76:
4461:
33:
2240:
3394:
3116:
2934:
7275:
2492:
2252:
an increasing population and consequent pressure on agriculture. The dominant view, since the 1960s, has been that the increasing use of iron led to social changes in
Britain. Deposits of iron ore were located in different places to the tin and copper ore necessary to make bronze and, as a result, trading patterns shifted and the old elites lost their economic and social status. Power passed into the hands of a new group of people. Archaeologist
2450:
3272:
3037:
4812:
2762:
2848:
2516:
3098:
2584:. Typically, a castro had one to five stone and earth walls, which complemented the natural defences of the hill. The buildings inside, most of them circular in shape, some rectangular, were about 3.5–15 m (11–49 ft) long; they were made out of stone with thatch roofs resting on a wood column in the centre of the building. In the major
3000:) were abandoned or became sparsely populated. A new period in hillfort development started during the 5th–8th centuries AD, when many new hillforts appeared, in most cases, along the main trades routes—rivers. During the 10th–11th centuries, some of the hillforts became military fortresses with strong fortifications (like hillforts in
3012:). Some of them are considered important political centres of the local peoples, who in this period were subjects of serious social political changes. That period was known for unrest and military activities, as well as power struggles between local aristocracy. Most of the Latvian hillforts were destroyed or abandoned during the
3783:
O'Driscoll, J., Hawkes, A. and O'Brien, W. (2019) 'The Irish hillfort', in Lock, G. and
Ralston, I. (eds.) Hillforts: Britain, Ireland and the Nearer Continent - Papers from the Atlas of Hillforts of Britain and Ireland Conference, June 2017. Oxford: Archaeopress, pp. 77-96. doi: 10.2307/j.ctvnb7r0b.
3193:
from the west. Most forts were located on the banks of a river, or a confluence where two rivers met. These fortifications were typically wooden, although some had additional stone or brick walls. The hill was usually sculpted for defensive purposes, with the top flattened and the natural slopes made
2107:
in the Late Iron Age, settlements could reach as large as 10,000 inhabitants. As the population increased so did the complexity of prehistoric societies. Around 1100 BC hillforts emerged and in the following centuries spread through Europe. They served a range of purposes and were variously
2691:
In Sweden, hillforts are fortifications from the Iron Age which may have had several functions. They are usually located on the crests of hills and mountains making use of precipices and marshes which worked as natural defences. The crests' more accessible parts were defended with walls of stone and
2280:
were thought by the excavator to implicate the
Cadbury population in a revolt in the 70's AD (roughly contemporary with that of Boudicca in the East of England), although this has been questioned by subsequent researchers. However, the presence of barracks on the hilltop in the decades following the
2251:
The reason for the emergence of hillforts in
Britain, and their purpose, has been a subject of debate. It has been argued that they could have been military sites constructed in response to invasion from continental Europe, sites built by invaders, or a military reaction to social tensions caused by
2256:
believes that population increase still played a role and has stated " provided defensive possibilities for the community at those times when the stress burst out into open warfare. But I wouldn't see them as having been built because there was a state of war. They would be functional as defensive
2670:
a large number of hilltop settlements were established both on the Roman imperial territory and on
Germanic soil. However, the term embraces a wide range of very different settlements in high locations. At least a few of the Germanic settlements were protected by fortifications. Unlike the Romans,
2463:
Bronze Age and Iron Age hillforts are widely found in
Ireland. They are large circular structures between 1 and 40 acres (most commonly 5–10 acres) in size, enclosed by a stone wall or earthen rampart or both. These would have been important tribal centres where the chief or king of the area would
2698:
are common even on flat ground. The walls often have remaining parts of stone, which were probably the support of pales. They often have well delineated gateways, the gates of which were probably of wood. Hillforts with strong walls are often located beside old trade routes and have an offensive
2984:
offered not only military and administrative functions but they were also cultural and economic centres of some regions. Latvian hillforts generally were a part of a complex consisting of the main fortress, the settlement around it, one or more burial fields and nearby ritual sites. The first
3431:. Traditional pā took a variety of designs, ranging from a simple terraced hill, to complex fortified structures that include multiple rows of palisades and underground defensive and ambush points. Māori pā differed from European hillforts in that they also prominently incorporate food
2092:
Prehistoric Europe saw a growing population. It has been estimated that in about 5000 BC during the
Neolithic between 2 million and 5 million lived in Europe; in the Late Iron Age it had an estimated population of around 15 to 30 million. Outside
3188:
in the 1st millennium BC. The earliest examples in present-day
Lithuania are found in the east of the country. Most of these forts were built or expanded between the fifth and fifteenth centuries, when they were used in the Dukes' Wars, and against the invasion of
2580:). They were located on hilltops, which allowed tactical control over the surrounding countryside and provided natural defences. They usually had access to a spring or small creek to provide water; some even had large reservoirs to use during
2101:, which were more densely populated, the vast majority of settlements in the Iron Age were small, with perhaps no more than 50 inhabitants. Hillforts were the exception, and were the home of up to 1,000 people. With the emergence of
3357:—fortified villages on top of natural hills and raised landforms near the coastlines. These were terraced into defensive ramparts with limited access points. Artifacts recovered from an ijang on the town of Savidug in
2588:
there were regular streets, suggesting some form of central organization. Castros vary in area from less than a hectare to some 50 hectare ones, and most were abandoned after the Roman conquest of the territory.
2287:
in Dorset is the largest hillfort in
England. Where Roman influence was less strong, such as uninvaded Ireland and unsubdued northern Scotland, hillforts were still built and used for several more centuries.
4693:
The Iron Age and its hill-forts: papers presented to Sir
Mortimer Wheeler on the occasion of his eightieth year, at a conference held by the Southampton University Archaeological Society, 5th–7th March,
2702:
Many forts, located centrally in densely populated areas, were permanently settled strongholds and can show traces of settlements both inside and outside. Older place names containing the element
2478:'—a medieval settlement—a common archaeological feature across the whole island of Ireland, of which over 40,000 examples are known; one source claims there may be 10,000 undiscovered ringforts.
2824:
One special feature about the Finnish hillforts that while most of them are located these days within some distance from the sea, but earlier many of the forts were located by the sea, due to
6669:
2257:
strongholds when there were tensions and undoubtedly some of them were attacked and destroyed, but this was not the only, or even the most significant, factor in their construction".
2111:
Hillforts were frequently occupied by conquering armies, but on other occasions the forts were destroyed, the local people forcibly evicted, and the forts left derelict. For example,
3748:
2411:
It has been suggested on reasonable evidence that many so-called hillforts were just used to pen in cattle, horses, or other domesticated animals. The large sprawling examples at
2909:
3361:
has been dated to around 1200 CE. These high rocky formations served as a refuge against attacking enemies. Ijang were first described by the English freebooter Captain
2119:
invasions of southern Britain in the 1st century BC. Abandoned forts were sometimes reoccupied and refortified under renewed threat of foreign invasion, such as the
4900:
4956:
4925:
4915:
3119:
4589:
4472:
4910:
4266:
2997:
4343:
2902:. Although some of them were probably used only during times of crisis and stood empty in peacetime (for example Soontagana in Koonga parish,
4445:
2423:). Even those that were defensive settlements in the Iron Age were sometimes used for corralling animals in later periods. For example, see
4920:
3678:
3234:, was a major target for both orders. This territory separated the two Orders and prevented joint action between them and Pagan Lithuania.
3435:
and often, water sources. They survived until the colonial era and later types of pā were designed specifically for fighting with guns.
3370:
2671:
however, the Germanii did not use mortar at that time for their construction. Among the best known hill settlements in Germany are the
7325:
5348:
4723:
Hillforts: Britain, Ireland and the Nearer Continent: Papers from the Atlas of Hillforts of Britain and Ireland Conference, June 2017
2831:
Finland has around 100 hillforts verified by excavations, and about 200 more suspected sites. The largest hillfort in Finland is the
5382:
999:
3529:
1431:
4393:
Cunliffe, Barry (2007), "Understanding hillforts: have we progressed?", in Payne, Andrew; Corney, Mark; Cunliffe, Barry (eds.),
6485:
4838:
4962:
4730:
4608:
4546:
4510:
4422:
4404:
3951:
2539:
2435:. However, it is difficult to prove that people definitely did not dwell there, as lack of evidence is not proof of absence.
2120:
2623:
as well as in Atlantic France, Britain and Ireland. These megaliths were probably reused in syncretic rituals by the Celtic
2467:
There are around 40 known hillforts in Ireland. About 12 are multivallate as distinguished by multiple ramparts, or a large
4972:
4129:
2061:
refuge or defended settlement located to exploit a rise in elevation for defensive advantage. They are typical of the late
3826:
2558:
Iron Age village, usually located on a hill or some naturally easy defendable place. The larger hillforts are also called
7079:
6774:
4870:
2276:, but others were destroyed and abandoned. Partially articulated remains of between 28 and 40 men, women and children at
1787:
75:
5198:
5003:
4986:
3218:
in use decreased, but those that remained had stronger fortifications. Two main defence lines developed: one along the
1982:
1760:
370:
3614:
3130:
3016:
in the 13th century, but some were still used in the 14th century. In total, there are about 470 hillforts in Latvia.
6894:
6679:
4748:
4636:
4528:
4384:
4363:
4316:
4228:
4102:
3084:
2225:. By this time the larger ones had become more like cities than fortresses and many were assimilated as Roman towns.
1436:
3066:
4446:"Iron Age Hillforts in their Landscape Contexts: a Fresh Look at the Field Evidence in the Northumberland Cheviots"
4021:
1514:
3769:
7104:
2713:
In Sweden, there are 1,100 known hillforts with a strong concentration on the northern west coast and in eastern
1859:
1497:
1284:
124:
3845:
2898:
Most likely the Estonian hillforts were in pre-Christian times administrative, economic and military centres of
7310:
5076:
4134:
3859:
3207:
3137:
3062:
2299:, is the most thoroughly investigated Iron Age hillfort in Britain, as well as the most extensively published.
1623:
2883:. There are several hundred hillforts or presumed ancient hillfort sites all over Estonia. Some of them, like
4977:
2040:
1487:
2213:. During the Hallstatt C period, hillforts became the dominant settlement type in the west of Hungary.
6327:
5865:
5375:
4967:
4952:
4057:
2444:
1977:
676:
436:
4827:
2699:
character, whereas others are reclusive and were weakly fortified, probably only for hiding during raids.
6664:
5745:
5173:
4614:
4483:
2928:
1987:
1174:
971:
842:
380:
2464:
live with his extended family and support themselves by farming and renting cattle to their underlings.
7305:
6260:
4982:
3946:, The Archaeology of the Batanes Islands, Northern Philippines, vol. 40, ANU Press, pp. 1–8,
2264:, but the great period of hillfort construction was during the Celtic Iron Age, between 700 BC and the
1451:
3124:
2073:
period. The fortification usually follows the contours of a hill and consists of one or more lines of
6709:
4289:
3432:
3058:
2265:
2128:
1561:
1069:
413:
287:
141:
17:
6334:
4460:
4191:
The New Zealand Wars: A History of the Maori Campaigns and the Pioneering Period: Volume I (1845–64)
4042:
2089:, and external ditches. If enemies were approaching, the civilians would spot them from a distance.
