
1699:
1674:
1658:"South Africa - HRMI Rights Tracker"
956:Although CNE advanced principles of
662:List of universities in South Africa
647:Higher education and training system
3142:
3094:
2062:. Blue Sky Publications. 2021-04-14
854:University of the Orange Free State
743:in the late seventeenth century by
24:
3316:
3044:
2978:
2879:
2827:
2767:
2701:
2651:
2598:
2572:
2520:
2210:(Third ed.). Abingdon, Oxon.
2148:
1018:. Each of the three houses of the
941:designed Bantu education to teach
635:Private school § South_Africa
628:
524:
329:
237:adult basic education and training
25:
4736:
3360:
3348:"Education in South Africa"
3274:Violence rife in S Africa schools
1488:Engelbrecht, Petra (2006-09-01).
1305:tried to limit the spread of the
1092:
678:National Qualifications Framework
537:
288:Both departments are funded from
201:(DHET), which is responsible for
4621:Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic
4391:Democratic Republic of the Congo
2544:Education Research International
1778:World Education News and Reviews
1752:World Education News and Reviews
189:(DBE), which is responsible for
62:National education budget (2022)
18:Higher education in South Africa
3283:
3267:
3248:Workman, Michael (2023-07-16).
3194:
2502:Africa, Ventures (2019-12-20).
2495:
2475:University of the Witwatersrand
2459:
2434:
2409:
2360:
2333:
2304:
2274:
2199:
2098:
2073:
2048:
2023:
1994:
1959:
1894:
1865:
1840:
1815:
1791:
1765:
1739:
1531:"Education Policy: School Fees"
1475:"Literacy - the World Factbook"
1079:
1074:South African Schools Act, 1996
1052:
1036:
1006:
982:
927:
883:
734:
3226:Sadike, Mashudu (2021-02-26).
2952:South African Computer Journal
2619:www.sajournalofeducation.co.za
2281:Boddy, Alistair (1976-06-16).
1623:
1598:
1569:
1547:
1481:
1458:"South Africa - Literacy rate"
1431:
1351:
1332:Mhlanga and Moloi suggest the
668:Academic ranks in South Africa
220:The DBE department deals with
13:
1:
3201:Masondo, Sipho (2016-05-31).
3072:10.1080/14725843.2021.1902268
2921:10.1080/18146627.2018.1491317
2857:10.1080/0161956X.2020.1745611
2679:10.1080/03098265.2019.1694876
1424:
842:South African College Schools
836:, which later split into the
187:Department of Basic Education
36:Department of Basic Education
3297:. 2008-08-22. Archived from
2845:Peabody Journal of Education
2256:Ocampo, Lizet (2004-09-19).
759:arrived in the Cape Colony.
672:For university entrance, a "
7:
3152:Shava, Elvin (2022-03-28).
1902:"Education Statistics 2013"
1774:"Education in South Africa"
1748:"Education in South Africa"
1412:
1377:
46:Minister of Basic Education
10:
4741:
3390:. Statistics South Africa.
3353:The Empire and the century
2180:South Africa country study
1780:. World Education Services
1754:. World Education Services
1635:humanrightsmeasurement.org
1388:victims of crime at school
1205:University of South Africa
1129:Educational Technology Use
1114:High Court of South Africa
960:, it promoted teaching of
874:University of South Africa
729:
665:
659:
632:
550:School income and expenses
4720:Education in South Africa
4634:
4609:
4328:
4252:
4117:
4027:
3904:
3895:
3790:
3781:
3692:
3683:
3589:
3580:
3555:
3445:
3436:
2448:. Statistics South Africa
2187:Federal Research Division
1771:
1745:
924:philosophy of education.
757:London Missionary Society
674:Matriculation Endorsement
482:
443:
408:
363:
325:matriculation certificate
244:provinces of South Africa
158:
150:
142:
134:
129:
121:
113:
105:
100:
92:
79:
74:
66:
61:
45:
34:
30:Education in South Africa
4376:Central African Republic
2628:10.15700/saje.v36n3a1274
2287:africanhistory.about.com
1686:South African Government
1356:An independent study by
1174:, released in 2005, and
1026:Education was compulsory
768:Dutch-speaking community
281:and the deputy minister
273:and the deputy minister
255:South African government
3848:State-owned enterprises
3547:Democratic South Africa
3323:Fleisch, Brahm (2018).
3127:10.3390/educsci10070180
2964:10.18489/sacj.v29i2.463
2909:Africa Education Review
1358:Stellenbosch University
838:University of Cape Town
594:Poverty and school fees
211:Department of Education
84:South African Languages
3388:"Education Statistics"
3021:10.46303/ressat.2022.5
1409:
846:South African Republic
794:Eastern Cape accepted
657:
335:
265:Structure and policies
176:
4536:SĂŁo TomĂ© and PrĂncipe
4396:Republic of the Congo
3467:Kingdom of Mapungubwe
2592:ECIS 2010 Proceedings
2466:Megan Doidge (2014).
