Hippopotamus - Knowledge

660: 1422: 851: 685: 1553: 672: 1751:, and limb movements do not change between speeds. They can reach an airborne stage (a stage when all limb are off the ground) when they move fast enough. Hippos are reported to reach 30 km/h (19 mph) but this has not been confirmed. They are incapable of jumping but can walk up steep banks. The hippopotamus sleeps with both hemispheres of the brain resting, as in all land mammals, and usually sleeps on land or in water with the nostrils exposed. Despite this, it may be capable of sleeping while submerged, intermittently surfacing to breathe without waking. They appear to transition between different phases of sleep more quickly than other mammals. 1837: 1394:

weight at around age 25. It is 2.90 to 5.05 m (9 ft 6 in to 16 ft 7 in) long, including a tail of about 35 to 56 cm (14 to 22 in) in length and 1.30 to 1.65 m (4 ft 3 in to 5 ft 5 in) tall at the shoulder, with males and females ranging 1.40 to 1.65 m (4 ft 7 in to 5 ft 5 in) and 1.30 to 1.45 m (4 ft 3 in to 4 ft 9 in) tall at the shoulder respectively. The species has a typical head-body length of 3.3–3.45 m (10.8–11.3 ft) and an average standing height of 1.4 m (4 ft 7 in) at the shoulder.

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defer to him. A younger male may challenge the old bull for control of the territory. Within the pods, the hippos tend to segregate by sex and status. Bachelor males lounge near other bachelors, females with other females, and the territorial male is on his own. When hippos emerge from the water to graze, they do so individually.

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territories in the water. They may be used as trails between the water and grazing areas. "Yawning" serves as a threat display. When fighting, bulls use their incisors to block each other's attacks and their large canines as offensive weapons. When hippos become over-populated or a habitat shrinks, bulls sometimes attempt

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in water but not land, and these may range 250–500 m (820–1,640 ft) in lakes and 50–100 m (160–330 ft) in rivers. Territories are abandoned when the water dries up. The bull has breeding access to all the cows in his territory. Younger bachelors are allowed to stay as long as they

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Because of their size and their habit of taking the same paths to feed, hippos can have a significant impact on the land across which they walk, keeping the land clear of vegetation and depressing the ground. Over prolonged periods, hippos can divert the paths of swamps and channels. By defecating in

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Clark, J. D.; Beyene, Y.; WoldeGabriel, G.; Hart, W. K.; Renne, P. R.; Gilbert, H.; Defleur, A.; Suwa, G.; Katoh, S.; Ludwig, K. R.; Boisserie, J.-R.; Asfaw, Berhane; White, T. D. (2003). "Stratigraphic, chronological and behavioural contexts of Pleistocene Homo sapiens from Middle Awash, Ethiopia".

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built a US$ 73 million exhibit to house three adult hippos, featuring a 250,000 L (55,000 imp gal; 66,000 US gal) tank. Modern hippo enclosures also have a complex filtration system for the animal's waste, an underwater viewing area for the visitors, and glass that may be up

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species. The mean adult weight is around 1,480 kg (3,260 lb) for bulls and 1,365 kg (3,009 lb) for cows. Exceptionally large males have been recorded reaching 2,660 kg (5,860 lb). Male hippos appear to continue growing throughout their lives, while females reach maximum

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assigned each animal its place in nature, the hippos wanted to live in the water, but were refused out of fear they might eat all the fish. After begging and pleading, the hippos were finally allowed to live in the water on the condition they would eat grass instead of fish, and fling their dung so

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and can breed year-round. After becoming pregnant, a female hippo will typically not begin ovulation again for 17 months. Hippos mate in the water, with the cow remaining under the surface, her head emerging periodically to draw breath. Cows give birth in seclusion and return within 10 to 14 days.

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Hippos engage in "muck-spreading" which involves defecating while spinning their tails to distribute the faeces over a greater area. Muck-spreading occurs both on land and in water and its function is not well understood. It is unlikely to serve a territorial function, as the animals only establish

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waters with rocky slopes. Like most herbivores, hippos will consume a variety of plants if presented with them in captivity, but their diet in nature consists almost entirely of grass, with only minimal consumption of aquatic plants. Hippos spend most of the day in water to stay cool and hydrated.

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and birth both occur in the water. During the day, hippos remain cool by staying in water or mud, emerging at dusk to graze on grasses. While hippos rest near each other in the water, grazing is a solitary activity and hippos typically do not display territorial behaviour on land. Hippos are among

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habitats; crocodiles may be either aggressively displaced or killed by hippos. In turn, very large Nile crocodiles have been observed preying occasionally on calves, "half-grown" hippos, and possibly also adult female hippos. Groups of crocodiles have also been observed finishing off still-living

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Despite being semiaquatic, an adult hippo is not a particularly good swimmer, nor can it float. It rarely enters deep water; when it does, the animal moves by bouncing off the bottom. An adult hippo surfaces every four to six minutes, while young need to breathe every two to three minutes. Hippos

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rebels, underpaid Congolese soldiers, and local militia groups. Reasons for poaching include the belief hippos are harmful to society, as well as financial gain. As of 2016, the Virunga hippo population appears to have increased again, possibly due to better protection from park rangers, who have

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grow continuously, the former reaching 40 cm (16 in), while the latter can grow to up to 50 cm (20 in). The lower canines are sharpened through contact with the smaller upper canines. The canines and incisors are used mainly for combat instead of feeding. Hippos rely on their

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tusks, nearly hairless bodies, pillar-like legs, and large size: adults average 1,500 kg (3,300 lb) for bulls (males) and 1,300 kg (2,900 lb) for cows (females). Despite its stocky shape and short legs, it is capable of running 30 km/h (19 mph) over short distances.

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deposits of organic matter along the river beds. These deposits have an unclear ecological function. A 2015 study concluded hippo dung provides nutrients from terrestrial material for fish and aquatic invertebrates, while a 2018 study found that their dung can be toxic to aquatic life in large

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are known to prey on young hippos. Beyond these, adult hippos are not usually preyed upon by other animals due to their aggression and size. Cases where large lion prides have successfully preyed on adult hippos have been reported, but it is generally rare. Lions occasionally prey on adults at

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rests at an angle of 45 degrees. Though chubby-looking, hippos have little fat. The eyes, ears, and nostrils of hippos are placed high on the roof of their skulls. This allows these organs to remain above the surface while the rest of the body is submerged. The nostrils and ears can close when

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The most common hippo vocalisation is the "wheeze honk", which can travel over long distances in air. This call starts as a high-pitched squeal followed by a deeper, resonant call. The animals can recognise the calls of other individuals. Hippos are more likely to react to the wheeze honks of

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Calves are born on land or shallow water weighing on average 50 kg (110 lb) and at an average length of around 127 cm (50 in). The female lies on her side when nursing, which can occur underwater or on land. The young are carried on their mothers' backs in deep water.

1872:, in this case typically producing just one large, well-developed infant every couple of years (rather than many small, poorly developed young several times per year, as is common among small mammals such as rodents). Calves no longer need to suckle when they are a year old. 1658:, attributed to an increase in water bodies at the end of the era. These findings have important conservation implications, as hippo populations across the continent are currently threatened by loss of access to fresh water. Hippos are also subject to unregulated hunting and 1705:'s estate after his death in 1993. Their numbers grew to 100 by the 2020s and ecologists believe the population should be eradicated, as they are breeding rapidly and are an increasing menace to humans and the environment. Attempts to control them include sterilisation and 1694:

worked with local fishermen. The sale of hippo meat is illegal, but black-market sales are difficult for Virunga National Park officers to track. Hippo meat is highly valued in some areas of central Africa and the teeth may be used as a replacement for elephant ivory.

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substance that is sometimes referred to as "blood sweat" but is neither blood nor sweat. This secretion is initially colourless and turns red-orange within minutes, eventually becoming brown. Two highly acidic pigments have been identified in the secretions; one red

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it can be inspected for fish bones. In a Ndebele tale, the hippo originally had long, beautiful hair, but it was set on fire by a jealous hare and the hippo had to jump into a nearby pool. The hippo lost most of his hair and was too embarrassed to leave the water.

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The hippo is considered to be extremely aggressive and has frequently been reported charging and attacking boats. Small boats can easily be capsized by hippos and passengers can be injured or killed by the animals, or drown in the water. In one 2014 case in

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The suggested subspecies above were never widely used or validated by field biologists; the described morphological differences were small enough that they could have resulted from simple variation in nonrepresentative samples. A study examining

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Hippo skin is 6 cm (2.4 in) thick across much of its body with little hair. The animal is mostly purplish-grey or blue-black, but brownish-pink on the underside and around the eyes and ears. Their skin secretes a natural, red-coloured

2073:, a boat was capsized by a hippo and 13 people were killed. Hippos will often raid farm crops if the opportunity arises, and humans may come into conflict with them on these occasions. These encounters can be fatal to either humans or hippos. 1285:. Fossil evidence indicates many Malagasy hippos were hunted by humans, a factor in their eventual extinction. Isolated individual Malagasy hippos may have survived in remote pockets; in 1976, villagers described a living animal called the 1722: 1720: 2125:

Hippos generally breed well in captivity; birth rates are lower than in the wild, but this can be attributed to zoos' desire to limit births, since hippos are relatively expensive to maintain. Starting in 2015, the

1552: 1791:, so cows and young bulls are almost indistinguishable in the field. Hippo pods fluctuate but can contain over 100 hippos. Although they lie close together, adults develop almost no social bonds. Males establish 1743:

Just before night begins, they leave the water to forage on land. A hippo will travel 3–5 km (1.9–3.1 mi) per night, eating around 40 kg (88 lb) of grass. By dawn, they are back in the water.

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strangers than to those they are more familiar with. When threatened or alarmed, they produce exhalations, and fighting bulls will bellow loudly. Hippos are recorded to produce clicks underwater which may have

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Mecozzi, Beniamino; Iannucci, Alessio; Mancini, Marco; Tentori, Daniel; Cavasinni, Chiara; Conti, Jacopo; Messina, Mattia Yuri; Sarra, Alex; Sardella, Raffaele (22 November 2023). Carnevale, Giorgio (ed.).

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in Europe during the Pleistocene was largely confined to Southern Europe, including the Iberian Peninsula, Italy, and Greece, but extended into northwestern Europe, including Great Britain (as far north as

6013:"Environmental availability, behavioural diversity and diet: a zooarchaeological approach from the TD10-1 sublevel of Gran Dolina (Sierra de Atapuerca, Burgos, Spain) and Bolomor Cave (Valencia, Spain)" 4196:"Reinforcing the idea of an early dispersal of Hippopotamus amphibius in Europe: Restoration and multidisciplinary study of the skull from the Middle Pleistocene of Cava Montanari (Rome, central Italy)" 3257:

Pandolfi, L.; Martino, R.; Belvedere, M.; Martínez-Navarro, B.; Medin, T.; Libsekal, Y.; Rook, L. (2023). "The latest Early Pleistocene hippopotami from the human-bearing locality of Buia (Eritrea)".

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from the Early Pleistocene-early Middle Pleistocene of Africa and West Asia grew considerably larger than the living hippopotamus, with an estimated body mass of over 4,000 kg (8,800 lb).

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properties. They have the unique ability to hold their heads partially above the water and send out a cry that travels through both water and air; individuals respond both above and below water.