7320:
7315:
7206:
6284:
5153:
4088:
3198:
3047:
2302:
2277:
2074:
2012:
1879:
1426:
1119:
932:
780:
5056:
4186:
7253:
7028:
6734:
6729:
6649:
6446:
6393:
6363:
6120:
6050:
5994:
5571:
5368:
5148:
5143:
5123:
5081:
4863:
4394:
3322:
3051:
2914:
2078:
1965:
1947:
1703:
1262:
1184:
1129:
1009:
722:
385:
5113:
4396:
The Wessex Hillforts Project: Extensive Survey of Hillfort Interiors in Central Southern England
3675:
3423:
were often built on raised ground, like volcanic hills, headlands, and small islands (including
2634:
people occupied an inland region in central northern Spain, straddling the upper valleys of the
2400:, or military road, which enabled his armies to cover Viking movements at sea. For example, see
7278:
7094:
6684:
6581:
6466:
5650:
5224:
4647:"New Perspectives on the Architecture and Function of Welsh Hillforts and Defended Settlements"
4237:
Avery, Michael (October 1986), "'Stoning and Fire' at Hillfort Entrances of Southern Britain",
1832:
1807:
1529:
1441:
1314:
1189:
785:
762:
208:
107:
4713:
2343:
Some Iron Age hillforts were also incorporated into medieval frontier earthworks. For example
7231:
7069:
6851:
6604:
6341:
6164:
5493:
5178:
4267:"A Round Iron Age: The Circular House in the Hillforts of the Northwestern Iberian Peninsula"
4029:
3926:
3256:
2284:
1421:
1354:
1307:
956:
919:
882:
800:
752:
636:
446:
254:
163:
36:
2891:
in Tartu, are governance centres used since ancient times up until today. Some others, like
2375:, which defined the Celtic-Saxon border in south-west England during the period 577–652 CE.
2330:
7216:
6744:
6370:
6169:
6135:
5535:
5417:
4944:
4569:
3500:
3427:). The slopes were terraced into defensive ramparts that were usually further protected by
2825:
2364:
2322:
2291:
There are over 2,000 Iron Age hillforts known in Britain of which nearly 600 are in Wales.
2234:
2147:
Celtic hillforts developed in the Late Bronze and Early Iron Age, roughly the start of the
1812:
1714:
1571:
1566:
1384:
1349:
1084:
899:
757:
693:
547:
517:
114:
32:
5168:
5163:
2543:
8:
7300:
7033:
6769:
6125:
5503:
5183:
5133:
3470:
3143:
3109:
2836:
2593:
2205:
2172:
1663:
1648:
1524:
1411:
1389:
1364:
1324:
1234:
1044:
944:
894:
661:
651:
616:
408:
398:
168:
92:
5108:
4817:
3721:
King, D. J. Cathcart (1974), "Two Castles in Northern Powys: Dinas Bran and Caergwrle",
2351:
generally dated to the 9th century CE, makes use of the west and south-west ramparts of
2321:
contains east-facing Christian burials of the 4th century CE. In Wales, the hillfort at
7155:
6764:
6739:
6724:
6719:
6569:
6549:
6346:
5907:
5774:
5518:
5254:
5203:
5118:
4935:
4856:
4325:
4254:
4159:
4069:
4002:
3957:
3310:
3292:
2892:
2455:
2340:
was reused in the Middle Ages, with a stone castle built there in the 13th century CE.
1997:
1852:
1772:
1693:
1638:
1613:
1534:
1480:
1446:
1377:
1294:
1204:
1109:
1054:
939:
904:
857:
732:
703:
656:
594:
569:
403:
217:
136:
40:
2615:, which are frequently located near the castros, also pre-date the Celts in Portugal,
2196:
2184:
7211:
7170:
7145:
7018:
6699:
6539:
6386:
5972:
5850:
5528:
5471:
5311:
4744:
4726:
4701:
4632:
4604:
4542:
4524:
4506:
4441:
4418:
4400:
4380:
4359:
4337:
4312:
4281:
4224:
4218:
4151:
4098:
3994:
3947:
3424:
2856:
2726:
2597:
2547:
2424:
2192:
2178:
2148:
2062:
2033:
1942:
1889:
1792:
1782:
1777:
1747:
1730:
1725:
1698:
1643:
1344:
1334:
1329:
1319:
1239:
1229:
1224:
1199:
1169:
1059:
1029:
1024:
1014:
1004:
994:
909:
862:
832:
671:
464:
441:
375:
4058:"The Eastern Passage and Its Impact on Spanish Policy in the Philippines, 1758–1790"
4022:"Archaeology of Batanes Province, Northern Philippines: The 1996-1997 Status Report"
3313:. They were the residence of local rulers, and provided for refuge in times of war.
3101:
2471:(outer bank). The imposing example at Mooghaun is defended by multiple stone walls.
2108:
tribal centres, defended places, foci of ritual activity, and places of production.
2002:
7185:
7160:
7089:
7013:
6614:
6609:
6544:
6095:
5899:
5478:
5234:
5193:
4789:
4766:
4677:
4654:
4626:
4574:
4246:
4167:
4143:
3525:
3504:
3447:, Ethiopian flat-topped mountain formations often used as defensive fortifications.
3259:
as the flooded river has washed out the base of the hill. Now around 80 percent of
3211:
3013:
2774:
2667:
2510:
2405:
2368:
2348:
2217:
described the large late Iron Age hillforts he encountered during his campaigns in
2168:
2007:
1972:
1904:
1797:
1735:
1628:
1556:
1549:
1406:
1339:
1289:
1279:
1154:
1074:
1034:
1019:
981:
966:
837:
822:
775:
683:
641:
584:
579:
537:
360:
337:
244:
173:
102:
85:
5128:
4250:
3882:"Ancient History of Latvia (11 000 BC – 1200) ← National History Museum of Latvia"
2239:
39:
in England is one of the largest hillforts in Europe. Photograph taken in 1935 by
7074:
6926:
6899:
6839:
6809:
6694:
6659:
6639:
6624:
6179:
6174:
6142:
5903:
5845:
5833:
5815:
5682:
5663:
5589:
5566:
5327:
5098:
4905:
4092:
3682:
3475:
3362:
3348:
3226:. Two other lines started to form, but did not fully develop. One was to protect
2899:
2620:
2527:
2520:
2428:
2416:
2401:
2132:
2086:
2066:
1817:
1802:
1720:
1676:
1618:
1274:
1269:
1159:
1149:
1064:
1039:
976:
817:
747:
737:
589:
574:
497:
469:
269:
249:
97:
3938:
Bellwood, Peter; Dizon, Eusebio (2013), Bellwood, Peter; Dizon, Eusebio (eds.),
3416:
3398:
3393:
2903:
2718:
7243:
7238:
6904:
6889:
6824:
6814:
6689:
6674:
6574:
6564:
6529:
6403:
6196:
5893:
5860:
5824:
5640:
5498:
5462:
5290:
5138:
5071:
5066:
4372:
3444:
3190:
2663:
2504:
2344:
2318:
2253:
2160:
2156:
2136:
1992:
1740:
1164:
1124:
1102:
1089:
1079:
1049:
961:
914:
717:
708:
599:
552:
532:
522:
492:
459:
347:
304:
259:
131:
64:
4670:"Historical Excavation and Survey of Hillforts in Wales: some critical issues"
4309:
Cadbury Castle, Somerset: The later prehistoric and early historic archaeology
7294:
7248:
7201:
7109:
7099:
7053:
7023:
7008:
6977:
6958:
6819:
6759:
6714:
6629:
6588:
6398:
6031:
6026:
5759:
5722:
5707:
5658:
5603:
5582:
5391:
4468:
4285:
4155:
4130:"Matakawau Stingray Point Pa Excavation, Ahuahu Great Mercury Island 1955–56"
3998:
3961:
3939:
3708:
Dinas Powys: An Iron Age, Dark Age and Early Medieval Settlement in Glamorgan
3344:
3280:
2832:
2360:
2306:
2214:
2112:
2058:
1839:
1827:
1683:
1603:
1519:
1502:
1359:
1214:
1194:
872:
867:
847:
827:
742:
713:
688:
564:
542:
527:
502:
342:
264:
227:
222:
119:
5244:
4379:, Oxford: English Heritage and Oxford University Committee for Archaeology,
4220:"By South Cadbury Is That Camelot...": Excavations at Cadbury Castle 1966–70
4171:
4124:
3379:
as the Ivatan population were moved into centralized towns in the lowlands.
2680:
7226:
7084:
7048:
7003:
6987:
6915:
6868:
6844:
6834:
6829:
6644:
6461:
6322:
6289:
6154:
6090:
6065:
5977:
5951:
5919:
5913:
5855:
5794:
5764:
5612:
5259:
4895:
4147:
4125:
2938:
2631:
2555:
2468:
2379:
2356:
2314:
2268:
in 43 AD. The Romans occupied some forts, such as the military garrison at
2244:
2070:
2026:
1952:
1932:
1927:
1822:
1767:
1401:
1396:
1219:
1134:
877:
611:
512:
309:
213:
5249:
2692:
outer walls in the slopes beneath are common. Round and closed, so-called
7125:
6982:
6951:
6933:
6921:
6863:
6858:
6799:
6794:
6754:
6654:
6619:
6515:
6418:
6189:
6159:
6149:
6055:
5944:
5561:
5508:
5040:
4351:
3340:
3219:
3115:
2672:
2432:
2412:
2387:
2352:
2203:
and the Czech Republic. The predominant form of rampart construction was
1937:
1688:
1653:
1492:
1179:
1144:
852:
795:
698:
482:
203:
198:
5752:
5285:
4163:
4073:
4006:
3982:
3810:
3740:
3255:
are located near rivers and are endangered by erosion: many have partly
2933:
2730:
7150:
6970:
6942:
6873:
6749:
6704:
6634:
6554:
6451:
6356:
6296:
6255:
6233:
6184:
6130:
6080:
6075:
6060:
6019:
5967:
5925:
5870:
5712:
5628:
5295:
5061:
5024:
5019:
3375:
3185:
2986:
2491:
2372:
2273:
2261:
1894:
1864:
1586:
950:
7130:
5675:
5264:
5239:
4258:
3940:"The Batanes Islands, Their First Observers, and Previous Archaeology"
3105:
3009:
3001:
6559:
6490:
6317:
6312:
6245:
5886:
5799:
5729:
5687:
5513:
5483:
5444:
5410:
5188:
4794:
4781:
4771:
4758:
4682:
4669:
4659:
4646:
4579:
4564:
4377:
The Danebury Environs Programme: The Prehistory of a Wessex Landscape
3785:
3620:
3480:
3231:
3181:
2766:
2694:
2676:
2535:
2449:
2296:
2163:
until the Roman conquest. They are most common during later periods:
2124:
1884:
1708:
1658:
1608:
1598:
1593:
1458:
1249:
1244:
1209:
646:
332:
299:
188:
5229:
5219:
3321:
Similar structures can be found elsewhere in the world, such as the
3271:
3036:
3020:
2985:
hillforts in Latvia, such as Daugmale hillfort, appeared during the
2919:
contains a common list of castles, fortresses, forts, an hillforts.
