Himalayas - Knowledge

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hold Nepal back from reaching sufficient status and thus stand out. There is no Climate Finance Plan and emissions and temperature rising rate ranking at critically insufficient. Nepal has many goals, however, that are on track with the Paris Agreement. The first of note being a goal of net-zero emissions by 2045. To reach this goal Nepal submitted two separate plans to account for whatever future they experience the first being WAM (with additional measures) and the second being WEM (with existing measures). WEM is based primarily on already existing policies and highlights the energy sector as the main target for CO2 reduction. The WAM scenario introduces a far more ambitious strategy for reducing emissions. In this scenario the focus is primarily on an intervention method and disruption of the energy sector reducing the use of fossil fuels and the incorporation of renewable energy sources. This pathway heavily relies on reducing emissions from energy sources while preserving the carbon-absorbing capacity of the LULUCF (Land Use, Land-Use Change and Forestry) sector. Under this scenario, it is anticipated that net CO2 emissions will remain negative from 2020 to 2030, approach 'zero' between 2035 and 2045, and then revert to negative values by 2050. The goal of this scenario is to accelerate the journey toward achieving carbon neutrality before 2045. These policies along with many more have Nepal on track to stay beneath the 1.5 threshold set by the Paris Agreement.

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lack of safe drinking water. Illness is not the only danger to the communities as temperatures sky rocket. With the climate changing weather patterns are also changing and more extreme weather events are occurring putting local communities more at risk to physical harm and death during erratic weather events. Marginalized groups including children and women are experiencing more severe impacts from climate change and are often more exposed to disease and injury. Over the last couple years these health impacts have gotten increasingly worse and more common. Recent studies have shown that dengue fever has had a consistent pattern of epidemic in Nepal in the years 2010, 2013, 2016, 2017, 2019, 2022 with the largest in terms of severity occurring in 2022. 54,784 reported cases were recorded from all 77 districts in seven provinces. These diseases are simply in addition to other diseases that can be seen with the rise of global temperatures and air pollution. Many vulnerable groups are experiencing an increase in respiratory illness, cardiac illnesses, and asthma. The heat can lead to issues such as a strain on respiratory illnesses, heat stroke, and fever. There is also the increased risk of cancer. Many lower income communities such as the himalayan villages suffer from exposure to more pollution or in some cases exposure to toxic chemicals which has led to an increased rate of cancer in these communities as well as an increased risk of death.

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cooler, and changes in weather patterns even compared to early 2000s weather. Many local villagers have identified climate change simply through the availability of certain native plants decreasing or shifting seasons. The concept of climate change has now been aligned with the risk of natural disasters and has increased awareness in the local communities. These impacts of climate change have greatly affected agriculture in the area and has forced farmers to change crops and when they plant them. In response to this rather than push for policy change, citizens have begun to adapt to climate change. According to Dhungana, 91.94% of the respondents experienced drought as major climatic hazards then floods at 83.87%, landslides at 70.97%, and forest fires at 67.74%. In response to this citizens have begun adapting and adopting new practices. As a response to drought at the high altitudes, plantations are planting more protective trees, drought resistant plants, and have begun adopting irrigation practices drawing from nearby streams. In response to flooding, farmers have created more basins, dam construction, and small drainage canals.

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These impacts can have extreme negative effects on the villages living in the area especially as the temperatures rise at higher rates than many other places in the world (Alexander et al., 2014). There are more than 1.9 million people who are highly vulnerable due to climate change with an additional 10 million people at risk in Nepal. Nepal is among the top ten most vulnerable Global South countries due to climate change in the world, standing at number 4 as of 2010 according to the climate change risk atlas. According to NAPA (National Adaptation Program of Action) of Nepal, many threats including floods, droughts, and landslides are an imminent threat to the glacial lake area. With this in consideration, climate change policy and framework for LAPA (Local Adaptation Plans of Action) were prepared in 2011 primarily focusing on addressing climatic hazards.

1013: 2775:. They consider the saligrams to be representatives of the Tibetan serpent deity known as Gawo Jagpa. The Himalayan people's diversity shows in many different ways. It shows through their architecture, their languages, and dialects, their beliefs and rituals, as well as their clothing. The shapes and materials of the people's homes reflect their practical needs and beliefs. Another example of the diversity amongst the Himalayan peoples is that handwoven textiles display colors and patterns unique to their ethnic backgrounds. Finally, some people place great importance on jewelry. The Rai and Limbu women wear big gold earrings and nose rings to show their wealth through their jewelry. Several places in the Himalayas are of religious significance in, 2636:

fires with green branches and mud, construction of fire lines, and are raising awareness about the wildfires. Fire lines are lines of varying width built through the leaf litter of a forest floor down to the soil and minerals to prevent a spread of fire past the line. The main reason for these adaptations is to decrease the risk that climate change poses over these marginalized communities while taking advantage of the moment and allowing for a positive change towards a more sustainable or adaptable future. Major barriers to these adaptations include a lack of funds, a lack of knowledge, a lack of technology, a lack of time, and lack of mandatory policy.

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last 40–50 years. Local conditions play a large role in glacial retreat, however, and glacial loss can vary locally from a few m/yr to 61 m/yr. A marked acceleration in glacial mass loss has also been observed since 1975, from about 5–13 Gt/yr to 16–24 Gt/yr. Although the effect of this will not be known for many years, it potentially could mean disaster for the hundreds of millions of people who rely on the glaciers to feed the rivers during the dry seasons. The global climate change will affect the water resources and livelihoods of the Greater Himalayan region.

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basin, and 50–70% in the Brahmaputra Basin, as the snowline elevation in these regions will rise by between 4.4 and 10.0 m/yr. There has been more extensive modelling of glacier trends: it is projected that one third of all glaciers in the extended HKH region will be lost by 2100 even if the warming is limited to 1.5 °C (with over half of that loss in the Eastern Himalaya region), while RCP 4.5 and RCP 8.5 are likely to lead to the losses of 50% and >67% of the region's glaciers over the same timeframe.

2334: 2113: 13011: 2618: 2557: 7472: 2037: 1733: 2230: 2139: 310: 11462: 7485: 7497: 1540:, and in the north, they joined with the former Tibetan inland ice. To the south, outflow glaciers came to an end below an elevation of 1,000–2,000 m (3,300–6,600 ft). While the current valley glaciers of the Himalaya reach at most 20 to 32 km (12 to 20 mi) in length, several of the main valley glaciers were 60 to 112 km (37 to 70 mi) long during the ice age. The glacier snowline (the altitude where accumulation and 993: 297: 203: 2672: 2351: 245: 284: 110: 1957:. From north to south, the mountains cover more than eight degrees of latitude, spanning temperate to subtropical zones. The colder air of Central Asia is prevented from blowing down into South Asia by the physical configuration of the Himalayas. This causes the tropical zone to extend farther north in South Asia than anywhere else in the world. The evidence is unmistakable in the Brahmaputra valley as the warm air from the 2029:. Off-shore high-pressure systems in the Indian Ocean push the moist summer air inland toward the low-pressure system. When the moist air meets mountains, it rises and upon subsequent cooling, its moisture condenses and is released as rain, typically heavy rain. The wet summer monsoon winds cause precipitation in India and all along the layered southern slopes of the Himalayas. This forced lifting of air is called the 1820: 981: 271: 7509: 2650: 2586:

consists of yaks, oxen, horses, and goats. Snow leopards have killed about 2.6% of the local livestock per year in response to their shrinking habitat. The overall loss, about a quarter of the average income of local farmers, has had a major impact on the local economy. In retaliation, farmers have begun killing snow leopards, seeking to protect their livestock and their livelihoods.

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between India and Pakistan in 1972. China administers some 14,000 square miles (36,000 square km) in the Ladakh region and has claimed territory at the eastern end of the Himalayas within the Indian state of Arunachal Pradesh. Those disputes accentuate the boundary problems faced by India and its neighbours in the Himalayan region.

2016:. Variability in monsoon rainfall, influenced by local Hadley circulation and tropical sea surface temperatures, is the main factor behind wet and dry years. This is not so much the rain of the summer months as the wind that carries the rain. Different rates of heating and cooling between the Central Asian continent and the 1603:, and a number of rivers cut through the range, particularly in the eastern part of the range. As a result, the main ridge of the Himalayas is not clearly defined, and mountain passes are not as significant for traversing the range as with other mountain ranges. Himalayas' rivers drain into two large systems: 2631:

In recent years many citizens of these Himalayan communities have started to notice the extreme effects of climate change by experiencing nature itself. They have noticed a decrease in precipitation especially in lowland districts, fluctuating temperatures during months of the year that are typically

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Local communities are suffering from food scarcity and malnutrition as well as an increasing risk to diseases such as malaria and dengue fever as temperatures rise and allow these diseases to migrate further north. There is also an increasing risk of water borne illnesses accompanied by an increasing

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across the region as a result of climate change. For example, glacial lakes have been forming rapidly on the surface of debris-covered glaciers in the Bhutan Himalaya during the last few decades. Studies have measured an approximately 13% overall decrease in glacial coverage in the Himalayas over the

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Most of the population in some Asian and African countries depends on medicinal plants rather than prescriptions and such. Since so many people use medicinal plants as their only source of healing in the Himalayas, the plants are an important source of income. This contributes to economic and modern

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precipitation in the region will increase by 4–12% in the near future and by 4–25% in the long term. There has also been modelling of the changes in snow cover, but it is limited to the end of century under the RCP 8.5 scenario: it projects declines of 30–50% in the Indus Basin, 50–60% in the Ganges

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Though India, Nepal, and Bhutan have sovereignty over most of the Himalayas, Pakistan and China also occupy parts of them. In the Kashmir region, Pakistan has administrative control of some 32,400 square miles (83,900 square km) of the range lying north and west of the "line of control" established

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The response to landslides includes plantation grasses in previously barren areas, Gabion wall construction, avoiding livestock grazing in landslide-prone areas, and a prohibition on tillage in areas at risk of landslides. To fight the increased rate of forest fires, citizens have begun beating the

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Similar to the mountains, the communities living near the Himalayas are experiencing climate change and its negative impacts significantly more than other parts of the world. Some of the impacts that the communities are facing include erratic rainfall, flooding, rising temperatures, and landslides.

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The 2019 Hindu Kush Himalaya Assessment concluded that between 1901 and 2014, the Hindu Kush Himalaya (or HKH) region had already experienced warming of 0.1 °C per decade, with the warming rate accelerating to 0.2 °C per decade over the past 50 years. Over the past 50 years, the frequency

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brings winter precipitation, especially in the west. Heavy rain arrives on the southwest monsoon in June and persists until September. The monsoon can seriously impact transport and cause major landslides. It restricts tourism – the trekking and mountaineering season is limited to either before the

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in the mountain. As the temperature is directly proportional to received radiation from the sun, the faces that receive more direct sunlight also have a greater heat buildup. In narrow valleys—lying between steep mountain faces—there can be dramatically different weather along their two

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Nepal is a part of the Paris agreement and thus is required to have a climate action plan and is being tracked by the Climate Action Tracker. According to the Climate Action Tracker, Nepal is "almost sufficient" on its track to reach the goals set by the Paris Agreement. There are two factors that

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The increasing temperatures are also leading to a decrease in territory for local wildlife. This trend has decreased the prey populations of at-risk predators, such as snow leopards. Seeking alternative food sources, snow leopards and other predators attack local farmers’ livestock. This livestock

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The flora and fauna of the Himalayas vary with climate, rainfall, altitude, and soils. The climate ranges from tropical at the base of the mountains to permanent ice and snow at the highest elevations. The amount of yearly rainfall increases from west to east along the southern front of the range.

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Under the high-warming RCP8.5 scenario where the annual emissions continue to increase for the rest of the century, the expected regional warming is 2.3–3.2 °C and 4.2–6.5 °C, respectively. Under all scenarios, winters will warm more than the summers, and the Tibetan Plateau, the central

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goal of 1.5 °C of global warming is not exceeded, warming in the HKH will be at least 0.3 °C higher, and at least 0.7 °C higher in the hotspots of northwest Himalaya and Karakoram. If the Paris Agreement goals are broken, then the region is expected to warm by 1.7–2.4 °C in the

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prevailing above each. In the winter, a high-pressure system forms and remains suspended above Central Asia, forcing air to flow in the southerly direction over the Himalayas. But in Central Asia, as there is no substantial source for water to be diffused as vapour, the winter winds blowing across

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As the physical features of mountains are irregular, with broken jagged contours, there can be wide variations in temperature over short distances. Temperature at a location on a mountain depends on the season of the year, the bearing of the sun with respect to the face on which the location lies,

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Today, the Indian plate continues to be driven horizontally at the Tibetan Plateau, which forces the plateau to continue to move upwards. The Indian plate is still moving at 67 mm (2.6 in) per year, and over the next 10 million years, it will travel about 1,500 km (930 mi)

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Kuhle, M. (2005). "The maximum Ice Age (Würmian, Last Ice Age, LGM) glaciation of the Himalaya – a glaciogeomorphological investigation of glacier trim-lines, ice thicknesses and lowest former ice margin positions in the Mt. Everest-Makalu-Cho Oyu massifs (Khumbu- and Khumbakarna Himal) including

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The Himalayas are home to a diversity of medicinal resources. Plants from the forests have been used for millennia to treat conditions ranging from simple coughs to snake bites. Different parts of the plants – root, flower, stem, leaves, and bark – are used as remedies for different ailments. For

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Glacier melt is projected to accelerate regional river flows until the amount of meltwater peaks around 2060, going into an irreversible decline afterwards. Since precipitation will continue to increase even as the glacier meltwater contribution declines, annual river flows are only expected to

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The vast size, huge altitude range, and complex topography of the Himalayas mean they experience a wide range of climates, from humid subtropical in the foothills, to cold and dry desert conditions on the Tibetan side of the range. For much of the Himalayas—in the areas to the south of the high

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is an example of floral species that can be found in this area. The increase in temperature is shifting various species to higher elevations. The oak forest is being invaded by pine forests in the Garhwal Himalayan region. There are reports of early flowering and fruiting in some tree species,

2538:) have been discovered there in between 1998 and 2008, with an average of 35 new species finds every year. With Eastern Himalaya included, the entire Hindu Kush Himalaya region is home to an estimated 35,000+ species of plants and 200+ species of animals. 2158:

Local impacts on climate are significant throughout the Himalayas. Temperatures fall by 0.2 to 1.2 °C for every 100 m (330 ft) rise in altitude. This gives rise to a variety of climates, from a nearly tropical climate in the foothills, to

1164:, which is also a strong candidate for the highest unclimbed mountain in the world. The Himalayas here are becoming increasingly rugged, with heavily forested steep valleys. The Himalayas continue, turning slightly northeast, through the Indian State of 2366:

This diversity of altitude, rainfall, and soil conditions, combined with the very high snow line, supports a variety of distinct plant and animal communities. The extremes of high altitude (low atmospheric pressure), combined with extreme cold, favor

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The immense scale of the Himalayas means that many summits can create their own weather, the temperature fluctuating from one summit to another, from one face to another, and all may be quite different from the weather in nearby plateaus or valleys.

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Temperate Himalayan wetlands provide important habitat and layover sites for migratory birds. Many mid and low altitude lakes remain poorly studied in terms of their hydrology and biodiversity, like Khecheopalri in the Sikkim Eastern Himalayas.

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Dhungana, Nabin; Silwal, Nisha; Upadhaya, Suraj; Khadka, Chiranjeewee; Regmi, Sunil Kumar; Joshi, Dipesh; Adhikari, Samjhana (1 June 2020). "Rural coping and adaptation strategies for climate change by Himalayan communities in Nepal".

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of Nepal, is rated as the most dangerous. The lake, which is located at an altitude of 4,580 m (15,030 ft), has grown considerably over the last 50 years due to glacial melting. The mountain lakes are known to geographers as

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warm days and nights had increased by 1.26 days and 2.54 nights per decade. There was also a corresponding decline of 0.5 cold days, 0.85 extreme cold days, 1 cold night, and 2.4 extreme cold nights per decade. The length of the

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on the southern side of the massifs has substantial rainfall (3,900 mm or 150 in a year). Thus, although annual precipitation is generally higher in the east than in the west, local variations are often more important.

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all originate from parts of the Tibetan Plateau that are geologically distinct from the Himalaya mountains and are therefore not considered true Himalayan rivers. Some geologists refer to all the rivers collectively as the

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Kuhle, M. (2011). "The High Glacial (Last Ice Age and Last Glacial Maximum) Ice Cover of High and Central Asia, with a Critical Review of Some Recent OSL and TCN Dates". In Ehlers, J.; Gibbard, P.L.; Hughes, P.D. (eds.).

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have a snow line some 900 m (2,950 ft) lower. The higher regions of the Himalayas are snowbound throughout the year, in spite of their proximity to the tropics, and they form the sources of several large

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itself forms the northern and western boundaries of the Himalayas. It begins in Tibet, at the confluence of Sengge and Gar rivers, and flows north-west through India into Pakistan before turning south-west to the

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and permanent snow and ice at higher elevations. Local climate is also affected by the topography: The leeward side of the mountains receive less rain while the well-exposed slopes get heavy rainfall and the

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Bolch, Tobias; Shea, Joseph M.; Liu, Shiyin; Azam, Farooq M.; Gao, Yang; Gruber, Stephan; Immerzeel, Walter W.; Kulkarni, Anil; Li, Huilin; Tahir, Adnan A.; Zhang, Guoqing; Zhang, Yinsheng (5 January 2019).

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Serenari, Christopher; Leung, Yu-Fai; Attarian, Aram; Franck, Chris (2012), "Understanding environmentally significant behavior among whitewater rafting and trekking guides in the Garhwal Himalaya, India",

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Kaushik, Saurabh; Rafiq, Mohammd; Joshi, P.K.; Singh, Tejpal (April 2020). "Examining the glacial lake dynamics in a warming climate and GLOF modelling in parts of Chandra basin, Himachal Pradesh, India".

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The mountainous areas of Hindu Kush range are mostly barren or, at the most, sparsely sprinkled with trees and stunted bushes. From about 1,300 to 2,300 m (4,300 to 7,500 ft), states Yarshater,

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Oli, Madan K.; Taylor, Iain R.; Rogers, M. Elizabeth (1 January 1994). "Snow leopard Panthera uncia predation of livestock: An assessment of local perceptions in the Annapurna Conservation Area, Nepal".

2771:. The Muktinath is also a place of pilgrimage for the Tibetan Buddhists. They believe that the trees in the poplar grove came from the walking sticks of eighty-four ancient Indian Buddhist magicians or 1544:

of a glacier are balanced) was about 1,400–1,660 m (4,590–5,450 ft) lower than it is today. Thus, the climate was at least 7.0 to 8.3 °C (12.6 to 14.9 °F) colder than it is today.

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Krishnan, Raghavan; Shrestha, Arun Bhakta; Ren, Guoyu; Rajbhandari, Rupak; Saeed, Sajjad; Sanjay, Jayanarayanan; Syed, Md. Abu.; Vellore, Ramesh; Xu, Ying; You, Qinglong; Ren, Yuyu (5 January 2019).

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margins. The side to the north with a mountain above facing south can have an extra month of the growing season. The mass of the mountain also influences the temperature, as it acts as a

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South Asia are dry. In the summer months, the Central Asian plateau heats up more than the ocean waters to its south. As a result, the air above it rises higher and higher, creating a

5603: 1748:. Some even refer to this region as the "Third Pole". The Himalayan range encompasses about 15,000 glaciers, which store about 12,000 km (2,900 cu mi), or 3600–4400 9439: 2104:. The vegetation is sparse and stunted and the winters are severely cold. Most of the precipitation in the region is in the form of snow during the late winter and spring months. 1513:. This leads to the Himalayas rising by about 5 mm per year, making them geologically active. The movement of the Indian plate into the Asian plate also makes this region 10391: 7316: 4093: 1867:, which is spread across the border between India and China, at the far western end of Tibet, is among the largest with a surface area of 700 km (270 sq mi). 6168:

Humbert-Droz, Blaise (2017), "Impacts of Tourism and Military Presence on Wetlands and Their Avifauna in the Himalayas", in Prins, Herbert H. T.; Namgail, Tsewang (eds.),

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Sakai, Harutaka; Sawada, Minoru; Takigami, Yutaka; Orihashi, Yuji; Danhara, Tohru; Iwano, Hideki; Kuwahara, Yoshihiro; Dong, Qi; Cai, Huawei; Li, Jianguo (December 2005).