1681:, with a stable population estimated between 115,000 and 130,000 animals. The hippo population has declined most dramatically in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. By 2005, the population in 4888: 3241: 2114:

Hippos have long been popular zoo animals. The first record of hippos taken into captivity for display is dated to 3500 BC in Hierakonpolis, Egypt. The first zoo hippo in modern history was

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Mother hippos are very protective of their young, not allowing others to get too close. One cow was recorded protecting a calf's carcass after it had died. Calves may be temporarily kept in

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in the Philippines since it first opened in 1959. When she died in 2017, her age was estimated to be 65. The oldest living hippopotamus in captivity is Lu the Hippo, from the Ellie Schiller

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Burney, D. A.; Ramilisonina (1998). "The Kilopilopitsofy, Kidoky, and Bokyboky: Accounts of Strange Animals from Belo-sur-mer, Madagascar, and the Megafaunal "Extinction Window"".

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range, creating a sunscreen effect. Regardless of diet, all hippos secrete these pigments so food does not appear to be their source; rather, they may be synthesised from

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The most recent theory of the origins of Hippopotamidae suggests hippos and whales shared a common semiaquatic ancestor that branched off from other artiodactyls around

5457: 1719: 3380:. In: Krzyżaniak L, Kroeper K, Kobusiewicz M, editors. Recent Research into the Stone Age of Northeastern Africa. Poznań: Poznań Archaeological Museum; 2000. p. 33–46. 6640: 2462: 3449:"An Early Pleistocene hippopotamus from Westbury Cave, Somerset, England: support for a previously unrecognized temperate interval in the British Quaternary record" 1921:

in order to be cleaned of parasites by certain species of fishes. They signal their readiness for this service by opening their mouths wide. This is an example of

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in Europe during the latter part of the Middle Pleistocene. The Pleistocene also saw a number of dwarf species evolve on several Mediterranean islands, including

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revealed cows may begin puberty at as early as three or four years. Bulls reach maturity at around 7.5 years. Both conceptions and births are highest during the

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of the hippo are more horizontally positioned, much like cetaceans. Underneath are throat tissues, where vibrations are transmitted to produce underwater calls.

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Horwitz, Liora Kolska; Tchernov, Eitan (1990). "Cultural and Environmental Implications of Hippopotamus Bone Remains in Archaeological Contexts in the Levant".

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infests hippopotamus eyes, mainly the nictitating membrane. It is the only monogenean species (which normally live on fish) documented to live on a mammal.

4560:"A new record of Pleistocene hippopotamus from River Severn terrace deposits, Gloucester, UK—palaeoenvironmental setting and stratigraphical significance" 745:

and historically ranged as far north as Egypt; its skull is distinguished by a moderately reduced preorbital region, a bulging dorsal surface, elongated

763:; was noted to be smaller and more lightly coloured than other hippos with wider nostrils, somewhat longer snout and more rounded and relatively raised 3247:. In Proceedings of the II Meeting of African Prehistory: Burgos 15–16 April 2015, Sahnouni M, Semaw S, Rios Garaizar J (eds). CENIEH: Burgos; 135–169. 4841: 1580:(130–115,000 years ago). The youngest records of the species in Europe are from the Late Pleistocene of Greece, dating to around 40-30,000 years ago. 4966:

Grey, J.; Harper, D. M. (2002). "Using Stable Isotope Analyses To Identify Allochthonous Inputs to Lake Naivasha Mediated Via the Hippopotamus Gut".

2582: 517:, etc.), from which they diverged about 55 million years ago. Hippos are recognisable for their barrel-shaped torsos, wide-opening mouths with large 1983:

butchery of hippopotamuses. The earliest evidence of modern human interaction with hippos comes from butchery cut marks on hippo bones found at the

813:; skull characterised by a thicker preorbital region, shorter snout, flatter dorsal surface, reduced mandibular symphysis and smaller chewing teeth. 4317:"Diet and habitat of the late Middle Pleistocene mammals from the Casal de' Pazzi site (Rome, Italy) using stable carbon and oxygen isotope ratios" 4052: 3626: 1421: 850: 5884: 5539:

Graham, L. H.; Reid, K.; Webster, T.; Richards, M.; Joseph, S. (2002). "Endocrine patterns associated with reproduction in the Nile hippopotamus (

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would have resembled skinny hippos with comparatively smaller, narrower heads. All branches of the anthracotheres, except that which evolved into

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Hippos have barrel-shaped bodies with short tails and legs, and an hourglass-shaped skull with a long snout. Their skeletal structures are

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and one orange norhipposudoric acid, which inhibit the growth of disease-causing bacteria and their light-absorption profile peaks in the

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Blasco, Ruth; Rosell, Jordi; Fernández Peris, Josep; Arsuaga, Juan Luis; Bermúdez de Castro, José María; Carbonell, Eudald (June 2013).

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Pawłowska, K. (2017). "Large mammals affected by hominins: Paleogeography of butchering for the European Early and Middle Pleistocene".

4911: 1357:). Of these, the Cyprus dwarf hippo survived until the end of the Pleistocene or early Holocene. Evidence from the archaeological site 11405: 6244: 3519: 3209: 1738:. They prefer relatively still waters with gently sloping shores, though male hippos may also be found in very small numbers in more 11208: 1520:

A hippo's lifespan is typically 40 to 50 years. Donna the Hippo was one of the oldest living hippos in captivity. She lived at the

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Dutton, C. L.; Subalusky, A. L.; Sanchez, A.; Estrela, S.; Lu, N.; Hamilton, S. K.; Njoroge, L.; Rosi, E. J.; Post, D. M. (2021).

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The testes of the males do not fully descend and a scrotum is not present. In addition, the penis retracts into the body when not

11247: 6592: 4474:"The Pleistocene easternmost distribution in Eurasia of the species associated with the Eemian Palaeoloxodon antiquus assemblage" 2457: 671: 5241: 3675: 3094:

Boisserie, J.-R.; Lihoreau, F.; Brunet, M. (2005). "Origins of Hippopotamidae (Mammalia, Cetartiodactyla): towards resolution".

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and require enough water to immerse in, while being close to grass. They mostly live in freshwater habitat, but can be found in

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Marshall, P. J.; Sayer, J. A. (1976). "Population ecology and response to cropping of a hippo population in eastern Zambia".

2666: 1533: 1528:, in the US until her death in 2012 at the age of 61. The oldest hippo ever recorded was called Bertha; she had lived in the 11252: 3205:"The phylogeny and taxonomy of Hippopotamidae (Mammalia: Artiodactyla): a review based on morphology and cladistic analysis" 2777:"A phylogenomic analysis of the role and timing of molecular adaptation in the aquatic transition of cetartiodactyl mammals" 2448: 2278:

is set in Tanzania and involves the title character trying to escape being slaughtered with the help of local children. The

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had dropped to 800 or 900 from around 29,000 in the mid-1970s. This decline is attributed to the disruptions caused by the

5795:"Carbon stable isotopes suggest that hippopotamus-vectored nutrients subsidize aquatic consumers in an East African river" 2775:

Tsagkogeorga, G.; McGowen, M. R.; Davies, K. T. J.; Jarman, S.; Polanowski, A.; Bertelsen, M. F.; Rossiter, S. J. (2015).

1868:, guarded by one or more adults, and will play amongst themselves. Like many other large mammals, hippos are described as 11435: 6375:

Snyder, K. D. (2015). "The common Hippopotamus in the wild and in captivity: Conservation for less charismatic species".

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on 25 May 1850, where he attracted up to 10,000 visitors a day and inspired a popular song, the "Hippopotamus Polka".

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Dell, Leigh-Anne; Patzke, Nina; Spocter, Muhammad A.; Bertelsen, Mads F.; Siegel, Jerome M.; Manger, Paul R. (2016).

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McCarthy, T. S.; Ellery, W. N.; Bloem, A (1998). "Some observations on the geomorphological impact of hippopotamus (

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Inman, V. L.; Leggett, K. E. A. (2020). "Observations on the response of a pod of hippos to a dead juvenile hippo (

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Cott, H. B. (2010). "Scientific results of an inquiry into the ecology and economic status of the Nile crocodile (

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Incised hippopotamus ivory tusk (upper canine) with four holes around top (Naqada Tomb 1419, Egypt; Naqada period)

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which give them large, droopy cheeks. The jaw hinge allows the animal to open its mouth at almost 180°. A folded

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the most dangerous animals in the world due to their aggressive and unpredictable nature. They are threatened by

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Genetic evidence suggests common hippos in Africa experienced a marked population expansion during or after the

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from skin biopsies taken from 13 sampling locations found "low, but significant, genetic differentiation" among

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and dated to around 160,000 years ago. 4,000–5,000 year art showing hippos being hunted have been found in the

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continues to cause debate on whether or not the species was driven to extinction or even encountered by human.

5828:"Organic matter loading by hippopotami causes subsidy overload resulting in downstream hypoxia and fish kills" 4264:

Fidalgo, Darío; Madurell-Malapeira, Joan; Martino, Roberta; Pandolfi, Luca; Rosas, Antonio (10 January 2024).

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allows them to sink and move along the bottom of the water. Hippopotamuses have small legs (relative to other

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to 9 cm (3.5 in) thick and capable of holding water under pressures of 31 kPa (4.5 psi).

1215:. Hippopotamid species would spread across Africa and Eurasia, including the modern pygmy hippo. From 7.5 to 35: 11450: 11425: 7810: 3647: 1502:. This natural sunscreen cannot prevent the animal's skin from cracking if it stays out of water too long. 802: 4845: 2592: 11430: 11286: 11156: 6596: 2567: 2516: 1615:

were made at the end of the 19th century. Hippos are still found in the rivers and lakes of the northern

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recognised the hippo as ferocious, and representations on the tombs of nobles show humans hunting them.

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Haas, Georg (1953). "On the Occurrence of Hippopotamus in the Iron Age of the Coastal Area of Israel".

4473: 3933: 3888: 2893:"More DNA support for a Cetacea/Hippopotamidae clade: the blood-clotting protein gene gamma-fibrinogen" 2511: 1698: 1925:, in which the hippo benefits from the cleaning while the fish receive food. Hippo defecation creates 10067: 7012: 7003: 6636: 6316: 4364: 2587: 1979:, a site in Spain preserving fossils dating from 230,000 to 120,000 years ago, provides evidence for 1330: 450: 4776: 4092: 3496:

Simmons, A. (2000). "Faunal extinction in an island society: pygmy hippopotamus hunters of Cyprus".

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Stuenes, S. (1989). "Taxonomy, habits and relationships of the sub-fossil Madagascan hippopotamuses

2706:"Mitochondrial DNA variation of the common hippopotamus: evidence for a recent population expansion" 2683: 9854: 5976: 5769: 5417:

Maust-Mohl, M; Soltis, J; Reiss, D (2018). "Underwater click train production by the hippopotamus (

4423:"The Fossil Record of Continental Hippopotamids (Mammalia: Artiodactyla: Hippopotamidae) in Greece" 4321: 2756: 2426: 1563:

arrived in Europe around 560-460,000 years ago, during the Middle Pleistocene. The distribution of

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Rubtsova, N. Y.; Heckmann, R. A.; Smit, W. J.; Luus-Powell, W. J.; Halajian, A.; Roux, F. (2018).