7043:
7038:
6963:
6522:
6497:
6480:
6410:
6351:
6279:
6272:
6115:
6003:
5877:
5697:
5692:
5668:
5596:
5576:
5556:
5158:
5086:
3428:
3409:
3405:
3284:
3276:
2990:
2714:
2651:
2616:
2604:
2531:
2496:
2475:
2396:
2326:
2292:
2269:
2200:
2082:
1899:
1874:
1507:
1139:
1114:
727:
282:
156:
4782:"Breedon Hill, Leicestershire: new surveys and their implications"
2199:
originated in what is now southern Germany, Switzerland, Austria,
7175:
7140:
7135:
6473:
6456:
6441:
6425:
6377:
6305:
6250:
6240:
6208:
6110:
6085:
6070:
5840:
5784:
5702:
5549:
5542:
5488:
5360:
3881:
3812:
The Baltinglass landscape and the hillforts of Bronze Age Ireland
3465:
3460:
3358:
3302:
3227:
3223:
2884:
2734:
2722:
2420:
2222:
1909:
1869:
1633:
1467:
1463:
805:
790:
666:
327:
322:
292:
231:
193:
2761:
2390:
established a network of coastal hillforts and lookout posts in
2329:
hillfort reoccupied from the 5th-6th centuries CE; similarly at
2281:
conquest suggest an ongoing struggle to suppress local dissent.
7180:
6534:
6100:
6038:
5982:
5960:
5937:
5930:
5806:
5789:
5621:
5453:
5435:
5405:
5269:
3455:
3366:
3306:
3298:
3222:(against the Teutonic Order) and another along the border with
3097:
2996:
During the Roman Iron Age, some of the Latvian hillforts (like
2981:
2847:
2647:
2612:
2608:
2585:
2515:
2391:
2383:
2310:
2116:
2103:
2094:
1416:
812:
629:
365:
4097:(reprint ed.). Penguin Random House New Zealand Limited.
3263:
are covered by forests and are hardly accessible to visitors.
27:
Fortified refuge or defended settlement on a rise of elevation
7221:
7165:
6909:
6434:
6265:
6105:
5426:
3450:
3353:
3334:
3005:
2888:
2639:
2624:
2581:
2305:
is the largest amongst forts reoccupied following the end of
2098:
887:
423:
418:
4848:
3420:
3401:
3388:
6203:
6045:
6012:
5987:
5779:
5769:
5738:
5717:
4565:"Hillforts and Defended Enclosures of the Welsh Borderland"
4049:
2643:
2635:
2218:
2152:
183:
178:
56:
3771:
English Heritage page 'History of Old Oswestry Hillfort'
4843:
4358:(electronic ed.), Taylor & Francis e-Library,
2474:
One must be careful to not confuse a hill-fort with a '
4439:
4280:, UW-Milwaukee Center for Celtic Studies: 903–1, 003,
4503:
Pagan Celtic Ireland:the enigma of the Irish Iron age
4274:
E-Keltoi: Journal of Interdisciplinary Celtic Studies
4480:
Council for British Archaeology Research Report No 9
3241:, there were 921 objects in Lithuania identified as
2646:. They built hillforts, fortified hilltop towns and
3316:
4844:Open data resources on hillforts and ancient sites
3846:"The Mystery of Ancient, Irish Ringforts — Part I"
3815:(Doctoral thesis thesis). University College Cork.
3524:
2989:. Some were continuously inhabited until the late
2821:which refers to medieval or later fortifications.
4562:
3983:"Archaeological Explorations in Batanes Province"
3309:Iron Age and Early Medieval hillforts are called
2592:Many castros were already established during the
7292:
3250:
3243:
3201:
3172:
3164:
3157:
3151:
5632:
4696:, Southampton University Archaeological Society
4417:(paperback ed.), Oxford University Press,
6194:
6140:
5958:
5804:
4759:"Hillforts and Hut Groups of North-West Wales"
4118:
3893:
3891:
3808:
2870:
2864:
6849:
6579:
6408:
6384:
6001:
5992:
5949:
5673:
5469:
5460:
5376:
4864:
3980:
3944:4000 Years of Migration and Cultural Exchange
3937:
2971:
2963:
2956:
2950:
2815:
2803:
2788:
2782:
2127:, and the successive invasions of Britain by
2034:
6968:
6949:
6940:
6931:
6520:
6495:
6471:
6432:
6423:
6375:
6361:
6332:
6303:
6294:
6270:
6231:
6036:
6017:
5935:
5884:
5875:
5831:
5822:
5813:
5750:
5736:
5727:
5610:
5587:
4691:Hill, David; Jesson, Margaret (eds) (1971),
4128:; Emmitt, Joshua; Wallace, Roderick (2017).
3981:Dizon, Eusebio Z.; Santiago, Rey A. (1996).
2481:
5619:
5601:
5547:
5533:
5451:
5442:
5433:
5424:
5415:
4720:
4539:Cadbury Castle: The hillfort and landscapes
4324:
3897:
3888:
3065:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
2657:
2571:
2565:
2559:
5383:
5369:
4871:
4857:
4690:
4342:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
3408:, showing the stepped nature and the wood
3206:played a major role in conflicts with the
2041:
2027:
5349:Atlas of Hillforts of Britain and Ireland
4793:
4779:
4770:
4681:
4658:
4578:
4264:
3616:Time Team: Swords, skulls and strongholds
3577:
3266:
3085:Learn how and when to remove this message
2359:was incorporated into the early medieval
4667:
4624:
4590:"Why do we still dig Iron Age ramparts?"
4518:
4412:
4392:
4371:
3907:
3905:
3694:
3601:
3565:
3553:
3392:
3270:
3114:
3096:
2932:
2846:
2760:
2514:
2490:
2448:
2260:Hillforts in Britain are known from the
2238:
1000:List of military strategies and concepts
31:
4887:
4738:
4721:Lock, Gary; Ralston, Ian, eds. (2019),
4563:Britnell, Bill; Silvester, Bob (2018).
4500:
4467:
4306:
4178:
3796:
3739:
3652:
2765:A ruins of the Unikonlinna hillfort in
2378:Some hillforts were re-occupied by the
14:
7293:
4644:
4587:
4521:English Heritage Book of Maiden Castle
4433:Die Eisenzeit in Lettland bis etwa 500
4415:Handbook of Life in Prehistoric Europe
4399:, English Heritage, pp. 151–162,
4350:
4216:
3843:
3705:
3640:
3589:
2371:connected to the existing hillfort at
2181:( early Iron Age, c. 1200 BC – 500 BC)
5364:
4852:
4756:
4536:
4430:
4236:
4184:
4019:
3911:
3902:
3663:
3534:Research records (formerly PastScape)
3230:, the capital, and the other line in
4330:Die altlettischen Burgberge Kurlands
4087:
3720:
3063:adding citations to reliable sources
3030:
2486:
2355:hillfort. Similarly the hillfort at
6775:Weapons Storage and Security System
4193:. R.E. Owen, Wellington. p. 74
4055:
3214:. During this period the number of
2142:
2115:was sacked and deserted during the
24:
5390:
4556:
4094:The Penguin History of New Zealand
3974:
3931:
3786:https://hdl.handle.net/10468/12265
3634:
3373:, ijang were abandoned during the
2187:(late Iron Age, c. 600 BC – 50 AD)
25:
7337:
4803:
2851:Varbola hillfort ruins in Estonia
2243:The ramparts of the multivallate
2175:(Bronze Age, c. 1300 BC – 750 BC)
7326:Types of monuments and memorials
7274:
7273:
4810:
4459:
3317:Hillforts elsewhere in the world
3035:
2745:Norway has about 400 hillforts.
2419:are more than 50 acres (20
2317:invasions. The cemetery outside
2228:
74:
4081:
4013:
3916:
3874:
3852:
3844:Fisher, Mark E. (29 May 2016).
3837:
3819:
3802:
3790:
3777:
3762:
3733:
3714:
3699:
3688:
3669:
3657:
3646:
3131:Mažeikiai district municipality
2895:are historical sites nowadays.
4135:Records of the Auckland Museum
4091:(2003). "First Colonisation".
3923:Lietuvos piliakalniai. Atlasas
3831:www.culturalheritageireland.ie
3741:"Llanymynech Hillfort (92487)"
3607:
3595:
3583:
3571:
3559:
3547:
3518:
3493:
3382:
3365:when he visited the island of
3328:
3184:has hillforts dating from the
3138:List of hillforts in Lithuania
2729:130, and 90 to 100 in each of
2453:Exterior view of the Ringfort
13:
1:
6670:British "hedgehog" road block
4878:
4541:, Stroud: The History Press,
4505:, London: Thames and Hudson,
4251:10.1080/00438243.1986.9979999
4223:, London: Thames and Hudson,
4209:
4187:"The Capture of Rua-pekapeka"
3239:Atlas of Lithuanian Hillforts
3237:As of 2017, according to the
2334:
2069:. Some were used in the post-
4311:, London: English Heritage,
3026:
3021:Iron Age hillforts in Latvia
2607:from the Bronze Age such as
2445:List of hillforts in Ireland
7:
7080:Cities with defensive walls
6665:Defensive fighting position
6580:
6385:
6195:
6141:
6002:
5993:
5959:
5950:
5805:
3710:, University of Wales Press
3438:
2941:centre in the late Iron Age
2929:List of hillforts in Latvia
2910:List of Estonian fortresses
1498:Military–industrial complex
972:Operational manoeuvre group
10:
7342:
4523:, London: B. T. Batsford,
4519:Sharples, Niall M (1991),
4444:; Pearson, Trevor (2008),
3809:O'Driscoll, James (2016).
3685:, smr.herefordshire.gov.uk
3386:
3332:
3290:
3197:During the early years of
3135:
2926:
2842:
2839:and the Sulkava hillfort.
2756:
2753:Denmark has 26 hillforts.
2748:
2508:
2502:
2459:situated in County Donegal
2442:
2438:
2232:
7264:
7194:
7118:
7062:
6996:
6882:
6787:
6710:Hardened aircraft shelter
6685:Entry control point (ECP)
6597:
6508:
6224:
6217:
5649:
5398:
5340:
5320:
5304:
5278:
5212:
5095:
5049:
5033:
5012:
4996:
4943:
4934:
4886:
4780:Whittaker, Chris (2019).
4668:Guilbert, Graeme (2018).
4265:Ayán Vila, Xurxo (2008),
3530:"Maiden Castle (451864)"
2922:
2740:
2686:
2482:Other Hillforts in Europe
2266:Roman conquest of Britain
1562:Loss-of-strength gradient
414:Combat information center
7207:Continuity of government
4839:The Hillfort Study Group
4725:, Oxford: Archaeopress,
4625:Cunliffe, Barry (1997),
4413:McIntosh, Jane (2009) ,
3486:
3199:Grand Duchy of Lithuania
2835:, other notable are the
2710:were usually hillforts.