1407:
1110:Eastern Cape Division
1108:In December 2019 the
1099:12 official languages
1020:Tricameral Parliament
834:South African College
817:and 8 percent in the
770:, who considered the
745:Dutch Reformed Church
688:Graduate unemployment
654:
560:South African schools
339:training facilities.
333:
230:special needs schools
171:
4102:World Heritage Sites
3878:Water and sanitation
3487:Mthethwa Paramountcy
3171:10.46303/jcve.2022.7
2735:10.23962/10539/28658
2557:10.1155/2019/6946809
1827:Rosewaywaldorf.co.za
1577:"Photographic image"
1559:www.southafrica.info
1067:Interim Constitution
4611:States with limited
4322:Education in Africa
3295:Mail & Guardian
3291:"Children of wrath"
2397:StateUniversity.com
2348:Repository.up.ac.za
2184:Library of Congress
1408:Map of South Africa
947:Bantu Education Act
864:was established in
764:British Cape Colony
749:church confirmation
409:Intermediate Phase
352:
226:independent schools
207:vocational training
172:School children in
31:
3512:Transvaal Republic
3114:Education Sciences
3060:African Identities
2803:10.1111/bjet.12485
2473:. Doctors Thesis,
2135:allbursaries.co.za
1967:"SCHOOL FEES 2013"
1506:10.1007/BF03173414
1410:
1118:birth certificates
962:cultural diversity
958:racial inferiority
935:Eiselen Commission
921:racial integration
753:itinerant teachers
751:. In rural areas,
658:
641:for-profit company
575:Sample school fees
350:
336:
290:central government
215:The World Factbook
203:tertiary education
177:
29:
4707:
4706:
4638:other territories
4411:Equatorial Guinea
4288:
4287:
4248:
4247:
3891:
3890:
3883:Wealth inequality
3830:Income inequality
3777:
3776:
3752:Political parties
3717:Foreign relations
3679:
3678:
3576:
3575:
3507:Orange Free State
3482:Dutch Cape Colony
3472:Kingdom of Mutapa
2217:978-1-138-12444-8
2060:The South African
1718:978-1-991201-14-0
1662:rightstracker.org
1303:social distancing
1144:COVID-19 pandemic
1097:South Africa has
894:Sir Alfred Milner
890:South African War
850:Orange Free State
815:Orange Free State
741:Dutch Cape Colony
623:Limpopo Provinces
522:
521:
364:Foundation Phase
195:secondary schools
166:
165:
80:Primary languages
16:(Redirected from
4732:
4699:
4698:(United Kingdom)
4694:Tristan da Cunha
4690:Ascension Island
4682:
4669:
4660:
4636:Dependencies and
4329:Sovereign states
4315:
4308:
4301:
4292:
4291:
4268:
4261:
4087:National symbols
4009:Social movements
3902:
3901:
3843:
3815:Economic history
3788:
3787:
3690:
3689:
3656:Populated places
3587:
3586:
3527:Great Depression
3443:
3442:
3419:
3412:
3405:
3396:
3395:
3391:
3356:
3350:
3338:
3310:
3309:
3307:
3306:
3287:
3281:
3271:
3265:
3264:
3262:
3261:
3245:
3239:
3238:
3236:
3235:
3230:. iol.co.za. IOL
3223:
3217:
3216:
3214:
3213:
3198:
3192:
3191:
3173:
3149:
3140:
3139:
3129:
3105:
3092:
3091:
3051:
3042:
3041:
3023:
2999:
2976:
2975:
2947:
2941:
2940:
2900:
2877:
2876:
2836:
2825:
2824:
2814:
2782:
2765:
2764:
2746:
2718:
2699:
2698:
2658:
2649:
2648:
2646:
2645:
2640:
2630:
2611:
2596:
2595:
2583:
2570:
2569:
2559:
2535:
2518:
2517:
2515:
2514:
2499:
2493:
2492:
2490:
2489:
2483:
2477:. Archived from
2472:
2463:
2457:
2456:
2454:
2453:
2438:
2432:
2431:
2429:
2428:
2413:
2407:
2406:
2404:
2403:
2389:
2383:
2382:
2380:
2379:
2370:. Archived from
2364:
2358:
2357:
2355:
2354:
2345:
2337:
2331:
2330:
2328:
2327:
2318:. Archived from
2308:
2302:
2301:
2299:
2298:
2289:. Archived from
2278:
2272:
2271:
2269:
2268:
2253:
2244:
2243:
2237:
2229:
2203:
2197:
2177:
2146:
2145:
2143:
2142:
2127:
2121:
2120:
2118:
2117:
2108:. Archived from
2102:
2096:
2095:
2093:
2092:
2077:
2071:
2070:
2068:
2067:
2052:
2046:
2045:
2043:
2042:
2033:. Archived from
2027:
2021:
2020:
2018:
2017:
2008:. Archived from
1998:
1992:
1991:
1989:
1988:
1982:
1976:. Archived from
1971:
1963:
1957:
1956:
1954:
1953:
1944:
1936:
1927:
1926:
1924:
1923:
1917:
1911:. Archived from
1906:
1898:
1892:
1891:
1889:
1888:
1879:. Archived from
1869:
1863:
1862:
1860:
1859:
1850:. Archived from
1844:
1838:
1837:
1835:
1834:
1819:
1813:
1812:
1810:
1809:
1803:
1795:
1789:
1788:
1786:
1785:
1769:
1763:
1762:
1760:
1759:
1743:
1737:
1736:
1734:
1733:
1703:
1697:
1696:
1694:
1693:
1678:
1672:
1671:
1669:
1668:
1654:
1645:
1644:
1642:
1641:
1627:
1621:
1620:
1618:
1617:
1602:
1596:
1595:
1593:
1592:
1583:. Archived from
1581:Education.gov.za
1573:
1567:
1566:
1561:. Archived from
1551:
1545:
1544:
1542:
1541:
1527:
1518:
1517:
1485:
1479:
1478:
1471:
1462:
1461:
1454:
1443:
1442:
1435:
1065:In terms of the
939:Hendrik Verwoerd
848:and in 1854 the
804:teacher training
776:English language
772:English language
353:
349:
32:
28:
21:
4740:
4739:
4735:
4734:
4733:
4731:
4730:
4729:
4710:
4709:
4708:
4703:
4702:
4697:
4680:
4667:
4658:
4639:
4637:
4630:
4614:
4612:
4605:
4324:
4319:
4289:
4284:
4271:
4264:
4257:
4244:
4113:
4092:Public holidays
4023:
3989:Sexual violence
3969:Life expectancy
3887:
3841:
3835:Mining industry
3773:
3737:Law enforcement
3675:
3641:Mountain ranges
3572:
3551:
3522:Second Boer War
3432:
3423:
3386:
3363:
3335:
3319:
3317:Further reading
3314:
3313:
3304:
3302:
3289:
3288:
3284:
3272:
3268:
3259:
3257:
3246:
3242:
3233:
3231:
3224:
3220:
3211:
3209:
3199:
3195:
3150:
3143:
3106:
3095:
3052:
3045:
3000:
2979:
2948:
2944:
2901:
2880:
2837:
2828:
2783:
2768:
2719:
2702:
2659:
2652:
2643:
2641:
2613:
2612:
2599:
2584:
2573:
2536:
2521:
2512:
2510:
2508:Ventures Africa
2500:
2496:
2487:
2485:
2481:
2470:
2464:
2460:
2451:
2449:
2440:
2439:
2435:
2426:
2424:
2415:
2414:
2410:
2401:
2399:
2391:
2390:
2386:
2377:
2375:
2366:
2365:
2361:
2352:
2350:
2343:
2339:
2338:
2334:
2325:
2323:
2310:
2309:
2305:
2296:
2294:
2279:
2275:
2266:
2264:
2254:
2247:
2231:
2230:
2218:
2204:
2200:
2178:
2149:
2140:
2138:
2129:
2128:
2124:
2115:
2113:
2104:
2103:
2099:
2090:
2088:
2079:
2078:
2074:
2065:
2063:
2054:
2053:
2049:
2040:
2038:
2029:
2028:
2024:
2015:
2013:
2000:
1999:
1995:
1986:
1984:
1980:
1974:Settlers.org.za
1969:
1965:
1964:
1960:
1951:
1949:
1942:
1938:
1937:
1930:
1921:
1919:
1915:
1904:
1900:
1899:
1895:
1886:
1884:
1871:
1870:
1866:
1857:
1855:
1846:
1845:
1841:
1832:
1830:
1821:
1820:
1816:
1807:
1805:
1801:
1797:
1796:
1792:
1783:
1781:
1770:
1766:
1757:
1755:
1744:
1740:
1731:
1729:
1719:
1705:
1704:
1700:
1691:
1689:
1680:
1679:
1675:
1666:
1664:
1656:
1655:
1648:
1639:
1637:
1629:
1628:
1624:
1615:
1613:
1604:
1603:
1599:
1590:
1588:
1575:
1574:
1570:
1553:
1552:
1548:
1539:
1537:
1529:
1528:
1521:
1486:
1482:
1473:
1472:
1465:
1456:
1455:
1446:
1437:
1436:
1432:
1427:
1415:
1380:
1354:
1285:
1260:
1196:
1152:
1136:
1131:
1122:basic education
1120:from receiving
1095:
1082:
1055:
1039:
1009:
1001:Soweto Uprising
985:
943:African culture
930:
886:
791:Colonial Office
737:
732:
692:underemployment
670:
664:
649:
637:
631:
629:Private schools
596:
577:
552:
540:
527:
525:Optional grades
485:Upper Secondary
446:Lower secondary
321:
303:discrimination.