5063: 11410: 10503: 9896: 7792: 6933: 6633:"11 Things You May Not Know About Ancient Egypt: King Tut may have been killed by a hippopotamus" 6259:"Hippopotamus attack kills 13 people, including 12 children, in boat near Niger's capital Niamey" 6012: 4559: 4316: 3706: 3342: 2749:"Suiform Soundings: The IUCN/SSC Pigs, Peccaries, and Hippos Specialist Group (PPHSG) Newsletter" 2539: 2257: 1960: 1902: 1611:

branch of the Nile after the Arab Conquest in 639. Reports of the slaughter of the last hippo in

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and other terrestrial even-toed ungulates, the closest living relatives of the hippopotamids are

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and the rest of the even-toed ungulates; the cetacean and hippo lineages split soon afterwards.

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Saikawa, Y.; Hashimoto, K.; Nakata, M.; Yoshihara, M.; Nagai, K.; Ida, M.; Komiya, T. (2004).

1409:) because the water in which they live reduces the weight burden. The toes are webbed and the 11338: 10704: 9734: 7959: 7188: 7072: 6655: 6135: 4026: 2994:"Scientists find missing link between the dolphin, whale and its closest relative, the hippo" 2352: 2020: 1809: 1682: 1441:

allows the hippo to attain an extreme gape without tearing any tissue. On the lower jaw, the

1299: 1270: 867: 299: 143: 11330: 5761: 4266:"An Updated Review of The Quaternary Hippopotamus Fossil Records from the Iberian Peninsula" 704:

are the only living members of the family Hippopotamidae. Some taxonomists place hippos and

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is depicted as a pregnant woman with a hippo head, representing fierce maternal love. The

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bulls each preside over a stretch of water and a group of five to thirty cows and calves.

8: 10957: 10659: 10650: 10398: 10266: 10239: 10175: 9836: 9716: 9665: 7344: 7251: 6842: 6513: 5762: 3133:"Hippos stem from the longest sequence of terrestrial cetartiodactyl evolution in Africa" 2534: 2336: 2268: 1922: 1845: 1817: 1596: 1525: 709: 152: 6064: 6028: 5989: 5843: 5595: 5477: 5372: 5315: 5173: 5142: 5134: 5049: 5018: 4979: 4575: 4528: 4422: 4380: 4334: 4238: 4211: 4195: 3985: 3511: 3464: 3270: 3148: 3049: 2949: 2792: 2703: 1865: 11044: 11035: 10407: 10347: 10329: 10311: 10257: 10230: 10221: 9845: 9827: 9761: 9454: 9180: 8657: 8648: 8367: 7801: 7269: 7081: 7063: 6942: 6392: 6084: 5956: 5943: 5910: 5860: 5827: 5825: 5721: 5607: 5516: 5438: 5392: 5270: 5190: 5157: 5094: 5065: 4999: 4690: 4665: 4657: 4622: 4614: 4448: 4400: 4007: 3803: 3754: 3608: 3478: 3424: 3391: 3359: 3282: 3113: 2969: 2863: 2836: 2809: 2776: 2710: 2308: 2148: 2036: 1988: 1909:

are frequent targets of hippo aggression, probably because they often inhabit the same

1792: 1678: 1308: 1243: 1125: 906: 701: 530: 457: 439: 199: 167: 6600: 5556: 3068: 3031: 2704:

Okello, J. B. A.; Nyakaana, S.; Masembe, C.; Siegismund, H. R.; Arctander, P. (2005).

795:; featured a slightly shorter but broader face, and pronounced, forward-facing orbits. 11325: 11169: 10677: 10668: 10356: 10284: 10212: 10043: 10025: 9878: 8828: 8223: 8214: 8066: 7968: 7747: 7714: 7657: 7527: 7054: 6915: 6569: 6544: 6519: 6465: 6440: 6415: 6223: 6188:

Huberta Goes South, a Record of the Lone Trek of the Celebrated Zululand Hippopotamus

6166: 6141: 6107: 6076: 5948: 5865: 5773: 5740: 5684: 5659: 5634: 5611: 5560: 5396: 5384: 5278: 5214: 5195: 5099: 5003: 4991: 4696: 4669: 4626: 4540: 4493: 4489: 4452: 4438: 4404: 4392: 4297: 4243: 4225: 4032: 3999: 3913:

Herring, S. W. (1975). "Adaptations for gape in the hippopotamus and its relatives".

3867: 3866:. Vol. 3, Part B: Large Mammals. University Of Chicago Press. pp. 256–277. 3827: 3760: 3756:

The Behavior Guide to African Mammals: including hoofed mammals, carnivores, primates

3710: 3679: 3571: 3482: 3429: 3411: 3286: 3223: 3204: 3162: 3109: 3096: 3073: 2961: 2916: 2868: 2814: 2729: 2662: 2403: 2239: 2077: 1951: 1918: 1788: 1755:

the water, the animals also appear to pass on microbes from their gut, affecting the

1577: 1509:. The genitals of the female hippos are unusual in that the vagina is ridged and the 1492: 1484: 1402: 1304: 1247: 1133: 819: 708:

in the superfamily Anthracotheroidea. Hippopotamidae are classified along with other

134: 6396: 6036: 5960: 5274: 3807: 3782:"Hippopotamus underwater locomotion: Reduced-gravity movements for a massive mammal" 3278: 3130: 3117: 2056:

became a celebrity during the Great Depression for trekking a great distance across

1787:

It is challenging to study the interaction of bulls and cows because hippos are not

11174: 11071: 10825: 10816: 10695: 10536: 10527: 10320: 9992: 9983: 9931: 9922: 9770: 9743: 9656: 9436: 9044: 8470: 8461: 8451: 8424: 8145: 8014: 7215: 7206: 7197: 6979: 6970: 6906: 6833: 6824: 6384: 6289: 6088: 6068: 6032: 5993: 5938: 5930: 5855: 5847: 5826:

Dutton, C. L.; Subalusky, A. L.; Hamilton, S. K.; Rosi, E. J.; Post, D. M. (2018).

5806: 5717: 5599: 5552: 5508: 5481: 5430: 5376: 5319: 5266: 5262: 5185: 5177: 5155: 5138: 5089: 5081: 5044: 5034: 4983: 4708: 4649: 4606: 4579: 4532: 4485: 4430: 4384: 4338: 4287: 4277: 4233: 4215: 4011: 3989: 3972: 3793: 3600: 3515: 3468: 3419: 3403: 3351: 3326: 3322: 3274: 3218: 3152: 3105: 3063: 3053: 2973: 2953: 2936: 2906: 2858: 2850: 2804: 2796: 2719: 2421: 2207: 1849: 1686: 1510: 1434: 1282: 355: 6412:

The Mythical Zoo: An Encyclopedia of Animals in World Myth, Legend, and Literature

6388: 5323: 4388: 2685:

Catalogue of the Ungulate Mammals in the British Museum of Natural History, vol. 4

1880: 1398: 11312: 10801: 10792: 10740: 10731: 10512: 9369: 9360: 8837: 8433: 7485: 7395: 7233: 7045: 6924: 6897: 6888: 6310: 5997: 5253: 5158:"The meta-gut: community coalescence of animal gut and environmental microbiomes" 4686: 4583: 4342: 4220: 4056: 2521: 2253: 2031: 1984: 1600: 1569: 1521: 1430: 1195:

to Hippopotamidae, suggests that hippo ancestors entered Africa from Asia around

1157: 1077: 859: 764: 713: 11356: 11278: 4809: 4434: 3889:"Terrestrial, semiaquatic, and fully aquatic mammal sound production mechanisms" 2562: 2238:

periods, due to less access to specimens by Europeans. One notable exception is

2222: 1465: 1093:. This hypothesised ancestral group likely split into two branches again around 11001: 10939: 10569: 10560: 10085: 10034: 9955: 9946: 9887: 9725: 9427: 9249: 9240: 8795: 8762: 8744: 8232: 8042: 7917: 7756: 6744: 6716: 6219: 5851: 5181: 4141: 3965: 3498: 2837:"Analyses of mitochondrial genomes strongly support a hippopotamus-whale clade" 2328: 2274: 2127: 2007: 1889: 1612: 1603:, in his time, the best location in Egypt for capturing this animal was in the 1455: 1224: 1141: 1006: 705: 638: 569: 453: 266: 6647: 6294: 6273: 5934: 5434: 5380: 4987: 4938:"Colombia's rapidly breeding 'cocaine hippos' must be stopped, scientists say" 4536: 3355: 11399: 11260: 10626: 10608: 10494: 10431: 10422: 9481: 9216: 9189: 8960: 8870: 8861: 8846: 8711: 8675: 8630: 8567: 8558: 8075: 8033: 7926: 7892: 7882: 7783: 7765: 7428: 7377: 7287: 6851: 6490: 4725: 4544: 4497: 4396: 4301: 4229: 4168: 3798: 3781: 3415: 2507: 2412: 2362: 2215: 2045: 2000: 1926: 1914:

male hippos that were previously injured in mating battles with other males.

1897: 1702: 1670: 1470: 1451: 1450:

flattened, horny lips to grasp and pull grasses which are then ground by the

1382: 1173: 1151:

A rough evolutionary lineage of the hippo can thus be traced from Eocene and

963: 875: 863: 469: 315: 172: 85: 5538: 3058: 2026: 328: 11119: 10989: 10879: 10551: 10365: 10293: 10166: 10109: 10100: 9818: 9752: 9514: 9472: 9387: 9198: 8918: 8909: 8771: 8702: 8591: 8582: 8324: 8093: 7774: 7729: 7696: 7467: 7359: 7326: 7242: 6080: 5952: 5919:(Mammalia: Hippopotamidae) ssing SEM and EDXA with notes on histopathology" 5869: 5564: 5388: 5199: 5103: 4995: 4872: 4247: 4003: 3433: 3392:"The evolutionary biomechanics of locomotor function in giant land animals" 3166: 3077: 2965: 2934:

Geisler, J. H.; Theodor, J. M. (2009). "Hippopotamus and whale phylogeny".

2854: 2818: 2733: 2724: 2705: 2342: 2304: 2184: 2172: 2057: 2011: 1976: 1648: 1573: 1446: 1401:, adapted to carrying their enormous weight, and their dense bones and low 1204: 1192: 1179: 991: 778: 716: 539: 518: 443: 6616: 6462:

Art and Risk in Ancient Yoruba: Ife History, Power, and Identity, ca. 1300

5499:

Brown, C. Emerson (November 1924). "Rearing Hippopotamuses in Captivity".

5239: 4744: 4315:

Briatico, Giuseppe; Gioia, Patrizia; Bocherens, Hervé (10 December 2023).

2920: 2872: 1763:, usually near the water. There are other reports of meat-eating and even 1238:(5.3-2.6 million years ago). The oldest unambiguous records of the modern 1136:, a large family of four-legged beasts, the earliest of which in the late 866:

patterns. Several lines of evidence, first from blood proteins, then from

726:

differences in their skulls as well as differences in geographical range:

11317: 11221: 11128: 10641: 10389: 9551: 9505: 9496: 9445: 9397: 9258: 9100: 8693: 8684: 8512: 8306: 8297: 8287: 8181: 8024: 7834: 7825: 7738: 7581: 7503: 7386: 7311: 7302: 6679: 5811: 5794: 4870:

Sundaram, Anjan (12 September 2005). "Congo's Hippos Fast Disappearing".