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becoming less frequent while heavy precipitation became both more frequent and more intense. Finally, since 1970s glaciers have retreated everywhere in the region beside

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Himalayan Range, and the Karakoram will continue to warm more than the rest of the region. Climate change will also lead to the degradation of up to 81% of the region's

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are the only mountains over 7,000 m (4.3 mi) in this part of the Himalayas. Finally, the Himalayas reach their western end in the dramatic 8000 m peak of

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industrial development both inside and outside the region. The only problem is that locals are rapidly clearing the forests on the Himalayas for wood, often illegally.

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The intensity of the southwest monsoon diminishes as it moves westward along the range, with as much as 2,030 mm (80 in) of rainfall in the monsoon season in

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The 6,000-kilometre-plus (3,700 mi) journey of the India landmass (Indian Plate) before its collision with Asia (Eurasian Plate) about 40 to 50 million

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massif on the border with India, the third-highest mountain in the world, the most easterly 8,000 m (26,000 ft) summit and the highest point of

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feed in the dense understories of bamboo. Lower down, the forests of the foothills are inhabited by several different primates, including the endangered

1069:. The gorge splits the Himalayas into Western and Eastern sections, both ecologically and orographically – the pass at the head of the Kali Gandaki, the 2192:

and the Tibetan Plateau. They prevent frigid, dry winds from blowing south into the subcontinent, which keeps South Asia much warmer than corresponding

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is the main predator. Its prey includes members of the goat family grazing on the alpine pastures and living on the rocky terrain, notably the endemic

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The northern side of the Himalayas, also known as the Tibetan Himalaya, is dry, cold, and generally windswept, particularly in the west where it has a

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monsoon in April/May or after the monsoon in October/November (autumn). In Nepal and Sikkim, there are often considered to be five seasons: summer,

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Kuhle, M. (1987). "Subtropical mountain- and highland-glaciation as ice age triggers and the waning of the glacial periods in the Pleistocene".

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Apollo, M. (2017). "Chapter 9: The population of Himalayan regions – by the numbers: Past, present and future". In Efe, R.; Öztürk, M. (eds.).

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Garzanti, Eduardo; Limonta, Mara; Resentini, Alberto; Bandopadhyay, Pinaki C.; Najman, Yani; Andò, Sergio; Vezzoli, Giovanni (1 August 2013).

150: 10316: 10003: 5327: 10408: 9569: 7349: 2510:". The inner valleys of the Hindu Kush see little rain and have desert vegetation. On the other hand, Eastern Himalaya is home to multiple 2385:

is also found at high altitudes. Hunted for its musk, it is now rare and endangered. Other endemic or near-endemic herbivores include the

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if they are caused by glacial activity. Tarns are found mostly in the upper reaches of the Himalaya, above 5,500 m (18,000 ft).

10869: 9967: 9466: 3855: 2074:, the lower elevations of the Himalayas, reaching in mid-elevations in central Nepal (including the Kathmandu valley), are classified as 1953:

The physical factors determining the climate in any location in the Himalayas include latitude, altitude, and the relative motion of the

12775: 12634: 10654: 10413: 9962: 654:, the Himalayan mountain range runs west-northwest to east-southeast in an arc 2,400 km (1,500 mi) long. Its western anchor, 3558:"Geology of the summit limestone of Mount Qomolangma (Everest) and cooling history of the Yellow Band under the Qomolangma detachment" 13054: 10311: 9476: 3975: 12961: 9446: 3311: 2313:

generation would still have to adjust to greater interannual variability and lower pre-monsoon flows in all of the region's rivers.

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is home to some 600 million people; 53 million people live in the Himalayas. The Himalayas have profoundly shaped the cultures of

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The great ranges of central Asia, including the Himalayas, contain the third-largest deposit of ice and snow in the world, after

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Lee, Ethan; Carrivick, Jonathan L.; Quincey, Duncan J.; Cook, Simon J.; James, William H. M.; Brown, Lee E. (20 December 2021).

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Nyaupane, Gyan P.; Chhetri, Netra (2009), "Vulnerability to Climate Change of Nature-Based Tourism in the Nepalese Himalayas",

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O'Neill, Alexander; et al. (25 February 2020). "Establishing Ecological Baselines Around a Temperate Himalayan Peatland".

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is among the highest in the world, at typically around 5,500 m (18,000 ft). In contrast, equatorial mountains in

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Scott, Christopher A.; Zhang, Fan; Mukherji, Aditi; Immerzeel, Walter; Mustafa, Daanish; Bharati, Luna (5 January 2019).

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region. The Himalayas are also believed to play an important part in the formation of Central Asian deserts, such as the

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settled on the ocean floor and the volcanoes that fringed its edges. Since both plates were composed of low density

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drains the northern slopes of these mountains, before turning south and flowing to the range to the east of Makalu.

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models struggle to make specific projections due to the region's topography: the most certain finding is that the

2071: 1446:, about 70 million years ago, the north-moving Indo-Australian Plate (which has subsequently broken into the 13074: 13064: 12727: 12556: 12422: 12331: 12281: 10682: 10600: 10565: 10334: 10028: 8475: 8179: 8148: 7193: 7183: 7163: 3833:"Geochemistry of the Suspended Sediments of Circum-Himalayan Rivers and Weathering Budgets over the Last 50 Myrs" 3753:

information on late-glacial-, neoglacial-, and historical glacier stages, their snow-line depressions and ages".

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Bleie, Tone (2003), "Pilgrim Tourism in the Central Himalayas: The Case of Manakamana Temple in Gorkha, Nepal",

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near future (2036–2065) and by 2.2–3.3 °C (2066–2095) near the end of the century under the "intermediate"

2079: 1077:(the highest peak of the Karakoram range). To the east of Annapurna are the 8,000 m (5.0 mi) peaks of 666:. The range varies in width from 350 km (220 mi) in the west to 150 km (93 mi) in the east. 12671: 10659: 10384: 10306: 7103: 4777:"Unravelling Climate Change in the Hindu Kush Himalaya: Rapid Warming in the Mountains and Increasing Extremes" 3805: 2428:

The unique floral and faunal wealth of the Himalayas is undergoing structural and compositional changes due to

2197: 1834: 1291: 893:: हिमवान्) is a Hindu deity who is the personification of the Himalayan Mountain Range. Other epithets include 838: 12981: 12966: 11482: 10452: 9768: 9481: 8210: 8128: 8070: 6906: 6560: 2943: 1847: 1664: 827: 6186:

Lim, Francis Khek Ghee (2007), "Hotels as sites of power: tourism, status, and politics in Nepal Himalaya",

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Going west from Dhaulagiri, Western Nepal is somewhat remote and lacks major high mountains, but is home to

13014: 12666: 12291: 12018: 11723: 9251: 9246: 8956: 8870: 7998: 5002: 3557: 2009:

The Himalayan hydroclimate is crucial for South Asia, where annual summer monsoon floods impact millions.

1883: 1322:. The Himalayas form most of the south-west portion of the disputed Indian-administered union territory of 1287: 1053:

In the middle of the great curve of the Himalayan mountains lie the 8,000 m (26,000 ft) peaks of

143: 7874: 5442:"Climate change and the Western Himalayan community: Exploring the local perspective through food choices" 1195:

rises in Tibet but cuts through the centre of the region. Further west, the border with India follows the

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Stories from the Deep Earth: How Scientists Figured Out What Drives Tectonic Plates and Mountain Building

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of warm days and nights had also increased by 1.2 days and 1.7 nights per decade, while the frequency of

1914: 1432: 1387:

The Himalayan range is one of the youngest mountain ranges on the planet and consists mostly of uplifted

6589: 5230:"Climate Change and its socio-cultural impact in the Himalayan region of Nepal – A Visual Documentation" 5199:"Climate Change and its socio-cultural impact in the Himalayan region of Nepal – A Visual Documentation" 12326: 12311: 11609: 11594: 11168: 10807: 9574: 8760: 8753: 8549: 8490: 8371: 8240: 8138: 7927: 7540: 7213: 7143: 6623: 3948: 3147: 2955: 2951: 2939: 2573: 2149: 2127: 2097:

in the east, compared to only 975 mm (38.4 in) during the same period in Shimla in the west.

1102: 5328:"Fact Sheet | Climate, Environmental, and Health Impacts of Fossil Fuels (2021) | White Papers | EESI" 3496: 1620:. It is fed by several major tributaries draining the southern slopes of the Himalayas, including the 12712: 12644: 12615: 12600: 12336: 12261: 10753: 10642: 10585: 9830: 9376: 9321: 7896: 7744: 7248: 7016: 3880: 3098: 1997:

or the amount of heat needed to raise the temperature from the winter minimum to the summer maximum.

31: 6455:

Fallen Giants: The History of Himalayan Mountaineering from the Age of Empire to the Age of Extremes

2101: 1215:, which stands close to the source of the four main rivers of Himalayas and is revered in Hinduism, 13089: 12296: 12213: 11796: 11509: 10726: 10625: 10590: 10379: 9849: 9688: 8837: 8743: 8507: 7884: 7864: 7838: 7311: 7276: 7021: 2934: 2323: 2119: 1371: 709: 697: 11474: 2058:

is the most characteristic feature of the climate and causes most of the precipitation, while the

1993:, in which more heat is absorbed and retained than the surroundings, and therefore influences the 12948: 12639: 12546: 12218: 11928: 11923: 10224: 10085: 9773: 9089: 8900: 8265: 8250: 8196: 8189: 8078: 8031: 8023: 7983: 7869: 7606: 7228: 7223: 7218: 7168: 7158: 7148: 7080: 7075: 7045: 7011: 3831:

Gaillardet, J.; Métivier, F.; Lemarchand, D.; Dupré, B.; Allègre, C.J.; Li, W.; Zhao, J. (2003).

3200:

Wadia, D. N. (1931). "The syntaxis of the northwest Himalaya: its rocks, tectonics and orogeny".

3103: 2924: 1874:

in Nepal, in the Annapurna massif, is one of the highest lakes in the world. Other lakes include

1130: 4895: 4850: 4776: 12925: 12732: 12321: 12124: 10850: 10840: 10721: 10709: 10669: 10575: 10425: 9598: 9579: 9559: 8500: 8220: 8215: 8083: 7238: 7233: 7178: 7153: 7006: 6970: 6748: 6403: 6172:, Foreword by H.H. The Dali Lama, Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, pp. 343–358, 4529:"Recent Tangible Natural Variability of Monsoonal Orographic Rainfall in the Eastern Himalayas" 4488:"Recent Tangible Natural Variability of Monsoonal Orographic Rainfall in the Eastern Himalayas" 3832: 3497:"Sediment recycling at convergent plate margins (Indo-Burman Ranges and Andaman–Nicobar Ridge)" 2901:

in the Himalayas are found to have medicinal properties, and more are likely to be discovered.

2418: 6533:, English Edition, Madras, Chinmaya Publication Trust, 1960. Translated by T.N. Kesava Pillai. 5178: 5160:

GoN a. "Climate Change Policy, 2011". Ministry of Environment, Government of Nepal, Kathmandu.

3174: 3151: 2603: 1097:

river which rises in Tibet and provides the main overland route between Nepal and China – the

13018: 12882: 12802: 12445: 12341: 11950: 10929: 10904: 10899: 10359: 9902: 9758: 9584: 9398: 8982: 8797: 8738: 8532: 8445: 8366: 8143: 8123: 7533: 7301: 7258: 7253: 7208: 7198: 7188: 7173: 7032: 6991: 6708: 6616: 6432: 5098: 4945: 3133: 2168:

of large mountains can be significant, for example, leading to near desert conditions in the

1692: 1416: 1412: 1400: 1173: 1035: 663: 585: 4568: 2763:

also lay a great deal of importance on the Himalayas. Paro Taktsang is the holy place where

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region, popular for trekking, is found here on the south-western approaches to Everest. The

12892: 11863: 11581: 11045: 10845: 10802: 10704: 10595: 10364: 10181: 9314: 8748: 8723: 8356: 7803: 7729: 7724: 6784: 6334: 6296: 5942:, with Basanta Shrestha and Birendra Bajracharya, Lexington: University Press of Kentucky, 5524: 5453: 5362: 5060: 4727: 4655: 4540: 4499: 4390: 4184: 4129: 4041: 3847: 3718: 3569: 3508: 2745: 2402: 2021: 11281: 5912:

Wester, Philippus; Mishra, Arabinda; Mukherji, Aditi; Shrestha, Arun Bhakta, eds. (2019),

4171:

Rafiq, Mohammd; Romshoo, Shakil Ahmad; Mishra, Anoop Kumar; Jalal, Faizan (January 2019).

1199:

and provides a trade route into China, where on the Tibetan plateau lies the high peak of

8: 12541: 12201: 12138: 12114: 11945: 11806: 11752: 11693: 11664: 11604: 11599: 11293: 11180: 11148: 10855: 10242: 9912: 9451: 8830: 8673: 8460: 7369: 7306: 7296: 7065: 7060: 7050: 7001: 6937: 6932: 6846: 6758: 6578: 5559: 5111: 3986: 3416: 2947: 2695:, Mount Ashtapada of the Himalayan mountain range is a sacred place where the first Jain 2422: 2382: 2189: 2059: 1557: 1510: 1408: 957: 569: 498: 354: 66: 6300: 5528: 5457: 5366: 5288: 5263: 5129:. University of Michigan, Michigan: IFRI Working Paper # W081-6. pp. (pp. 350–367). 5064: 4729:

The Hindu Kush Himalaya Assessment: Mountains, Climate Change, Sustainability and People

4659: 4544: 4503: 4394: 4188: 4133: 4045: 3851: 3722: 3573: 3512: 13049: 12829: 12450: 12413: 12286: 11732: 11654: 11614: 11589: 11437: 11355: 11235: 11195: 11174: 11162: 11091: 11040: 11013: 11005: 10919: 10792: 10787: 10039: 9734: 9486: 9150: 8455: 8450: 8404: 8389: 8245: 8184: 8172: 8133: 7914: 7879: 7814: 7761: 7634: 7461: 7358: 7055: 7040: 6996: 6986: 6728: 6312: 6275: 6223: 6131: 6013: 5914:

The Hindu Kush Himalya Assessment: Mountains, Climate Change, Sustainability and People

5866: 5733: 5706: 5667: 5608: 5540: 5474: 5441: 5301: 5086: 4994: 4921: 4876: 4802: 4751: 4679: 4406: 4208: 4153: 4070: 4029: 3930: 3734: 3593: 2471: 2451: 1981: 1600: 1355: 1066: 370: 5827: 3780: 2222: 1699:, which originates in eastern Tibet and flows south through Myanmar to drain into the 12910: 12529: 12351: 12316: 12177: 12172: 12153: 11962: 11789: 11549: 11449: 11444: 11427: 11417: 11394: 11367: 11362: 11310: 11287: 11185: 11028: 10835: 10830: 10797: 10748: 10697: 10692: 10687: 10199: 10189: 9882: 9739: 9205: 9038: 8718: 8592: 8572: 8522: 8517: 8512: 8111: 8093: 8010: 7843: 7830: 7809: 7794: 7771: 7751: 7496: 7456: 7400: 7070: 6866: 6683: 6515: 6507: 6488: 6473: 6458: 6440: 6415: 6393: 6378: 6364: 6342: 6316: 6279: 6265: 6239: 6199: 6173: 6170:

Bird Migration across the Himalayas Wetland Functioning amidst Mountains and Glaciers

6155: 6082: 6064: 6038: 6017: 6003: 5976: 5953: 5943: 5927: 5917: 5858: 5807: 5787:

Zurick, David; Julsun, Pacheco; Basanta, Raj Shrestha; Birendra, Bajracharya (2006).

5738: 5674: 5645: 5583: 5544: 5479: 5374: 5305: 5293: 5165: 5090: 5026: 4925: 4911: 4880: 4866: 4806: 4792: 4755: 4741: 4683: 4671: 4643: 4623: 4593: 4410: 4354: 4266: 4230: 4212: 4200: 4172: 4157: 4145: 4075: 4057: 4008: 3738: 3597: 3585: 3581: 3524: 3375: 3220: 3180: 3092: 3072: 3007: 3002: 2831: 2718: 2607: 2425:, with highly restricted ranges in the east and west of the Himalayas, respectively. 2030: 2013: 1954: 1463: 1165: 1043: 745: 589: 62: 6566: 6227: 6135: 5413: 5229: 5198: 4726:

Wester, Philippus; Mishra, Arabinda; Mukherji, Aditi; Shrestha, Arun Bhakta (2019).

4141: 3520: 3452: 2752:, also known as Shaligrama because of the presence of the sacred black rocks called 2305:

diminish in the western basins where contribution from the monsoon is low: however,

12991: 12986: 12976: 12905: 12582: 12536: 12479: 12408: 12266: 12160: 12109: 12087: 11940: 11887: 11826: 11389: 11377: 11350: 11136: 11064: 11053: 10825: 10817: 10533: 10521: 10509: 10247: 10237: 10194: 9630: 9408: 9236: 9185: 9069: 8880: 8790: 8783: 8562: 8435: 8423: 8399: 8344: 8273: 8060: 7988: 7766: 7739: 7568: 7560: 7501: 7391: 6886: 6809: 6733: 6450: 6407: 6304: 6257: 6215: 6195: 6147: 6121: 6030: 5995: 5728: 5718: 5532: 5469: 5461: 5370: 5283: 5275: 5241: 5210: 5076: 5068: 5020: 4998: 4984: 4976: 4903: 4858: 4784: 4733: 4663: 4548: 4507: 4398: 4304: 4258: 4192: 4137: 4065: 4049: 3762: 3726: 3577: 3516: 2919: 2915: 2691:

There are many cultural and mythological aspects associated with the Himalayas. In

2578: 2445: 2413:. In the mountainous mixed deciduous and conifer forests of the eastern Himalayas, 2410: 1926: 1887: 1856: 1813: 1792: 1753: 1475: 1459: 1451: 1443: 1392: 1359: 1339: 1275: 1232: 1204: 1161: 1106: 1090: 859: 819: 783: 773: 753: 658:, lies just south of the northernmost bend of the Indus river. Its eastern anchor, 617: 525: 405: 383: 378: 6238:, Routledge Cultural Heritage and Tourism Series, London and New York: Routledge, 6236:

Tourism and Development in the Himalya: Social, Environmental, and Economic Forces

3469: 1505:

into Asia. About 20 mm per year of the India-Asia convergence is absorbed by

12877: 12378: 12366: 12346: 12301: 12251: 12191: 12133: 12094: 12082: 12075: 11984: 11801: 11784: 11759: 11432: 11422: 11345: 11303: 11240: 11225: 11217: 11200: 11190: 11111: 11071: 11022: 10782: 10774: 10714: 10489: 10369: 10232: 10214: 10057: 10047: 9877: 9778: 9683: 9660: 9635: 9393: 9285: 9231: 9190: 9165: 9160: 9128: 9064: 8972: 8951: 8915: 8733: 8602: 8582: 8539: 8409: 8361: 8316: 8005: 7395: 7268: 6718: 6573: 6526: 6308: 5262:

Rublee, Caitlin; Bhatta, Bishnu; Tiwari, Suresh; Pant, Suman (29 November 2023).

4826: 3396: 3365: 2894: 2741: 2621: 2434: 2398: 2394: 2274: 2259: 2200:

winds, keeping them from traveling northwards, and causing heavy rainfall in the

1922: 1852: 1696: 1536:

in the west. In the west, the glaciers joined with the ice stream network in the

1396: 1295: 1244: 1228: 1098: 1039: 1027: 953: 727: 639: 502: 208: 82: 70: 4940: 4907: 4862: 4851:"Status and Change of the Cryosphere in the Extended Hindu Kush Himalaya Region" 4788: 4309: 4292: 844: 833: 13022: 12971: 12870: 12834: 12814: 12797: 12737: 12501: 12393: 12371: 12361: 12356: 12208: 12186: 12070: 12065: 12050: 12045: 11972: 11918: 11870: 11841: 11747: 11737: 11372: 11340: 11315: 11274: 11245: 11230: 10257: 10209: 10052: 9722: 9695: 9640: 9281: 9272: 9195: 8925: 8856: 8806: 8688: 8642: 8597: 8577: 8527: 8480: 8465: 8381: 7719: 7696: 7616: 7601: 7382: 7286: 6799: 6789: 6723: 6678: 5700: 5465: 5051:

Gentle, Popular; Thwaites, Rik; Race, Digby; Alexander, Kim (November 2014). .