271:Angie Motshekga
267:
162:n/a on stats SA
154:n/a on stats SA
146:n/a on stats SA
101:Literacy (2019)
96:Public, Private
75:General details
70:R405 3 billion
54:
52:Angie Motshekga
47:
38:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
4738:
4728:
4727:
4722:
4705:
4704:
4701:
4700:
4683:
4670:
4661:
4647:Canary Islands
4643:
4642:
4640:
4635:
4632:
4631:
4629:
4628:
4623:
4617:
4615:
4610:
4607:
4606:
4604:
4603:
4598:
4593:
4588:
4583:
4578:
4573:
4568:
4563:
4558:
4553:
4548:
4543:
4538:
4533:
4528:
4523:
4518:
4513:
4508:
4503:
4498:
4493:
4488:
4483:
4478:
4473:
4468:
4463:
4458:
4453:
4448:
4443:
4438:
4433:
4428:
4423:
4418:
4413:
4408:
4403:
4398:
4393:
4388:
4383:
4378:
4373:
4368:
4363:
4358:
4353:
4348:
4343:
4338:
4332:
4330:
4326:
4325:
4318:
4317:
4310:
4303:
4295:
4286:
4285:
4283:
4282:
4277:
4270:
4269:
4262:
4254:
4253:
4250:
4249:
4246:
4245:
4243:
4242:
4237:
4232:
4231:
4230:
4225:
4220:
4218:Cape Coloureds
4210:
4209:
4208:
4203:
4193:
4192:
4191:
4186:
4176:
4175:
4174:
4169:
4164:
4159:
4154:
4149:
4144:
4139:
4134:
4123:
4121:
4115:
4114:
4112:
4111:
4110:
4109:
4107:heritage sites
4099:
4094:
4089:
4084:
4079:
4074:
4069:
4064:
4059:
4049:
4044:
4039:
4033:
4031:
4025:
4024:
4022:
4021:
4016:
4011:
4006:
4001:
3996:
3994:Slum clearance
3991:
3986:
3981:
3976:
3971:
3966:
3961:
3956:
3951:
3946:
3941:
3936:
3931:
3926:
3921:
3916:
3911:
3905:
3899:
3893:
3892:
3889:
3888:
3886:
3885:
3880:
3875:
3870:
3865:
3860:
3855:
3853:Stock exchange
3850:
3845:
3837:
3832:
3827:
3822:
3817:
3812:
3810:Communications
3807:
3802:
3797:
3791:
3785:
3779:
3778:
3775:
3774:
3772:
3771:
3769:State security
3766:
3765:
3764:
3754:
3749:
3744:
3739:
3734:
3729:
3724:
3719:
3714:
3709:
3704:
3699:
3693:
3687:
3681:
3680:
3677:
3676:
3674:
3673:
3668:
3663:
3658:
3653:
3651:National parks
3648:
3646:Municipalities
3643:
3638:
3633:
3628:
3623:
3618:
3613:
3608:
3607:
3606:
3604:Climate change
3596:
3590:
3584:
3578:
3577:
3574:
3573:
3571:
3570:
3565:
3559:
3557:
3553:
3552:
3550:
3549:
3544:
3539:
3534:
3529:
3524:
3519:
3517:First Boer War
3514:
3509:
3504:
3499:
3494:
3489:
3484:
3479:
3474:
3469:
3464:
3459:
3458:
3457:
3446:
3440:
3434:
3433:
3422:
3421:
3414:
3407:
3399:
3393:
3392:
3384:
3379:
3374:
3369:
3362:
3361:External links
3359:
3358:
3357:
3343:Sargent, E. B.
3339:
3334:978-1775822462
3333:
3318:
3315:
3312:
3311:
3282:
3266:
3240:
3218:
3193:
3141:
3093:
3066:(2): 266–282.
3043:
2977:
2942:
2878:
2851:(2): 117–126.
2826:
2797:(5): 843–858.