2296: 2231: 2200: 2192: 2168: 2164: 2152: 1980: 1888:

Hippos coexist alongside a variety of large predators in their habitats.

1869: 1857: 1764: 1731: 1655: 1604: 1514: 1488: 1358: 1191:

in East Africa, which was likely a descent of Asian anthracotheres and a

1121: 1072: 934: 494: 435: 256: 60: 6072: 5442: 5039: 4292: 4282: 4265: 4263: 3520:

10.1002/(SICI)1520-6548(200004)15:4<379::AID-GEA7>3.0.CO;2-E

3256: 2957: 2800: 1253: 11213: 10248: 10148: 9973: 9565: 8987: 8969: 8720: 8415: 8400: 8391: 8358: 8135: 7941: 7858: 7849: 7624: 7615: 7494: 7419: 6960: 6781: 5520: 4661: 4618: 3612: 3407: 3157: 3132: 2307:

in 1953. They also featured in the popular "The Hippopotamous Song" by

2252:

inspired the "Hippopotamus Polka", hippos have been popular animals in

2211: 2176: 2119: 2107: 1853: 1644: 1529: 1496: 1415: 1390: 1303:

ranged throughout Europe, extending as far north as Britain during the

1278: 1228:, lived in Africa and the Middle East. The oldest records of the genus 978: 895: 742: 486: 105: 70: 5603: 5485: 5240:

Beckwitt, R.; Shea, J.; Osborne, D.; Krueger, S.; Barklow, W. (2002).

5085: 4751: 3363: 3029: 1884:

A hippopotamus and Nile crocodile side by side in Kruger National Park

11226: 11195: 10948: 10869: 10722: 10593: 10584: 10058: 9632: 9623: 9608: 9599: 9463: 9035: 8819: 8753: 8639: 8154: 7950: 7639: 7563: 7443: 6994: 6879: 6869: 6763: 6754: 6127: 4889:"After a Long Demise Due to Poaching, Virunga's Hippos Climbing Back" 3473: 3448: 2295:

Among the most famous poems about the hippo is "The Hippopotamus" by

2015: 1934: 1906: 1768: 1735: 1479: 1406: 1217: 1152: 1116: 854:

Evolutionary relationships among hippo and Cetacea (whales, dolphins)

612: 590: 578: 216: 110: 11090: 10915: 5512: 5300:"Infanticide in the hippopotamus: evidence for polygynous ungulates" 5116: 4653: 4610: 3994: 3967: 3701:

Eltringham, S. K. (2001). "Hippopotamuses". In MacDonald, D. (ed.).

3604: 2139: 1197: 1109: 1095: 1088: 11200: 11113: 10857: 10485: 10157: 9869: 9707: 9647: 9312: 9011: 8543: 8488: 8376: 8205: 7681: 7672: 7648: 7536: 7410: 7160: 7036: 6732: 6710: 6698: 3131:

Lihoreau, F.; Boisserie, J.-R.; Manthi, F. K.; Ducrocq. S. (2015).

2339:- 1910 bill that proposed the introduction of hippos into Louisiana 2196: 2171:

wore masks of aquatic animals like the hippo when practising their

1937: 1930:

quantities, due to absorption of dissolved oxygen in water bodies.

1910: 1659: 1632: 1624: 1608: 1548:

Ugandan tribespeople with hippo slain for food (early 20th century)

1506: 1499: 1386: 1369: 1274: 1235: 1210: 1184: 1163: 1145: 921: 891: 879: 738: 543: 526: 514: 482: 236: 100: 95: 80: 75: 65: 6010: 1844:

Cows reach sexual maturity at five to six years of age and have a

11377: 11062: 10897: 10758: 10617: 10007: 9794: 9785: 9698: 9584: 9575: 9547: 9303: 9207: 9171: 9086: 9082: 9053: 8978: 8666: 8539: 8500: 8084: 8001: 7907: 7170: 7120: 6815: 5019:"Footfall patterns and stride parameters of Common hippopotamus ( 4726:"The Hippopotamus Going - Extinction of the huge species at hand" 2249: 2235: 2160: 2115: 2103: 2085: 2081: 1779: 1760: 1706: 1690: 1636: 1587:, dating to less than 3,000 years ago. The species was common in 1442: 1187:. These groups lived across Eurasia and Africa. The discovery of 1168: 1129: 1022: 887: 810: 760: 510: 502: 446: 115: 90: 3568:

Megaherbivores: The Influence of Very Large Body Size on Ecology

11187: 10906: 10475: 10380: 10203: 10193: 9809: 9321: 9161: 9143: 9134: 9020: 8942: 8894: 8885: 8343: 8334: 8269: 8260: 8250: 8172: 7705: 7518: 7368: 6704: 6692: 5351: 3093: 2774: 2230:

Hippopotamuses were rarely depicted in European art during the

2099: 1996: 1992: 1739: 1620: 1584: 1544: 1458:; it has a complex three-chambered stomach, but does not "chew 1410: 1348: 1326: 1137: 806: 774: 734: 534: 246: 226: 5352:

Thévenet, J.; Grimault, N.; Fonseca, P.; Mathevon, N. (2022).

4116:"Goodbye, Donna: World's oldest hippo in captivity dies at 61" 3378:

Kaddanarti, a Lower Pleistocene Assemblage from Northern Sudan

2256:

for their rotund appearance, which many consider comical. The

1799: 894:). The common ancestor of hippos and whales branched off from 11351: 10930: 10888: 10463: 10133: 10124: 9418: 9345: 9336: 9267: 8996: 8951: 8810: 8735: 8615: 8606: 8117: 8108: 7600: 7591: 6800: 6791: 6566:

The Pygmy Hippo Story: West Africa's Enigma of the Rainforest

5737:

Crocodiles: Their Natural History, Folklore, and Conservation

5577: 4429:, Cham: Springer International Publishing, pp. 281–299, 4192: 2500: 2492: 2484: 2156: 2088: 2070: 1828: 1640: 1628: 1588: 1374: 1338: 1316: 949: 883: 792: 756: 606: 584: 572: 559: 547: 506: 473: 189: 183: 3245:

from El Kherba (Algeria) and the context of its biogeography

2933: 1812:, but this behaviour is not common under normal conditions. 10076: 9406: 9294: 9276: 8933: 8786: 8190: 8057: 7873: 7147: 7108: 6511: 6330:

Rose, M. (2010). "World's first Zoo-Hierakonpolis, Egypt".

6049: 5764:

Pleasurable Kingdom: Animals and the Nature of Feeling Good

4421:

Athanassiou, Athanassios (2022), Vlachos, Evangelos (ed.),

3590: 2180: 1893: 1748: 1592: 1414:

underwater while nictitating membranes cover the eyes. The

788: 391: 385: 370: 9544: 3779: 1377:, showing the large canines and incisors used for fighting 379: 10686: 9285: 9231: 8163: 7545: 6564:

Robinson, P. T.; Flacke, G. L.; Hentschel, K. M. (2017).

4842:"Hippos Butchered by the Hundreds in Congo Wildlife Park" 4814: 3339: 2322: 1459: 871: 498: 364: 6609:"Hippo Specialist Group of the World Conservation Union" 6261:. Australian Broadcasting Corporation. 20 November 2014. 8536: 6563: 6106:. The American University in Cairo Press. p. 164. 4169:"Our Favorite Homosassa Springs Resident: Lu the Hippo" 3526: 3240:

van der Made J, Sahnouni M & Boulaghraief K. 2017.

3032:"The position of Hippopotamidae within Cetartiodactyla" 2834: 2768: 2401: 1701:, descended from captive individuals that escaped from 1664:

Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species

722:

Five subspecies of hippos have been described based on

9079: 6538: 6354:

Root, N. J. (1993). "Victorian England's Hippomania".

5656:

The Serengeti lion: A study of predator–prey relations

5458:"Low-frequency sounds and amphibious communication in 4886: 4596: 4314: 3968:"Pigment chemistry: the red sweat of the hippopotamus" 2159:

for control of the land, but is defeated. The goddess

1583:

Archaeological evidence exists of its presence in the

1120:

and other early whale ancestors collectively known as

27:

Large semi-aquatic mammal native to sub-Saharan Africa

6312:

Dictionary of Greek and Roman biography and mythology

6245:"Massive hippo charges safari boat in Malawi, Africa" 5885:"Hippos Poop So Much That Sometimes All the Fish Die" 5416: 4965: 4642:

Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research

4599:

Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research

3864:

East African Mammals: An Atlas of Evolution in Africa

3826:. Marshall Cavendish Corporation. 2008. p. 616. 3236: 3234: 2179:

rituals of the Yoruba. Hippo masks were also used in

394: 358: 5734: 5710:

The Transactions of the Zoological Society of London

3759:. University of California Press. pp. 222–226. 3535:"Note on the taxonomy of Pleistocene hippopotamuses" 2318: 382: 376: 367: 6518:. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press. p. 76. 5455: 3030:Boisserie, J.-R.; Lihoreau, F.; Brunet, M. (2005). 2091:was carried off and then killed by a hippopotamus. 1385:and is exceeded in size among land animals only by 388: 373: 361: 6377:Journal of International Wildlife Law & Policy 5911:"Morphological studies of developmental stages of 5759: 3231: 3025: 3023: 3021: 3019: 1183:and finally the very latest anthracotheres in the 694:Head, skull and mandible of Hippopotamus amphibius 6541:When Hippo Was Hairy: And Other Tales from Africa 5915:(Monogenea: Polystomatidae) infecting the eye of 5658:. University of Chicago Press. pp. 208–209. 5016: 3700: 3446: 2661:. Poyser Natural History Series. Academic Press. 1599:, but it has since been driven out. According to 11397: 5466:The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 5354:"Voice-mediated interactions in a megaherbivore" 4903: 4365:"The Quaternary Hippopotamus records from Italy" 4142:"Bertha, the world's 'oldest' hippo, dies at 65" 4024: 3447:Adams, N. F.; Candy, I.; Schreve, D. C. (2022). 2688:. Vol. 4. British Museum. pp. 389–392. 2266:featured a ballerina hippo dancing to the opera 2203:, 40:15–24 is thought to be based on the hippo. 2155:takes the form of a red hippopotamus and fights 1662:. The species is included in Appendix II of the 6677: 6185: 5792: 4685: 4510: 4362: 3670: 3668: 3559: 3037:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 3016: 2195:warriors referred to hippos in war chants. The 1572:), the Netherlands, and western Germany during 6613:International Union for Conservation of Nature 6271: 5543:) as assessed by fecal progestagen analysis". 5347: 5345: 5293: 5291: 5242:"A PCR-based method for sex identification in 4031:. University of California Press. p. 34. 3912: 2987: 2985: 2983: 2746: 2427:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2017-2.RLTS.T10103A18567364.en 1759:. On occasion, hippos have been filmed eating 1675:International Union for Conservation of Nature 862:classified hippos together with pigs based on 6663: 6160: 5212: 3925: 3570:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 6–14. 3182:"New Fossils from Kenya Precise Hippo Origin" 2652: 2650: 2648: 2646: 2644: 2642: 2640: 2638: 2636: 2634: 2632: 2630: 2288:. Hippos even inspired a popular board game, 6512:Metzger, B. M.; Coogan, M. D., eds. (1993). 6459: 6207: 6205: 6203: 6201: 6199: 6197: 5534: 5532: 5530: 4887:Delaney, J.; Sautner, S. (3 November 2016). 4166: 3665: 3532: 3179: 2659:The Hippos: Natural History and Conservation 2628: 2626: 2624: 2622: 2620: 2618: 2616: 2614: 2612: 2610: 1875: 1607:; the animal could still be found along the 1311:epochs, before being replaced by the modern 6464:. Cambridge University Press. p. 328. 6353: 5703: 5679:Ross, Charles A.; Garnett, Stephen (1989). 5678: 5342: 5297: 5288: 4839: 4689:(1 January 1987). "Chapter 15, Book VIII". 4513:"The Eemian mammal fauna of central Europe" 4420: 3861: 3495: 3302: 2980: 2681: 1905:and calves are sometimes taken at Virunga. 1222:, a possible ancestor to the modern hippo, 767:with the space between them being incurved. 563: 30:"Hippo" redirects here. For its genus, see 6752: 6670: 6656: 5728: 5223:South African Journal of Wildlife Research 5215:"Reports of carnivory by the common hippo 5017:Hutchinson, J. R.; Pringle, E. V. (2024). 4844:. National Geographic News. Archived from 4769: 4564:Proceedings of the Geologists' Association 3961: 3959: 3886: 3857: 3855: 3853: 3851: 3849: 3847: 3845: 3843: 3565: 3389: 3298: 3296: 3089: 3087: 2927: 2890: 2830: 2828: 2656: 2034:wrote about the hippo in his encyclopedia 1539: 1517:. Both of these have an unknown function. 878:, show their closest living relatives are 327: 161: 133: 10987: 8459: 6532: 6349: 6347: 6345: 6293: 6194: 6140:. Oxford University Press, Incorporated. 6126: 6101: 5973: 5942: 5859: 5810: 5527: 5189: 5093: 5070:): A most unusual cetartiodactyl species" 5048: 5038: 4835: 4833: 4363:Martino, R.; Pandolfi, L. (3 July 2022). 4291: 4281: 4237: 4219: 4113: 3993: 3797: 3752: 3748: 3746: 3472: 3423: 3222: 3210:Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 3202: 3156: 3067: 3057: 2910: 2862: 2808: 2723: 2607: 2425: 2206:Hippos have been the subjects of various 1260:skeleton with a modern hippopotamus skull 336:Current distribution of the hippopotamus 10868: 8258: 6434: 6329: 6165:. Indiana University Press. p. 74. 5653: 5110: 4968:Isotopes in Environmental Health Studies 4912:"Poaching causes hippo population crash" 4869: 4681: 4679: 4471: 3744: 3742: 3740: 3738: 3736: 3734: 3732: 3730: 3728: 3726: 3376:Chaix L, Faure M, Guérin C, Honegger M. 2699: 2697: 2695: 2221: 2138: 2134: 2098: 1950: 1879: 1835: 1827: 1798: 1778: 1716: 1712: 1551: 1543: 1464: 1420: 1368: 1289:, which may have been a Malagasy hippo. 1252: 1071: 849: 733:– (the nominate subspecies) ranges from 497:. Despite their physical resemblance to 7159: 6730: 6211: 6163:Yoruba Ritual: Performers, Play, Agency 4961: 4959: 4935: 4865: 4863: 4557: 3956: 3840: 3293: 3196: 3084: 2991: 2825: 2458:Integrated Taxonomic Information System 2175:cults, and hippo ivory was used in the 644: 14: 11398: 6877: 6643:from the original on 17 December 2014. 6374: 6342: 6242: 5624: 5421:) suggests an echo-ranging function". 5121:L.) in the Okavango Delta, Botswana". 4909: 4830: 4804: 4802: 4800: 3333: 2886: 2884: 2882: 2747:Meijaard, Erik, ed. (September 2005). 2397: 2395: 2393: 2391: 2389: 2387: 11095: 11094: 10986: 10855: 10854: 10460: 9543: 9078: 8535: 7997: 7143: 6729: 6651: 6484: 6308: 6278:around Ruaha National Park, Tanzania" 6043: 5793:McCauley, D. J.; et al. (2015). 5545:General and Comparative Endocrinology 5498: 4676: 4558:Schreve, Danielle C. (January 2009). 4416: 4414: 4259: 4257: 3780:Coughlin, B. L.; Fish, F. E. (2009). 3723: 3004:from the original on 26 February 2015 2912:10.1093/oxfordjournals.molbev.a025790 2692: 1534:Homosassa Springs Wildlife State Park 1202:. An early hippopotamid is the genus 493:. It is also the largest extant land 11383:92482285-5A1F-4BB2-A283-2D7FF4D43B77 8295: 6487:"Scouting in South Africa 1884–1890" 6439:. Courier Corporation. p. 128. 5882: 5739:. David & Charles. p. 195. 5708:) in Uganda and Northern Rhodesia". 5697: 5406:from the original on 9 October 2022. 4956: 4936:Charles, Matthew (17 January 2021). 4860: 4639: 4511:van Kolfschoten, Th. (August 2000). 4352:– via Elsevier Science Direct. 3931: 2063: 1946: 7144: 6409: 6317:Charles C. Little & James Brown 6309:Elder, E. (1849). Smith, W. (ed.). 5143:10.1046/j.1365-2028.1998.89-89089.x 4810:"DR Congo's hippos face extinction" 4797: 4427:Fossil Vertebrates of Greece Vol. 2 4356: 2879: 2540:Merriam-Webster's Online Dictionary 2465:from the original on 26 August 2014 2413:IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2384: 2373:Cincinnati Zoo and Botanical Garden 2303:" that became a hit for child star 2301:I Want a Hippopotamus for Christmas 2245:The Hippopotamus and Crocodile Hunt 1429:The hippo's jaw is powered by huge 1208:, which lived in Africa from 15 to 415: 403: 24: 10461: 7998: 5923:The Korean Journal of Parasitology 5722:10.1111/j.1096-3642.1961.tb00220.x 4517:Netherlands Journal of Geosciences 4411: 4254: 3314:Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 2835:Ursing, B. M.; Arnason U. (1998). 2560: 2402:Lewison, R.; Pluháček, J. (2017). 2371:- hippo born 6 weeks early at the 1689:. The poachers are believed to be 1536:. As of 2024, he is 64 years old. 1454:. The hippo is considered to be a 1364: 1264: 1124:. This group eventually underwent 525:Hippos inhabit rivers, lakes, and 25: 11462: 6585: 6539:Greaves, N.; Clement, R. (2000). 6515:The Oxford Companion to the Bible 5304:Ethology, Ecology & Evolution 2187:of Southern Africa. According to 2030:440 BC) and the Roman naturalist 1856:. Male hippos always have mobile 649: 11406:IUCN Red List vulnerable species 6557: 6505: 6478: 6453: 6428: 6403: 6368: 6323: 6302: 6265: 6251: 6243:Thomas, Pete (14 January 2015). 6236: 6179: 5074:Journal of Comparative Neurology 4490:10.1111/j.1365-2907.2007.00109.x 3224:10.1111/j.1096-3642.2004.00138.x 3110:10.1111/j.1463-6409.2005.00183.x 2842:Proceedings of the Royal Society 2321: 2006:The hippo was also known to the 1617:Democratic Republic of the Congo 1425:Characteristic "yawn" of a hippo 781:; distinguished by wider orbits. 700:The modern hippopotamus and the 682: 669: 658: 354: 203: 58: 7022:Sri Lankan spotted chevrotain ( 6154: 6120: 6095: 6037:10.1016/j.quascirev.2013.03.008 6004: 5967: 5902: 5876: 5819: 5786: 5768:. Palgrave Macmillan. pp. 5753: 5672: 5647: 5618: 5571: 5492: 5449: 5410: 5233: 5206: 5149: 5057: 5010: 4929: 4891:. Wildlife Conservation Society 4880: 4840:Owen, James (24 October 2006). 