4402: 4053: 2986: 2985:

Sovereignty over the range is contested in several places, most notably in the

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massifs and has annual precipitation of around 300 mm (12 in), while

2145: 1968: 1879: 1827: 1765: 1479: 1471: 1420: 1381: 1347: 1315: 1311: 1212: 1200: 731: 651: 593: 490: 347: 6261: 6219: 6034: 5999: 5957: 5536: 5072: 4737: 4667: 4196: 3766: 3695: 3542: 2617: 2556: 1667:

in western Tibet, and flows east through Tibet and west through the plains of

1541: 1004: 207:

Mount Everest and surrounding peaks as seen from the north-northwest over the

13043: 12996: 12865: 12857: 12824: 12561: 12511: 12403: 12398: 12388: 12233: 12196: 12104: 12099: 12001: 11906: 11412: 11325: 11269: 11205: 11106: 11086: 10252: 10062: 9887: 9712: 9700: 9655: 9650: 9290: 9267: 9155: 9105: 9100: 9079: 9028: 8987: 8946: 8652: 8617: 8485: 8052: 7945: 7940: 7756: 7701: 7686: 7471: 7437: 7432: 6927: 6901: 6703: 6693: 6688: 6673: 6668: 6660: 6256:, Environmental Science and Engineering, Cham, Switzerland: Springer Nature, 5862: 5245: 5214: 5141: 4675: 4204: 4061: 3589: 3528: 3435: 3371: 3047: 2965: 2873: 2800: 2796: 2702: 2656: 2251: 2169: 2123: 1972: 1958: 1833:

In recent years, scientists have monitored a notable increase in the rate of

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Mobile Lifeworlds: An Ethnography of Tourism and Pilgrimage in the Himalayas

12900: 12839: 12819: 12809: 12519: 12491: 12241: 11979: 11913: 11882: 11831: 11703: 11632: 11569: 11559: 11076: 10965: 10550: 10457: 10262: 10067: 9935: 9727: 9665: 9645: 9200: 8992: 8811: 8693: 8627: 8587: 8303: 7789: 7781: 7711: 7409: 7404: 7378: 7281: 6876: 6871: 6851: 6763: 6586:

Journalistic project at the Pulitzer Centre for Crisis Reporting (archived)

5742: 5483: 5297: 4149: 4079: 3361: 3172: 2898: 2835: 2722: 2535: 2511: 2463: 2440: 2374: 2367: 2267: 2017: 1962: 1907: 1891: 1871: 1781: 1716: 1625: 1621: 1533: 1506: 1467: 1455: 1447: 1331: 1299: 1243:. The state is also home to the important pilgrimage destinations of Chota 1177: 1169: 1168:

as well as Tibet, before reaching their easterly conclusion in the peak of

1148:. Formerly an independent Kingdom, it lies on the main route from India to 1082: 1020: 659: 655: 647: 621: 581: 27:

Mountain range in Asia, separating Indo-Gangetic plain from Tibetan Plateau

6608: 6151: 5723: 4960:

Miehe, Georg; Miehe, Sabine; Vogel, Jonas; Co, Sonam; Duo, La (May 2007).

4293:"Evaluating high-altitude Ramsar wetlands in the Sikkim Eastern Himalayas" 3020: 3012: 2229: 2112: 1732: 1089:, the capital of Nepal and the largest city in the Himalayas. East of the 12956: 12915: 12846: 12551: 12440: 12383: 12306: 12256: 12143: 12119: 12008: 11846: 11764: 11742: 11718: 11564: 11554: 11404: 11257: 11154: 10924: 10545: 10540: 10095: 9788: 9705: 9361: 9341: 9008: 8930: 8920: 8910: 8890: 8875: 8622: 8044: 7691: 7387: 7373: 6965: 6861: 6830: 6825: 6779: 6713: 6536: 6254:

Sustainable Tourism Development in the Himalya: Constraints and Prospects

4553: 4528: 4512: 4487: 2877:

tree is used to treat coughs and bronchitis. Leaf and stem paste from an

2697: 2611: 2165: 2026: 1994: 1990: 1932: 1895: 1864: 1761: 1700: 1656: 1617: 1612: 1564: 1424: 1388: 1283: 1224: 1196: 870: 577: 549: 315: 86: 74: 7095: 5870: 5846: 3934: 3918: 2036: 12486: 12455: 12276: 12271: 11935: 11896: 11858: 11776: 11649: 11534: 11529: 11261: 11128: 11059: 10100: 9615: 9306: 8905: 8895: 8885: 8853: 8439: 8278: 8255: 7955: 7734: 7647: 7583: 7442: 7422: 7417: 7129: 6896: 6753: 6743: 6698: 6640: 4254:

Himalayan Glaciers: Climate Change, Water Resources, and Water Security

3730: 3709: 2890: 2885: 2847: 2839: 2406: 2310: 2306: 2287: 2205: 2177: 2138: 2094: 1918: 1899: 1800: 1741: 1688: 1680: 1672: 1633: 1629: 1589: 1585: 1490: 1483: 1335: 1236: 1181: 1109:

with four of the world's six highest mountains, including the highest:

1054: 1016: 985: 643: 625: 597: 565: 359: 54: 5973:

Geology of the Himalayan Belt: Deformation, Metamorphism, Stratigraphy

5509: 5507: 5505: 5503: 5501: 5499: 5497: 5495: 5493: 5435: 5433: 5431: 5429: 5427: 5347: 5345: 5343: 5341: 5257: 5255: 5081: 4030:"Accelerated mass loss of Himalayan glaciers since the Little Ice Age" 3641:"Devastating earthquakes are priming the Himalaya for a mega-disaster" 2728:

with their idols studded with precious stones over there and named it

12933: 12592: 12566: 12496: 12474: 12467: 12246: 12023: 11957: 11853: 11676: 11659: 11544: 11539: 11513: 11384: 11298: 11123: 11117: 11034: 10944: 10934: 10914: 10528: 10516: 10504: 10105: 9295: 9123: 9023: 9018: 8678: 8321: 8308: 7965: 7451: 7447: 7327: 6738: 5279: 4989: 4980: 4962:"Highest Treeline in the Northern Hemisphere Found in Southern Tibet" 3677: 3173:

A.P. Dimri; B. Bookhagen; M. Stoffel; T. Yasunari (8 November 2019).

2883:

is used for wounds and as an antidote for snake bites. The bark of a

2879: 2815: 2760: 2753: 2749: 2515: 2414: 2356: 2255: 2193: 2173: 1875: 1804: 1796: 1757: 1749: 1537: 1498: 1486: 1376: 1268: 1264: 1256: 1188: 1180:

mountains. The high mountains to the north of the Tsangpo, including

1156:

pass into Tibet. East of Sikkim lies the ancient Buddhist Kingdom of

1086: 1058: 1047: 997: 992: 568:

ranges, on the north by the Tibetan Plateau, and on the south by the

561: 560:, and China. The Himalayan range is bordered on the northwest by the 518: 325: 202: 58: 6081:(3rd ed.), Cambridge and New York: Cambridge University Press, 4324: 3809: 3494: 2740:. The Himalayas are also considered to be the father of the goddess 12460: 12060: 11996: 11967: 11877: 11836: 11644: 11624: 11504: 10939: 10889: 10884: 10879: 10499: 10164: 9620: 9367: 9355: 9277: 9048: 8698: 8036: 7681: 7652: 7642: 7624: 7413: 7126: 5490: 5424: 5338: 5252: 4949:. Washington, DC: National Council for Science and the Environment. 4642:

Romshoo, Shakil Ahmad; Rafiq, Mohammd; Rashid, Irfan (March 2018).

4262: 4252: 3681: 2804: 2792: 2776: 2764: 2671: 2350: 1808: 1777: 1773: 1494: 1319: 1248: 1220: 1153: 1094: 922: 898: 890: 878: 675: 609: 605: 557: 537: 363: 302: 5931: 4469: 4467: 4465: 4463: 2680:

is a sacred mountain for Hindus located in the Himalayas north of

1663:, as well as other tributaries. The Brahmaputra originates as the 12432: 12165: 12055: 12013: 11901: 11713: 11708: 11637: 11334: 11142: 10909: 10894: 10204: 10090: 9897: 9210: 8647: 8612: 8607: 8557: 8495: 8326: 8298: 8293: 8283: 7960: 7657: 7525: 7427: 4461: 4459: 4457: 4455: 4453: 4451: 4449: 4447: 4445: 4443: 3830: 3176:

Himalayan Weather and Climate and their Impact on the Environment

2784: 2780: 2737: 2733: 2721:, had constructed three stupas and twenty four shrines of the 24 2713: 2692: 2677: 2519: 2507: 2483: 2298: 2196:

regions in the other continents. It also forms a barrier for the

2181: 2064: 2055: 1823: 1704: 1525: 1521: 1514: 1404: 1327: 1216: 1114: 1110: 1078: 1070: 874: 866: 553: 342: 234: 220: 4257:. Washington, D.C.: National Academies Press. 29 November 2012. 2456:

located at 4,900 m (16,080 ft) in Southeastern Tibet.

1819: 980: 12938: 12037: 11991: 11698: 11685: 10949: 10555: 9920: 9625: 9043: 9013: 8668: 8637: 8567: 8470: 7950: 7593: 6944: 6911: 6891: 6794: 6470:

The Himalayan Dilemma: Reconciling Development and Conservation

2859: 2855: 2851: 2827: 2823: 2808: 2768: 2707: 2660: 2625: 2531: 2491: 2378: 2263: 2160: 2148:

during the monsoon season; the valley lies to the south of the

1985: 1785: 1745: 1708: 1660: 1652: 1637: 1351: 1323: 1279: 1260: 1252: 1157: 1145: 1126: 1122: 1118: 849: 629: 541: 250: 224: 212: 133: 78: 4774: 4440: 4430: 4428: 4426: 4424: 4422: 4420: 1176:

river. On the other side of the Tsangpo, to the east, are the

1144:. The eastern side of Kangchenjunga is in the Indian state of 12789: 12684: 12223: 11521: 11505: 10954: 10159: 9925: 9142: 9138: 9115: 9033: 8822: 8288: 7993: 7556: 6881: 6804: 6412:

Himalayas. Growing Mountains, Living Myths, Migrating Peoples

4770: 4768: 4766: 2819: 2788: 2503: 2499: 2495: 2390: 2294: 2233:

Observed glacier mass loss in the HKH since the 20th century.

2201: 1903: 1668: 1428: 1303: 1240: 1149: 1141: 1062: 601: 573: 545: 533: 529: 506: 494: 453: 289: 276: 263: 126: 115: 5911: 5806:(5th ed.). Odyssey Books and Guides. pp. 136–137. 5513: 5264:"Three Climate and Health Lessons from Nepal Ahead of COP28" 5127:

Climate adaptation, local institutions and rural livelihoods

5046: 5044: 5042: 4725: 4699:"Climate shift linked to rise of Himalayas, Tibetan Plateau" 3974:

Shi, Yafeng; Xie, Zizhu; Zheng, Benxing; Li, Qichun (1978).

3674:

Quaternary Glaciation – Extent and Chronology, A Closer Look

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ranges, in the disputed Pakistani-administered territory of

777: 721: 592:, rise in the vicinity of the Himalayas, and their combined 517:

exceeding elevations of 7,200 m (23,600 ft) above

30:

This article is about a mountain range. For other uses, see

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The Digital Himalaya research project at Cambridge and Yale

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10.1659/0276-4741(2003)023[0177:PTITCH]2.0.CO;2

6025:

Frisch, Wolfgang; Meschede, Martin; Blakey, Ronald (2011).

5786: 5192: 5190: 5188: 5050: 4893: 4417: 4173:"Modelling Chorabari Lake outburst flood, Kedarnath, India" 3976:"Distribution, Feature and Variations of Glaciers in China" 3555: 2527: 2523: 2487: 2293:

Future precipitation is projected to increase as well, but

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The Himalayas have a profound effect on the climate of the

1073:, is the lowest point on the ridgeline between Everest and 805: 465: 459: 435: 429: 420: 330: 5847:"Lacunae in the Study of the History of Bhutan and Sikkim" 4763: 4005:

The Future of the World's Climate: A Modelling Perspective

2736:, the king of all mountains and the father of the goddess 2082:

with dry winters. Higher up, most of the Himalayas have a

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Bishop, Barry C.; Chatterjee, Shiba P. (14 August 2023).

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At high altitudes, the elusive and previously endangered

2041: 1184:, however, are also sometimes included in the Himalayas. 462: 444: 414: 6548:

Seismicity of the Earth 1900–2010: Himalaya and Vicinity

6392:, 1990. Berkeley, University of California Press, 1990. 6027:

Plate Tectonics: Continental Drift and Mountain Building

5185: 4887: 4841: 4170: 4027: 1863:

The Himalayan region is dotted with hundreds of lakes.

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Despite their scale, the Himalayas do not form a major

1074: 6063:, Cambridge and New York: Cambridge University Press, 5261: 4721: 4719: 4376: 4374: 4372: 4118: 1695:, sometimes included in the Himalayas, drain into the 1050:

are generally considered separate from the Himalayas.

767: 761: 6356:, 2nd rev. ed., Delhi, Oxford University Press, 1997. 5025:. The Encyclopaedia Iranica Foundation. p. 312. 4229:. People's Daily Online. 24 July 2007. Archived from 2449:. The highest known tree species in the Himalayas is 2012:

A critical influence on the Himalayan climate is the

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into mountain ranges rather than subducting into the

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Resource Information Database of the Indian Himalaya

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Nyaupane, Gyan P.; Timothy, Dallen J., eds. (2022),

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Das, Suraj; Mishra, Anindya Jayanta (1 March 2023).

5012: 3543:"Geologists Find: An Earth Plate Is Breaking in Two" 1136:

In the far east of Nepal, the Himalayas rise to the

456: 426: 6483:Lall, J.S. (ed.) in association with Moddie, A.D., 5801: 4822:"A third of Himalayan ice cap doomed, finds report" 4716: 4369: 4286: 4284: 4282: 3090: 2732:. For the Hindus, the Himalayas are personified as 2711:. It is believed that after Rishabhanatha attained 2172:, which is sheltered from the monsoon rains by the 1302:, the most easterly of the five tributaries of the 944:In western literature, some writers refer to it as 450: 447: 441: 423: 417: 411: 5666: 4641: 3916: 3781:"Himalayas - Rivers, Glaciers, Peaks | Britannica" 3225:. Cambridge Scholars Publishing. pp. 143–159. 3091: 2409:is found sporadically across the range, as is the 2270:, some of which may be prone to dangerous floods. 1517:active, leading to earthquakes from time to time. 1172:, situated in Tibet, inside the great bend of the 1042:, which is the highest and central range; and the 6390:Sherpas: Reflections on Change in Himalayan Nepal 4959: 4819: 4094:"Vanishing Himalayan Glaciers Threaten a Billion" 4003:Henderson-Sellers, Ann; McGuffie, Kendal (2012). 3166: 3071:, University Press of Kentucky, p. 8,11,12, 2889:is used for skin ailments. Nearly a fifth of the 2067:, autumn, (or post-monsoon), winter, and spring. 1752:(10 kg) of fresh water. Its glaciers include the 865:The name of the range is sometimes also given as 662:, lies immediately west of the great bend of the 13041: 6550:. Denver, United States Geological Survey, 2013. 5642:Healing Traditions of the Northwestern Himalayas 4847: 4279: 3433: 3140: 1870:South of the main range, the lakes are smaller. 1458:, the existence of which has been determined by 1439:were also formed as a result of this collision. 1227:, the Himalayas are regionally divided into the 10446:Nanda Devi and Valley of Flowers National Parks 6354:Hindus of the Himalayas: Ethnography and Change 6233: 6205: 6194:(3), Royal Anthropological Institute: 721–738, 5351: 5018: 3222:Contemporary Studies in Environment and Tourism 1278:, is noted for its hill stations, particularly 869:in older writings, including the Sanskrit epic 6514:. Published by Tapovan Kuti Prakashan (2001). 6429:, Gurgaon, Indian Documentation Service, 1981. 6323: 6188:Journal of the Royal Anthropological Institute 6120:(2), International Mountain Society: 177–184, 6061:The Asian Monsoon: Causes, History and Effects 4939:Hogan, C. Michael (2010). Monosson, E. (ed.). 4527:Kad, Pratik; Ha, Kyung-Ja (27 November 2023). 4486:Kad, Pratik; Ha, Kyung-Ja (27 November 2023). 3917:Kulkarni, Anil V.; Karyakarte, Yogesh (2014). 3212: 2514:hotspots, and 353 new species (242 plants, 16 1354:tract, extend into the Pakistani provinces of 702: 690: 678: 89:; and the two anchors of the range (in yellow) 11490: 10981: 10004:Upper Gangetic Plains moist deciduous forests 9322: 8838: 7541: 7343: 7111: 6624: 6600: 5937: 5124: 4617: 4473: 4434: 3973: 3066: 1679:through the world's largest river delta, the 1342:. Some portion of the Himalayas, such as the 963: 813: 787: 10995: 6167: 5664: 5644:. Springer Briefs in Environmental Science. 4622:, University Press of Kentucky, p. 52, 4533:Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres 4492:Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres 3666: 3664: 3662: 3360: 3084: 3052:. Encyclopaedia Britannica. 14 August 2023. 9968:Western Himalayan subalpine conifer forests 8661: 6638: 6498:Nandy, S.N., Dhyani, P.P. and Samal, P.K., 5970: 5640:Gupta, Pankaj; Sharma, Vijay Kumar (2014). 5639: 5321: 5319: 5317: 5315: 4380: 4290: 2862:are also dotted with numerous monasteries. 2795:. A notable example of a religious site is 2542: 2250:There is less conclusive evidence of light 1294:in India. This area marks the start of the 926: 902: 735: 432: 11497: 11483: 10988: 10974: 9963:Western Himalayan alpine shrub and meadows 9329: 9315: 8845: 8831: 7548: 7534: 7350: 7336: 7118: 7104: 6631: 6617: 6058: 5851:Proceedings of the Indian History Congress 3953:Fourth assessment report on climate change 3873: 3444: 3421:A Week on the Concord and Merrimack Rivers 1913:Some of the lakes present the danger of a 1791:Owing to the mountains' latitude near the 1290:, the centre of the Tibetan community and 948:. This was also previously transcribed as 799: 797: 713:'dwelling/house'). They are now known as " 7125: 6414:, New York, Oxford: Facts On File, 1987. 6125: 6105: 5732: 5722: 5711:Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine 5473: 5439: 5408: 5406: 5404: 5287: 5080: 4988: 4552: 4511: 4308: 4069: 3745: 3706: 3700: 3670: 3659: 2846:in Tibet, including the residence of the 1671:. The Ganges and the Brahmaputra meet in 717:", usually shortened to "the Himalayas". 509:'s highest peaks, including the highest, 9336: 8983:Mahabharat Range (Lower Himalayan Range) 6487:. Delhi, Oxford University Press, 1981. 6439:, London, Hodder & Stoughton, 1956. 6059:Clift, Peter D.; Plumb, R. Alan (2008), 5795: 5402: 5400: 5398: 5396: 5394: 5392: 5390: 5388: 5386: 5384: 5312: 3941: 3919:"Observed changes in Himalayan Glaciers" 3450: 2818:sites are situated in the Himalayas, in 2616: 2602: 2572: 2555: 2458: 2247:has increased by 4.25 days per decade. 2228: 2035: 1967: 1910:, near the Indo-China border in Sikkim. 1851: 1818: 1731: 1375: 1026:The Himalayas consists of four parallel 1011: 1003: 991: 979: 9994:Himalayan subtropical broadleaf forests 5938:Zurick, David; Pacheco, Julsun (2006), 5227: 5196: 5155: 5153: 5139: 4618:Zurick, David; Pocheco, Julsun (2006), 3470:"The Himalayas: Two continents collide" 3464: 3462: 3415: 3067:Zurick, David; Pocheco, Julsun (2006), 2568: 14: 13042: 7357: 6472:. London / New York, Routledge, 1989. 6141: 5994:. Cham, Switzerland: Springer Nature. 5989: 5755: 5696: 5694: 5692: 5690: 4696: 3824: 3806:"Sunderbans the world's largest delta" 3798: 3218: 2126:; the region lies to the north of the 1524:, there was a connected ice stream of 552:. The sovereignty of the range in the 211:. Four eight-thousanders can be seen, 11478: 10969: 9310: 8826: 7529: 7331: 7099: 6612: 6599: 6590:Biological diversity in the Himalayas 6512:Himalaya: Through the Lens of a Sadhu 6111: 6076: 5844: 5782: 5780: 5778: 5635: 5633: 5631: 5381: 5325: 4938: 4820:Damian Carrington (4 February 2019). 4526: 4485: 3912: 3910: 3908: 3906: 3904: 3902: 3751: 3395: 3199: 3001: 1647:The other Himalayan rivers drain the 674:The name of the range hails from the 604:. Many Himalayan peaks are sacred in 7508: 6251: 5575: 5203:Anthrovision. Vaneasa Online Journal 5150: 4703:University of Wisconsin–Madison News 4569:"Weather & Season Info of Nepal" 4227:"Glaciers melting at alarming speed" 3459: 3134:participating institution membership 2280:Representative Concentration Pathway 1984:of the mountain, i.e. the amount of 1607:The western rivers combine into the 1395:. According to the modern theory of 1160:. The highest mountain in Bhutan is 984:Map of the Himalayas (including the 9989:Western Himalayan broadleaf forests 6543:, Cambridge University Press, 1948. 6468:Ives, Jack D. and Messerli, Bruno, 6185: 5687: 5669:Dictionary of Hindu Lore and Legend 5565:. BMP No. 12, Fire Lines and Lanes. 3861:from the original on 9 October 2022 3545:. Columbia University. 7 July 1995. 3451:Pletcher, Kenneth (13 March 2009). 2598: 636:—are off-limits to climbers. 24: 9973:Himalayan subtropical pine forests 7555: 6567:Geology of the Himalayan mountains 6328: 5975:. Amsterdam and Boston: Elsevier. 5940:Illustrated Atlas of the Himalayas 5884:"Himalayan Forests Disappearing". 5828:"Tibetan monks: A controlled life" 5804:Bhutan Himalayan Mountains Kingdom 5775: 5628: 4900:The Hindu Kush Himalaya Assessment 4896:"Water in the Hindu Kush Himalaya" 4855:The Hindu Kush Himalaya Assessment 4781:The Hindu Kush Himalaya Assessment 3899: 3146: 2930:List of Himalayan peaks and passes 2663:, also known as the "Tiger's Nest" 972:List of Himalayan peaks and passes 138:8,848.86 m (29,031.7 ft) 25: 13101: 10698:Dehradun–Haridwar–Rishikesh Metro 9999:Terai–Duar savanna and grasslands 9804:United Provinces of Agra and Oudh 9799:United Provinces of Agra and Oudh 6554: 6252:Pati, Vishwambhar Prasad (2020), 6114:Mountain Research and Development 5789:Illustrated Atlas of the Himalaya 5756:Cantor, Kimberly (14 July 2016). 5701:Jahangeer A. Bhat; Munesh Kumar; 5612:. 11 January 2012. Archived from 5579:Faith & Philosophy of Jainism 5159: 4969:Mountain Research and Development 4620:Illustrated Atlas of the Himalaya 4383:Wetlands Ecology & Management 4348: 3881:"The Himalayas – Himalayas Facts" 3341:www.sanskrit-lexicon.uni-koeln.de 3316:www.sanskrit-lexicon.uni-koeln.de 3291:www.sanskrit-lexicon.uni-koeln.de 3266:www.sanskrit-lexicon.uni-koeln.de 3241:www.sanskrit-lexicon.uni-koeln.de 3069:Illustrated Atlas of the Himalaya 2589: 2560:View of Ghandruk village in Nepal 2551: 2215: 1399:, its formation is a result of a 1274:The next Himalayan Indian state, 1235:Himalayas with the high peaks of 1191:, the largest lake in Nepal. The 13055:Mountain ranges of the Himalayas 13010: 13009: 12337:West South Central United States 11461: 11460: 10465:Monuments of National Importance 7507: 7495: 7484: 7483: 7470: 6363:, Vajra Books, Kathmandu, 2019. 6341:, Delhi, Permanent Black, 2003. 6200:10.1111/j.1467-9655.2007.00452.x 5916:, Springer Open, ICIMOD, HIMAP, 5758:"Paro, Bhutan: The Tiger's Nest" 5197:Devkota, Fidel (1 August 2013). 4122:Science of the Total Environment 3619:"Plate Tectonics -The Himalayas" 3582:10.1111/j.1440-1738.2005.00499.x 3179:. Springer Nature. p. 380. 3018: 'snow, frost' and 2871:example, a bark extract from an 2670: 2648: 2470:This section is an excerpt from 2349: 2332: 2221:This section is an excerpt from 2137: 2111: 2020:create large differences in the 2004: 1578: 1556: 1081:and across the border in Tibet, 556:region is disputed among India, 404: 308: 295: 282: 269: 256: 243: 201: 119: 108: 47: 12557:Latin America and the Caribbean 12423:Latin America and the Caribbean 10480:Tourist attractions in Dehradun 6485:The Himalaya, Aspects of Change 6457:. Yale University Press, 2008. 5877: 5838: 5820: 5749: 5658: 5596: 5569: 5557: 5551: 5221: 5133: 5118: 4953: 4932: 4813: 4690: 4635: 4611: 4586: 4561: 4520: 4479: 4342: 4331: 4317: 4297:Global Ecology and Conservation 4245: 4219: 4164: 4142:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.136455 4112: 4086: 4021: 3996: 3967: 3773: 3688: 3633: 3611: 3549: 3535: 3521:10.1016/j.earscirev.2013.04.008 3488: 3427: 3409: 3402:The Himmaleh was known to stoop 3389: 3367:Hinduism: An Alphabetical Guide 3354: 3329: 3304: 3279: 3254: 3229: 2961:List of Ultras of the Himalayas 2826:, and in the Indian regions of 1961:bottlenecks and rushes up past 1640:rivers, the five rivers of the 1251:, the source of the holy river 1152:, Tibet, which passes over the 720:The mountains are known as the 612:. The summits of several— 53:The arc of the Himalayas (also 10737:Institutes of higher education 8852: 6422:and New Delhi: Bookwise, 1987. 6289:Journal of Sustainable Tourism 6142:Howard, Christopher A (2016), 5125:Agrawal, A; Perrin, N (2008). 4007:. Elsevier. pp. 199–201. 3840:Geophysical Research Abstracts 3193: 3127:dwelling, abode) + -an suffix) 3060: 3040: 2992: 2979: 2084:subtropical highland climate ( 1948: 854: 842: 831: 13: 1: 9769:Ceded and Conquered Provinces 9477:Provincial Armed Constabulary 6907:Protected areas in Tamil Nadu 6427:Bibliography of the Himalayas 5673:. National Geographic Books. 3152:"Himalayas (mountains, Asia)" 3033: 2482:forests are predominant with 2381:or Himalayan blue sheep. The 2072:Köppen climate classification 1848:List of Alpine lakes in India 1093:lies the valley of the Bhote/ 1085:. To the south of these lies 190:2,400 km (1,500 mi) 12019:Middle East and North Africa 11724:Middle East and North Africa 10404:Parliamentary constituencies 10340:Community Development Blocks 9836:Bifurcation of Uttar Pradesh 8957:Sino-Nepal Friendship Bridge 7999:Inner Terai Valleys of Nepal 7849:Back to the Village campaign 7820:Nepal–Britain Treaty of 1923 7317:North Himalayan Normal Fault 6584:South Asia's Troubled Waters 6309:10.1080/09669582.2011.638383 6095: 6079:Mountain Weather and Climate 6052: 5990:Davies, Geoffrey F. (2022). 5964: 5802:Pommaret, Francoise (2006). 5375:10.1016/0006-3207(94)90547-9 4697:Devitt, Terry (3 May 2001). 3808:. gits4u.com. Archived from 3202:Record Geol. Survey of India 2865: 2639: 2472:Hindu Kush § Flora and fauna 2401:. The critically endangered 1884:Shey Phoksundo National Park 1547: 1282:, the summer capital of the 1008:Aerial view of the Himalayas 572:. Some of the world's major 524:The Himalayas abut or cross 505:. The range has some of the 7: 9472:Fire and Emergency Services 8926:Sunkoshi or Matsang Tsangpo 8377:South Asian Free Trade Area 6961:Andaman and Nicobar Islands 6531:Wanderings in the Himalayas 6324:Mountaineering and Trekking 5971:Chakrabarti, B. K. (2016). 5791:. Lexington: U of Kentucky. 5665:Dallapiccola, Anna (2002). 5517:Journal of Mountain Science 4908:10.1007/978-3-319-92288-1_8 4863:10.1007/978-3-319-92288-1_7 4789:10.1007/978-3-319-92288-1_3 4648:Journal of Mountain Science 4351:"Highest Lake in the World" 4310:10.1016/j.gecco.2019.e00715 4177:Journal of Mountain Science 3049:Himalayas (mountains, Asia) 3021: 3013: 2908: 2290:by the end of the century. 2223:Hindu Kush § Climate change 2130:(visible in the background) 1915:glacial lake outburst flood 1727: 1433:Andaman and Nicobar Islands 1318:with the town and lakes of 778: 722: 703: 691: 679: 10: 13106: 12312:Northeastern United States 11169:Nyenchen Tanglha Mountains 9093:Autonomous Region of China 8491:Nepal Academy of Fine Arts 6100: 5905: 5900: 5466:10.1007/s13280-022-01810-3 4594:"Climate of the Himalayas" 4403:10.1007/s11273-020-09710-7 4325:"Photograph of Tsho Rolpa" 4054:10.1038/s41598-021-03805-8 3455:. Encyclopedia Britannica. 3440:. Encyclopedia Britannica. 3154:. Encyclopaedia Britannica 2940:List of mountains in India 2469: 2321: 2317: 2220: 1943: 1845: 1651:. Its main rivers are the 1369: 1365: 1310:where lie the mountainous 1259:, the source of the river 1207:from this lies the sacred 1103:China National Highway 318 969: 964:Geography and key features 29: 13005: 12947: 12924: 12891: 12855: 12788: 12682: 12590: 12581: 12510: 12431: 12232: 12036: 11817: 11775: 11684: 11675: 11623: 11580: 11520: 11458: 11403: 11324: 11256: 11216: 11085: 11012: 11003: 10868: 10816: 10773: 10764: 10754:Uttarakhand Gaurav Samman 10668: 10613: 10564: 10488: 10470:State Protected Monuments 10433: 10424: 10352: 10327: 10294: 10283: 10223: 10180: 10173: 10152: 10145: 10114: 10076: 10038: 10027: 10020: 9981: 9955: 9948: 9911: 9870: 9861: 9848: 9821: 9787: 9757: 9748: 9674: 9606: 9597: 9552: 9519: 9509:Provincial Forest Service 9504:Provincial Police Service 9494:Public Service Commission 9417: 9384: 9375: 9348: 9260: 9219: 9178: 9137: 9114: 9088: 9078: 9057: 9001: 8965: 8939: 8863: 8777: 8711: 8548: 8431: 8422: 8352: 8343: 8264: 8231: 8119: 8110: 8069: 8022: 7976: 7926: 7922: 7913: 7857: 7828: 7780: 7710: 7670: 7633: 7615: 7592: 7576: 7567: 7479: 7468: 7365: 7267: 7136: 7030: 6979: 6953: 6920: 6839: 6818: 6772: 6647: 6606: 6601:Links to related articles 6377:, the IMAX movie (1998). 6339:Footloose in the Himalaya 6262:10.1007/978-3-030-58854-0 6220:10.1080/14616680802643359 6035:10.1007/978-3-540-76504-2 6000:10.1007/978-3-030-91359-5 5582:. Gyan Publishing House. 5576:Jain, Arun Kumar (2009). 5537:10.1007/s11629-019-5616-3 5073:10.1007/s11069-014-1218-0 4738:10.1007/978-3-319-92288-1 4668:10.1007/s11629-017-4566-x 4474:Zurick & Pacheco 2006 4435:Zurick & Pacheco 2006 4197:10.1007/s11629-018-4972-8 3767:10.1007/s10708-005-2338-6 3099:Oxford English Dictionary 3026: 'dwelling, abode'), 2080:Humid subtropical climate 1691:and the peaks beyond the 1501:from this ancient ocean. 