2766:
2700:
2650:
2597:
2571:
2519:
2494:
2458:
2446:Statssa.gov.za
2433:
2408:
2393:"South Africa"
2384:
2359:
2332:
2303:
2273:
2245:
2216:
2198:
2147:
2122:
2097:
2072:
2047:
2022:
1993:
1958:
1947:Create-rpc.org
1928:
1893:
1864:
1839:
1814:
1790:
1764:
1738:
1717:
1698:
1673:
1646:
1622:
1597:
1568:
1565:on 2013-01-28.
1546:
1519:
1480:
1463:
1444:
1429:
1428:
1426:
1423:
1422:
1421:
1414:
1411:
1379:
1376:
1353:
1350:
1284:
1281:
1259:
1256:
1255:
1254:
1250:
1249:
1245:
1244:
1240:
1239:
1195:
1192:
1151:
1148:
1135:
1132:
1130:
1127:
1094:
1093:2006 until now
1091:
1081:
1078:
1054:
1051:
1038:
1035:
1008:
1005:
984:
981:
929:
926:
917:National Party
910:Prime Minister
902:Boer Republics
898:British Empire
885:
882:
866:Port Elizabeth
862:Grey Institute
780:British values
736:
733:
731:
728:
716:skilled trades
648:
645:
633:Main article:
630:
627:
595:
592:
591:
590:
587:
584:
576:
573:
551:
548:
539:
538:Learner ratios
536:
526:
523:
520:
519:
509:
505:
504:
501:
497:
496:
493:
489:
488:
480:
479:
474:
470:
469:
464:
460:
459:
454:
450:
449:
444:Senior Phase (
441:
440:
435:
431:
430:
425:
421:
420:
415:
411:
410:
406:
405:
400:
396:
395:
390:
386:
385:
380:
376:
375:
370:
366:
365:
361:
360:
357:
320:
317:
316:
315:
311:
310:
305:
304:
279:Blade Nzimande
275:Reginah Mhaule
266:
263:
222:public schools
164:
163:
160:
159:Post secondary
156:
155:
152:
148:
147:
144:
140:
139:
136:
132:
131:
127:
126:
123:
119:
118:
115:
111:
110:
107:
103:
102:
98:
97:
94:
90:
89:
81:
77:
76:
72:
71:
68:
64:
63:
59:
58:
56:Blade Nzimande
49:
43:
42:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4737:
4726:
4723:
4721:
4718:
4717:
4715:
4695:
4691:
4687:
4684:
4678:
4674:
4671:
4665:
4662:
4656:
4652:
4648:
4645:
4644:
4641:
4633:
4627:
4624:
4622:
4619:
4618:
4616:
4608:
4602:
4599:
4597:
4594:
4592:
4589:
4587:
4584:
4582:
4579:
4577:
4574:
4572:
4569:
4567:
4564:
4562:
4559:
4557:
4554:
4552:
4549:
4547:
4544:
4542:
4539:
4537:
4534:
4532:
4529:
4527:
4524:
4522:
4519:
4517:
4514:
4512:
4509:
4507:
4504:
4502:
4499:
4497:
4494:
4492:
4489:
4487:
4484:
4482:
4479:
4477:
4474:
4472:
4469:
4467:
4464:
4462:
4459:
4457:
4454:
4452:
4451:Guinea-Bissau
4449:
4447:
4444:
4442:
4439:
4437:
4434:
4432:
4429:
4427:
4424:
4422:
4419:
4417:
4414:
4412:
4409:
4407:
4404:
4402:
4399:
4397:
4394:
4392:
4389:
4387:
4384:
4382:
4379:
4377:
4374:
4372:
4369:
4367:
4364:
4362:
4359:
4357:
4354:
4352:
4349:
4347:
4344:
4342:
4339:
4337:
4334:
4333:
4331:
4327:
4323:
4316:
4311:
4309:
4304:
4302:
4297:
4296:
4293:
4281:
4278:
4276:
4273:
4272:
4267:
4263:
4260:
4256:
4255:
4251:
4241:
4238:
4236:
4233:
4229:
4226:
4224:
4221:
4219:
4216:
4215:
4214:
4211:
4207:
4204:
4202:
4199:
4198:
4197:
4194:
4190:
4187:
4185:
4182:
4181:
4180:
4177:
4173:
4170:
4168:
4165:
4163:
4160:
4158:
4155:
4153:
4150:
4148:
4145:
4143:
4140:
4138:
4135:
4133:
4130:
4129:
4128:
4125:
4124:
4122:
4120:
4116:
4108:
4105:
4104:
4103:
4100:
4098:
4095:
4093:
4090:
4088:
4085:
4083:
4080:
4078:
4075:
4073:
4070:
4068:
4065:
4063:
4060:
4057:
4053:
4050:
4048:
4045:
4043:
4040:
4038:
4035:
4034:
4032:
4030:
4026:
4020:
4017:
4015:
4012:
4010:
4007:
4005:
4004:Social issues
4002:
4000:
3997:
3995:
3992:
3990:
3987:
3985:
3982:
3980:
3977:
3975:
3972:
3970:
3967:
3965:
3962:
3960:
3957:
3955:
3954:Land invasion
3952:
3950:
3947:
3945:
3942:
3940:
3937:
3935:
3932:
3930:
3927:
3925:
3922:
3920:
3917:
3915:
3912:
3910:
3907:
3906:
3903:
3900:
3898:
3894:
3884:
3881:
3879:
3876:
3874:
3871:
3869:
3866:
3864:
3861:
3859:
3856:
3854:
3851:
3849:
3846:
3844:
3838:
3836:
3833:
3831:
3828:
3826:
3825:Foreign trade
3823:
3821:
3818:
3816:
3813:
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3463:
3462:Early history
3460:
3456:
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3326:
3321:
3320:
3301:on 2015-02-06
3300:
3296:
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2530:
2528:
2526:
2524:
2509:
2505:
2498:
2484:on 2017-08-27
2480:
2476:
2469:
2462:
2447:
2443:
2437:
2422:
2421:Allafrica.com
2418:
2412:
2398:
2394:
2388:
2374:on 2013-09-27
2373:
2369:
2363:
2349:
2342:
2336:
2322:on 2014-02-21
2321:
2317:
2313:
2307:
2293:on 2017-02-22
2292:
2288:
2284:
2277:
2263:
2259:
2252:
2250:
2241:
2235:
2227:
2223:
2219:
2213:
2209:
2202:
2196:
2194:
2193:public domain
2188:
2185:
2181:
2176:
2174:
2172:
2170:
2168:
2166:
2164:
2162:
2160:
2158:
2156:
2154:
2152:
2136:
2132:
2126:
2112:on 2013-09-27
2111:
2107:
2101:
2086:
2082:
2076:
2061:
2057:
2051:
2037:on 2013-04-23
2036:
2032:
2026:
2012:on 2013-07-03
2011:
2007:
2003:
1997:
1983:on 2016-03-04
1979:
1975:
1968:
1962:
1948:
1941:
1935:
1933:
1918:on 2017-05-16
1914:
1910:
1903:
1897:
1883:on 2014-02-22
1882:
1878:
1874:
1868:
1854:on 2014-02-26
1853:
1849:
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1794:
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1687:
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1677:
1663:
1659:
1653:
1651:
1636:
1632:
1626:
1612:on 2013-09-27
1611:
1607:
1601:
1587:on 2015-09-28
1586:
1582:
1578:
1572:
1564:
1560:
1556:
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1468:
1459:
1453:
1451:
1449:
1441:. 2022-02-23.
1440:
1434:
1430:
1420:
1417:
1416:
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1402:
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1308:
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1300:
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1216:
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1210:
1206:
1201:
1191:
1187:
1185:
1181:
1177:
1173:
1169:
1165:
1161:
1160:mobile phones
1156:
1147:
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1126:
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1106:
1102:
1100:
1090:
1086:
1077:
1075:
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1068:
1063:
1061:
1050:
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1045:
1034:
1030:
1027:
1023:
1021:
1017:
1012:
1004:
1002:
998:
994:
989:
980:
976:
974:
971:In 1959, the
969:
967:
966:school boards
963:
959:
954:
950:
948:
944:
940:
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925:
922:
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911:
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870:Potchefstroom
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788:
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712:STEM subjects
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685:
683:
679:
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669:
663:
653:
644:
642:
636:
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624:
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619:KwaZulu-Natal
616:
611:
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600:
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585:
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561:
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371:
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340:
332:
328:
326:
313:
312:
307:
306:
301:
300:
299:
296:
294:
291:
286:
284:
283:Buti Manamela
280:
276:
272:
262:
258:
256:
253:In 2013, the
251:
247:
245:
240:
238:
233:
231:
227:
223:
218:
216:
212:
208:
204:
200:
196:
192:
188:
184:
183:
180:Education in
175:
170:
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157:
153:
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120:
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112:
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4686:Saint Helena
4657:
4561:South Africa
4560:
4551:Sierra Leone
4356:Burkina Faso
4119:Demographics
4067:Homelessness
4037:Architecture
3923:
3868:Trade unions
3727:Human rights
3697:Constitution
3594:Biodiversity
3532:World War II
3502:Zulu Kingdom
3426:South Africa
3352:
3324:
3303:. Retrieved
3299:the original
3294:
3285:
3277:
3269:
3258:. Retrieved
3253:
3243:
3232:. Retrieved
3221:
3210:. Retrieved
3206:
3196:
3164:(1): 78–91.