4718: 4633: 4590: 4551: 4504: 4465: 4308: 4186: 4160: 4134: 4107: 4075: 4045: 4018: 3906: 3880: 3814: 3773: 3694: 3640: 3619: 3584: 3489: 3440: 3396:Journal of Experimental Biology 3383: 3370: 3279:10.1016/j.quascirev.2023.108039 3250: 3173: 3124: 2898:Molecular Biology and Evolution 2740: 2365:- hippo and tortoise who bonded 1823: 683: 670: 489:, the hippopotamus is the next 7811:Central American red brocket ( 5267:10.1080/15627020.2002.11657167 5213:Dudley, J. P. (January 1998). 4088:Evansville Courier & Press 3593:The Journal of Applied Ecology 3327:10.1080/02724634.1989.10011761 2944:(7236): E1–E4, discussion E5. 2675: 2575: 2554: 2527: 2477: 2441: 1774: 1132:. The other branch became the 13: 1: 6489:. Pinetreeweb. Archived from 6389:10.1080/13880292.2015.1096162 6190:. London: Gordon & Gotch. 5735:Guggisberg, C. A. W. (1972). 5557:10.1016/S0016-6480(02)00066-7 5324:10.1080/08927014.1998.9522857 4472:Pushkina, Diana (July 2007). 4389:10.1080/08912963.2021.1965138 3453:Journal of Quaternary Science 2378: 1964: 36:Hippopotamus (disambiguation) 8518:Large subfamily listed below 8506:Large subfamily listed below 8494:Large subfamily listed below 5998:10.1016/j.quaint.2017.03.043 5654:Schaller, George B. (1972). 5456:Barklow, William E. (2004). 4584:10.1016/j.pgeola.2009.03.003 4343:10.1016/j.quaint.2023.11.002 4221:10.1371/journal.pone.0293405 2284:films feature a hippo named 1848:of eight months. A study of 1832:Preserved hippopotamus fetus 1677:(IUCN) lists the species as 1469:Completely submerged hippo ( 1246:, though there are possible 1144:, became extinct during the 1128:into the completely aquatic 1082:from the Oligocene of Europe 845: 803:Democratic Republic of Congo 613: 591: 579: 568:is derived from the ancient 553: 422:), further qualified as the 7: 11446:Taxa named by Carl Linnaeus 11421:Fauna of Sub-Saharan Africa 7013:Yellow-striped chevrotain ( 7004:Indian spotted chevrotain ( 6597:African Wildlife Foundation 6568:. Oxford University Press. 5760:Balcombe, Jonathan (2006). 4435:10.1007/978-3-030-68442-6_9 4118:. Today.com. Archived from 3703:The Encyclopedia of Mammals 2568:Online Etymology Dictionary 2314: 1726:Video of hippos in the wild 1258:Choeropsis madagascariensis 1107:, possibly beginning about 801:– ranged from the southern 468:). Its name comes from the 10: 11467: 11436:Vulnerable biota of Africa 6593:"Hippos: Wildlife summary" 6543:. Struik. pp. 67–71. 6017:Quaternary Science Reviews 5852:10.1038/s41467-018-04391-6 5631:Princeton University Press 5584:African Journal of Ecology 5182:10.1038/s41598-021-02349-1 5123:African Journal of Ecology 3887:Reidenberg, J. S. (2017). 3566:Owen-Smith, R. N. (1992). 3390:Hutchinson, J. R. (2021). 3259:Quaternary Science Reviews 2781:Royal Society Open Science 2657:Eltringham, S. K. (1999). 2501: 2493: 2485: 2094: 1917:Hippos occasionally visit 1513:has two large, protruding 1273:became extinct during the 1148:, leaving no descendants. 607: 585: 573: 474: 29: 11441:Mammals described in 1758 11103: 11061: 11033: 11009: 11000: 10996: 10982: 10949:Dromedary/Arabian camel ( 10940:Domestic Bactrian camel ( 10928: 10877: 10864: 10850: 10814: 10790: 10766: 10757: 10639: 10606: 10582: 10549: 10525: 10504:North Sulawesi babirusa ( 10483: 10474: 10470: 10456: 10420: 10378: 10201: 10192: 10146: 10122: 10098: 10056: 10005: 9981: 9972: 9944: 9920: 9913: 9867: 9807: 9783: 9696: 9645: 9621: 9597: 9573: 9564: 9560: 9539: 9494: 9395: 9386: 9358: 9334: 9229: 9169: 9160: 9132: 9108: 9099: 9095: 9074: 9033: 9009: 8931: 8907: 8883: 8859: 8808: 8784: 8733: 8628: 8604: 8580: 8556: 8552: 8531: 8511: 8499: 8487: 8450: 8413: 8389: 8356: 8332: 8323: 8286: 8249: 8203: 8143: 8134: 8106: 8055: 8022: 8013: 8009: 7993: 7939: 7905: 7871: 7847: 7823: 7793:Amazonian brown brocket ( 7727: 7694: 7670: 7637: 7613: 7589: 7580: 7516: 7465: 7441: 7408: 7357: 7324: 7300: 7168: 7155: 7139: 7126:Large family listed below 7119: 7114:Large family listed below 7107: 7091:Williamson's mouse-deer ( 7034: 6992: 6968: 6959: 6868: 6813: 6789: 6780: 6743: 6739: 6725: 6687: 6414:. ABC-CLIO. p. 156. 6295:10.1017/S0030605310000359 5935:10.3347/kjp.2018.56.5.463 5681:Crocodiles and Alligators 5435:10.1163/1568539X-00003484 5381:10.1016/j.cub.2021.12.017 4988:10.1080/10256010208033269 4730:The Sydney Morning Herald 4695:. Vieweg+Teubner Verlag. 4537:10.1017/S0016774600021752 4167:Lentz-Janney, M. (2021). 4025:Jablonski, N. G. (2013). 3356:10.1525/aa.1998.100.4.957 3203:Boisserie, J.-R. (2005). 2588:Oxford English Dictionary 1989:Tassili n'Ajjer Mountains 1876:Interspecies interactions 1331:Cyprus dwarf hippopotamus 1019: 1003: 996: 975: 968: 952: 946: 939: 918: 911: 749:and larger chewing teeth. 335: 326: 305: 298: 200:Scientific classification 198: 181: 159: 150: 141: 132: 49: 9190:Domestic water buffalo ( 7555:Central Asian red deer ( 7180:Bornean yellow muntjac ( 6186:Chilvers, H. A. (1931). 5977:Quaternary International 5883:Yong, Ed (16 May 2018). 4322:Quaternary International 4053:"Oldest Hippo Turns 55!" 3799:10.1644/08-MAMM-A-279R.1 2583:"Plural of hippopotamus" 2248:(1615–1616). Ever since 2226:The "Hippopotamus Polka" 2183:funerary rituals of the 1322:Hippopotamus creutzburgi 466:Hexaprotodon liberiensis 442:. It is one of only two 10068:Bates' pygmy antelope ( 9855:Soemmerring's gazelle ( 7960:Yucatan brown brocket ( 7189:Hairy-fronted muntjac ( 7073:Philippine mouse-deer ( 6315:. Vol. 2. Boston: 6272:Kendall, C. J. (2011). 5627:Carnivores of the World 5460:Hippopotamus amphibious 4028:Skin: A Natural History 3707:Oxford University Press 3548:: 53–55. Archived from 3343:American Anthropologist 3059:10.1073/pnas.0409518102 2517:A Greek–English Lexicon 2143:Ijaw hippopotamus masks 2018:described the hippo in 1961:Middle Kingdom of Egypt 1903:Gorongosa National Park 1697:A population of hippos 1540:Distribution and status 1439:orbicularis oris muscle 1344:Hippopotamus melitensis 11149:Hippopotamus_amphibius 11135:Hippopotamus amphibius 11105:Hippopotamus amphibius 10778:White-lipped peccary ( 10714:Philippine warty pig ( 10339:Yellow-backed duiker ( 10303:Black-fronted duiker ( 10276:White-bellied duiker ( 9897:Przewalski's gazelle ( 9120:Four-horned antelope ( 7918:Peruvian Yungas pudu ( 7477:Visayan spotted deer ( 7336:European fallow deer ( 7279:Northern red muntjac ( 7225:Southern red muntjac ( 6276:Hippopotamus amphibius 6247:. Pete Thomas Outdoor. 6161:Drewal, M. T. (1992). 5917:Hippopotamus amphibius 5913:Oculotrema hippopotami 5580:Hippopotamus amphibius 5541:Hippopotamus amphibius 5419:Hippopotamus amphibius 5244:Hippopotamus amphibius 5217:Hippopotamus amphibius 5119:Hippopotamus amphibius 5068:Hippopotamus amphibius 5021:Hippopotamus amphibius 4091:. 2007. Archived from 4083:"Celebrate with Donna" 4059:. 2006. Archived from 3650:Hippopotamus amphibius 3627:"Physical Description" 2855:10.1098/rspb.1998.0567 2725:10.1038/sj.hdy.6800711 2451:Hippopotamus amphibius 2406:Hippopotamus amphibius 2227: 2144: 2111: 2014:. The Greek historian 1971:Cut marks on bones of 1968: 1941:Oculotrema hippopotami 1885: 1841: 1833: 1804: 1784: 1727: 1565:Hippopotamus amphibius 1561:Hippopotamus amphibius 1557: 1549: 1474: 1426: 1381:The hippopotamus is a 1378: 1354:Hippopotamus pentlandi 1261: 1114:, with the protowhale 1083: 855: 564: 462:Choeropsis liberiensis 456:, the other being the 349:Hippopotamus amphibius 309:Hippopotamus amphibius 40:Hippo (disambiguation) 34:. For other uses, see 11339:Paleobiology Database 10958:Wild Bactrian camel ( 10660:Bornean bearded pig ( 10651:Palawan bearded pig ( 10240:White-legged duiker ( 9666:Red-fronted gazelle ( 7345:Persian fallow deer ( 7261:Roosevelt's muntjac ( 6934:Himalayan musk deer ( 6843:Reticulated giraffe ( 6485:Orans, L. P. (1997). 6460:Blier, S. P. (2015). 6437:Masks of Black Africa 6132:"Chapter 71, Book II" 5832:Nature Communications 5625:Hunter, Luke (2011). 4910:Pearce, Fred (2003). 3555:on 12 September 2008. 3533:Petronio, C. (1995). 3305:Hippopotamus lemerlei 3180:Lihoreau, F. (2015). 3137:Nature Communications 2508:Liddell, Henry George 2420:: e.T10103A18567364. 2359:specimen from England 2353:Allenton hippopotamus 2349:specimen from England 2225: 2142: 2135:Cultural significance 2118:, who arrived at the 2102: 1954: 1883: 1839: 1831: 1802: 1782: 1725: 1713:Behaviour and ecology 1683:Virunga National Park 1576:periods, such as the 1555: 1547: 1468: 1424: 1372: 1300:Hippopotamus antiquus 1271:Malagasy hippopotamus 1256: 1105:evolve into cetaceans 1075: 868:molecular systematics 853: 641:is "hippopotamuses". 