2658:Migration Period Germany
2303:Cadbury Castle, Somerset
2151:, and were used in many
2149:first millennium BC
1880:Military science fiction
1365:Technology and equipment
781:List of military tactics
7029:Motte-and-bailey castle
6735:Missile launch facility
6730:Main line of resistance
5425:
4537:Tabor, Richard (2008),
4501:Raftery, Barry (1994),
4482:: 37–58, archived from
4217:Alcock, Leslie (1972),
4056:Fry, Howard T. (1985).
4020:Dizon, Eusebio (1997).
3723:Archaeologia Cambrensis
3706:Alcock, Leslie (1963),
3681:7 February 2009 at the
3323:Hill Forts of Rajasthan
2937:Tērvete hillfort. Main
2596:period, pre-dating the
1948:Wartime sexual violence
1704:Full-spectrum dominance
1515:Supply-chain management
7105:Military installations
6969:
6950:
6941:
6932:
6850:
6521:
6496:
6472:
6462:Scarp and Counterscarp
6433:
6424:
6409:
6376:
6362:
6333:
6304:
6295:
6271:
6232:
6037:
6018:
5936:
5885:
5876:
5832:
5823:
5814:
5751:
5737:
5728:
5674:
5633:
5620:
5611:
5602:
5588:
5548:
5534:
5470:
5461:
5452:
5443:
5434:
5416:
5199:Vila Nova de São Pedro
4997:Bosnia and Herzegovina
4757:Smith, George (2018).
4307:Barrett, John (2000),
4148:10.32912/RAM.2018.52.3
4037:Cite journal requires
3412:
3288:
3267:Eastern European gords
3251:
3244:
3202:
3173:
3165:
3158:
3152:
3133:
3112:
2972:
2964:
2957:
2951:
2942:
2871:
2865:
2852:
2816:
2804:
2789:
2783:
2770:
2572:
2566:
2560:
2523:
2500:
2460:
2248:
1860:Awards and decorations
1833:Peace through strength
1808:Low-intensity conflict
1442:Conscientious objector
1315:Area of responsibility
44:
7311:Archaeology in Europe
6874:Floating water castle
6605:Admiralty scaffolding
5898:Fortified buildings (
4741:Celtic Fortifications
4739:Ralston, Ian (2006),
4645:Driver, Toby (2018).
4588:Collis, John (2010),
4356:The European Iron Age
4185:Cowan, James (1955).
3396:
3274:
3194:steeper for defence.
3118:
3100:
2945:The Latvian word for
2936:
2850:
2813:, as opposed to bare
2764:
2662:During the period of
2518:
2494:
2452:
2382:during the period of
2242:
447:Torpedo data computer
437:Ship gun fire-control
35:
7217:Subterranean warfare
6170:Viking ring fortress
4786:Internet Archaeology
4763:Internet Archaeology
4674:Internet Archaeology
4651:Internet Archaeology
4570:Internet Archaeology
4489:on 27 September 2007
4450:Archaeologia Aeliana
4435:(paperback ed.)
3371:Spanish colonial era
3369:in 1687. During the
3059:improve this section
2826:post-glacial rebound
2309:, to defend against
2272:, and the temple at
2235:Hillforts in Britain
1978:Military occupations
1813:Military engineering
1715:Unrestricted Warfare
1572:Force multiplication
465:Military manoeuvrers
7034:Quadrangular castle
6770:Weapon storage area
6126:Quadrangular castle
4620:on 24 December 2012
4597:Collection Bibracte
4326:Bielenstein, August
3471:Prehistoric warfare
3178:(=mountain, hill).
3110:World Heritage Site
2837:Old Castle of Lieto
2801:, or alternatively
2594:Atlantic Bronze Age
2554:is a fortified pre-
2495:Hillfort at Coaña,
2206:pfostenschlitzmauer
2173:Atlantic Bronze Age
2063:European Bronze Age
1664:Penal military unit
1649:Rules of engagement
1325:Command and control
945:Operations research
409:Director (military)
399:Fire-control system
169:Command and control
50:Part of a series on
6765:Underground hangar
6550:Fire control tower
6347:Gunpowder magazine
5775:Butter-churn tower
4936:Lists of hillforts
4926:Multiple enclosure
4712:has generic name (
4473:"Irish Hill-forts"
4442:Ainsworth, Stewart
4440:Oswald, Alastair;
4431:Moora, H (1929) ,
4062:Philippine Studies
3987:Philippine Studies
3666:, pp. 156–164
3643:, pp. 161–163
3425:artificial islands
3419:, villages called
3413:
3293:Gord (archaeology)
3289:
3134:
3120:Daubariai Hillfort
3113:
2943:
2853:
2771:
2721:there are 300, in
2524:
2501:
2461:
2456:Grianan of Aileach
2331:Castell Dinas Brân
2249:
1773:Counter-insurgency
1694:Command of the sea
1639:Jewish laws on war
1614:Geneva Conventions
1150:Divide and conquer
940:Military operation
905:Tactical objective
404:Fire-control radar
381:Electronic-warfare
45:
41:Major George Allen
7306:Bronze Age Europe
7288:
7287:
7212:Military urbanism
7146:Fortified gateway
7019:Concentric castle
6783:
6782:
6700:Fire support base
6540:Coastal artillery
6415:(Spanish America)
6009:
5851:Concentric castle
5358:
5357:
5336:
5335:
5174:San Cibrao de Las
5164:Peñas de la Cerca
4732:978-1-78969-227-3
4631:, Penguin Books,
4628:The Ancient Celts
4610:978-2-909668-64-2
4548:978-0-7524-4715-5
4512:978-0-500-05072-9
4424:978-0-19-538476-5
4406:978-1-873592-85-4
4239:World Archaeology
3953:978-1-925021-27-1
3095:
3094:
3087:
2683:near Dittenheim.
2598:Hallstatt culture
2548:Northern Portugal
2544:province of Ávila
2487:Iberian Peninsula
2193:Hallstatt culture
2179:Hallstatt culture
2167:The Proto-Celtic
2051:
2050:
1943:Horses in warfare
1890:Anti-war movement
1793:Gunboat diplomacy
1783:Disaster response
1731:Philosophy of war
1726:Principles of war
1699:Deterrence theory
1644:Right of conquest
1567:Lanchester's laws
1335:Principles of war
1025:Counter-offensive
1005:Military campaign
910:Target saturation
833:Counterinsurgency
442:Gun data computer
376:Close air support
338:Aircraft carriers
16:(Redirected from
7333:
7277:
7276:
7270:
7161:National redoubt
7090:Fortified estate
7014:Circular rampart
6974:
6955:
6946:
6937:
6855:
6615:Anti-tank trench
6610:Air raid shelter
6585:
6545:Disappearing gun
6526:
6501:
6477:
6438:
6429:
6414:
6390:
6381:
6367:
6338:
6309:
6300:
6276:
6237:
6222:
6221:
6200:
6180:Bailey (or ward)
6146:
6051:Motte-and-bailey
6042:
6023:
6007:
5999:
5998:
5964:
5955:
5941:
5890:
5881:
5837:
5828:
5819:
5810:
5756:
5742:
5733:
5679:
5636:
5625:
5616:
5607:
5593:
5553:
5539:
5479:Circular rampart
5475:
5466:
5457:
5448:
5439:
5430:
5421:
5385:
5378:
5371:
5362:
5361:
4963:Northern Ireland
4941:
4940:
4873:
4866:
4859:
4850:
4849:
4814:
4813:
4799:
4797:
4795:10.11141/ia.52.6
4776:
4774:
4772:10.11141/ia.48.6
4753:
4735:
4717:
4711:
4707:
4705:
4697:
4687:
4685:
4683:10.11141/ia.48.3
4664:
4662:
4660:10.11141/ia.48.9
4641:
4621:
4619:
4613:, archived from
4594:
4584:
4582:
4580:10.11141/ia.48.7
4551:
4533:
4515:
4497:
4496:
4494:
4488:
4477:
4464:
4463:
4457:
4436:
4427:
4409:
4389:
4368:
4347:
4341:
4333:
4321:
4303:
4302:
4300:
4294:
4288:, archived from
4271:
4261:
4233:
4203:
4202:
4200:
4198:
4182:
4176:
4175:
4122:
4116:
4115:
4113:
4111:
4085:
4079:
4077:
4053:
4047:
4046:
4040:
4035:
4033:
4025:
4017:
4011:
4010:
3978:
3972:
3971:
3970:
3968:
3935:
3929:
3925:, Vol. 4, 2017,
3920:
3914:
3909:
3900:
3898:Bielenstein 1869
3895:
3886:
3885:
3878:
3872:
3871:
3869:
3867:
3856:
3850:
3849:
3841:
3835:
3834:
3833:. 8 August 2023.