3161:
3157:
3117:
3113:
3063:
3059:
3014:(1): 69–89.
3011:
3007:
2955:
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2945:
2912:
2908:
2848:
2844:
2794:
2790:
2726:
2673:(1): 70–84.
2670:
2666:
2642:. Retrieved
2618:
2591:
2550:: e6946809.
2547:
2543:
2511:. Retrieved
2507:
2497:
2486:. Retrieved
2479:the original
2461:
2450:. Retrieved
2445:
2436:
2425:. Retrieved
2423:. 2011-06-29
2420:
2411:
2400:. Retrieved
2396:
2387:
2376:. Retrieved
2372:the original
2362:
2351:. Retrieved
2347:
2335:
2324:. Retrieved
2320:the original
2316:Sairr.org.za
2315:
2306:
2295:. Retrieved
2291:the original
2286:
2276:
2265:. Retrieved
2262:stanford.edu
2261:
2207:
2201:
2190:
2139:. Retrieved
2137:. 2022-11-27
2134:
2125:
2114:. Retrieved
2110:the original
2100:
2089:. Retrieved
2087:. 2021-09-13
2084:
2075:
2064:. Retrieved
2059:
2050:
2039:. Retrieved
2035:the original
2025:
2014:. Retrieved
2010:the original
2005:
1996:
1985:. Retrieved
1978:the original
1973:
1961:
1950:. Retrieved
1946:
1920:. Retrieved
1913:the original
1908:
1896:
1885:. Retrieved
1881:the original
1877:Sprogs.co.za
1876:
1867:
1856:. Retrieved
1852:the original
1842:
1831:. Retrieved
1829:. 2016-07-08
1826:
1817:
1806:. Retrieved
1793:
1782:. Retrieved
1777:
1767:
1756:. Retrieved
1751:
1741:
1730:. Retrieved
1727:j.ctv1nzfwxq
1707:
1701:
1690:. Retrieved
1688:. 2022-04-01
1685:
1676:
1665:. Retrieved
1661:
1638:. Retrieved
1634:
1625:
1614:. Retrieved
1610:the original
1600:
1589:. Retrieved
1585:the original
1580:
1571:
1563:the original
1558:
1549:
1538:. Retrieved
1534:
1497:
1493:
1483:
1433:
1400:
1396:Western Cape
1381:
1355:
1342:
1331:
1323:
1315:
1286:
1273:
1269:
1265:
1261:
1233:
1229:
1225:
1217:
1213:
1197:
1188:
1157:
1153:
1137:
1107:
1103:
1096:
1087:
1083:
1080:1997 to 2005
1071:
1064:
1056:
1053:1994 to 2022
1048:
1043:
1040:
1037:1990 to 1993
1031:
1024:
1013:
1010:
1007:1984 to 1990
995:township of
993:Johannesburg
990:
986:
983:1974 to 1983
977:
970:
955:
951:
931:
928:1948 to 1974
914:
906:Jan C. Smuts
887:
884:1900 to 1948
876:and renamed
858:Bloemfontein
831:
827:
808:
784:
761:
738:
735:1652 to 1900
724:
720:
686:
671:
638:
615:Eastern Cape
612:
608:
605:
601:
597:
578:
569:
565:
558:Children at
557:
553:
545:
541:
532:
528:
359:Grade Level
345:
341:
337:
322:
309:authorities.
297:
287:
268:
259:
252:
248:
241:
234:
219:
182:South Africa
179:
178:
26:
4613:recognition
4566:South Sudan
4456:Ivory Coast
4223:Cape Malays
3944:Immigration
3795:Agriculture
3616:Earthquakes
3497:Cape Colony
3477:Kaditshwene
3254:Opinionista
2915:(2): 1–19.
2744:10500/27693
1682:"Education"
1352:Performance
1311:smartboards
979:textbooks.
787:Cape Colony
704:health care
93:System type
4714:Categories
4668:(Portugal)
4626:Somaliland
4546:Seychelles
4511:Mozambique
4496:Mauritania
4481:Madagascar
4436:The Gambia
4371:Cape Verde
4201:Afrikaners
4189:San people
4072:Literature
4019:Xenophobia
3939:Healthcare
3919:Disability
3842:(currency)
3747:Parliament
3722:Government
3707:Corruption
3542:Border War
3305:2013-05-06
3278:BBC Online
3260:2023-07-17
3234:2021-02-26
3212:2017-05-04
3120:(7): 180.