144:Saadani National Park 11045:Pygmy hippopotamus ( 10705:Oliver's warty pig ( 10330:Red-flanked duiker ( 9735:Erlanger's gazelle ( 9455:Harnessed bushbuck ( 9181:Wild water buffalo ( 8658:East Caucasian tur ( 8649:West Caucasian tur ( 7802:Little red brocket ( 7270:Truong Son muntjac ( 7082:Vietnam mouse-deer ( 7064:Greater mouse-deer ( 6943:Siberian musk deer ( 6639:. 12 November 2012. 6603:on 19 November 2010. 6212:Willams, E. (2017). 5812:10.1890/ES14-00514.1 5706:Crocodilus niloticus 5501:Journal of Mammalogy 5298:Lewison, R. (1998). 4782:Smithsonian Magazine 4752:"Appendices | CITES" 4063:on 27 September 2007 3862:Kingdon, J. (1988). 3786:Journal of Mammalogy 3243:Hippopotamus gorgops 2992:Sanders, R. (2005). 2682:Lydekker, R (1915). 2290:Hungry Hungry Hippos 1803:Male hippos fighting 1757:biogeochemical cycle 1294:Hippopotamus gorgops 747:mandibular symphysis 645:Taxonomy and origins 410:; also shortened to 32:Hippopotamus (genus) 11451:Semiaquatic mammals 11426:Herbivorous mammals 10678:Celebes warty pig ( 10669:Visayan warty pig ( 10285:Red forest duiker ( 10017:Günther's dik-dik ( 9879:Mongolian gazelle ( 9684:Heuglin's gazelle ( 9675:Thomson's gazelle ( 8829:Long-tailed goral ( 8224:Mountain reedbuck ( 8215:Southern reedbuck ( 8067:East African oryx ( 7969:White-tailed deer ( 7748:Small red brocket ( 7715:South Andean deer ( 7658:Siberian roe deer ( 7649:European roe deer ( 7486:Philippine sambar ( 7453:Père David's deer ( 7055:Lesser mouse-deer ( 6916:Kashmir musk deer ( 6619:on 22 November 2014 6073:10.1038/nature01670 6065:2003Natur.423..747C 6029:2013QSRv...70..124B 5990:2017QuInt.438..104P 5844:2018NatCo...9.1951D 5683:. Checkmark Books. 5596:2020AfJEc..58..123I 5582:, Linnaeus 1758)". 5478:2004ASAJ..115.2555B 5373:2022CBio...32..R70T 5316:1998EtEcE..10..277L 5174:2021NatSR..1123117D 5135:1998AfJEc..36...44M 5040:10.7717/peerj.17675 4980:2002IEHS...38..245G 4848:on 20 February 2014 4818:. 13 September 2005 4709:English translation 4576:2009PrGA..120...58S 4529:2000NJGeo..79..269V 4381:2022HBio...34.1146M 4335:2023QuInt.676...53B 4283:10.3390/quat7010004 4212:2023PLoSO..1893405M 3986:2004Natur.429..363S 3512:2000Gearc..15..379G 3465:2022JQS....37...28A 3309:H. madagascariensis 3271:2023QSRv..30808039P 3149:2015NatCo...6.6264L 3050:2005PNAS..102.1537B 2958:10.1038/nature07776 2950:2009Natur.458....1G 2891:Gatesy, J. (1997). 2849:(1412): 2251–2255. 2801:10.1098/rsos.150156 2793:2015RSOS....250156T 2337:American Hippo bill 2189:Robert Baden-Powell 1631:, north through to 1526:Evansville, Indiana 994: 966: 937: 909: 710:even-toed ungulates 627:, together meaning 546:for their meat and 491:largest land mammal 472:for "river horse" ( 424:common hippopotamus 153:Conservation status 11431:Vulnerable animals 10826:Collared peccary ( 10696:Flores warty pig ( 10537:Giant forest hog ( 10399:Maxwell's duiker ( 10321:Ruwenzori duiker ( 10267:Jentink's duiker ( 10176:Sharpe's grysbok ( 9932:Tibetan antelope ( 9837:Bright's gazelle ( 9771:Goitered gazelle ( 9744:Mountain gazelle ( 9717:Cuvier's gazelle ( 9657:Mongalla gazelle ( 9045:Pyrenean chamois ( 8471:Tibetan antelope ( 8425:Black wildebeest ( 7252:Reeves's muntjac ( 7216:Sumatran muntjac ( 7207:Gongshan muntjac ( 6980:Water chevrotain ( 6907:Alpine musk deer ( 6834:Southern giraffe ( 6825:Northern giraffe ( 6102:Atiya, F. (2008). 5162:Scientific Reports 4692:Naturalis Historia 4369:Historical Biology 4114:Fears, D. (2012). 4095:on 16 January 2014 3932:Kean, Sam (2018). 3753:Estes, R. (1992). 3408:10.1242/jeb.217463 3158:10.1038/ncomms7264 2998:Science News Daily 2595:on 13 October 2008 2309:Flanders and Swann 2228: 2149:Egyptian mythology 2145: 2112: 2037:Naturalis Historia 1969: 1886: 1842: 1834: 1805: 1789:sexually dimorphic 1785: 1728: 1699:exists in Colombia 1558: 1550: 1475: 1427: 1379: 1335:Hippopotamus minor 1309:Middle Pleistocene 1262: 1244:Middle Pleistocene 1126:aquatic adaptation 1084: 990: 962: 933: 905: 856: 842:have been tested. 741:and then south to 702:pygmy hippopotamus 637:. In English, the 632:horse of the river 458:pygmy hippopotamus 440:sub-Saharan Africa 432:river hippopotamus 142:A hippopotamus in 56:Pleistocene–Recent 11416:Mammals of Africa 11393: 11392: 11326:Open Tree of Life 11097:Taxon identifiers 11088: 11087: 11084: 11083: 11080: 11079: 11057: 11056: 10978: 10977: 10974: 10973: 10970: 10969: 10846: 10845: 10842: 10841: 10838: 10837: 10802:Chacoan peccary ( 10753: 10752: 10741:Javan warty pig ( 10732:Timor warty pig ( 10539:H. meinertzhageni 10513:Togian babirusa ( 10452: 10451: 10448: 10447: 10444: 10443: 10408:Walter's duiker ( 10348:Abbott's duiker ( 10312:Ogilby's duiker ( 10258:Harvey's duiker ( 10222:Brooke's duiker ( 10188: 10187: 9968: 9967: 9909: 9908: 9846:Peter's gazelle ( 9828:Grant's gazelle ( 9762:Speke's gazelle ( 9535: 9534: 9531: 9530: 9527: 9526: 9412: 9382: 9381: 9370:African buffalo ( 9201:B. depressicornis 9156: 9155: 9070: 9069: 9066: 9065: 8838:Himalayan goral ( 8660:C. cylindricornis 8527: 8526: 8523: 8522: 8483: 8482: 8446: 8445: 8434:Blue wildebeest ( 8368:Common tsessebe ( 8319: 8318: 8282: 8281: 8245: 8244: 8157:K. ellipsiprymnus 8130: 8129: 7989: 7988: 7985: 7984: 7981: 7980: 7929:P. mephistophiles 7885:P. mephistophiles 7576: 7575: 7272:M. truongsonensis 7234:Pu Hoat muntjac ( 7135: 7134: 7131: 7130: 7103: 7102: 7046:Java mouse-deer ( 6955: 6954: 6925:Black musk deer ( 6898:Dwarf musk deer ( 6889:Anhui musk deer ( 6864: 6863: 6827:G. camelopardalis 6776: 6775: 6550:978-1-86872-456-7 6525:978-0-19-504645-8 6435:Segy, L. (1976). 6147:978-0-19-521974-6 6059:(6941): 747–752. 5779:978-1-4039-8602-3 5746:978-0-7153-5272-4 5690:978-0-8160-2174-1 5665:978-0-226-73639-6 5640:978-0-691-15228-8 5604:10.1111/aje.12644 5486:10.1121/1.4783854 5086:10.1002/cne.23930 5080:(10): 2036–2058. 4702:978-3-519-01652-6 4444:978-3-030-68441-9 4173:Authentic Florida 4038:978-0-520-24281-4 3873:978-0-226-43722-4 3823:Exploring Mammals 3766:978-0-520-08085-0 3716:978-0-7607-1969-5 3184:. Serious Science 3097:Zoologica Scripta 2668:978-0-85661-131-5 2561:Harper, Douglas. 2240:Peter Paul Rubens 2210:. According to a 2208:African folktales 2076:According to the 2064:Attacks on humans 2048:called the hippo 2001:ancient Egyptians 1947:Hippos and humans 1919:cleaning stations 1850:endocrine systems 1723: 1578:Last Interglacial 1485:hipposudoric acid 1435:digastric muscles 1403:centre of gravity 1269:Three species of 1248:Early Pleistocene 1220:million years ago 1213:million years ago 1200:million years ago 1112:million years ago 1103:One branch would 1098:million years ago 1091:million years ago 1069: 1068: 1060: 1059: 1051: 1050: 1042: 1041: 1033: 1032: 840:H. a. constrictus 836:H. a. tschadensis 820:mitochondrial DNA 799:H. a. constrictus 787:– ranges between 785:H. a. tschadensis 438:mammal native to 428:Nile hippopotamus 340: 339: 291:H. amphibius 193: 176: 16:(Redirected from 11458: 11386: 11385: 11373: 11372: 11360: 11359: 11347: 11346: 11334: 11333: 11321: 11320: 11308: 11307: 11295: 11294: 11282: 11281: 11269: 11268: 11256: 11255: 11243: 11242: 11230: 11229: 11217: 11216: 11204: 11203: 11191: 11190: 11178: 11177: 11165: 11164: 11152: 11151: 11139: 11138: 11137: 11124: 11123: 11122: 11092: 11091: 11007: 11006: 10998: 10997: 10984: 10983: 10875: 10874: 10866: 10865: 10852: 10851: 10764: 10763: 10570:Common warthog ( 10561:Desert warthog ( 10481: 10480: 10472: 10471: 10458: 10457: 10357:Weyns's duiker ( 10231:Peters' duiker ( 10213:Aders's duiker ( 10199: 10198: 10086:Royal antelope ( 10044:Salt's dik-dik ( 10035:Silver dik-dik ( 10026:Kirk's dik-dik ( 9979: 9978: 9956:Saiga antelope ( 9918: 9917: 9857:N. soemmerringii 9726:Dorcas gazelle ( 9571: 9570: 9562: 9561: 9555: 9541: 9540: 9428:Mountain nyala ( 9411: 9410: 9402: 9393: 9392: 9348:P. nghetinhensis 9250:European bison ( 9241:American bison ( 9167: 9166: 9106: 9105: 9097: 9096: 9090: 9076: 9075: 8952:Domestic sheep ( 8796:Himalayan tahr ( 8763:Mainland serow ( 8745:Japanese serow ( 8554: 8553: 8547: 8533: 8532: 8457: 8456: 8330: 8329: 8293: 8292: 8256: 8255: 8233:Bohor reedbuck ( 8141: 8140: 8120:A. nasomaculatus 8043:Sable antelope ( 8020: 8019: 8011: 8010: 8004: 7995: 7994: 7757:Merida brocket ( 7587: 7586: 7528:Thorold's deer ( 7380:A. calamianensis 7263:M. rooseveltorum 7209:M. gongshanensis 7166: 7165: 7157: 7156: 7150: 7141: 7140: 6966: 6965: 6875: 6874: 6854:G. tippelskirchi 6787: 6786: 6750: 6749: 6741: 6740: 6727: 6726: 6672: 6665: 6658: 6649: 6648: 6644: 6628: 6626: 6624: 6615:. Archived from 6604: 6599:. Archived from 6580: 6579: 6561: 6555: 6554: 6536: 6530: 6529: 6509: 6503: 6502: 6500: 6498: 6482: 6476: 6475: 6457: 6451: 6450: 6432: 6426: 6425: 6410:Sax, B. (2001). 6407: 6401: 6400: 6372: 6366: 6365: 6351: 6340: 6339: 6327: 6321: 6320: 6306: 6300: 6299: 6297: 6269: 6263: 6262: 6255: 6249: 6248: 6240: 6234: 6233: 6209: 6192: 6191: 6183: 6177: 6176: 6158: 6152: 6151: 6124: 6118: 6117: 6099: 6093: 6092: 6047: 6041: 6040: 6008: 6002: 6001: 5971: 5965: 5964: 5946: 5906: 5900: 5899: 5897: 5895: 5880: 5874: 5873: 5863: 5823: 5817: 5816: 5814: 5790: 5784: 5783: 5767: 5757: 5751: 5750: 5732: 5726: 5725: 5701: 5695: 5694: 5676: 5670: 5669: 5651: 5645: 5644: 5622: 5616: 5615: 5575: 5569: 5568: 5536: 5525: 5524: 5496: 5490: 5489: 5453: 5447: 5446: 5429:(2–3): 231–251. 