3823:
3817:
3816:
3806:
3800:
3794:
3788:
3781:
3775:
3774:
3766:
3760:
3759:
3757:
3755:
3737:
3731:
3730:
3718:
3712:
3711:
3703:
3697:
3692:
3686:
3673:
3667:
3661:
3655:
3650:
3644:
3638:
3632:
3631:
3630:
3628:
3611:
3605:
3604:, pp. 71–72
3599:
3593:
3587:
3581:
3575:
3569:
3563:
3557:
3551:
3545:
3544:
3542:
3540:
3526:Historic England
3522:
3516:
3515:
3513:
3511:
3505:English Heritage
3497:
3254:
3247:
3212:Teutonic Knights
3205:
3191:Teutonic Knights
3176:
3168:
3161:
3155:
3128:
3090:
3083:
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3076:
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3014:Livonian Crusade
2975:
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2960:
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2918:
2874:
2868:
2819:
2807:
2792:
2786:
2668:Migration Period
2575:
2569:
2563:
2511:Castros in Spain
2406:Battle of Cynwit
2369:linear earthwork
2349:linear earthwork
2339:
2336:
2247:in Herefordshire
2169:Urnfield culture
2143:Celtic hillforts
2043:
2036:
2029:
1798:Humanitarian aid
1736:Security dilemma
1557:Power projection
1340:Economy of force
1320:Chain of command
1035:Defence in depth
1020:Commerce raiding
838:Defeat in detail
174:Defense ministry
78:
69:
68:
59:
47:
46:
21:
7341:
7340:
7336:
7335:
7334:
7332:
7331:
7330:
7321:Iron Age Europe
7316:Ancient warfare
7291:
7290:
7289:
7284:
7268:
7260:
7190:
7114:
7058:
6992:
6927:Imperial castle
6900:Coercion castle
6895:Coastal defence
6878:
6840:Promontory fort
6810:Hillside castle
6779:
6695:Fallout shelter
6660:Concertina wire
6640:Border security
6593:
6504:
6213:
5846:Coercion castle
5834:Cheval de frise
5816:Chemin de ronde
5664:Albarrana tower
5645:
5590:Schwedenschanze
5567:Promontory fort
5394:
5389:
5359:
5354:
5332:
5316:
5300:
5274:
5255:Napoleon's Hill
5208:
5091:
5045:
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4992:
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4901:Partial contour
4882:
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4751:
4733:
4709:
4708:
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4559:
4557:Further reading
4554:
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4490:
4486:
4475:
4458:
4425:
4407:
4387:
4373:Cunliffe, Barry
4366:
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4319:
4298:
4296:
4295:on 24 June 2011
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3683:Wayback Machine
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3501:"Maiden Castle"
3499:
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3476:Promontory fort
3441:
3391:
3385:
3363:William Dampier
3349:Batanes Islands
3337:
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3295:
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3140:
3122:
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3080:
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2900:Estonian tribes
2845:
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2513:
2507:
2489:
2484:
2447:
2441:
2429:Dolebury Warren
2417:Bathampton Down
2337:
2313:raids, and the
2237:
2231:
2197:La Tène culture
2185:La Tène culture
2145:
2087:defensive walls
2047:
2018:
2017:
1968:
1958:
1957:
1923:
1915:
1914:
1855:
1845:
1844:
1818:Multilateralism
1803:Law enforcement
1763:
1753:
1752:
1721:Just war theory
1679:
1669:
1668:
1619:Geneva Protocol
1589:
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1185:Network-centric
1105:
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935:
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873:Rapid dominance
778:
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767:
723:Electromagnetic
632:
622:
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561:
509:
485:
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470:Combat training
451:
428:
394:Combat systems:
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348:Auxiliary ships
314:
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270:Military police
236:
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7244:Trench warfare
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6890:Border barrier
6886:
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6856:
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6842:
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6825:Lowland castle
6822:
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6815:Hilltop castle
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6807:
6802:
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6707:
6702:
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6690:Electric fence
6687:
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6680:Dragon's teeth
6677:
6675:Czech hedgehog
6672:
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6607:
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6599:
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6589:Wire obstacles
6586:
6577:
6575:Polygonal fort
6572:
6567:
6565:Martello tower
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6404:Polygonal fort
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5894:Flanking tower
5891:
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5861:Counter-castle
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5651:Post-classical
5647:
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5641:Vitrified fort
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5392:Fortifications
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5291:Grogarnsberget
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5154:Monte Valinhas
5151:
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5111:
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5067:Heunischenburg
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4804:External links
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3333:Main article:
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3208:Livonian Order
3170:(=castle) and
3102:Kernavė Mounds
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2927:Main article:
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2887:in Tallinn or
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2664:Late Antiquity
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2540:Basque Country
2509:Main article:
2505:Castro culture
2503:Main article:
2488:
2485:
2483:
2480:
2443:Main article:
2440:
2437:
2425:Coney's Castle
2394:, linked by a
2338: 600 BCE
2333:a hillfort of
2319:Poundbury Hill
2278:Cadbury Castle
2254:Barry Cunliffe
2233:Main article:
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2189:
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2161:western Europe
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1983:Military terms
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1103:Grand strategy
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83:
80:
79:
71:
70:
52:
51:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
7338:
7327:
7324:
7322:
7319:
7317:
7314:
7312:
7309:
7307:
7304:
7302:
7299:
7298:
7296:
7281:
7280:
7267:
7266:
7263:
7255:
7252:
7251:
7250:
7249:Urban warfare
7247:
7245:
7242:
7240:
7237:
7233:
7230:
7229:
7228:
7225:
7223:
7220:
7218:
7215:
7213:
7210:
7208:
7205:
7203:
7202:Civil defense
7200:
7199:
7197:
7193:
7187:
7184:
7182:
7179:
7177:
7174:
7172:
7169:
7167:
7164:
7162:
7159:
7157:
7154:
7152:
7149:
7147:
7144:
7142:
7139:
7137:
7134:
7132:
7129:
7127:
7124:
7123:
7121:
7117:
7111:
7108:
7106:
7103:
7101:
7098:
7096:
7093:
7091:
7088:
7086:
7083:
7081:
7078:
7076:
7073:
7071:
7070:Bastion forts
7068:
7067:
7065:
7061:
7055:
7054:Z-plan castle
7052:
7050:
7047:
7045:
7042:
7040:
7037:
7035:
7032:
7030:
7027:
7025:
7024:L-plan castle
7022:
7020:
7017:
7015:
7012:
7010:
7009:Bridge castle
7007:
7005:
7002:
7001:
6999:
6995:
6989:
6986:
6984:
6981:
6979:
6978:Refuge castle
6976:
6973:
6972:
6967:
6965:
6962:
6960:
6959:Military base
6957:
6954:
6953:
6948:
6945:
6944:
6939:
6936:
6935:
6930:
6928:
6925:
6923:
6922:Hunting lodge
6920:
6918:
6917:
6913:
6911:
6908:
6906:
6903:
6901:
6898:
6896:
6893:
6891:
6888:
6887:
6885:
6881:
6875:
6872:
6870:
6867:
6865:
6862:
6860:
6857:
6854:
6853:
6848:
6846:
6843:
6841:
6838:
6836:
6835:Moated castle
6833:
6831:
6828:
6826:
6823:
6821:
6820:Island castle
6818:
6816:
6813:
6811:
6808:
6806:
6803:
6801:
6798:
6796:
6793:
6792:
6790:
6788:By topography
6786:
6776:
6773:
6771:
6768:
6766:
6763:
6761:
6760:Submarine pen
6758:
6756:
6753:
6751:
6748:
6746:
6743:
6741:
6738:
6736:
6733:
6731:
6728:
6726:
6723:
6721:
6718:
6716:
6715:Hesco bastion
6713:
6711:
6708:
6706:
6703:
6701:
6698:
6696:
6693:
6691:
6688:
6686:
6683:
6681:
6678:
6676:
6673:
6671:
6668:
6666:
6663:
6661:
6658:
6656:
6653:
6651:
6648:
6646:
6643:
6641:
6638:
6636:
6633:
6631:
6630:Blast shelter
6628:
6626:
6623:
6621:
6618:
6616:
6613:
6611:
6608:
6606:
6603:
6602:
6600:
6596:
6590:
6587:
6584:
6583:
6578:
6576:
6573:
6571:
6568:
6566:
6563:
6561:
6558:
6556:
6553:
6551:
6548:
6546:
6543:
6541:
6538:
6536:
6533:
6531:
6528:
6525:
6524:
6519:
6517:
6514:
6513:
6511:
6507:
6500:
6499:
6494:
6492:
6489:
6487:
6484:
6482:
6479:
6476:
6475:
6470:
6468:
6465:
6463:
6460:
6458:
6455:
6453:
6450:
6448:
6445:
6443:
6440:
6437:
6436:
6431:
6428:
6427:
6422:
6420:
6417:
6413:
6412:
6407:
6405:
6402:
6400:
6399:Place-of-arms
6397:
6395:
6392:
6389:
6388:
6383:
6380:
6379:
6374:
6372:
6369:
6366:
6365:
6360:
6358:
6355:
6353:
6350:
6348:
6345:
6343:
6340:
6337:
6336:
6331:
6329:
6326:
6324:
6321:
6319:
6316:
6314:
6311:
6308:
6307:
6302:
6299:
6298:
6293:
6291:
6288:
6286:
6283:
6281:
6278:
6275:
6274:
6269:
6267:
6264:
6262:
6259:
6257:
6254:
6252:
6249:
6247:
6244:
6242:
6239:
6236:
6235:
6230:
6229:
6227:
6223:
6220:
6216:
6210:
6207:
6205:
6202:
6199:
6198:
6193:
6191:
6188:
6186:
6183:
6181:
6178:
6176:
6173:
6171:
6168:
6166:
6163:
6161:
6158:
6156:
6153:
6151:
6148:
6145:
6144:
6139:
6137:
6134:
6132:
6129:
6127:
6124:
6122:
6119:
6117:
6114:
6112:
6109:
6107:
6104:
6102:
6099:
6097:
6094:
6092:
6089:
6087:
6084:
6082:
6079:
6077:
6074:
6072:
6069:
6067:
6064:
6062:
6059:
6057:
6054:
6052:
6049:
6047:
6044:
6041:
6040:
6035:
6033:
6032:Machicolation
6030:
6028:
6027:L-plan castle
6025:
6022:
6021:
6016:
6014:
6011:
6006:
6005:
5997:
5996:
5991:
5989:
5986:
5984:
5981:
5979:
5976:
5974:
5971:
5969:
5966:
5963:
5962:
5957:
5954:
5953:
5948:
5946:
5943:
5940:
5939:
5934:
5932:
5929:
5927:
5924:
5922:
5921:
5917:
5915:
5912:
5909:
5905:
5901:
5897:
5895:
5892:
5889:
5888:
5883:
5880:
5879:
5874:
5872:
5869:
5867:
5864:
5862:
5859:
5857:
5854:
5852:
5849:
5847:
5844:
5842:
5839:
5836:
5835:
5830:
5827:
5826:
5821:
5818:
5817:
5812:
5809:
5808:
5803:
5801:
5798:
5796:
5793:
5791:
5788:
5786:
5783:
5781:
5778:
5776:
5773:
5771:
5768:
5766:
5763:
5761:
5760:Bridge castle
5758:
5755:
5754:
5749:
5747:
5744:
5741:
5740:
5735:
5732:
5731:
5726:
5724:
5723:Bent entrance
5721:
5719:
5716:
5714:
5711:
5709:
5708:Battery tower
5706:
5704:
5701:
5699:
5696:
5694:
5691:
5689:
5686:
5684:
5681:
5678:
5677:
5672:
5670:
5667:
5665:
5662:
5660:
5659:Advanced work
5657:
5656:
5654:
5652:
5648:
5642:
5639:
5635:
5630:
5627:
5624:
5623:
5618:
5615:
5614:
5609:
5606:
5605:
5600:
5598:
5595:
5592:
5591:
5586:
5584:
5583:Refuge castle
5581:
5578:
5575:
5573:
5570:
5568:
5565:
5563:
5560:
5558:
5555:
5552:
5551:
5546:
5544:
5541:
5538:
5537:
5532:
5530:
5527:
5525:
5522:
5520:
5517:
5515:
5512:
5510:
5507:
5505:
5502:
5500:
5497:
5495:
5492:
5490:
5487:
5485:
5482:
5480:
5477:
5474:
5473:
5468:
5465:
5464:
5459:
5456:
5455:
5450:
5447:
5446:
5441:
5438:
5437:
5432:
5429:
5428:
5423:
5420:
5419:
5414:
5412:
5409:
5407:
5404:
5403:
5401:
5397:
5393:
5386:
5381:
5379:
5374:
5372:
5367:
5366:
5363:
5351:
5350:
5346:
5345:
5343:
5339:
5329:
5326:
5325:
5323:
5319:
5313:
5310:
5309:
5307:
5303:
5297:
5294:
5292:
5289:
5287:
5284:
5283:
5281:
5277:
5271:
5268:
5266:
5263:
5261:
5258:
5256:
5253:
5251:
5248:
5246:
5243:
5241:
5238:
5236:
5233:
5231:
5228:
5226:
5223:
5221:
5218:
5217:
5215:
5211:
5205:
5202:
5200:
5197:
5195:
5192:
5190:
5187:
5185:
5182:
5180:
5177:
5175:
5172:
5170:
5167:
5165:
5162:
5160:
5157:
5155:
5152:
5150:
5149:Monte Mozinho
5147:
5145:
5144:Monte Castelo
5142:
5140:
5137:
5135:
5132:
5130:
5129:Chao Samartín
5127:
5125:
5124:Castelo Velho
5122:
5120:
5117:
5115:
5112:
5110:
5107:
5106:
5104:
5101:
5100:
5094:
5088:
5085:
5083:
5080:
5078:
5075:
5073:
5070:
5068:
5065:
5063:
5060:
5058:
5055:
5054:
5052:
5048:
5042:
5039:
5038:
5036:
5032:
5026:
5023:
5021:
5018:
5017:
5015:
5011:
5005:
5002:
5001:
4999:
4995:
4988:
4987:Monmouthshire
4984:
4981:
4979:
4976:
4974:
4971:
4969:
4966:
4964:
4961:
4958:
4954:
4951:
4950:
4948:
4946:
4945:British Isles
4942:
4939:
4937:
4933:
4927:
4924:
4922:
4919:
4917:
4916:Level terrain
4914:
4912:
4909:
4907:
4904:
4902:
4899:
4897:
4894:
4893:
4891:
4889:
4885:
4881:
4874:
4869:
4867:
4862:
4860:
4855:
4854:
4851:
4845:
4842:
4840:
4837:
4836:
4831:
4830:
4829:
4823:
4819:
4796:
4791:
4787:
4783:
4778:
4773:
4768:
4764:
4760:
4755:
4752:
4750:0-7524-2500-5
4746:
4742:
4737:
4734:
4728:
4724:
4719:
4715:
4710:|first2=
4703:
4695:
4689:
4684:
4679:
4675:
4671:
4666:
4661:
4656:
4652:
4648:
4643:
4640:
4638:0-14-025422-6
4634:
4630:
4629:
4623:
4616:
4612:
4606:
4602:
4598:
4591:
4586:
4581:
4576:
4572:
4571:
4566:
4561:
4560:
4550:
4544:
4540:
4535:
4532:
4530:0-7134-6083-0
4526:
4522:
4517:
4514:
4508:
4504:
4499:
4485:
4481:
4474:
4470:
4466:
4462:
4455:
4451:
4447:
4443:
4438:
4434:
4429:
4426:
4420:
4416:
4411:
4408:
4402:
4398:
4397:
4391:
4388:
4386:0-947816-48-8
4382:
4378:
4374:
4370:
4367:
4365:0-203-44211-3
4361:
4357:
4353:
4349:
4345:
4339:
4331:
4327:
4323:
4320:
4318:1-85074-716-4
4314:
4310:
4305:
4291:
4287:
4283:
4279:
4275:
4268:
4263:
4260:
4256:
4252:
4248:
4244:
4240:
4235:
4232:
4230:0-8128-1505-X
4226:
4222:
4221:
4215:
4214:
4192:
4188:
4181:
4173:
4169:
4165:
4161:
4157:
4153:
4149:
4145:
4141:
4137:
4136:
4131:
4127:
4126:Furey, Louise
4121:
4106:
4104:9781742288260
4100:
4096:
4095:
4090:
4089:King, Michael
4084:
4075:
4071:
4067:
4063:
4059:
4052:
4044:
4031:
4023:
4016:
4008:
4004:
4000:
3996:
3992:
3988:
3984:
3977:
3963:
3962:j.ctt5hgz91.6
3959:
3955:
3949:
3945:
3941:
3934:
3928:
3924:
3919:
3913:
3908:
3906:
3899:
3894:
3892:
3883:
3877:
3861:
3855:
3847:
3840:
3832:
3828:
3822:
3814:
3813:
3805:
3798:
3793:
3787:
3780:
3773:
3772:
3765:
3750:
3746:
3742:
3736:
3728:
3724:
3717:
3709:
3702:
3696:
3695:Cunliffe 2000
3691:
3684:
3680:
3677:
3672:
3665:
3660:
3654:
3649:
3642:
3637:
3623:, 19 May 2008
3622:
3618:
3617:
3610:
3603:
3602:Sharples 1991
3598:
3591:
3586:
3580:, p. 913
3579:
3574:
3568:, p. 162
3567:
3566:McIntosh 2009
3562:
3556:, p. 349
3555:
3554:McIntosh 2009
3550:
3535:
3531:
3527:
3521:
3506:
3502:
3496:
3492:
3482:
3479:
3477:
3474:
3472:
3469:
3467:
3464:
3462:
3459:
3457:
3454:
3452:
3449:
3446:
3443:
3442:
3436:
3434:
3430:
3426:
3422:
3418:
3411:
3407:
3403:
3400:
3395:
3390:
3380:
3378:
3377:
3372:
3368:
3364:
3360:
3356:
3355:
3350:
3346:
3345:Ivatan people
3342:
3336:
3326:
3324:
3314:
3312:
3308:
3304:
3300:
3294:
3286:
3282:
3278:
3273:
3264:
3262:
3258:
3253:
3248:
3246:
3240:
3235:
3233:
3229:
3225:
3221:
3217:
3213:
3209:
3204:
3200:
3195:
3192:
3187:
3183:
3179:
3177:
3175:
3169:
3167:
3160:
3154:
3149:
3145:
3139:
3132:
3126:
3121:
3117:
3111:
3107:
3103:
3099:
3089:
3086:
3078:
3068:
3064:
3060:
3054:
3053:
3049:
3044:This section
3042:
3038:
3033:
3032:
3022:
3019:
3018:
3017:
3015:
3011:
3007:
3003:
2999:
2994:
2992:
2988:
2983:
2980:Hillforts in
2978:
2976:
2974:
2969:(castle) and
2968:
2966:
2959:
2953:
2948:
2940:
2935:
2930:
2920:
2916:
2911:
2907:
2905:
2901:
2896:
2894:
2890:
2886:
2882:
2878:
2873:
2867:
2862:
2858:
2849:
2840:
2838:
2834:
2833:Rapola Castle
2829:
2827:
2822:
2820:
2818:
2812:
2808:
2806:
2800:
2796:
2791:
2785:
2780:
2776:
2768:
2763:
2754:
2746:
2738:
2736:
2732:
2728:
2724:
2720:
2716:
2711:
2709:
2705:
2700:
2697:
2696:
2684:
2682:
2678:
2674:
2669:
2665:
2655:
2653:
2649:
2645:
2641:
2637:
2633:
2628:
2626:
2622:
2618:
2614:
2610:
2606:
2601:
2599:
2595:
2590:
2587:
2583:
2579:
2574:
2568:
2562:
2557:
2553:
2549:
2545:
2541:
2537:
2533:
2529:
2522:
2517:
2512:
2506:
2498:
2493:
2479:
2477:
2472:
2470:
2465:
2458:
2457:
2451:
2446:
2436:
2434:
2430:
2426:
2422:
2418:
2414:
2409:
2407:
2403:
2399:
2398:
2393:
2389:
2385:
2381:
2376:
2374:
2370:
2366:
2362:
2358:
2354:
2350:
2346:
2341:
2332:
2328:
2324:
2320:
2316:
2312:
2308:
2304:
2300:
2298:
2294:
2289:
2286:
2285:Maiden Castle
2282:
2279:
2275:
2271:
2267:
2263:
2258:
2255:
2246:
2241:
2236:
2229:Great Britain
2226:
2224:
2220:
2216:
2215:Julius Caesar
2212:
2211:Kelheim-style
2208:
2207:
2202:
2198:
2194:
2186:
2183:
2180:
2177:
2174:
2170:
2166:
2165:
2164:
2162:
2158:
2154:
2150:
2140:
2138:
2134:
2130:
2126:
2122:
2118:
2114:
2113:Solsbury Hill
2109:
2106:
2105:
2100:
2096:
2090:
2088:
2084:
2080:
2076:
2072:
2068:
2064:
2060:
2057:is a type of
2056:
2044:
2039:
2037:
2032:
2030:
2025:
2024:
2022:
2021:
2014:
2011:
2009:
2006:
2004:
2001:
1999:
1996:
1994:
1991:
1989:
1986:
1984:
1981:
1979:
1976:
1974:
1971:
1970:
1967:
1962:
1961:
1954:
1951:
1949:
1946:
1944:
1941:
1939:
1936:
1934:
1931:
1929:
1926:
1925:
1919:
1918:
1911:
1908:
1906:
1903:
1901:
1898:
1896:
1893:
1891:
1888:
1886:
1883:
1881:
1878:
1876:
1873:
1871:
1870:Warrior caste
1868:
1866:
1863:
1861:
1858:
1857:
1854:
1849:
1848:
1841:
1840:Show of force
1838:
1834:
1831:
1829:
1828:Peacebuilding
1826:
1825:
1824:
1821:
1819:
1816:
1814:
1811:
1809:
1806:
1804:
1801:
1799:
1796:
1794:
1791:
1789:
1786:
1784:
1781:
1779:
1776:
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1762:
1757:
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1749:
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1734:
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1729:
1727:
1724:
1722:
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1716:
1712:
1710:
1707:
1705:
1702:
1700:
1697:
1695:
1692:
1690:
1687:
1685:
1684:Air supremacy
1682:
1681:
1678:
1673:
1672:
1665:
1662:
1660:
1657:
1655:
1652:
1650:
1647:
1645:
1642:
1640:
1637:
1635:
1632:
1630:
1627:
1625:
1624:Islamic rules
1622:
1620:
1617:
1615:
1612:
1610:
1607:
1605:
1604:Court-martial
1602:
1600:
1597:
1595:
1592:
1591:
1588:
1583:
1582:
1573:
1570:
1569:
1568:
1565:
1563:
1560:
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1555:
1554:
1551:
1546:
1545:
1536:
1533:
1531:
1528:
1526:
1523:
1522:
1521:
1518:
1516:
1513:
1509:
1506:
1504:
1503:Arms industry
1501:
1500:
1499:
1496:
1494:
1491:
1489:
1486:
1485:
1482:
1477:
1476:
1469:
1465:
1462:
1460:
1457:
1453:
1450:
1449:
1448:
1445:
1443:
1440:
1438:
1435:
1433:
1430:
1428:
1425:
1423:
1420:
1418:
1415:
1413:
1410:
1408:
1405:
1403:
1400:
1398:
1395:
1391:
1388:
1387:
1386:
1383:
1382:
1379:
1374:
1373:
1366:
1363:
1361:
1358:
1356:
1353:
1351:
1348:
1346:
1343:
1341:
1338:
1336:
1333:
1331:
1328:
1326:
1323:
1321:
1318:
1316:
1313:
1312:
1309:
1304:
1303:
1296:
1293:
1291:
1288:
1286:
1283:
1281:
1278:
1276:
1273:
1271:
1268:
1267:
1264:
1259:
1258:
1251:
1248:
1246:
1243:
1241:
1238:
1236:
1233:
1231:
1228:
1226:
1223:
1221:
1218:
1216:
1213:
1211:
1208:
1206:
1203:
1201:
1198:
1196:
1193:
1191:
1188:
1186:
1183:
1181:
1178:
1176:
1173:
1171:
1168:
1166:
1163:
1161:
1158:
1156:
1153:
1151:
1148:
1146:
1143:
1141:
1138:
1136:
1133:
1131:
1128:
1126:
1123:
1121:
1120:Broken-backed
1118:
1116:
1113:
1111:
1108:
1107:
1104:
1099:
1098:
1091:
1088:
1086:
1083:
1081:
1078:
1076:
1073:
1071:
1068:
1066:
1063:
1061:
1058:
1056:
1053:
1051:
1048:
1046:
1043:
1041:
1038:
1036:
1033:
1031:
1028:
1026:
1023:
1021:
1018:
1016:
1013:
1011:
1008:
1006:
1003:
1002:
1001:
996:
991:
990:
983:
980:
978:
975:
973:
970:
968:
965:
963:
960:
958:
957:Expeditionary
955:
953:
952:
948:
946:
943:
941:
938:
937:
934:
929:
928:
921:
918:
916:
913:
911:
908:
906:
903:
901:
898:
896:
893:
889:
886:
885:
884:
881:
879:
876:
874:
871:
869:
866:
864:
861:
859:
856:
854:
851:
849:
846:
844:
841:
839:
836:
834:
831:
829:
828:Counterattack
826:
824:
821:
819:
816:
814:
811:
807:
804:
802:
799:
797:
794:
793:
792:
789:
787:
784:
783:
782:
777:
772:
771:
764:
761:
759:
756:
754:
753:Psychological
751:
749:
746:
744:
741:
739:
736:
734:
731:
729:
726:
724:
721:
719:
715:
712:
710:
707:
705:
702:
700:
697:
695:
692:
690:
689:Combined arms
687:
685:
682:
678:
675:
673:
670:
669:
668:
665:
663:
660:
658:
655:
653:
650:
648:
645:
643:
640:
638:
635:
634:
631:
626:
625:
618:
615:
613:
610:
609:
601:
598:
597:
596:
593:
591:
588:
586:
583:
581:
578:
576:
573:
571:
568:
567:
566:
563:
562:
554:
551:
550:
549:
546:
544:
541:
539:
536:
534:
531:
529:
528:Fortification
526:
524:
521:
519:
516:
515:
514:
511:
510:
504:
501:
499:
496:
494:
491:
490:
488:
487:
484:
479:
478:
471:
468:
466:
463:
461:
458:
456:
453:
452:
448:
445:
443:
440:
438:
435:
433:
430:
429:
425:
422:
420:
417:
415:
412:
410:
407:
405:
402:
400:
397:
395:
392:
391:
387:
384:
382:
379:
377:
374:
372:
369:
367:
364:
362:
359:
357:
354:
353:
349:
346:
344:
343:Landing craft
341:
339:
336:
334:
331:
329:
326:
324:
321:
319:
316:
315:
311:
308:
306:
303:
301:
298:
294:
291:
290:
289:
286:
284:
281:
279:
276:
275:
271:
268:
266:
263:
261:
258:
256:
253:
251:
248:
246:
243:
241:
238:
237:
233:
229:
228:Standing army
226:
224:
221:
219:
215:
212:
210:
207:
205:
202:
200:
197:
195:
192:
190:
187:
185:
182:
180:
177:
175:
172:
170:
167:
165:
162:
161:
158:
153:
152:
143:
140:
138:
135:
134:
133:
130:
126:
123:
121:
120:pike and shot
118:
117:
116:
113:
109:
106:
105:
104:
101:
99:
96:
94:
91:
90:
87:
82:
81:
77:
73:
72:
66:
58:
54:
53:
49:
48:
42:
38:
37:Maiden Castle
34:
30:
19:
7272:
7227:Siege engine
7195:Other topics
7119:Related word
7085:Defense line
7049:Tower castle
7004:Bastion fort
6988:Urban castle
6916:Ganerbenburg
6914:
6869:Water castle
6845:Ridge castle
6830:Marsh castle
6804:
6645:Bomb shelter
6625:Belgian gate
6598:20th century
6509:19th century
6447:Retrenchment
6419:Punji sticks
6328:Entrenchment
6323:Device Forts
6290:Counterguard
6225:Early modern
6155:Tower castle
6091:Powder tower
6066:Outer bailey
5978:Inner bailey
5952:Gulyay-gorod
5920:Ganerbenburg
5918:
5914:Fujian tulou
5856:Corner tower
5795:Chamber gate
5765:Bridge tower
5613:Trou de loup
5523:
5347:
5097:
5082:Schanzenkopf
5077:Schanzenkopf
5057:Amelungsburg
4879:
4826:
4825:
4824:profile for
4821:
4785:
4762:
4740:
4722:
4692:
4673:
4650:
4627:
4615:the original
4600:
4596:
4568:
4538:
4520:
4502:
4491:, retrieved
4484:the original
4479:
4453:
4449:
4432:
4414:
4395:
4376:
4355:
4352:Collis, John
4329:
4308:
4297:, retrieved
4290:the original
4277:
4273:
4242:
4238:
4219:
4195:. Retrieved
4190:
4180:
4139:
4133:
4120:
4110:18 September
4108:. Retrieved
4093:
4083:
4065:
4061:
4051:
4030:cite journal
4015:
3990:
3986:
3976:
3965:, retrieved
3943:
3933:
3927:Introduction
3922:
3918:
3876:
3864:. Retrieved
3854:
3839:
3830:
3821:
3811:
3804:
3799:, p. 39
3797:Raftery 1972
3792:
3779:
3770:
3764:
3752:. Retrieved
3744:
3735:
3726:
3722:
3716:
3707:
3701:
3690:
3676:The Iron Age
3671:
3659:
3653:Barrett 2000
3648:
3636:
3627:16 September
3625:, retrieved
3615:
3609:
3597:
3592:, p. 79
3585:
3573:
3561:
3549:
3537:. Retrieved
3533:
3520:
3508:. Retrieved
3495:
3433:storage pits
3417:Māori people
3414:
3374:
3352:
3338:
3320:
3296:
3261:piliakalniai
3260:
3252:piliakalniai
3245:piliakalniai
3242:
3238:
3236:
3216:piliakalniai
3215:
3203:piliakalniai
3196:
3180:
3171:
3163:
3159:piliakalniai
3147:
3141:
3108:, part of a
3081:
3075:January 2023
3072:
3057:Please help
3045:
2995:
2979:
2970:
2962:
2946:
2944:
2908:
2904:Pärnu county
2897:
2880:
2876:
2860:
2854:
2830:
2823:
2814:
2811:ancient fort
2810:
2805:muinaislinna
2802:
2798:
2794:
2778:
2772:
2752:
2744:
2727:Östergötland
2719:Södermanland
2712:
2707:
2703:
2701:
2693:
2690:
2661:
2650:, including
2629:
2603:Many of the
2602:
2591:
2577:
2551:
2525:
2519:Hillfort in
2473:
2469:counterscarp
2466:
2462:
2454:
2410:
2402:Daw's Castle
2395:
2380:Anglo-Saxons
2377:
2357:Old Oswestry
2342:
2301:
2290:
2283:
2259:
2250:
2245:British Camp
2210:
2204:
2190:
2146:
2110:
2102:
2091:
2054:
2052:
1953:Fifth column
1933:War resister
1928:Women in war
1823:Peacekeeping
1768:Arms control
1713:
1402:Mobilization
1397:Conscription
1355:Intelligence
1308:Organization
949:
878:Encirclement
758:Radiological
694:Conventional
548:Subterranean
455:Development:
454:
431:
393:
355:
318:Naval units:
317:
310:Signal corps
277:
255:Intelligence
240:Specialties:
239:
164:Organization
115:Early modern
43:(1891–1940).
29:
7126:Castle town
6983:Toll castle
6952:Lustschloss
6934:Kaiserpfalz
6864:Spur castle
6859:Rock castle
6800:Hill castle
6795:Cave castle
6755:Spider hole
6655:Bremer wall
6620:Barbed tape
6516:Barbed wire
6190:Witch tower
6160:Tower house
6150:Toll castle
6136:Shield wall
6056:Murder hole
5945:Guard tower
5562:Pincer gate
5509:Faussebraye
5305:Switzerland
5225:Aukštupėnai
5179:Santa tegra
5041:Uxellodunum
4973:Isle of Man
4197:11 November
4068:(1): 3–21.
3862:. Castrenor
3860:"Castrenor"
3827:"Ringforts"
3641:Alcock 1972
3590:Collis 2003
3397:Model of a
3383:New Zealand
3376:Reducciones
3341:Philippines
3329:Philippines
3220:Neman River
3153:piliakalnis
3123: [
2939:Semigallian
2913: [
2875:), meaning
2799:castle hill
2793:), meaning
2790:linnavuoret
2673:Runder Berg
2632:Celtiberian
2433:Pilsdon Pen
2413:Bindon Hill
2388:King Alfred
2353:Llanymynech
2345:Offa's Dyke
2325:was a late
2323:Dinas Powys
2315:Anglo-Saxon
2121:Dukes' Wars
1938:War studies
1761:Non-warfare
1689:Appeasement
1654:Martial law
1493:War economy
1432:Transgender
1385:Recruitment
1145:Containment
1030:Culminating
1010:Anti-access
933:Operational
853:Envelopment
796:Air assault
677:Air cavalry
637:Air defence
617:Information
518:Cold-region
483:Battlespace
432:Historical:
278:Land units:
204:Space force
199:Coast guard
132:Late modern
93:Prehistoric
7301:Hill forts
7295:Categories
7151:Gatekeeper
6971:Ordensburg
6943:Landesburg
6750:Sentry gun
6705:Flak tower
6635:Blast wall
6555:Gun turret
6452:Sally port
6357:Kotta mara
6297:Couvreface
6261:Breastwork
6256:Blockhouse
6234:Abwurfdach
6185:Watchtower
6175:Wall tower
6131:Shell keep
6081:Portcullis
6076:Peel tower
6061:Neck ditch
6020:Landesburg
5968:Half tower
5926:Gate tower
5871:Drawbridge
5713:Battlement
5629:Wagon fort
5472:Chengqiang
5312:Mont-Terri
5296:Torsburgen
5245:Medvėgalis
5235:Karmazinai
5062:Bunkenburg
5025:Monkodonja
5020:Miholjanec
5004:Straževica
4906:Promontory
4743:, Tempus,
4493:10 October
4299:25 October
4210:References
4172:Q104815050
3967:25 January
3912:Moora 1929
3664:Tabor 2008
3415:Among the
3186:Bronze Age
3144:Lithuanian
3136:See also:
2998:Ķivutkalns
2987:Bronze Age
2784:linnavuori
2695:ring forts
2681:Gelbe Bürg
2576:(English:
2373:Maes Knoll
2367:was a new
2361:Wat's Dyke
2307:Roman rule
2274:Brean Down
2262:Bronze Age
2075:earthworks
1998:War crimes
1988:Operations
1895:Foot drill
1865:Battle cry
1778:deterrence
1437:Harassment
1412:Specialism
1235:Technology
1230:Succession
1175:Liberation
1110:Asymmetric
1045:Empty fort
951:Blitzkrieg
920:Withdrawal
883:Investment
662:Camouflage
657:Biological
595:Underwater
570:Amphibious
489:Aerospace
356:Air units:
333:Submarines
142:fourth-gen
137:industrial
125:napoleonic
7254:Guerrilla
6997:By design
6745:Revetment
6560:Land mine
6491:Star fort
6318:Crownwork
6313:Covertway
6246:Barricade
5887:Embrasure
5800:Chartaque
5730:Bergfried
5688:Arrowslit
5514:Gatehouse
5484:City gate
5445:Castellum
5411:Acropolis
5250:Molavėnai
5213:Lithuania
5189:Termantia
5134:Cidadelhe
5114:Briteiros
4911:Hillslope
4880:Hillforts
4603:: 27–36,
4452:, fifth,
4354:(2003) ,
4286:1540-4889
4156:1174-9202
4142:: 39–57.