1030:from south to north: the 814: 798: 788: 768: 766:) or 'The Land of Snow' ( 762: 736: 708: 696: 684: 369: 353: 341: 336: 324: 233: 199: 194: 186: 181: 142: 132: 99: 94: 46: 41: 32:Himalaya (disambiguation) 13060:Mountain ranges of China 12798:Antarctic/Southern Ocean 11797:Transantarctic Mountains 10997:Mountain ranges of China 9544:Leader of the Opposition 9499:Provincial Civil Service 7312:South Tibetan Detachment 7277:Geology of the Himalayas 7137:Notable Himalayan quakes 6504:, Almora, GBPIHED, 2006. 6352:Berreman, Gerald Duane, 6029:. Heidelberg: Springer. 5418:climateactiontracker.org 5246:10.4000/anthrovision.589 5215:10.4000/anthrovision.589 5019:Ehsan Yarshater (2003). 3949:"the Himalayan Glaciers" 3621:. The Geological Society 2972: 2935:List of Himalayan topics 2842:. There were over 6,000 2803:is said to have founded 2543:Climate-related concerns 2324:Ecology of the Himalayas 2048: 1841: 1649:Ganges-Brahmaputra Basin 1372:Geology of the Himalayas 616:(from the Indian side), 493:in Asia, separating the 13085:Physiographic divisions 13080:Landforms of South Asia 13070:Geography of South Asia 12547:Caribbean South America 10392:Assembly constituencies 9774:North-Western Provinces 9467:Disaster Response Force 8940:Dams, barrages, bridges 8149:Chief of the Army Staff 7607:Maya (mother of Buddha) 6546:Turner, Bethan, et al. 6410:, Olschak, Blanche C., 6361:Tales from the Himalaya 6146:, New York: Routledge, 6077:Barry, Roger E (2008), 5355:Biological Conservation 5228:Devkota, Fidel (2013). 4598:Encyclopedia Britannica 4291:O'Neill, A. R. (2019). 3983:World Glacier Inventory 3104:Oxford University Press 2925:Indian Himalayan Region 2610:in the Indian state of 1736:South Annapurna Glacier 1722:circum-Himalayan rivers 1687:The northern slopes of 1511:Himalaya southern front 1223:, Sufism and Bonpo. In 689:'abode of snow'), from 669: 13075:Landforms of East Asia 13065:Geography of East Asia 12322:Southern United States 12125:Scandinavian Peninsula 10744:Awards and decorations 10732:School Education Board 10317:Municipal Corporations 9626:Khasa Janapada kingdom 8476:International rankings 6971:Atolls of the Maldives 6749:Chittagong Hill Tracts 6106:Pilgrimage and Tourism 5560:"Fire Lines and Lanes" 2628: 2614: 2582: 2561: 2466: 2273:In the future, if the 2234: 2045: 1976: 1860: 1830: 1737: 1384: 1105:. Further east is the 1023: 1009: 1001: 1000:range of the Himalayas 989: 715:the Himalaya Mountains 521:lie in the Himalayas. 12803:Antarctic Convergence 12342:Western United States 10397:Former constituencies 10375:2016 political crisis 10360:Coolie-Begar movement 8966:Geographical features 8161:Provincial assemblies 7858:Multi-party democracy 7302:Main Himalayan Thrust 6592:Encyclopedia of Earth 6579:Birth of the Himalaya 6453:and Weaver, Stewart, 6152:10.4324/9781315622026 5845:Mehra, P. L. (1960). 5724:10.1186/1746-4269-9-1 4946:Encyclopedia of Earth 3684:BV. pp. 943–965. 3501:Earth-Science Reviews 2620: 2606: 2576: 2559: 2462: 2232: 2039: 1971: 1855: 1822: 1735: 1665:Yarlung Tsangpo River 1417:Indo-Australian Plate 1413:Main Himalayan Thrust 1401:continental collision 1379: 1263:, and the temples at 1036:Lower Himalayan Range 1015: 1007: 995: 983: 664:Yarlung Tsangpo River 648:Indian tectonic plate 11864:Greater Central Asia 11046:Tarbagatai Mountains 10638:Association football 10631:Women's cricket team 9831:Rampur Tiraha firing 9527:Legislative Assembly 9435:Council of Ministers 9365:(summer); judicial: 9002:Important localities 8256:Rural Municipalities 8211:Council of Ministers 8129:Constituent Assembly 7804:Treaty of Thapathali 7725:Prithvi Narayan Shah 7164:1833 Kathmandu–Bihar 6572:16 June 2010 at the 5886:Earth Island Journal 5604:"To heaven and back" 5143:Climate Risk Dataset 5022:Encyclopædia Iranica 4902:. pp. 257–299. 4857:. pp. 209–255. 4554:10.1029/2023JD038759 4513:10.1029/2023JD038759 3417:Thoreau, Henry David 2880:Andrachne cordifolia 2569:Agricultural impacts 2022:atmospheric pressure 1921:glacier lake in the 1326:. The twin peaks of 13015:Continents of Earth 12542:Brazilian Highlands 11946:Indian subcontinent 11807:Antarctic Peninsula 11605:Southern Hemisphere 11600:Northern Hemisphere 11294:Zhongtiao Mountains 11181:Gaoligong Mountains 11149:Bayan Har Mountains 10643:Men's football team 10441:World Heritage Site 10409:Rajya Sabha members 7370:Atmospheric science 7307:Main Central Thrust 7297:Main Frontal Thrust 6847:Indo-Gangetic plain 6780:Balochistan Plateau 6541:Mount Everest, 1938 6301:2012JSusT..20..757S 6208:Tourism Geographies 5529:2020JMouS..17.1462D 5458:2023Ambio..52..534D 5367:1994BCons..68...63O 5065:2014NatHa..74..815G 4660:2018JMouS..15..563R 4545:2023JGRD..12838759K 4504:2023JGRD..12838759K 4395:2020WetEM..28..375O 4189:2019JMouS..16...64R 4134:2020ScTEn.71436455K 4046:2021NatSR..1124284L 3852:2003EAEJA....13617G 3723:1987GeoJo..14..393M 3574:2005IsArc..14..297S 3513:2013ESRv..123..113G 3102:(Online ed.). 3003:[ɦɪmaːlɐjɐ] 2423:Kashmir gray langur 2419:Gee's golden langur 2383:Himalayan musk deer 2190:Indian subcontinent 2102:cold desert climate 2060:western disturbance 1675:and drain into the 1409:convergent boundary 1292:government in exile 1065:, separated by the 958:Henry David Thoreau 839:traditional Chinese 570:Indo-Gangetic Plain 499:Indian subcontinent 162: / 67:Indo-Gangetic Plain 12830:Great Barrier Reef 12451:Mainland Australia 11615:Western Hemisphere 11590:Eastern Hemisphere 11466:Landforms of China 11438:Yuecheng Mountains 11356:Jingshan Mountains 11236:Changbai Mountains 11196:Qionglai Mountains 11175:Hengduan Mountains 11163:Tanggula Mountains 11041:Borohoro Mountains 11006:Geography of China 10626:Men's cricket team 10581:Govind Pashu Vihar 10365:Statehood movement 10312:Urban Local Bodies 9735:Anglo-Nepalese War 9616:Uttarakuru kingdom 9227:Friendship Highway 9196:Nepal Bhasa/Newari 9151:Darbhanga division 8729:Capital punishment 8395:Telecommunications 8011:Siliguri Corridor 7891:2015 earthquake - 7462:Quaternary science 7359:Physical geography 7204:1988 Myanmar-India 6759:Gandhamardan Hills 6729:Sulaiman Mountains 6425:Gupta, Raj Kumar, 6388:Fisher, James F., 6359:Edmundson, Henry, 5705:(2 January 2013). 5703:Rainer W. Bussmann 5609:The Times of India 4783:. pp. 57–97. 4233:on 11 October 2017 4034:Scientific Reports 3937:– via JSTOR. 3887:. 11 February 2011 3854:. Abstract 13617. 3785:www.britannica.com 3731:10.1007/BF02602717 3453:"Kumaun Himalayas" 3337:"WIL Cologne Scan" 3312:"BEN Cologne Scan" 3287:"WIL Cologne Scan" 2886:Callicarpa arborea 2816:Vajrayana Buddhist 2629: 2615: 2583: 2562: 2467: 2452:Juniperus tibetica 2405:subspecies of the 2235: 2046: 1977: 1880:She-Phoksundo Lake 1878:in western Nepal, 1861: 1831: 1738: 1601:continental divide 1563:Confluence of the 1385: 1356:Khyber Pakhtunkhwa 1067:Kali Gandaki Gorge 1046:on the north. The 1034:on the south; the 1024: 1010: 1002: 990: 828:simplified Chinese 810:Himaloy Parvatmala 701:'frost/cold') and 287: 113: 95:Highest point 13037: 13036: 13031: 13030: 12911:Mediterranean Rim 12784: 12783: 12723:Mediterranean Sea 12577: 12576: 12530:Amazon Rainforest 12352:Canadian Prairies 12317:Pacific Northwest 12178:Iberian Peninsula 12154:Italian Peninsula 11963:Arabian Peninsula 11790:Antarctic Plateau 11550:Three/Four Worlds 11472: 11471: 11450:Western Mountains 11445:Longmen Mountains 11428:Nanling Mountains 11418:Daliang Mountains 11395:Xuefeng Mountains 11368:Jiuling Mountains 11363:Luoxiao Mountains 11311:Yandang Mountains 11288:Taihang Mountains 11282:Lüliang Mountains 11186:Yunling Mountains 11029:Dzungarian Alatau 10963: 10962: 10864: 10863: 10808:Udham Singh Nagar 10749:Uttarakhand Ratna 10693:Char Dham Railway 10688:Char Dham Highway 10609: 10608: 10601:Valley of Flowers 10414:Lok Sabha members 10348: 10347: 10279: 10278: 10275: 10274: 10271: 10270: 10141: 10140: 10016: 10015: 10012: 10011: 9944: 9943: 9883:Garhwal Himalayas 9844: 9843: 9817: 9816: 9740:Treaty of Sugauli 9593: 9592: 9487:Police Department 9482:Forest Department 9304: 9303: 9179:Languages/ people 9174: 9173: 8820: 8819: 8773: 8772: 8769: 8768: 8761:Human trafficking 8707: 8706: 8418: 8417: 8339: 8338: 8335: 8334: 8168:Political parties 8139:Foreign relations 8106: 8105: 8102: 8101: 7909: 7908: 7905: 7904: 7810:Lamjang and Kaski 7795:Jung Bahadur Rana 7772:Treaty of Sugauli 7666: 7665: 7523: 7522: 7457:Landscape ecology 7401:Coastal geography 7325: 7324: 7093: 7092: 6867:Indus River Delta 6508:Swami Sundaranand 6463:978-0-300-11501-7 6451:Isserman, Maurice 6437:Ascent of Everest 6408:Gruschke, Andreas 6369:978-9937-9330-3-2 6271:978-3-030-58853-3 6179:978-1-107-11471-5 6088:978-0-521-86295-0 6070:978-0-521-84799-5 6044:978-3-540-76503-5 6009:978-3-030-91358-8 5982:978-0-12-802021-0 5923:978-3-319-92287-4 5813:978-962-217-810-6 5680:978-0-500-51088-9 5651:978-81-322-1925-5 5589:978-81-7835-723-2 5173:Missing or empty 5032:978-0-933273-76-4 4917:978-3-319-92287-4 4872:978-3-319-92287-4 4798:978-3-319-92287-4 4747:978-3-319-92288-1 4476:, pp. 50–51. 4357:on 18 August 2012 4272:978-0-309-26098-5 4014:978-0-12-386917-3 3992:on 24 April 2013. 3812:on 3 January 2015 3647:. 17 January 2019 3262:"MW Cologne Scan" 3237:"MW Cologne Scan" 3186:978-3-030-29684-1 3132:(Subscription or 2832:Arunachal Pradesh 2608:Garhwal Himalayas 2144:A village in the 2031:orographic effect 2014:Southwest Monsoon 1955:Southwest monsoon 1464:continental crust 1460:sedimentary rocks 1314:and the renowned 1308:Jammu and Kashmir 1166:Arunachal Pradesh 1044:Tibetan Himalayas 936:lord of mountains 815:হিমালয় পর্বতমালা 392: 391: 166:27.983°N 86.917°E 63:eight-thousanders 16:(Redirected from 13097: 13013: 13012: 12992:Global Southwest 12987:Global Southeast 12977:Global Northwest 12972:Global Northeast 12962:Global Heartland 12906:Indian Ocean Rim 12588: 12587: 12480:Island Melanesia 12166:Balkan Peninsula 11941:Himalayan states 11888:Russian Far East 11682: 11681: 11610:Water Hemisphere 11499: 11492: 11485: 11476: 11475: 11464: 11463: 11390:Wuling Mountains 11378:Wugong Mountains 11351:Wudang Mountains 11137:Kunlun Mountains 11077:Liupan Mountains 11065:Qilian Mountains 11054:Kunlun Mountains 10990: 10983: 10976: 10967: 10966: 10771: 10770: 10534:Kedarnath Temple 10522:Badrinath Temple 10510:Yamunotri Temple 10431: 10430: 10292: 10291: 10178: 10177: 10150: 10149: 10133:Scheduled Tribes 10128:Scheduled Castes 10120:Scheduled Tribes 10116:Scheduled Castes 10036: 10035: 10025: 10024: 9953: 9952: 9868: 9867: 9859: 9858: 9809:United Provinces 9755: 9754: 9631:Himalaya kingdom 9604: 9603: 9382: 9381: 9331: 9324: 9317: 9308: 9307: 9237:Mahendra Highway 9186:Standard Tibetan 9086: 9085: 9082:districts/ areas 9070:2008 Bihar flood 8847: 8840: 8833: 8824: 8823: 8800: 8793: 8786: 8659: 8658: 8546: 8545: 8429: 8428: 8385: 8350: 8349: 8312: 8229: 8228: 8204: 8117: 8116: 8056: 8048: 8040: 8014: 8013:(Chicken's Neck) 7989:Kathmandu Valley 7924: 7923: 7920: 7919: 7875:2005 coup d'état 7844:Panchayat system 7767:Balbhadra Kunwar 7740:Kingdom of Nepal 7708: 7707: 7590: 7589: 7574: 7573: 7550: 7543: 7536: 7527: 7526: 7511: 7510: 7499: 7487: 7486: 7474: 7392:Paleoclimatology 7352: 7345: 7338: 7329: 7328: 7244:April 2015 Nepal 7194:1950 Assam–Tibet 7120: 7113: 7106: 7097: 7096: 6887:Coromandel Coast 6810:Pothohar Plateau 6734:Toba Kakar Range 6663: 6633: 6626: 6619: 6610: 6609: 6597: 6596: 6404:Gansser, Augusto 6319: 6282: 6248: 6230: 6202: 6182: 6164: 6138: 6129: 6091: 6073: 6048: 6021: 5986: 5960: 5934: 5894: 5893: 5881: 5875: 5874: 5842: 5836: 5835: 5834:. 20 March 2008. 5824: 5818: 5817: 5799: 5793: 5792: 5784: 5773: 5772: 5770: 5768: 5753: 5747: 5746: 5736: 5726: 5698: 5685: 5684: 5672: 5662: 5656: 5655: 5637: 5626: 5625: 5623: 5621: 5600: 5594: 5593: 5573: 5567: 5566: 5564: 5555: 5549: 5548: 5523:(6): 1462–1474. 5511: 5488: 5487: 5477: 5437: 5422: 5421: 5410: 5379: 5378: 5349: 5336: 5335: 5323: 5310: 5309: 5291: 5280:10.31478/202311f 5268:NAM Perspectives 5259: 5250: 5249: 5225: 5219: 5218: 5194: 5183: 5182: 5176: 5171: 5169: 5161: 5157: 5148: 5147: 5137: 5131: 5130: 5122: 5116: 5115: 5109: 5104: 5102: 5094: 5084: 5048: 5037: 5036: 5016: 5010: 5009: 5007: 5001:. Archived from 4992: 4981:10.1659/mrd.0792 4966: 4957: 4951: 4950: 4936: 4930: 4929: 4891: 4885: 4884: 4845: 4839: 4838: 4836: 4834: 4817: 4811: 4810: 4772: 4761: 4759: 4723: 4714: 4713: 4711: 4709: 4694: 4688: 4687: 4639: 4633: 4632: 4615: 4609: 4608: 4606: 4604: 4590: 4584: 4583: 4581: 4579: 4573:Classic Himalaya 4565: 4559: 4558: 4556: 4524: 4518: 4517: 4515: 4483: 4477: 4471: 4438: 4432: 4415: 4414: 4378: 4367: 4366: 4364: 4362: 4353:. Archived from 4346: 4340: 4335: 4329: 4328: 4321: 4315: 4314: 4312: 4288: 4277: 4276: 4249: 4243: 4242: 4240: 4238: 4223: 4217: 4216: 4168: 4162: 4161: 4116: 4110: 4109: 4107: 4105: 4090: 4084: 4083: 4073: 4025: 4019: 4018: 4000: 3994: 3993: 3991: 3985:. Archived from 3980: 3971: 3965: 3964: 3962: 3960: 3945: 3939: 3938: 3914: 3897: 3896: 3894: 3892: 3877: 3871: 3870: 3868: 3866: 3860: 3837: 3828: 3822: 3821: 3819: 3817: 3802: 3796: 3795: 3793: 3791: 3777: 3771: 3770: 3761:(3–4): 193–650. 3749: 3743: 3742: 3704: 3698: 3692: 3686: 3685: 3668: 3657: 3656: 3654: 3652: 3637: 3631: 3630: 3628: 3626: 3615: 3609: 3608: 3606: 3604: 3553: 3547: 3546: 3539: 3533: 3532: 3492: 3486: 3485: 3483: 3481: 3466: 3457: 3456: 3448: 3442: 3441: 3431: 3425: 3423: 3413: 3407: 3405: 3397:Dickinson, Emily 3393: 3387: 3386:Entry: "Himavan" 3385: 3358: 3352: 3351: 3349: 3347: 3333: 3327: 3326: 3324: 3322: 3308: 3302: 3301: 3299: 3297: 3283: 3277: 3276: 3274: 3272: 3258: 3252: 3251: 3249: 3247: 3233: 3227: 3226: 3216: 3210: 3209: 3197: 3191: 3190: 3170: 3164: 3163: 3161: 3159: 3144: 3138: 3137: 3129: 3115:Etymology: < 3112: 3110: 3095: 3088: 3082: 3081: 3064: 3058: 3057: 3044: 3027: 3024: 3016: 3005: 3000: 2996: 2990: 2983: 2920:Western Himalaya 2674: 2652: 2599:Local adaptation 2581:village in Nepal 2411:Asian black bear 2353: 2336: 2150:Annapurna massif 2141: 2128:Annapurna massif 2115: 2044:in the Himalayas 1927:Dolakha District 1888:Gurudongmar Lake 1857:Gurudongmar Lake 1814:perennial rivers 1795:, the permanent 1793:Tropic of Cancer 1588:river valley in 1582: 1571:in the Himalayas 1560: 1532:in the east and 1520:During the last 1452:Australian Plate 1444:Upper Cretaceous 1393:metamorphic rock 1340:Gilgit-Baltistan 1276:Himachal Pradesh 1205:Lake Manasarovar 1162:Gangkhar Puensum 1107:Mahalangur Himal 1091:Kathmandu Valley 940: 937: 934: 931: 928: 916: 913: 910: 907: 904: 856: 855:Xǐmǎlāyǎ Shānmài 847: 836: 826:Mountain Range ( 817: 816: 803: 802: 801: 800:سلسلہ کوہ ہمالیہ 796:Mountain Range ( 791: 790: 781: 776:, also known as 771: 770: 765: 764: 739: 738: 725: 716: 712: 706: 700: 694: 688: 682: 618:Gangkhar Puensum 485: 481: 477: 472: 471: 468: 467: 464: 461: 458: 455: 452: 449: 446: 443: 438: 437: 434: 431: 428: 425: 422: 419: 416: 413: 410: 314: 312: 311: 301: 299: 298: 288: 286: 285: 275: 273: 272: 262: 260: 259: 249: 247: 246: 205: 177: 176: 174: 173: 172: 167: 163: 160: 159: 158: 155: 125: 123: 122: 114: 112: 111: 51: 39: 38: 21: 13105: 13104: 13100: 13099: 13098: 13096: 13095: 13094: 13090:Tibetan Plateau 13040: 13039: 13038: 13033: 13032: 13027: 13001: 12943: 12920: 12887: 12851: 12780: 12769:South China Sea 12678: 12621:Central America 12573: 12506: 12427: 12379:Northern Mexico 12367:Northern Canada 12347:Atlantic Canada 12302:Mountain states 12228: 12083:European Russia 12076:Southern Russia 12032: 11985:Iranian Plateau 11813: 11802:West Antarctica 11785:East Antarctica 11771: 11671: 11619: 11595:Land Hemisphere 11576: 11516: 11503: 11473: 11468: 11454: 11433:Jiuyi Mountains 11423:Dalou Mountains 11399: 11346:Dabie Mountains 11320: 11304:Tianmu Mountain 11252: 11241:Wanda Mountains 11226:Greater Khingan 11212: 11201:Daxue Mountains 11191:Ailao Mountains 11112:Pamir Mountains 11089: 11081: 11072:Helan Mountains 11023:Altai Mountains 11008: 10999: 10994: 10964: 10959: 10871: 10860: 10812: 10760: 10715:Kumaoni cuisine 10671: 10664: 10655:Olympic Stadium 10650:Cricket Stadium 10605: 10567: 10560: 10491: 10484: 10420: 10385:Local elections 10370:Chipko movement 10344: 10323: 10286: 10267: 10219: 10169: 10137: 10119: 10117: 10110: 10072: 10030: 10008: 9977: 9940: 9907: 9878:Great Himalayas 9863: 9853: 9851: 9840: 9823: 9813: 9790: 9783: 9779:Agra Presidency 9760: 9750: 9744: 9701:Katyuri dynasty 9684:Garhwal Kingdom 9676: 9670: 9661:Kuninda Kingdom 9636:Parvata kingdom 9621:Paurava kingdom 9608: 9589: 9548: 9515: 9447:Chief Secretary 9413: 9371: 9353:: legislative: 9344: 9335: 9305: 9300: 9256: 9232:Araniko Highway 9215: 9170: 9166:Munger division 9161:Purnia division 9133: 9129:Sagarmatha Zone 9110: 9074: 9065:Floods in Bihar 9053: 9009:Nyalam/ Tsongdu 8997: 8973:Tibetan Plateau 8961: 8952:Kosi embankment 8935: 8859: 8851: 8821: 8816: 8803: 8796: 8789: 8782: 8765: 8703: 8657: 8603:Maghe Sankranti 8544: 8508:Public holidays 8471:Gurkhas/Gorkhas 8414: 8383: 8331: 8310: 8260: 8227: 8202: 8098: 8089:Protected areas 8065: 8054: 8046: 8038: 8018: 8012: 8006:Tibetan Plateau 7984:Cities of Nepal 7972: 7901: 7885:Jana Andolan II 7853: 7839:1951 revolution 7824: 7776: 7762:Anglo-Nepal War 7712:Early Shah rule 7706: 7674: 7672: 7662: 7635:Lichchhavi rule 7629: 7611: 7594:Shakya Republic 7588: 7563: 7554: 7524: 7519: 7475: 7466: 7396:Palaeogeography 7361: 7356: 7326: 7321: 7269:Plate tectonics 7263: 7214:1991 Uttarkashi 7144:1505 Lo Mustang 7132: 7124: 7094: 7089: 7026: 6975: 6949: 6916: 6835: 6814: 6768: 6719:Anaimalai Hills 6659: 6643: 6637: 6602: 6574:Wayback Machine 6557: 6527:Tapovan Maharaj 6331: 6329:Further reading 6326: 6272: 6246: 6180: 6162: 6108: 6103: 6098: 6089: 6071: 6055: 6045: 6010: 5983: 5967: 5950: 5924: 5908: 5903: 5898: 5897: 5892:(4): 7–8. 