2812:10566/3877
2644:2023-07-26
2638:10566/3733
2615:"Jantjies"
2513:2020-01-20
2488:2017-08-27
2452:2017-08-26
2427:2017-08-26
2402:2024-06-27
2378:2013-05-07
2353:2017-08-26
2326:2017-08-27
2297:2017-08-26
2267:2017-08-26
2141:2022-11-27
2116:2013-05-08
2091:2021-09-23
2066:2021-04-21
2041:2013-05-06
2016:2017-08-27
2006:Hsmp.co.za
1987:2017-08-27
1952:2017-08-27
1922:2017-08-27
1887:2017-08-27
1858:2019-12-05
1833:2017-08-27
1808:2023-08-06
1784:2023-08-06
1758:2023-08-06
1732:2024-06-27
1692:2024-06-27
1667:2023-08-07
1640:2022-03-27
1616:2013-05-02
1591:2017-08-27
1540:2017-08-27
1535:Etu.org.za
1500:(3): 253.
1425:References
1060:Bantustans
1044:status quo
1016:bantustans
714:, and the
666:See also:
660:See also:
197:, and the
130:Enrollment
4501:Mauritius
4213:Coloureds
3959:Languages
3924:Education
3873:Transport
3805:Companies
3757:President
3712:Elections
3661:Provinces
3621:Estuaries
3611:Districts
3582:Geography
3537:Apartheid
3280:. London.
3207:CityPress
3188:248275924
3180:2590-342X
3136:2227-7102
3088:233624601
3080:1472-5843
3038:248271644
3030:2468-6891
2972:2313-7835
2937:203437156
2929:1814-6627
2873:219914055
2865:0161-956X
2761:213959213
2753:2077-7213
2695:214187599
2687:0309-8265
2566:2090-4002
2234:cite book
2226:883649263
1514:1878-5174
1392:Cape Town
1368:apartheid
1299:lockdowns
823:Afrikaans
819:Transvaal
700:education
503:Grade 11
495:Grade 10
242:The nine
174:Cape Town
151:Secondary
4692: /
4688: /
4681:(France)
4675: /
4653: /
4649: /
4601:Zimbabwe
4576:Tanzania
4426:Ethiopia
4421:Eswatini
4401:Djibouti
4366:Cameroon
4351:Botswana
4275:Category
4184:Khoekhoe
4062:HIV/AIDS
3984:Religion
3949:Intersex
3929:Feminism
3909:Cannabis
3858:Taxation
3762:timeline
3742:Military
3685:Politics
3671:Wildlife
3568:Military
3556:By topic
3492:Ndwandwe
3450:Timeline
3430:articles
3345:(1905).
2821:45546810
1413:See also
1378:Violence
1346:COVID-19
1334:COVID-19
1318:COVID-19
1307:COVID-19
1294:lockdown
1289:COVID-19
1220:COVID-19
1209:COVID-19
1200:COVID-19
1176:WhatsApp
1164:Facebook
840:and the
811:Boer War
708:business
512:Grade 12
4677:RĂ©union
4673:Mayotte
4664:Madeira
4659:(Spain)
4655:Melilla
4586:Tunisia
4556:Somalia
4541:Senegal
4526:Nigeria
4516:Namibia
4506:Morocco
4471:Liberia
4466:Lesotho
4416:Eritrea
4386:Comoros
4361:Burundi
4336:Algeria
4259:Outline
4240:Chinese
4235:Indians
4228:Griquas
4206:British
4179:Khoisan
4132:Ndebele
4052:Cuisine
4029:Culture
3999:Smoking
3974:Poverty
3897:Society
3863:Tourism
3800:Banking
3783:Economy
3631:Islands
3626:Forests
3599:Climate
3563:Economy
3438:History
1363:Limpopo
1168:YouTube
1112:of the
730:History
656:system.
477:Grade 9
467:Grade 8
457:Grade 7
438:Grade 6
428:Grade 5
418:Grade 4
403:Grade 3
393:Grade 2
383:Grade 1
373:Grade R
191:primary
143:Primary
125:94.5%
117:95.5%
87:English
4696:
4679:
4666:
4596:Zambia
4591:Uganda
4531:Rwanda
4486:Malawi
4446:Guinea
4341:Angola
4280:Portal
4196:Whites
4157:Tswana
4152:Tsonga
4097:Sports
4047:Cinema
3979:Racism
3934:Health
3820:Energy
3702:Courts
3666:Rivers
3428:
3331:
3186:
3178:
3134:
3086:
3078:
3036:
3028:
2970:
2935:
2927:
2871:
2863:
2819:
2759:
2751:
2729:(24).
2693:
2685:
2564:
2224:
2214:
1909:Gov.za
1725:
1715:
1512:
1184:Edmodo
997:Soweto
516:Matric
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