3999:0031-7837
3754:1 October
3729:: 113–139
3621:Channel 4
3481:Acropolis
3429:palisades
3410:palisades
3275:Hradisko
3257:collapsed
3232:Samogitia
3182:Lithuania
3146:word for
3104:complex,
3046:does not
3027:Lithuania
2958:pilskalni
2955:(plural:
2952:pilskalns
2889:Toomemägi
2881:hillburgh
2872:linnamäed
2866:linnamägi
2859:word for
2795:fort hill
2777:word for
2769:, Finland
2767:Janakkala
2677:Bad Urach
2605:megaliths
2567:cividades
2536:Cantabria
2297:Hampshire
2155:areas of
2125:Lithuania
2083:stockades
2077:or stone
2059:fortified
1885:War novel
1788:Grey-zone
1748:War games
1709:Overmatch
1659:War crime
1609:Desertion
1599:Ceasefire
1594:Armistice
1481:Logistics
1459:Mercenary
1447:Volunteer
1378:Personnel
1350:Engineers
1295:Sociology
1250:World war
1245:Total war
1225:Strategic
1215:Religious
1200:Political
1195:Perpetual
1170:Irregular
1085:Offensive
1060:Defensive
1055:Deception
1015:Attrition
863:Guerrilla
858:Formation
801:Airbridge
733:Loitering
647:Artillery
300:Artillery
250:Engineers
218:Irregular
189:Air force
18:Hill fort
7279:Category
7269:See also
7156:Loophole
7044:Ringwork
7039:Ringfort
6964:Obstacle
6805:Hillfort
6725:Loophole
6523:Barbette
6498:Tenaille
6481:Sea fort
6411:Presidio
6371:Magazine
6352:Hornwork
6285:Cavalier
6280:Casemate
6273:Caponier
6116:Ringwork
6004:Detinets
5973:Hoarding
5878:Enceinte
5753:Bretèche
5698:Bartizan
5693:Barbican
5669:Alcazaba
5597:Stockade
5577:Ringfort
5557:Palisade
5529:Landwehr
5524:Hillfort
5286:Gåseborg
5204:Zambujal
5159:Numantia
5119:Borneiro
5096:Iberia (
5087:Sigiburg
4978:Scotland
4957:Somerset
4828:Hillfort
4702:citation
4471:(1972),
4375:(2000),
4338:citation
4328:(1869),
4168:Wikidata
4164:90016661
4074:42632762
4007:42634196
3679:Archived
3439:See also
3406:headland
3285:Slovakia
3281:Piešťany
3277:Kostolec
3249:. Most
3210:and the
3162:), from
3156:(plural
3148:hillfort
2991:Iron Age
2977:(hill).
2961:), from
2947:hillfort
2877:hillfort
2869:(plural
2861:hillfort
2857:Estonian
2809:meaning
2787:(plural
2779:hillfort
2731:Bohuslän
2715:Svealand
2679:and the
2652:Numantia
2617:Asturias
2561:citanias
2532:Asturias
2497:Asturias
2476:ringfort
2397:Herepath
2365:Wansdyke
2327:Iron Age
2293:Danebury
2270:Hod Hill
2201:Slovakia
2079:ramparts
2067:Iron Age
2055:hillfort
1900:War song
1875:War film
1508:Materiel
1427:Children
1407:Training
1345:Medicine
1330:Doctrine
1285:Training
1220:Resource
1205:Princely
1155:Economic
1140:Conquest
1135:Colonial
1130:Cold war
1115:Blockade
995:Strategy
967:Maneuver
728:Infantry
684:Chemical
538:Mountain
498:Airborne
361:Fighters
328:Warships
283:Infantry
209:Reserves
157:Military
7186:Vedette
7176:Schloss
7141:Festung
7136:Dungeon
7131:Château
7075:Castles
6883:By role
6740:Pillbox
6570:Outpost
6486:Station
6474:Schanze
6457:Sandbag
6442:Redoubt
6426:Ravelin
6394:Palanka
6378:Orillon
6364:Lunette
6306:Coupure
6251:Bastion
6241:Arsenal
6209:Zwinger
6121:Roundel
6111:Ricetto
6086:Postern
6071:Outwork
5995:Kremlin
5866:Curtain
5841:Citadel
5825:Chemise
5785:Caltrop
5703:Bastion
5676:Alcázar
5572:Rampart
5550:Oppidum
5543:Nuraghe
5489:Crannog
5463:Castros
5399:Ancient
5321:Ukraine
5265:Ukmergė
5260:Pieštvė
5240:Kernavė
5184:Terroso
5169:Sacóias
5099:castros
5050:Germany
5013:Croatia
4968:Ireland
4953:England
4896:Contour
4818:Scholia
4078:, p.18.
3866:21 June
3745:Coflein
3466:Oppidum
3461:Nuraghe
3359:Sabtang
3347:of the
3339:In the
3303:Belarus
3228:Vilnius
3224:Livonia
3106:Kernavė
3067:removed
3052:sources
3010:Mežotne
3002:Tērvete
2893:Varbola
2885:Toompea
2843:Estonia
2775:Finnish
2757:Finland
2749:Denmark
2735:Gotland
2723:Uppland
2621:Galicia
2613:dolmens
2609:menhirs
2528:Galicia
2521:Galicia
2499:, Spain
2439:Ireland
2386:raids.
2157:central
2137:Vikings
2081:, with
2013:Writers
2008:Weapons
1973:Battles
1922:Related
1910:Wargame
1905:Uniform
1853:Culture
1634:Perfidy
1629:Justice
1550:Science
1535:Outpost
1488:History
1468:Warrior
1464:Soldier
1452:foreign
1390:counter
1290:Service
1240:Theater
1180:Limited
1160:Endemic
1075:Nuclear
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806:Airdrop
791:Airlift
776:Tactics
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738:Missile
667:Cavalry
652:Barrage
630:Weapons
590:Surface
371:Command
366:Bombers
323:Frogman
293:Cavalry
265:Medical
232:Militia
214:Regular
194:Marines
108:castles
98:Ancient
86:History
65:outline
7181:Trench
7171:Picket
6582:Sangar
6535:Bunker
6467:Sconce
6387:Ostrog
6335:Flèche
6218:Modern
6197:Yagura
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6101:Reduit
6039:Merlon
5983:Kasbah
5961:Gusuku
5938:Glacis
5931:Gabion
5900:church
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5790:Castle
5634:Laager
5622:Vallum
5579:(Rath)
5454:Castra
5436:Burgus
5406:Abatis
5328:Khotiv
5279:Sweden
5270:Voruta
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5220:Apuolė
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5109:Baroña
5034:France
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3749:RCAHMW
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3539:27 May
3510:31 May
3456:Chashi
3367:Ivuhos
3351:built
3343:, the
3307:Poland
3299:Russia
3174:kalnas
2982:Latvia
2923:Latvia
2741:Norway
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2648:oppida
2625:Druids
2586:oppida
2582:sieges
2578:cities
2552:castro
2392:Wessex
2384:Viking
2363:. The
2311:pirate
2223:oppida
2153:Celtic
2133:Saxons
2129:Romans
2117:Belgic
2104:oppida
2095:Greece
1993:Sieges
1677:Theory
1417:Morale
1275:Policy
1270:Branch
1050:Mosaic
1040:Fabian
982:Covert
915:Trench
900:Screen
823:Charge
813:Battle
786:Aerial
704:Denial
672:Horses
600:Seabed
553:Tunnel
533:Jungle
523:Desert
493:Aerial
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7166:Palas
7110:Walls
7100:Forts
7063:Lists
6910:Fence
6852:Rocca
6720:Kabal
6435:Redan
6342:Gorge
6266:Canal
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6106:Ribat
6096:Qalat
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5904:house
5604:Sudis
5536:Limes
5494:Ditch
5427:Broch
5418:Agger
5341:Other
4983:Wales
4921:Marsh
4888:Types
4822:topic
4618:(PDF)
4593:(PDF)
4487:(PDF)
4476:(PDF)
4293:(PDF)
4270:(PDF)
4255:JSTOR
4160:JSTOR
4070:JSTOR
4003:JSTOR
3958:JSTOR
3487:Notes
3451:Broch
3404:on a
3399:Māori
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3335:Ijang
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2675:near
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2556:Roman
2209:, or
2099:Italy
2071:Roman
1966:Lists
1422:Women
1360:Ranks
1280:Staff
1210:Proxy
1125:Class
1080:Naval
1065:Depth
895:Swarm
888:Siege
868:Naval
848:Drone
743:Music
718:Robot
714:Drone
699:Cyber
642:Armor
612:Cyber
585:Green
580:Brown
543:Urban
503:Space
424:Radar
419:Sonar
288:Armor
245:Staff
223:Ranks
7232:list
6650:Buoy
6204:Yett
6046:Moat
6013:Ksar
5988:Keep
5780:Caer
5770:Burh
5746:Boom
5739:Berm
5718:Bawn
5683:Amba
5519:Gord
5139:Cola
4745:ISBN
4727:ISBN
4714:help
4694:1971
4633:ISBN
4605:ISBN
4543:ISBN
4525:ISBN
4507:ISBN
4495:2006
4419:ISBN
4401:ISBN
4381:ISBN
4360:ISBN
4344:link
4313:ISBN
4301:2010
4282:ISSN
4225:ISBN
4199:2010
4152:ISSN
4112:2020
4099:ISBN
4043:help
3995:ISSN
3969:2021
3948:ISBN
3868:2010
3756:2021
3629:2009
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3512:2009
3305:and
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2003:Wars
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1070:Goal
977:Raid
575:Blue
513:Land
184:Navy
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5072:Ipf
4790:doi
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4678:doi
4655:doi
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