2006. 5883: 5882: 5878: 5843: 5839: 5826: 5825: 5821: 5814: 5800: 5796: 5785: 5776: 5766: 5764: 5762:Huffington Post 5754: 5750: 5699: 5688: 5681: 5663: 5659: 5652: 5638: 5629: 5619: 5617: 5602: 5601: 5597: 5590: 5574: 5570: 5562: 5556: 5552: 5512: 5491: 5438: 5425: 5412: 5411: 5382: 5350: 5339: 5324: 5313: 5260: 5253: 5226: 5222: 5195: 5186: 5174: 5172: 5163: 5162: 5158: 5151: 5138: 5134: 5123: 5119: 5107: 5105: 5096: 5095: 5053:Natural Hazards 5049: 5040: 5033: 5017: 5013: 5008:on 6 June 2013. 5005: 4964: 4958: 4954: 4937: 4933: 4918: 4892: 4888: 4873: 4846: 4842: 4832: 4830: 4827:TheGuardian.com 4818: 4814: 4799: 4773: 4764: 4748: 4724: 4717: 4707: 4705: 4695: 4691: 4640: 4636: 4630: 4616: 4612: 4602: 4600: 4592: 4591: 4587: 4577: 4575: 4567: 4566: 4562: 4525: 4521: 4484: 4480: 4472: 4441: 4433: 4418: 4379: 4370: 4360: 4358: 4347: 4343: 4336: 4332: 4323: 4322: 4318: 4289: 4280: 4273: 4251: 4250: 4246: 4236: 4234: 4225: 4224: 4220: 4169: 4165: 4117: 4113: 4103: 4101: 4092: 4091: 4087: 4026: 4022: 4015: 4001: 3997: 3989: 3978: 3972: 3968: 3958: 3956: 3947: 3946: 3942: 3923:Current Science 3915: 3900: 3890: 3888: 3879: 3878: 3874: 3864: 3862: 3858: 3835: 3829: 3825: 3815: 3813: 3804: 3803: 3799: 3789: 3787: 3779: 3778: 3774: 3750: 3746: 3705: 3701: 3693: 3689: 3669: 3660: 3650: 3648: 3639: 3638: 3634: 3624: 3622: 3617: 3616: 3612: 3602: 3600: 3554: 3550: 3541: 3540: 3536: 3493: 3489: 3479: 3477: 3468: 3467: 3460: 3449: 3445: 3432: 3428: 3414: 3410: 3394: 3390: 3382: 3359: 3355: 3345: 3343: 3335: 3334: 3330: 3320: 3318: 3310: 3309: 3305: 3295: 3293: 3285: 3284: 3280: 3270: 3268: 3260: 3259: 3255: 3245: 3243: 3235: 3234: 3230: 3217: 3213: 3198: 3194: 3187: 3171: 3167: 3157: 3155: 3145: 3141: 3131: 3119:(Sanskrit < 3108: 3106: 3089: 3085: 3079: 3065: 3061: 3046: 3045: 3041: 3036: 3031: 3030: 2998: 2997: 2993: 2984: 2980: 2975: 2970: 2911: 2868: 2689: 2688: 2687: 2686: 2685: 2675: 2666: 2665: 2664: 2653: 2642: 2622:Likir Monastery 2601: 2592: 2571: 2554: 2545: 2540: 2539: 2475: 2435:Hydrangea hirta 2399:Himalayan goral 2395:Himalayan serow 2363: 2362: 2361: 2360: 2359: 2354: 2345: 2344: 2343: 2337: 2326: 2320: 2315: 2314: 2282:4.5 (RCP4.5). 2275:Paris Agreement 2226: 2218: 2156: 2155: 2154: 2153: 2152: 2142: 2133: 2132: 2131: 2116: 2054:mountains, the 2051: 2007: 1951: 1946: 1923:Rowaling Valley 1850: 1844: 1835:glacier retreat 1730: 1697:Irrawaddy River 1597: 1596: 1595: 1594: 1593: 1583: 1574: 1573: 1572: 1561: 1550: 1397:plate tectonics 1374: 1368: 1296:Punjab Himalaya 1174:Yarlang Tsangpo 1099:Araniko Highway 1040:Great Himalayas 1028:mountain ranges 978: 966: 954:Emily Dickinson 938: 935: 932: 929: 914: 911: 908: 905: 714: 672: 632:in the Tibetan 503:Tibetan Plateau 483: 479: 475: 440: 407: 403: 388: 320: 309: 307: 296: 294: 283: 281: 270: 268: 257: 255: 244: 242: 229: 228: 223:(8,201 m), and 209:Tibetan Plateau 170: 168: 164: 161: 156: 153: 151: 149: 148: 120: 118: 109: 107: 90: 83:Yarlung Tsangpo 71:Tibetan plateau 35: 28: 23: 22: 18:Himalayan range 15: 12: 11: 5: 13103: 13093: 13092: 13087: 13082: 13077: 13072: 13067: 13062: 13057: 13052: 13035: 13034: 13029: 13028: 13026: 13025: 13023:Physical Earth 13006: 13003: 13002: 13000: 12999: 12994: 12989: 12984: 12979: 12974: 12969: 12964: 12959: 12953: 12951: 12945: 12944: 12942: 12941: 12936: 12930: 12928: 12922: 12921: 12919: 12918: 12913: 12908: 12903: 12897: 12895: 12889: 12888: 12886: 12885: 12880: 12875: 12874: 12873: 12862: 12860: 12853: 12852: 12850: 12849: 12844: 12843: 12842: 12837: 12835:Mariana Trench 12832: 12822: 12817: 12815:Atlantic Ocean 12812: 12807: 12806: 12805: 12794: 12792: 12786: 12785: 12782: 12781: 12779: 12778: 12776:Southern Ocean 12773: 12772: 12771: 12766: 12764:East China Sea 12756: 12755: 12754: 12744: 12743: 12742: 12741: 12740: 12735: 12730: 12720: 12715: 12710: 12705: 12698:Atlantic Ocean 12695: 12689: 12687: 12680: 12679: 12677: 12676: 12675: 12674: 12669: 12659: 12658: 12657: 12652: 12642: 12637: 12632: 12631: 12630: 12625: 12624: 12623: 12618: 12603: 12597: 12595: 12585: 12579: 12578: 12575: 12574: 12572: 12571: 12570: 12569: 12559: 12554: 12549: 12544: 12539: 12534: 12533: 12532: 12527: 12516: 12514: 12508: 12507: 12505: 12504: 12502:Remote Oceania 12499: 12494: 12489: 12484: 12483: 12482: 12472: 12471: 12470: 12465: 12464: 12463: 12458: 12453: 12437: 12435: 12429: 12428: 12426: 12425: 12420: 12419: 12418: 12417: 12416: 12411: 12396: 12391: 12386: 12381: 12376: 12375: 12374: 12372:Western Canada 12369: 12364: 12362:Eastern Canada 12359: 12357:Central Canada 12354: 12349: 12344: 12339: 12334: 12329: 12324: 12319: 12314: 12309: 12304: 12299: 12294: 12289: 12284: 12279: 12274: 12264: 12259: 12254: 12249: 12244: 12238: 12236: 12230: 12229: 12227: 12226: 12221: 12216: 12211: 12206: 12205: 12204: 12199: 12194: 12184: 12183: 12182: 12181: 12180: 12170: 12169: 12168: 12158: 12157: 12156: 12146: 12141: 12131: 12130: 12129: 12128: 12127: 12117: 12112: 12107: 12102: 12092: 12091: 12090: 12085: 12080: 12079: 12078: 12073: 12071:South Caucasus 12068: 12066:North Caucasus 12058: 12048: 12042: 12040: 12034: 12033: 12031: 12030: 12029: 12028: 12027: 12026: 12021: 12016: 12006: 12005: 12004: 11999: 11989: 11988: 11987: 11977: 11976: 11975: 11973:South Caucasus 11965: 11955: 11954: 11953: 11948: 11943: 11933: 11932: 11931: 11926: 11916: 11911: 11910: 11909: 11904: 11894: 11893: 11892: 11891: 11890: 11875: 11874: 11873: 11868: 11867: 11866: 11851: 11850: 11849: 11844: 11842:Aralkum Desert 11839: 11829: 11823: 11821: 11815: 11814: 11812: 11811: 11810: 11809: 11799: 11794: 11793: 11792: 11781: 11779: 11773: 11772: 11770: 11769: 11768: 11767: 11762: 11757: 11756: 11755: 11750: 11740: 11730: 11729: 11728: 11727: 11726: 11721: 11716: 11711: 11696: 11690: 11688: 11679: 11673: 11672: 11670: 11669: 11668: 11667: 11657: 11652: 11647: 11642: 11641: 11640: 11633:Africa-Eurasia 11629: 11627: 11621: 11620: 11618: 11617: 11612: 11607: 11602: 11597: 11592: 11586: 11584: 11578: 11577: 11575: 11574: 11573: 11572: 11567: 11562: 11557: 11547: 11542: 11537: 11532: 11526: 11524: 11518: 11517: 11502: 11501: 11494: 11487: 11479: 11470: 11469: 11459: 11456: 11455: 11453: 11452: 11447: 11442: 11441: 11440: 11435: 11425: 11420: 11415: 11409: 11407: 11401: 11400: 11398: 11397: 11392: 11387: 11382: 11381: 11380: 11375: 11373:Mufu Mountains 11370: 11360: 11359: 11358: 11353: 11343: 11341:Daba Mountains 11338: 11330: 11328: 11322: 11321: 11319: 11318: 11316:Wuyi Mountains 11313: 11307: 11306: 11301: 11296: 11291: 11284: 11279: 11278: 11277: 11275:Lang Mountains 11266: 11264: 11254: 11253: 11251: 11250: 11249: 11248: 11246:Qian Mountains 11243: 11233: 11231:Lesser Khingan 11228: 11222: 11220: 11214: 11213: 11211: 11210: 11209: 11208: 11203: 11198: 11193: 11188: 11183: 11171: 11166: 11159: 11158: 11157: 11152: 11145: 11133: 11132: 11131: 11126: 11121: 11109: 11104: 11096: 11094: 11083: 11082: 11080: 11079: 11074: 11069: 11068: 11067: 11062: 11050: 11049: 11048: 11043: 11031: 11026: 11018: 11016: 11010: 11009: 11004: 11001: 11000: 10993: 10992: 10985: 10978: 10970: 10961: 10960: 10958: 10957: 10952: 10947: 10942: 10937: 10932: 10927: 10922: 10917: 10912: 10907: 10902: 10897: 10892: 10887: 10882: 10876: 10874: 10866: 10865: 10862: 10861: 10859: 10858: 10853: 10848: 10843: 10838: 10833: 10828: 10822: 10820: 10814: 10813: 10811: 10810: 10805: 10800: 10795: 10790: 10785: 10779: 10777: 10768: 10762: 10761: 10759: 10758: 10757: 10756: 10751: 10741: 10740: 10739: 10734: 10724: 10719: 10718: 10717: 10707: 10702: 10701: 10700: 10695: 10690: 10685: 10676: 10674: 10666: 10665: 10663: 10662: 10660:Sports College 10657: 10652: 10647: 10646: 10645: 10635: 10634: 10633: 10628: 10617: 10615: 10611: 10610: 10607: 10606: 10604: 10603: 10598: 10593: 10588: 10583: 10578: 10572: 10570: 10562: 10561: 10559: 10558: 10553: 10548: 10543: 10538: 10537: 10536: 10526: 10525: 10524: 10514: 10513: 10512: 10502: 10496: 10494: 10486: 10485: 10483: 10482: 10477: 10472: 10467: 10462: 10461: 10460: 10453:Ramsar Wetland 10450: 10449: 10448: 10437: 10435: 10428: 10422: 10421: 10419: 10418: 10417: 10416: 10411: 10401: 10400: 10399: 10389: 10388: 10387: 10377: 10372: 10367: 10362: 10356: 10354: 10350: 10349: 10346: 10345: 10343: 10342: 10337: 10331: 10329: 10325: 10324: 10322: 10321: 10320: 10319: 10309: 10304: 10298: 10296: 10289: 10285:Administrative 10281: 10280: 10277: 10276: 10273: 10272: 10269: 10268: 10266: 10265: 10260: 10255: 10250: 10245: 10240: 10235: 10229: 10227: 10221: 10220: 10218: 10217: 10212: 10207: 10202: 10197: 10192: 10186: 10184: 10175: 10171: 10170: 10168: 10167: 10162: 10156: 10154: 10147: 10143: 10142: 10139: 10138: 10136: 10135: 10130: 10124: 10122: 10112: 10111: 10109: 10108: 10103: 10098: 10093: 10088: 10082: 10080: 10078:Tibeto-Burmans 10074: 10073: 10071: 10070: 10065: 10060: 10055: 10050: 10044: 10042: 10033: 10022: 10018: 10017: 10014: 10013: 10010: 10009: 10007: 10006: 10001: 9996: 9991: 9985: 9983: 9979: 9978: 9976: 9975: 9970: 9965: 9959: 9957: 9950: 9946: 9945: 9942: 9941: 9939: 9938: 9933: 9928: 9923: 9917: 9915: 9909: 9908: 9906: 9905: 9900: 9895: 9893:Mountain peaks 9890: 9885: 9880: 9874: 9872: 9865: 9856: 9846: 9845: 9842: 9841: 9839: 9838: 9833: 9827: 9825: 9819: 9818: 9815: 9814: 9812: 9811: 9806: 9801: 9795: 9793: 9785: 9784: 9782: 9781: 9776: 9771: 9765: 9763: 9752: 9746: 9745: 9743: 9742: 9737: 9732: 9731: 9730: 9723:Gorkha Kingdom 9720: 9715: 9710: 9709: 9708: 9703: 9696:Kumaon Kingdom 9693: 9692: 9691: 9689:Panwar dynasty 9680: 9678: 9672: 9671: 9669: 9668: 9663: 9658: 9653: 9648: 9643: 9641:Kirata kingdom 9638: 9633: 9628: 9623: 9618: 9612: 9610: 9601: 9595: 9594: 9591: 9590: 9588: 9587: 9582: 9577: 9572: 9567: 9562: 9556: 9554: 9550: 9549: 9547: 9546: 9541: 9536: 9535: 9534: 9523: 9521: 9517: 9516: 9514: 9513: 9512: 9511: 9506: 9501: 9491: 9490: 9489: 9484: 9479: 9474: 9469: 9459: 9454: 9449: 9444: 9443: 9442: 9432: 9430:Chief Minister 9427: 9421: 9419: 9415: 9414: 9412: 9411: 9406: 9401: 9396: 9390: 9388: 9379: 9373: 9372: 9351:State capitals 9349: 9346: 9345: 9334: 9333: 9326: 9319: 9311: 9302: 9301: 9299: 9298: 9293: 9288: 9275: 9270: 9264: 9262: 9258: 9257: 9255: 9254: 9249: 9244: 9239: 9234: 9229: 9223: 9221: 9217: 9216: 9214: 9213: 9208: 9203: 9198: 9193: 9188: 9182: 9180: 9176: 9175: 9172: 9171: 9169: 9168: 9163: 9158: 9153: 9147: 9145: 9135: 9134: 9132: 9131: 9126: 9120: 9118: 9112: 9111: 9109: 9108: 9106:Tingri County 9103: 9097: 9095: 9083: 9076: 9075: 9073: 9072: 9067: 9061: 9059: 9055: 9054: 9052: 9051: 9046: 9041: 9036: 9031: 9026: 9021: 9016: 9011: 9005: 9003: 8999: 8998: 8996: 8995: 8990: 8985: 8980: 8975: 8969: 8967: 8963: 8962: 8960: 8959: 8954: 8949: 8943: 8941: 8937: 8936: 8934: 8933: 8928: 8923: 8918: 8913: 8908: 8903: 8898: 8893: 8888: 8883: 8878: 8873: 8867: 8865: 8861: 8860: 8850: 8849: 8842: 8835: 8827: 8818: 8817: 8815: 8814: 8809: 8802: 8801: 8794: 8787: 8779: 8778: 8775: 8774: 8771: 8770: 8767: 8766: 8764: 8763: 8758: 8757: 8756: 8751: 8746: 8736: 8731: 8726: 8721: 8715: 8713: 8709: 8708: 8705: 8704: 8702: 8701: 8696: 8691: 8686: 8681: 8676: 8671: 8665: 8663: 8656: 8655: 8650: 8645: 8643:Chasok Tangnam 8640: 8635: 8630: 8625: 8620: 8615: 8610: 8605: 8600: 8598:Buddha Jayanti 8595: 8590: 8585: 8580: 8578:Dipankha Yatra 8575: 8570: 8565: 8560: 8554: 8552: 8543: 8542: 8537: 8536: 8535: 8530: 8525: 8520: 8510: 8505: 8504: 8503: 8493: 8488: 8483: 8478: 8473: 8468: 8463: 8458: 8453: 8448: 8443: 8432: 8426: 8420: 8419: 8416: 8415: 8413: 8412: 8407: 8402: 8397: 8392: 8387: 8379: 8374: 8369: 8364: 8359: 8353: 8347: 8341: 8340: 8337: 8336: 8333: 8332: 8330: 8329: 8324: 8319: 8314: 8306: 8301: 8296: 8291: 8286: 8281: 8276: 8270: 8268: 8262: 8261: 8259: 8258: 8253: 8251:Municipalities 8248: 8243: 8237: 8235: 8226: 8225: 8224: 8223: 8213: 8208: 8207: 8206: 8197:Prime Minister 8194: 8193: 8192: 8190:Vice President 8182: 8180:Heads of state 8177: 8176: 8175: 8165: 8164: 8163: 8153: 8152: 8151: 8141: 8136: 8131: 8126: 8120: 8114: 8108: 8107: 8104: 8103: 8100: 8099: 8097: 8096: 8091: 8086: 8081: 8079:Climate change 8075: 8073: 8067: 8066: 8064: 8063: 8058: 8050: 8042: 8034: 8028: 8026: 8020: 8019: 8017: 8016: 8008: 8003: 8002: 8001: 7991: 7986: 7980: 7978: 7974: 7973: 7971: 7970: 7969: 7968: 7963: 7958: 7953: 7948: 7943: 7932: 7930: 7917: 7911: 7910: 7907: 7906: 7903: 7902: 7900: 7899: 7889: 7888: 7887: 7877: 7872: 7870:Royal massacre 7867: 7865:Jana Andolan I 7861: 7859: 7855: 7854: 7852: 7851: 7846: 7841: 7835: 7833: 7829:Post-Rana and 7826: 7825: 7823: 7822: 7817: 7812: 7807: 7797: 7792: 7786: 7784: 7778: 7777: 7775: 7774: 7769: 7764: 7759: 7754: 7752:Sino-Nepal War 7749: 7748: 7747: 7737: 7732: 7727: 7722: 7720:Gorkha Kingdom 7716: 7714: 7705: 7704: 7699: 7697:Chaubisi Rajya 7694: 7689: 7684: 7678: 7676: 7668: 7667: 7664: 7663: 7661: 7660: 7655: 7650: 7645: 7639: 7637: 7631: 7630: 7628: 7627: 7621: 7619: 7617:Kirata kingdom 7613: 7612: 7610: 7609: 7604: 7602:Gautama Buddha 7598: 7596: 7587: 7586: 7580: 7578: 7571: 7565: 7564: 7553: 7552: 7545: 7538: 7530: 7521: 7520: 7518: 7517: 7505: 7493: 7480: 7477: 7476: 7469: 7467: 7465: 7464: 7459: 7454: 7445: 7440: 7435: 7430: 7425: 7420: 7407: 7398: 7385: 7383:Phytogeography 7376: 7366: 7363: 7362: 7355: 7354: 7347: 7340: 7332: 7323: 7322: 7320: 7319: 7314: 7309: 7304: 7299: 7294: 7289: 7287:Eurasian Plate 7284: 7279: 7273: 7271: 7265: 7264: 7262: 7261: 7256: 7251: 7249:May 2015 Nepal 7246: 7241: 7236: 7231: 7226: 7221: 7216: 7211: 7206: 7201: 7196: 7191: 7186: 7181: 7176: 7171: 7166: 7161: 7156: 7151: 7146: 7140: 7138: 7134: 7133: 7123: 7122: 7115: 7108: 7100: 7091: 7090: 7088: 7087: 7086: 7085: 7084: 7083: 7078: 7073: 7058: 7053: 7048: 7043: 7037: 7035: 7028: 7027: 7025: 7024: 7019: 7014: 7009: 7004: 6999: 6994: 6989: 6983: 6981: 6977: 6976: 6974: 6973: 6968: 6963: 6957: 6955: 6951: 6950: 6948: 6947: 6942: 6941: 6940: 6935: 6924: 6922: 6918: 6917: 6915: 6914: 6909: 6904: 6899: 6894: 6889: 6884: 6879: 6874: 6869: 6864: 6859: 6854: 6849: 6843: 6841: 6837: 6836: 6834: 6833: 6828: 6822: 6820: 6816: 6815: 6813: 6812: 6807: 6802: 6800:Mysore Plateau 6797: 6795:Ladakh Plateau 6792: 6790:Deccan Plateau 6787: 6782: 6776: 6774: 6770: 6769: 6767: 6766: 6761: 6756: 6751: 6746: 6741: 6736: 6731: 6726: 6724:Cardamom Hills 6721: 6716: 6711: 6709:Himachal Range 6706: 6704:Shivalik Hills 6701: 6696: 6691: 6686: 6681: 6679:Aravalli Range 6676: 6671: 6666: 6665: 6664: 6651: 6649: 6645: 6644: 6636: 6635: 6628: 6621: 6613: 6607: 6604: 6603: 6594: 6593: 6587: 6581: 6576: 6564: 6556: 6555:External links 6553: 6552: 6551: 6544: 6534: 6523: 6505: 6496: 6481: 6466: 6448: 6430: 6423: 6401: 6386: 6372: 6357: 6350: 6330: 6327: 6325: 6322: 6321: 6320: 6295:(5): 757–772, 6283: 6270: 6249: 6244: 6231: 6203: 6190:, New Series, 6183: 6178: 6165: 6160: 6139: 6107: 6104: 6102: 6099: 6097: 6094: 6093: 6092: 6087: 6074: 6069: 6054: 6051: 6050: 6049: 6043: 6022: 6008: 5987: 5981: 5966: 5963: 5962: 5961: 5948: 5935: 5922: 5907: 5904: 5902: 5899: 5896: 5895: 5876: 5837: 5819: 5812: 5794: 5774: 5748: 5686: 5679: 5657: 5650: 5627: 5616:on 7 July 2012 5595: 5588: 5568: 5550: 5489: 5452:(3): 534–545. 5423: 5380: 5337: 5326:Berstrand, s. 5311: 5251: 5220: 5184: 5149: 5132: 5117: 5059:(2): 815–836. 5038: 5031: 5011: 4975:(2): 169–173. 4952: 4941:"Extremophile" 4931: 4916: 4886: 4871: 4840: 4812: 4797: 4762: 4746: 4715: 4689: 4654:(3): 563–576. 4634: 4628: 4610: 4585: 4560: 4519: 4478: 4439: 4416: 4389:(2): 375–388. 4368: 4341: 4330: 4316: 4303:(e00715): 19. 4278: 4271: 4263:10.17226/13449 4244: 4218: 4163: 4111: 4085: 4020: 4013: 3995: 3966: 3940: 3929:(2): 237–244. 3898: 3872: 3823: 3797: 3772: 3744: 3717:(4): 393–421. 3699: 3687: 3658: 3632: 3610: 3568:(4): 297–310. 3562:The Island Arc 3548: 3534: 3487: 3458: 3443: 3426: 3408: 3388: 3380: 3353: 3328: 3303: 3278: 3253: 3228: 3211: 3192: 3185: 3165: 3139: 3083: 3077: 3059: 3038: 3037: 3035: 3032: 3029: 3028: 2991: 2987:Kashmir region 2977: 2976: 2974: 2971: 2969: 2968: 2963: 2958: 2937: 2932: 2927: 2922: 2912: 2910: 2907: 2867: 2864: 2682:Kashmir Valley 2676: 2669: 2668: 2667: 2654: 2647: 2646: 2645: 2644: 2643: 2641: 2638: 2600: 2597: 2591: 2590:Policy changes 2588: 2570: 2567: 2553: 2552:Health impacts 2550: 2544: 2541: 2480:sclerophyllous 2476: 2468: 2430:climate change 2387:Himalayan tahr 2355: 2348: 2347: 2346: 2341:Himalayan tahr 2338: 2331: 2330: 2329: 2328: 2327: 2322:Main article: 2319: 2316: 2262:, and western 2245:growing season 2227: 2219: 2217: 2216:Climate change 2214: 2146:Pokhara Valley 2143: 2136: 2135: 2134: 2117: 2110: 2109: 2108: 2107: 2106: 2050: 2047: 2006: 2003: 1950: 1947: 1945: 1942: 1843: 1840: 1828:Khumbu Glacier 1729: 1726: 1685: 1684: 1645: 1584: 1577: 1576: 1575: 1562: 1555: 1554: 1553: 1552: 1551: 1549: 1546: 1480:oceanic trench 1468:thrust faulted 1421:Eurasian Plate 1415:) between the 1370:Main article: 1367: 1364: 1348:Margalla Hills 1316:Kashmir Valley 1213:Kailash Ranges 1203:. Just across 1201:Gurla Mandhata 965: 962: 956:'s poetry and 925:: पर्वतेश्वर, 734:(both written 671: 668: 652:Eurasian Plate 594:drainage basin 491:mountain range 390: 389: 387: 386: 381: 375: 373: 367: 366: 357: 351: 350: 348:Alpine orogeny 345: 339: 338: 334: 333: 328: 322: 321: 319: 318: 305: 292: 279: 266: 253: 239: 237: 231: 230: 206: 200: 197: 196: 192: 191: 188: 184: 183: 179: 178: 171:27.983; 86.917 146: 140: 139: 136: 130: 129: 101: 97: 96: 92: 91: 61:) showing the 52: 44: 43: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 13102: 13091: 13088: 13086: 13083: 13081: 13078: 13076: 13073: 13071: 13068: 13066: 13063: 13061: 13058: 13056: 13053: 13051: 13048: 13047: 13045: 13024: 13020: 13016: 13008: 13007: 13004: 12998: 12995: 12993: 12990: 12988: 12985: 12983: 12980: 12978: 12975: 12973: 12970: 12968: 12965: 12963: 12960: 12958: 12955: 12954: 12952: 12950: 12946: 12940: 12937: 12935: 12932: 12931: 12929: 12927: 12923: 12917: 12914: 12912: 12909: 12907: 12904: 12902: 12899: 12898: 12896: 12894: 12890: 12884: 12881: 12879: 12876: 12872: 12869: 12868: 12867: 12864: 12863: 12861: 12859: 12854: 12848: 12845: 12841: 12838: 12836: 12833: 12831: 12828: 12827: 12826: 12825:Pacific Ocean 12823: 12821: 12818: 12816: 12813: 12811: 12808: 12804: 12801: 12800: 12799: 12796: 12795: 12793: 12791: 12787: 12777: 12774: 12770: 12767: 12765: 12762: 12761: 12760: 12759:Pacific Ocean 12757: 12753: 12750: 12749: 12748: 12745: 12739: 12736: 12734: 12731: 12729: 12726: 12725: 12724: 12721: 12719: 12716: 12714: 12713:Caribbean Sea 12711: 12709: 12706: 12704: 12701: 12700: 12699: 12696: 12694: 12691: 12690: 12688: 12686: 12681: 12673: 12670: 12668: 12665: 12664: 12663: 12660: 12656: 12655:by population 12653: 12651: 12648: 12647: 12646: 12643: 12641: 12638: 12636: 12633: 12629: 12628:South America 12626: 12622: 12619: 12617: 12614: 12613: 12612: 12611:North America 12609: 12608: 12607: 12604: 12602: 12599: 12598: 12596: 12594: 12589: 12586: 12584: 12580: 12568: 12565: 12564: 12563: 12562:Southern Cone 12560: 12558: 12555: 12553: 12550: 12548: 12545: 12543: 12540: 12538: 12537:Andean States 12535: 12531: 12528: 12526: 12523: 12522: 12521: 12518: 12517: 12515: 12513: 12512:South America 12509: 12503: 12500: 12498: 12495: 12493: 12490: 12488: 12485: 12481: 12478: 12477: 12476: 12473: 12469: 12466: 12462: 12459: 12457: 12454: 12452: 12449: 12448: 12447: 12444: 12443: 12442: 12439: 12438: 12436: 12434: 12430: 12424: 12421: 12415: 12412: 12410: 12407: 12406: 12405: 12402: 12401: 12400: 12397: 12395: 12392: 12390: 12387: 12385: 12382: 12380: 12377: 12373: 12370: 12368: 12365: 12363: 12360: 12358: 12355: 12353: 12350: 12348: 12345: 12343: 12340: 12338: 12335: 12333: 12330: 12328: 12325: 12323: 12320: 12318: 12315: 12313: 12310: 12308: 12305: 12303: 12300: 12298: 12295: 12293: 12290: 12288: 12285: 12283: 12280: 12278: 12275: 12273: 12270: 12269: 12268: 12265: 12263: 12260: 12258: 12255: 12253: 12250: 12248: 12245: 12243: 12240: 12239: 12237: 12235: 12234:North America 12231: 12225: 12222: 12220: 12217: 12215: 12212: 12210: 12207: 12203: 12200: 12198: 12197:Low Countries 12195: 12193: 12190: 12189: 12188: 12185: 12179: 12176: 12175: 12174: 12173:South-western 12171: 12167: 12164: 12163: 12162: 12161:South-eastern 12159: 12155: 12152: 12151: 12150: 12147: 12145: 12142: 12140: 12139:Mediterranean 12137: 12136: 12135: 12132: 12126: 12123: 12122: 12121: 12118: 12116: 12113: 12111: 12108: 12106: 12105:British Isles 12103: 12101: 12098: 12097: 12096: 12093: 12089: 12086: 12084: 12081: 12077: 12074: 12072: 12069: 12067: 12064: 12063: 12062: 12059: 12057: 12054: 12053: 12052: 12049: 12047: 12044: 12043: 12041: 12039: 12035: 12025: 12022: 12020: 12017: 12015: 12012: 12011: 12010: 12007: 12003: 12002:Levantine Sea 12000: 11998: 11995: 11994: 11993: 11990: 11986: 11983: 11982: 11981: 11978: 11974: 11971: 11970: 11969: 11966: 11964: 11961: 11960: 11959: 11956: 11952: 11949: 11947: 11944: 11942: 11939: 11938: 11937: 11934: 11930: 11927: 11925: 11922: 11921: 11920: 11917: 11915: 11912: 11908: 11905: 11903: 11900: 11899: 11898: 11895: 11889: 11886: 11885: 11884: 11881: 11880: 11879: 11876: 11872: 11869: 11865: 11862: 11861: 11860: 11857: 11856: 11855: 11852: 11848: 11845: 11843: 11840: 11838: 11835: 11834: 11833: 11830: 11828: 11825: 11824: 11822: 11820: 11816: 11808: 11805: 11804: 11803: 11800: 11798: 11795: 11791: 11788: 11787: 11786: 11783: 11782: 11780: 11778: 11774: 11766: 11763: 11761: 11758: 11754: 11751: 11749: 11746: 11745: 11744: 11741: 11739: 11736: 11735: 11734: 11731: 11725: 11722: 11720: 11717: 11715: 11712: 11710: 11707: 11706: 11705: 11702: 11701: 11700: 11697: 11695: 11694:Mediterranean 11692: 11691: 11689: 11687: 11683: 11680: 11678: 11674: 11666: 11663: 11662: 11661: 11658: 11656: 11653: 11651: 11648: 11646: 11643: 11639: 11636: 11635: 11634: 11631: 11630: 11628: 11626: 11622: 11616: 11613: 11611: 11608: 11606: 11603: 11601: 11598: 11596: 11593: 11591: 11588: 11587: 11585: 11583: 11579: 11571: 11568: 11566: 11563: 11561: 11558: 11556: 11553: 11552: 11551: 11548: 11546: 11543: 11541: 11538: 11536: 11533: 11531: 11528: 11527: 11525: 11523: 11519: 11515: 11511: 11507: 11500: 11495: 11493: 11488: 11486: 11481: 11480: 11477: 11467: 11457: 11451: 11448: 11446: 11443: 11439: 11436: 11434: 11431: 11430: 11429: 11426: 11424: 11421: 11419: 11416: 11414: 11413:Cang Mountain 11411: 11410: 11408: 11406: 11402: 11396: 11393: 11391: 11388: 11386: 11383: 11379: 11376: 11374: 11371: 11369: 11366: 11365: 11364: 11361: 11357: 11354: 11352: 11349: 11348: 11347: 11344: 11342: 11339: 11337: 11336: 11332: 11331: 11329: 11327: 11323: 11317: 11314: 11312: 11309: 11308: 11305: 11302: 11300: 11297: 11295: 11292: 11290: 11289: 11285: 11283: 11280: 11276: 11273: 11272: 11271: 11270:Yin Mountains 11268: 11267: 11265: 11263: 11259: 11255: 11247: 11244: 11242: 11239: 11238: 11237: 11234: 11232: 11229: 11227: 11224: 11223: 11221: 11219: 11215: 11207: 11206:Min Mountains 11204: 11202: 11199: 11197: 11194: 11192: 11189: 11187: 11184: 11182: 11179: 11178: 11177: 11176: 11172: 11170: 11167: 11165: 11164: 11160: 11156: 11153: 11151: 11150: 11146: 11144: 11141: 11140: 11139: 11138: 11134: 11130: 11127: 11125: 11122: 11120: 11119: 11115: 11114: 11113: 11110: 11108: 11107:Transhimalaya 11105: 11103: 11102: 11098: 11097: 11095: 11093: 11088: 11087:Qinghai-Tibet 11084: 11078: 11075: 11073: 11070: 11066: 11063: 11061: 11058: 11057: 11056: 11055: 11051: 11047: 11044: 11042: 11039: 11038: 11037: 11036: 11032: 11030: 11027: 11025: 11024: 11020: 11019: 11017: 11015: 11011: 11007: 11002: 10998: 10991: 10986: 10984: 10979: 10977: 10972: 10971: 10968: 10956: 10953: 10951: 10948: 10946: 10943: 10941: 10938: 10936: 10933: 10931: 10928: 10926: 10923: 10921: 10918: 10916: 10913: 10911: 10908: 10906: 10903: 10901: 10898: 10896: 10893: 10891: 10888: 10886: 10883: 10881: 10878: 10877: 10875: 10873: 10867: 10857: 10854: 10852: 10851:Tehri Garhwal 10849: 10847: 10844: 10842: 10841:Pauri Garhwal 10839: 10837: 10834: 10832: 10829: 10827: 10824: 10823: 10821: 10819: 10815: 10809: 10806: 10804: 10801: 10799: 10796: 10794: 10791: 10789: 10786: 10784: 10781: 10780: 10778: 10776: 10772: 10769: 10767: 10763: 10755: 10752: 10750: 10747: 10746: 10745: 10742: 10738: 10735: 10733: 10730: 10729: 10728: 10725: 10723: 10720: 10716: 10713: 10712: 10711: 10708: 10706: 10703: 10699: 10696: 10694: 10691: 10689: 10686: 10684: 10681: 10680: 10678: 10677: 10675: 10673: 10667: 10661: 10658: 10656: 10653: 10651: 10648: 10644: 10641: 10640: 10639: 10636: 10632: 10629: 10627: 10624: 10623: 10622: 10619: 10618: 10616: 10612: 10602: 10599: 10597: 10594: 10592: 10589: 10587: 10584: 10582: 10579: 10577: 10574: 10573: 10571: 10569: 10563: 10557: 10554: 10552: 10549: 10547: 10544: 10542: 10539: 10535: 10532: 10531: 10530: 10527: 10523: 10520: 10519: 10518: 10515: 10511: 10508: 10507: 10506: 10503: 10501: 10498: 10497: 10495: 10493: 10487: 10481: 10478: 10476: 10473: 10471: 10468: 10466: 10463: 10459: 10456: 10455: 10454: 10451: 10447: 10444: 10443: 10442: 10439: 10438: 10436: 10432: 10429: 10427: 10423: 10415: 10412: 10410: 10407: 10406: 10405: 10402: 10398: 10395: 10394: 10393: 10390: 10386: 10383: 10382: 10381: 10378: 10376: 10373: 10371: 10368: 10366: 10363: 10361: 10358: 10357: 10355: 10351: 10341: 10338: 10336: 10333: 10332: 10330: 10326: 10318: 10315: 10314: 10313: 10310: 10308: 10305: 10303: 10300: 10299: 10297: 10293: 10290: 10288: 10282: 10264: 10261: 10259: 10256: 10254: 10251: 10249: 10246: 10244: 10241: 10239: 10236: 10234: 10231: 10230: 10228: 10226: 10225:Tibeto-Burman 10222: 10216: 10213: 10211: 10208: 10206: 10203: 10201: 10198: 10196: 10193: 10191: 10188: 10187: 10185: 10183: 10179: 10176: 10172: 10166: 10163: 10161: 10158: 10157: 10155: 10151: 10148: 10144: 10134: 10131: 10129: 10126: 10125: 10123: 10121: 10113: 10107: 10104: 10102: 10099: 10097: 10094: 10092: 10089: 10087: 10084: 10083: 10081: 10079: 10075: 10069: 10066: 10064: 10061: 10059: 10056: 10054: 10051: 10049: 10046: 10045: 10043: 10041: 10037: 10034: 10032: 10026: 10023: 10019: 10005: 10002: 10000: 9997: 9995: 9992: 9990: 9987: 9986: 9984: 9980: 9974: 9971: 9969: 9966: 9964: 9961: 9960: 9958: 9954: 9951: 9947: 9937: 9934: 9932: 9929: 9927: 9924: 9922: 9919: 9918: 9916: 9914: 9910: 9904: 9901: 9899: 9896: 9894: 9891: 9889: 9888:Sivalik Hills 9886: 9884: 9881: 9879: 9876: 9875: 9873: 9869: 9866: 9860: 9857: 9855: 9847: 9837: 9834: 9832: 9829: 9828: 9826: 9820: 9810: 9807: 9805: 9802: 9800: 9797: 9796: 9794: 9792: 9786: 9780: 9777: 9775: 9772: 9770: 9767: 9766: 9764: 9762: 9756: 9753: 9747: 9741: 9738: 9736: 9733: 9729: 9726: 9725: 9724: 9721: 9719: 9718:Raika Kingdom 9716: 9714: 9713:Khasa Kingdom 9711: 9707: 9706:Chand dynasty 9704: 9702: 9699: 9698: 9697: 9694: 9690: 9687: 9686: 9685: 9682: 9681: 9679: 9673: 9667: 9664: 9662: 9659: 9657: 9656:Kushan Empire 9654: 9652: 9651:Maurya Empire 9649: 9647: 9644: 9642: 9639: 9637: 9634: 9632: 9629: 9627: 9624: 9622: 9619: 9617: 9614: 9613: 9611: 9605: 9602: 9600: 9596: 9586: 9583: 9581: 9578: 9576: 9573: 9571: 9568: 9566: 9565:Chief Justice 9563: 9561: 9558: 9557: 9555: 9551: 9545: 9542: 9540: 9537: 9533: 9530: 9529: 9528: 9525: 9524: 9522: 9518: 9510: 9507: 9505: 9502: 9500: 9497: 9496: 9495: 9492: 9488: 9485: 9483: 9480: 9478: 9475: 9473: 9470: 9468: 9465: 9464: 9463: 9460: 9458: 9455: 9453: 9450: 9448: 9445: 9441: 9438: 9437: 9436: 9433: 9431: 9428: 9426: 9423: 9422: 9420: 9416: 9410: 9407: 9405: 9402: 9400: 9397: 9395: 9392: 9391: 9389: 9387: 9383: 9380: 9378: 9374: 9370: 9369: 9364: 9363: 9358: 9357: 9352: 9347: 9343: 9339: 9332: 9327: 9325: 9320: 9318: 9313: 9312: 9309: 9297: 9294: 9292: 9289: 9287: 9283: 9279: 9276: 9274: 9271: 9269: 9266: 9265: 9263: 9259: 9253: 9250: 9248: 9245: 9243: 9240: 9238: 9235: 9233: 9230: 9228: 9225: 9224: 9222: 9218: 9212: 9209: 9207: 9204: 9202: 9199: 9197: 9194: 9192: 9189: 9187: 9184: 9183: 9181: 9177: 9167: 9164: 9162: 9159: 9157: 9156:Kosi division 9154: 9152: 9149: 9148: 9146: 9144: 9140: 9136: 9130: 9127: 9125: 9122: 9121: 9119: 9117: 9113: 9107: 9104: 9102: 9101:Nyalam County 9099: 9098: 9096: 9094: 9091: 9087: 9084: 9081: 9077: 9071: 9068: 9066: 9063: 9062: 9060: 9056: 9050: 9047: 9045: 9042: 9040: 9037: 9035: 9032: 9030: 9029:Namche Bazaar 9027: 9025: 9022: 9020: 9017: 9015: 9012: 9010: 9007: 9006: 9004: 9000: 8994: 8991: 8989: 8988:Sivalik Hills 8986: 8984: 8981: 8979: 8976: 8974: 8971: 8970: 8968: 8964: 8958: 8955: 8953: 8950: 8948: 8947:Koshi Barrage 8945: 8944: 8942: 8938: 8932: 8929: 8927: 8924: 8922: 8919: 8917: 8914: 8912: 8909: 8907: 8904: 8902: 8899: 8897: 8894: 8892: 8889: 8887: 8884: 8882: 8879: 8877: 8874: 8872: 8869: 8868: 8866: 8862: 8858: 8855: 8848: 8843: 8841: 8836: 8834: 8829: 8828: 8825: 8813: 8810: 8808: 8805: 8804: 8799: 8795: 8792: 8788: 8785: 8781: 8780: 8776: 8762: 8759: 8755: 8752: 8750: 8747: 8745: 8742: 8741: 8740: 8737: 8735: 8732: 8730: 8727: 8725: 8722: 8720: 8717: 8716: 8714: 8710: 8700: 8697: 8695: 8692: 8690: 8687: 8685: 8682: 8680: 8677: 8675: 8672: 8670: 8667: 8666: 8664: 8660: 8654: 8651: 8649: 8646: 8644: 8641: 8639: 8636: 8634: 8631: 8629: 8626: 8624: 8621: 8619: 8618:Gyalpo Lhosar 8616: 8614: 8611: 8609: 8606: 8604: 8601: 8599: 8596: 8594: 8591: 8589: 8586: 8584: 8581: 8579: 8576: 8574: 8571: 8569: 8566: 8564: 8561: 8559: 8556: 8555: 8553: 8551: 8547: 8541: 8538: 8534: 8531: 8529: 8526: 8524: 8521: 8519: 8516: 8515: 8514: 8511: 8509: 8506: 8502: 8501:Ethnic groups 8499: 8498: 8497: 8494: 8492: 8489: 8487: 8486:Nepal Academy 8484: 8482: 8479: 8477: 8474: 8472: 8469: 8467: 8464: 8462: 8459: 8457: 8454: 8452: 8449: 8447: 8444: 8441: 8437: 8434: 8433: 8430: 8427: 8425: 8421: 8411: 8408: 8406: 8403: 8401: 8398: 8396: 8393: 8391: 8388: 8386: 8380: 8378: 8375: 8373: 8370: 8368: 8365: 8363: 8360: 8358: 8355: 8354: 8351: 8348: 8346: 8342: 8328: 8325: 8323: 8320: 8318: 8315: 8313: 8307: 8305: 8302: 8300: 8297: 8295: 8292: 8290: 8287: 8285: 8282: 8280: 8277: 8275: 8272: 8271: 8269: 8267: 8263: 8257: 8254: 8252: 8249: 8247: 8244: 8242: 8239: 8238: 8236: 8234: 8230: 8222: 8221:Chief Justice 8219: 8218: 8217: 8216:Supreme Court 8214: 8212: 8209: 8205: 8200: 8199: 8198: 8195: 8191: 8188: 8187: 8186: 8183: 8181: 8178: 8174: 8171: 8170: 8169: 8166: 8162: 8159: 8158: 8157: 8154: 8150: 8147: 8146: 8145: 8142: 8140: 8137: 8135: 8132: 8130: 8127: 8125: 8122: 8121: 8118: 8115: 8113: 8109: 8095: 8092: 8090: 8087: 8085: 8084:Deforestation 8082: 8080: 8077: 8076: 8074: 8072: 8068: 8062: 8059: 8057: 8051: 8049: 8043: 8041: 8035: 8033: 8030: 8029: 8027: 8025: 8021: 8015: 8009: 8007: 8004: 8000: 7997: 7996: 7995: 7992: 7990: 7987: 7985: 7982: 7981: 7979: 7975: 7967: 7964: 7962: 7959: 7957: 7954: 7952: 7949: 7947: 7944: 7942: 7941:Mount Everest 7939: 7938: 7937: 7934: 7933: 7931: 7929: 7925: 7921: 7918: 7916: 7912: 7898: 7894: 7890: 7886: 7883: 7882: 7881: 7878: 7876: 7873: 7871: 7868: 7866: 7863: 7862: 7860: 7856: 7850: 7847: 7845: 7842: 7840: 7837: 7836: 7834: 7832: 7827: 7821: 7818: 7816: 7813: 7811: 7808: 7805: 7801: 7798: 7796: 7793: 7791: 7788: 7787: 7785: 7783: 7779: 7773: 7770: 7768: 7765: 7763: 7760: 7758: 7757:Bhimsen Thapa 7755: 7753: 7750: 7746: 7743: 7742: 7741: 7738: 7736: 7733: 7731: 7728: 7726: 7723: 7721: 7718: 7717: 7715: 7713: 7709: 7703: 7702:Newa kingdoms 7700: 7698: 7695: 7693: 7690: 7688: 7687:Khasa kingdom 7685: 7683: 7680: 7679: 7677: 7669: 7659: 7656: 7654: 7651: 7649: 7646: 7644: 7641: 7640: 7638: 7636: 7632: 7626: 7623: 7622: 7620: 7618: 7614: 7608: 7605: 7603: 7600: 7599: 7597: 7595: 7591: 7585: 7582: 7581: 7579: 7575: 7572: 7570: 7566: 7562: 7558: 7551: 7546: 7544: 7539: 7537: 7532: 7531: 7528: 7516: 7515: 7506: 7504: 7503: 7498: 7494: 7492: 7491: 7482: 7481: 7478: 7473: 7463: 7460: 7458: 7455: 7453: 7449: 7446: 7444: 7441: 7439: 7438:Geostatistics 7436: 7434: 7433:Geomorphology 7431: 7429: 7426: 7424: 7421: 7419: 7415: 7411: 7408: 7406: 7402: 7399: 7397: 7393: 7389: 7386: 7384: 7380: 7377: 7375: 7371: 7368: 7367: 7364: 7360: 7353: 7348: 7346: 7341: 7339: 7334: 7333: 7330: 7318: 7315: 7313: 7310: 7308: 7305: 7303: 7300: 7298: 7295: 7293: 7290: 7288: 7285: 7283: 7280: 7278: 7275: 7274: 7272: 7270: 7266: 7260: 7257: 7255: 7252: 7250: 7247: 7245: 7242: 7240: 7237: 7235: 7232: 7230: 7227: 7225: 7222: 7220: 7217: 7215: 7212: 7210: 7207: 7205: 7202: 7200: 7197: 7195: 7192: 7190: 7187: 7185: 7182: 7180: 7177: 7175: 7172: 7170: 7167: 7165: 7162: 7160: 7157: 7155: 7152: 7150: 7147: 7145: 7142: 7141: 7139: 7135: 7131: 7128: 7121: 7116: 7114: 7109: 7107: 7102: 7101: 7098: 7082: 7079: 7077: 7074: 7072: 7069: 7068: 7067: 7064: 7063: 7062: 7059: 7057: 7054: 7052: 7049: 7047: 7044: 7042: 7039: 7038: 7036: 7034: 7029: 7023: 7020: 7018: 7015: 7013: 7010: 7008: 7005: 7003: 7000: 6998: 6995: 6993: 6990: 6988: 6985: 6984: 6982: 6978: 6972: 6969: 6967: 6964: 6962: 6959: 6958: 6956: 6952: 6946: 6943: 6939: 6936: 6934: 6931: 6930: 6929: 6928:Coastal India 6926: 6925: 6923: 6919: 6913: 6910: 6908: 6905: 6903: 6902:Rann of Kutch 6900: 6898: 6895: 6893: 6890: 6888: 6885: 6883: 6880: 6878: 6875: 6873: 6870: 6868: 6865: 6863: 6860: 6858: 6855: 6853: 6850: 6848: 6845: 6844: 6842: 6838: 6832: 6829: 6827: 6824: 6823: 6821: 6817: 6811: 6808: 6806: 6803: 6801: 6798: 6796: 6793: 6791: 6788: 6786: 6783: 6781: 6778: 6777: 6775: 6771: 6765: 6762: 6760: 6757: 6755: 6752: 6750: 6747: 6745: 6742: 6740: 6737: 6735: 6732: 6730: 6727: 6725: 6722: 6720: 6717: 6715: 6712: 6710: 6707: 6705: 6702: 6700: 6697: 6695: 6694:Satpura Range 6692: 6690: 6689:Vindhya Range 6687: 6685: 6682: 6680: 6677: 6675: 6674:Eastern Ghats 6672: 6670: 6669:Western Ghats 6667: 6662: 6661:Mount Everest 6658: 6657: 6656: 6653: 6652: 6650: 6646: 6642: 6639:Geography of 6634: 6629: 6627: 6622: 6620: 6615: 6614: 6611: 6605: 6598: 6591: 6588: 6585: 6582: 6580: 6577: 6575: 6571: 6568: 6565: 6562: 6559: 6558: 6549: 6545: 6542: 6538: 6537:Tilman, H. W. 6535: 6532: 6528: 6524: 6521: 6520:81-901326-0-1 6517: 6513: 6509: 6506: 6503: 6502: 6497: 6494: 6493:0-19-561254-X 6490: 6486: 6482: 6479: 6478:0-415-01157-4 6475: 6471: 6467: 6464: 6460: 6456: 6452: 6449: 6446: 6445:0-89886-361-9 6442: 6438: 6434: 6431: 6428: 6424: 6421: 6420:0-8160-1994-0 6417: 6413: 6409: 6405: 6402: 6399: 6398:0-520-06941-2 6395: 6391: 6387: 6384: 6383:0-7888-1493-1 6380: 6376: 6373: 6370: 6366: 6362: 6358: 6355: 6351: 6348: 6347:81-7824-052-1 6344: 6340: 6336: 6333: 6332: 6318: 6314: 6310: 6306: 6302: 6298: 6294: 6290: 6284: 6281: 6277: 6273: 6267: 6263: 6259: 6255: 6250: 6247: 6245:9780367466275 6241: 6237: 6232: 6229: 6225: 6221: 6217: 6214:(1): 95–119, 6213: 6209: 6204: 6201: 6197: 6193: 6189: 6184: 6181: 6175: 6171: 6166: 6163: 6161:9780367877989 6157: 6153: 6149: 6145: 6140: 6137: 6133: 6128: 6123: 6119: 6115: 6110: 6109: 6090: 6084: 6080: 6075: 6072: 6066: 6062: 6057: 6056: 6046: 6040: 6036: 6032: 6028: 6023: 6019: 6015: 6011: 6005: 6001: 5997: 5993: 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4421: 4412: 4408: 4404: 4400: 4396: 4392: 4388: 4384: 4377: 4375: 4373: 4356: 4352: 4349:Drews, Carl. 4345: 4339: 4334: 4326: 4320: 4311: 4306: 4302: 4298: 4294: 4287: 4285: 4283: 4274: 4268: 4264: 4260: 4256: 4255: 4248: 4232: 4228: 4222: 4214: 4210: 4206: 4202: 4198: 4194: 4190: 4186: 4182: 4178: 4174: 4167: 4159: 4155: 4151: 4147: 4143: 4139: 4135: 4131: 4127: 4123: 4115: 4100:. 4 June 2007 4099: 4095: 4089: 4081: 4077: 4072: 4067: 4063: 4059: 4055: 4051: 4047: 4043: 4039: 4035: 4031: 4024: 4016: 4010: 4006: 3999: 3988: 3984: 3977: 3970: 3954: 3950: 3944: 3936: 3932: 3928: 3924: 3920: 3913: 3911: 3909: 3907: 3905: 3903: 3886: 3885:Nature on PBS 3882: 3876: 3857: 3853: 3849: 3845: 3841: 3834: 3827: 3811: 3807: 3801: 3786: 3782: 3776: 3768: 3764: 3760: 3756: 3748: 3740: 3736: 3732: 3728: 3724: 3720: 3716: 3712: 3711: 3703: 3697: 3694:glacier maps 3691: 3683: 3679: 3675: 3667: 3665: 3663: 3646: 3642: 3636: 3620: 3614: 3599: 3595: 3591: 3587: 3583: 3579: 3575: 3571: 3567: 3563: 3559: 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2802: 2801:Padmasambhava 2798: 2797:Paro Taktsang 2794: 2790: 2786: 2782: 2778: 2774: 2770: 2766: 2762: 2757: 2755: 2751: 2747: 2746:Pashupatinath 2743: 2739: 2735: 2731: 2727: 2725: 2720: 2716: 2715: 2710: 2709: 2704: 2703:Rishabhanatha 2700: 2699: 2694: 2683: 2679: 2673: 2662: 2658: 2651: 2637: 2633: 2627: 2623: 2619: 2613: 2609: 2605: 2596: 2587: 2580: 2575: 2566: 2558: 2549: 2537: 2536:invertebrates 2533: 2529: 2525: 2521: 2517: 2513: 2509: 2505: 2501: 2497: 2493: 2489: 2485: 2481: 2473: 2465: 2461: 2457: 2455: 2453: 2448: 2447: 2443:, apple, and 2442: 2437: 2436: 2431: 2426: 2424: 2420: 2416: 2412: 2408: 2404: 2400: 2396: 2392: 2388: 2384: 2380: 2376: 2371: 2369: 2358: 2352: 2342: 2335: 2325: 2312: 2308: 2303: 2300: 2296: 2291: 2289: 2283: 2281: 2276: 2271: 2269: 2268:glacial lakes 2265: 2261: 2257: 2253: 2252:precipitation 2248: 2246: 2241: 2231: 2224: 2213: 2211: 2207: 2203: 2199: 2195: 2191: 2186: 2183: 2179: 2175: 2171: 2170:Upper Mustang 2167: 2162: 2151: 2147: 2140: 2129: 2125: 2124:Upper Mustang 2121: 2114: 2105: 2103: 2098: 2096: 2091: 2089: 2087: 2081: 2077: 2073: 2068: 2066: 2061: 2057: 2043: 2040:A caravan of 2038: 2034: 2032: 2028: 2023: 2019: 2015: 2010: 2005:Precipitation 2002: 1998: 1996: 1992: 1987: 1983: 1974: 1973:Gandaki River 1970: 1966: 1964: 1960: 1959:Bay of Bengal 1956: 1941: 1937: 1935: 1934: 1928: 1924: 1920: 1916: 1911: 1909: 1905: 1901: 1897: 1893: 1889: 1885: 1881: 1877: 1873: 1868: 1866: 1858: 1854: 1849: 1839: 1836: 1829: 1825: 1821: 1817: 1815: 1810: 1806: 1802: 1798: 1794: 1789: 1787: 1783: 1780:region), and 1779: 1775: 1771: 1770:Mount Everest 1767: 1763: 1759: 1755: 1751: 1747: 1743: 1734: 1725: 1723: 1718: 1714: 1710: 1706: 1702: 1698: 1694: 1690: 1682: 1678: 1677:Bay of Bengal 1674: 1670: 1666: 1662: 1658: 1654: 1650: 1646: 1643: 1639: 1635: 1631: 1627: 1623: 1619: 1614: 1610: 1606: 1605: 1604: 1602: 1591: 1587: 1581: 1570: 1569:Zanskar River 1566: 1559: 1545: 1543: 1539: 1535: 1531: 1530:Kangchenjunga 1527: 1523: 1518: 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12982:Global South 12967:Global North 12901:Atlantic Rim 12840:Ring of Fire 12820:Indian Ocean 12810:Arctic Ocean 12752:Persian Gulf 12747:Indian Ocean 12728:Adriatic Sea 12693:Arctic Ocean 12525:Amazon Basin 12520:Amazon Plain 12492:Near Oceania 12292:Mid-Atlantic 12242:Aridoamerica 12202:Northwestern 12115:Northwestern 12088:Southeastern 11980:Greater Iran 11919:Southeastern 11914:Pacific Asia 11883:Pacific Asia 11871:Northeastern 11827:Asia–Pacific 11570:Fourth World 11560:Second World 11333: 11286: 11173: 11161: 11147: 11135: 11116: 11100: 11099: 11092:Southwestern 11052: 11033: 11021: 11014:Northwestern 10551:Panch Prayag 10458:Asan Barrage 10021:Demographics 9936:Ganges Basin 9822:Contemporary 9728:Shah dynasty 9666:Gupta Empire 9646:Nanda Empire 9366: 9360: 9354: 9261:Other basins 8993:Chatra Gorge 8977: 8871:Arun/Bum-chu 8798:Bibliography 8739:Human rights 8662:Celebrations 8628:Sonam Lhosar 8588:Yomari Punhi 8533:Christianity 8446:Demographics 8367:Child labour 8124:Constitution 7946:Kanchenjunga 7935: 7790:Kot massacre 7512: 7500: 7488: 7410:Soil science 7405:Oceanography 7379:Biogeography 7292:Oldham Fault 7282:Indian Plate 7229:2008 Damxung 7224:2005 Kashmir 7219:1999 Chamoli 7169:1885 Kashmir 7159:1803 Garhwal 7149:1555 Kashmir 7081:Southeastern 7076:Southwestern 7056:Northeastern 7046:Northwestern 6877:Ganges Delta 6872:Ganges Basin 6862:Indus Valley 6852:Punjab plain 6785:Chota Nagpur 6764:Lushai Hills 6654: 6547: 6540: 6530: 6511: 6499: 6484: 6469: 6454: 6436: 6426: 6411: 6389: 6374: 6360: 6353: 6338: 6335:Aitken, Bill 6292: 6288: 6253: 6235: 6211: 6207: 6191: 6187: 6169: 6143: 6117: 6113: 6078: 6060: 6026: 5991: 5972: 5939: 5913: 5889: 5885: 5879: 5854: 5850: 5840: 5831: 5822: 5803: 5797: 5788: 5765:. 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Retrieved 3097: 3086: 3068: 3062: 3053: 3048: 3042: 3019: 3011: 2994: 2981: 2903: 2884: 2878: 2872: 2869: 2814:A number of 2813: 2772: 2758: 2729: 2723: 2712: 2706: 2696: 2690: 2634: 2630: 2593: 2584: 2563: 2546: 2512:biodiversity 2464:Snow leopard 2450: 2444: 2441:rhododendron 2433: 2427: 2375:snow leopard 2372: 2368:extremophile 2364: 2292: 2284: 2272: 2249: 2239: 2236: 2187: 2157: 2099: 2092: 2085: 2075: 2069: 2052: 2018:Indian Ocean 2011: 2008: 1999: 1978: 1963:Namcha Barwa 1952: 1938: 1931: 1912: 1908:Lake Tsongmo 1902:district of 1892:North Sikkim 1872:Tilicho Lake 1869: 1862: 1832: 1790: 1739: 1721: 1717:Yellow River 1686: 1648: 1608: 1598: 1534:Nanga Parbat 1519: 1503: 1489:with fossil 1466:, they were 1456:Tethys Ocean 1448:Indian Plate 1441: 1386: 1332:Nanga Parbat 1312:Jammu region 1300:Sutlej river 1273: 1186: 1178:Kangri Garpo 1170:Namche Barwa 1135: 1083:Shishapangma 1052: 1025: 1021:Annapurna II 1019:valley with 967: 949: 946:the Himalaya 945: 943: 918: 912:king of snow 894: 886: 882: 864: 853: 823: 809: 793: 786:(written as 757: 749: 744:(हिंवाळ) in 741: 719: 673: 660:Namcha Barwa 656:Nanga Parbat 638: 622:Machapuchare 523: 513:. More than 399: 395: 393: 371:Type of rock 36: 12997:Global West 12957:Global East 12916:Pacific Rim 12858:waterbodies 12847:World Ocean 12672:New Zealand 12552:The Guianas 12441:Australasia 12384:West Indies 12307:New England 12287:Great Lakes 12257:Mesoamerica 12144:Middle East 12120:Scandinavia 12009:Middle East 11847:Caspian Sea 11753:Great Lakes 11733:Sub-Saharan 11719:Middle East 11582:Hemispheres 11565:Third World 11555:First World 11508:'s primary 11155:Amne Machin 10925:Pithoragarh 10846:Rudraprayag 10803:Pithoragarh 10586:Jim Corbett 10546:Panch Kedar 10541:Sapta Badri 10040:Indo-Aryans 9824:Uttarakhand 9751:Uttarakhand 9575:Bar Council 9520:Legislature 9462:Departments 9362:Bhararisain 9342:Uttarakhand 8724:Witch-hunts 8679:Bratabandha 8623:Tamu Lhosar 8357:Agriculture 8071:Environment 7800:Tibetan War 7730:Unification 7692:Baise Rajya 7388:Climatology 7374:Meteorology 7239:2011 Sikkim 7234:2009 Bhutan 7179:1905 Kangra 7154:1714 Bhutan 7130:earthquakes 7022:Afghanistan 6966:Lakshadweep 6831:Thar Desert 6826:Thal Desert 6714:Khasi Hills 5857:: 190–201. 4539:(22). AGU. 4498:(22). AGU. 4361:14 November 3507:: 113–132. 3093:"Himalayan" 3006:; from 2895:angiosperms 2891:gymnosperms 2844:monasteries 2773:mahasiddhas 2767:started in 2730:Sinhnishdha 2724:tirthankara 2717:, his son, 2705:, attained 2698:tirthankara 2659:Monastery, 2612:Uttarakhand 2439:especially 2370:organisms. 2166:rain shadow 2120:cold desert 2027:thermal low 1995:heat budget 1991:heat island 1949:Temperature 1896:Gokyo Lakes 1865:Pangong Tso 1762:Uttarakhand 1701:Andaman Sea 1657:Brahmaputra 1618:Arabian Sea 1609:Indus Basin 1565:Indus River 1515:seismically 1442:During the 1425:Arakan Yoma 1389:sedimentary 1284:British Raj 1245:Chaar Dhaam 1225:Uttarakhand 1197:Sarda River 960:'s essays. 885:or Himavan 871:Mahabharata 752:(हिमाल) in 590:Brahmaputra 550:Afghanistan 384:sedimentary 379:Metamorphic 355:Age of rock 316:Afghanistan 219:(8,848 m), 215:(8,462 m), 169: / 144:Coordinates 87:Brahmaputra 13044:Categories 12738:Ionian Sea 12733:Aegean Sea 12703:Baltic Sea 12635:Antarctica 12487:Micronesia 12456:New Guinea 12414:Portuguese 12332:West Coast 12282:East Coast 12277:Bible Belt 12272:Appalachia 11951:Subregions 11859:Inner Asia 11777:Antarctica 11677:Continents 11650:Antarctica 11625:Landmasses 11535:Down Under 11530:Arab World 11514:subregions 11129:Yengisogat 11060:Altyn-Tagh 10856:Uttarkashi 10679:Transport 10591:Nanda Devi 10243:Chaudangsi 10182:Indo-Aryan 9949:Ecoregions 9862:Geological 9580:Lok Adalat 9560:High Court 9377:Government 9359:(winter); 8896:Imja Khola 8886:Dudh Koshi 8881:Bhotekoshi 8461:Literature 8384:(currency) 8309:Kathmandu 8279:Biratnagar 8156:Parliament 8061:West Rapti 8039:(Ghaghara) 7956:Dhaulagiri 7735:Kalu Pande 7648:Amshuverma 7584:Bhadrabahu 7443:Glaciology 7423:Geobiology 7418:Edaphology 7259:2023 Nepal 7254:2021 Assam 7209:1988 Nepal 7199:1980 Nepal 7189:1947 Assam 7184:1934 Bihar 7174:1897 Assam 7012:Bangladesh 6980:By country 6938:West Coast 6933:East Coast 6897:Sundarbans 6754:Naga Hills 6744:Hindu Kush 6699:Garo Hills 6641:South Asia 6563:(archived) 6433:Hunt, John 5958:1102237054 5932:2018954855 5175:|url= 5108:|url= 5082:1885/66271 4833:20 October 4708:1 November 4338:Tsho Rolpa 4128:: 136455. 3959:22 January 3891:21 January 3865:4 November 3846:: 13,617. 3755:GeoJournal 3710:GeoJournal 3136:required.) 3034:References 2848:Dalai Lama 2840:Darjeeling 2830:, Sikkim, 2754:shaligrams 2516:amphibians 2446:box myrtle 2415:red pandas 2407:brown bear 2397:, and the 2311:hydropower 2307:irrigation 2288:permafrost 2258:, eastern 2206:Taklamakan 2178:Dhaulagiri 2122:region of 2095:Darjeeling 2070:Using the 1919:Tsho Rolpa 1900:Solukhumbu 1886:of Nepal, 1846:See also: 1801:New Guinea 1768:glaciers ( 1742:Antarctica 1689:Gyala Peri 1681:Sunderbans 1673:Bangladesh 1659:, and the 1590:Solukhumbu 1586:Imja Khola 1509:along the 1491:trilobites 1484:Ordovician 1407:along the 1336:Hindu Kush 1288:Dharamsala 1237:Nanda Devi 1182:Gyala Peri 1131:Arun river 1055:Dhaulagiri 1017:Marsyangdi 986:Hindu Kush 970:See also: 901:: हिमराज, 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