5414: 5408: 5407: 5405: 5358: 5349: 5340: 5339: 5337: 5335: 5326:. Archived from 5295: 5286: 5285: 5284:on 17 June 2010. 5283: 5277:. Archived from 5250: 5237: 5231: 5230: 5210: 5204: 5203: 5193: 5153: 5147: 5146: 5114: 5108: 5107: 5097: 5061: 5055: 5054: 5052: 5042: 5014: 5008: 5007: 4963: 4954: 4953: 4951: 4949: 4933: 4927: 4926: 4924: 4922: 4907: 4901: 4900: 4898: 4896: 4884: 4878: 4877: 4867: 4858: 4857: 4855: 4853: 4837: 4828: 4827: 4825: 4823: 4806: 4795: 4794: 4792: 4790: 4785:. 1 January 2006 4773: 4767: 4766: 4764: 4762: 4748: 4742: 4741: 4739: 4737: 4732:. 7 October 1898 4722: 4716: 4706: 4683: 4674: 4673: 4637: 4631: 4630: 4594: 4588: 4587: 4555: 4549: 4548: 4523:(2–3): 269–281. 4508: 4502: 4501: 4469: 4463: 4462: 4461: 4459: 4418: 4409: 4408: 4375:(7): 1146–1156. 4360: 4354: 4353: 4351: 4349: 4312: 4306: 4305: 4295: 4285: 4261: 4252: 4251: 4241: 4223: 4206:(11): e0293405. 4190: 4184: 4183: 4181: 4179: 4164: 4158: 4157: 4155: 4153: 4138: 4132: 4131: 4129: 4127: 4111: 4105: 4104: 4102: 4100: 4079: 4073: 4072: 4070: 4068: 4049: 4043: 4042: 4022: 4016: 4015: 3997: 3963: 3954: 3953: 3951: 3949: 3934:"Sweating blood" 3929: 3923: 3922: 3915:Forma et Functio 3910: 3904: 3903: 3893: 3884: 3878: 3877: 3859: 3838: 3837: 3818: 3812: 3811: 3801: 3777: 3771: 3770: 3750: 3721: 3720: 3705:(2nd ed.). 3698: 3692: 3691: 3689: 3687: 3682:on 8 August 2020 3678:. Archived from 3672: 3663: 3662: 3660: 3658: 3644: 3638: 3637: 3635: 3633: 3623: 3617: 3616: 3588: 3582: 3581: 3563: 3557: 3556: 3554: 3539: 3530: 3524: 3523: 3493: 3487: 3486: 3476: 3474:10.1002/jqs.3375 3444: 3438: 3437: 3427: 3387: 3381: 3374: 3368: 3367: 3337: 3331: 3330: 3300: 3291: 3290: 3254: 3248: 3238: 3229: 3228: 3226: 3200: 3194: 3193: 3191: 3189: 3177: 3171: 3170: 3160: 3128: 3122: 3121: 3091: 3082: 3081: 3071: 3061: 3044:(5): 1537–1541. 3027: 3014: 3013: 3011: 3009: 2989: 2978: 2977: 2931: 2925: 2924: 2914: 2888: 2877: 2876: 2866: 2832: 2823: 2822: 2812: 2772: 2766: 2765: 2753: 2744: 2738: 2737: 2727: 2701: 2690: 2689: 2679: 2673: 2672: 2654: 2605: 2604: 2602: 2600: 2591:. Archived from 2579: 2573: 2572: 2558: 2552: 2551: 2549: 2547: 2531: 2525: 2504: 2503: 2496: 2495: 2488: 2487: 2481: 2475: 2474: 2472: 2470: 2445: 2439: 2438: 2436: 2434: 2429: 2399: 2331: 2326: 2325: 2214:story, when the 2106:lounging at the 1966: 1846:gestation period 1783:Hippopotamus pod 1747:move on land by 1724: 1687:Second Congo War 1673:drawn up by the 1669:As of 2017, the 1511:vulval vestibule 1283:insular dwarfism 1221: 1214: 1201: 1113: 1099: 1092: 999: 998: 971: 970: 942: 941: 914: 913: 902: 901: 688: 687: 675: 674: 662: 636: 633: 630: 626: 623: 620: 616: 610: 609: 604: 601: 598: 594: 588: 587: 582: 576: 575: 567: 550:(canine teeth). 477: 476: 417: 405: 401: 400: 397: 396: 393: 390: 387: 384: 381: 378: 375: 372: 369: 366: 363: 360: 331: 311: 208: 207: 187: 170: 165: 164: 137: 127: 57: 53:Temporal range: 47: 46: 21: 11466: 11465: 11461: 11460: 11459: 11457: 11456: 11455: 11396: 11395: 11394: 11389: 11381: 11376: 11368: 11363: 11355: 11350: 11342: 11337: 11329: 11324: 11316: 11313:Observation.org 11311: 11303: 11298: 11290: 11285: 11277: 11272: 11264: 11259: 11251: 11246: 11238: 11233: 11225: 11220: 11212: 11207: 11199: 11194: 11186: 11181: 11173: 11168: 11160: 11155: 11147: 11142: 11133: 11132: 11127: 11118: 11117: 11112: 11099: 11089: 11076: 11053: 11029: 10992: 10966: 10924: 10860: 10834: 10810: 10786: 10749: 10716:S. philippensis 10653:S. ahoenobarbus 10635: 10627:Red river hog ( 10602: 10578: 10545: 10521: 10495:Buru babirusa ( 10466: 10440: 10432:Common duiker ( 10416: 10374: 10184: 10142: 10118: 10094: 10052: 10001: 9964: 9940: 9905: 9890:P. picticaudata 9863: 9803: 9779: 9773:G. subgutturosa 9692: 9641: 9617: 9593: 9556: 9545: 9523: 9490: 9482:Cape bushbuck ( 9475:T. strepsiceros 9404: 9403: 9401: 9378: 9354: 9330: 9225: 9217:Mountain anoa ( 9152: 9146:B. tragocamelus 9128: 9122:T. quadricornis 9091: 9080: 9062: 9029: 9005: 8961:Bighorn sheep ( 8927: 8903: 8879: 8871:Mountain goat ( 8855: 8847:Chinese goral ( 8804: 8780: 8765:C. sumatraensis 8729: 8712:Siberian ibex ( 8676:Domestic goat ( 8624: 8600: 8576: 8568:Barbary sheep ( 8548: 8537: 8519: 8507: 8495: 8479: 8442: 8409: 8385: 8352: 8315: 8278: 8241: 8199: 8126: 8102: 8076:Scimitar oryx ( 8051: 8034:Roan antelope ( 8005: 7999: 7977: 7935: 7927:Northern pudu ( 7901: 7893:Southern pudu ( 7883:Northern pudu ( 7867: 7843: 7819: 7784:Pygmy brocket ( 7766:Dwarf brocket ( 7723: 7690: 7666: 7633: 7609: 7572: 7512: 7461: 7437: 7404: 7378:Calamian deer ( 7353: 7347:D. mesopotamica 7320: 7296: 7290:M. vuquangensis 7288:Giant muntjac ( 7198:Fea's muntjac ( 7151: 7145: 7127: 7115: 7099: 7030: 6988: 6951: 6909:M. chrysogaster 6860: 6852:Masai giraffe ( 6809: 6772: 6735: 6721: 6683: 6676: 6631: 6622: 6620: 6607: 6591: 6588: 6583: 6576: 6562: 6558: 6551: 6537: 6533: 6526: 6510: 6506: 6496: 6494: 6493:on 28 July 2014 6483: 6479: 6472: 6458: 6454: 6447: 6433: 6429: 6422: 6408: 6404: 6373: 6369: 6357:Natural History 6352: 6343: 6328: 6324: 6307: 6303: 6270: 6266: 6257: 6256: 6252: 6241: 6237: 6230: 6210: 6195: 6184: 6180: 6173: 6159: 6155: 6148: 6125: 6121: 6114: 6100: 6096: 6048: 6044: 6009: 6005: 5972: 5968: 5907: 5903: 5893: 5891: 5881: 5877: 5824: 5820: 5791: 5787: 5780: 5758: 5754: 5747: 5733: 5729: 5702: 5698: 5691: 5677: 5673: 5666: 5652: 5648: 5641: 5623: 5619: 5576: 5572: 5537: 5528: 5513:10.2307/1373731 5497: 5493: 5454: 5450: 5415: 5411: 5403: 5361:Current Biology 5356: 5350: 5343: 5333: 5331: 5330:on 6 March 2011 5296: 5289: 5281: 5254:African Zoology 5248: 5238: 5234: 5211: 5207: 5154: 5150: 5115: 5111: 5062: 5058: 5015: 5011: 4964: 4957: 4947: 4945: 4944:. The Telegraph 4934: 4930: 4920: 4918: 4908: 4904: 4894: 4892: 4885: 4881: 4868: 4861: 4851: 4849: 4838: 4831: 4821: 4819: 4808: 4807: 4798: 4788: 4786: 4775: 4774: 4770: 4760: 4758: 4750: 4749: 4745: 4735: 4733: 4724: 4723: 4719: 4703: 4687:Pliny the Elder 4684: 4677: 4654:10.2307/1355798 4638: 4634: 4611:10.2307/1357310 4595: 4591: 4556: 4552: 4509: 4505: 4470: 4466: 4457: 4455: 4445: 4419: 4412: 4361: 4357: 4347: 4345: 4313: 4309: 4262: 4255: 4191: 4187: 4177: 4175: 4165: 4161: 4151: 4149: 4140: 4139: 4135: 4125: 4123: 4112: 4108: 4098: 4096: 4081: 4080: 4076: 4066: 4064: 4057:Mesker Park Zoo 4051: 4050: 4046: 4039: 4023: 4019: 3995:10.1038/429363a 3964: 3957: 3947: 3945: 3930: 3926: 3911: 3907: 3896:Acoustics Today 3891: 3885: 3881: 3874: 3860: 3841: 3834: 3820: 3819: 3815: 3778: 3774: 3767: 3751: 3724: 3717: 3709:. p. 491. 3699: 3695: 3685: 3683: 3674: 3673: 3666: 3656: 3654: 3646: 3645: 3641: 3631: 3629: 3625: 3624: 3620: 3605:10.2307/2401788 3589: 3585: 3578: 3564: 3560: 3552: 3537: 3531: 3527: 3494: 3490: 3445: 3441: 3388: 3384: 3375: 3371: 3338: 3334: 3301: 3294: 3255: 3251: 3239: 3232: 3201: 3197: 3187: 3185: 3178: 3174: 3129: 3125: 3092: 3085: 3028: 3017: 3007: 3005: 2990: 2981: 2932: 2928: 2889: 2880: 2833: 2826: 2773: 2769: 2751: 2745: 2741: 2702: 2693: 2680: 2676: 2669: 2655: 2608: 2598: 2596: 2581: 2580: 2576: 2559: 2555: 2545: 2543: 2533: 2532: 2528: 2522:Perseus Project 2482: 2478: 2468: 2466: 2447: 2446: 2442: 2432: 2430: 2400: 2385: 2381: 2327: 2320: 2317: 2254:Western culture 2137: 2097: 2066: 2032:Pliny the Elder 1991:of the central 1985:Bouri Formation 1949: 1890:Nile crocodiles 1878: 1826: 1777: 1717: 1715: 1647:, and south to 1601:Pliny the Elder 1570:North Yorkshire 1542: 1522:Mesker Park Zoo 1367: 1365:Characteristics 1287:kilopilopitsofy 1267: 1265:Extinct species 1216: 1209: 1196: 1158:Anthracotherium 1108: 1094: 1087: 1078:Anthracotherium 1070: 1061: 1052: 1043: 1034: 848: 824:H. a. amphibius 731:H. a. amphibius 698: 697: 696: 695: 691: 690: 689: 678: 677: 676: 665: 664: 663: 652: 647: 634: 631: 628: 624: 621: 618: 602: 599: 596: 556: 357: 353: 322: 313: 307: 294: 202: 194: 177: 166: 162: 155: 128: 126: 125: 124: 123: 118: 113: 108: 103: 98: 93: 88: 83: 78: 73: 68: 63: 55: 54: 51: 43: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 11464: 11454: 11453: 11448: 11443: 11438: 11433: 11428: 11423: 11418: 11413: 11411:Hippopotamuses 11408: 11391: 11390: 11388: 11387: 11374: 11361: 11348: 11335: 11322: 11309: 11296: 11283: 11270: 11257: 11244: 11231: 11218: 11205: 11192: 11179: 11166: 11153: 11140: 11125: 11109: 11107: 11101: 11100: 11086: 11085: 11082: 11081: 11078: 11077: 11075: 11074: 11067: 11065: 11059: 11058: 11055: 11054: 11052: 11051: 11047:C. liberiensis 11041: 11039: 11031: 11030: 11028: 11027: 11021:Hippopotamus ( 11017: 11015: 11004: 11002:Hippopotamidae 10994: 10993: 10980: 10979: 10976: 10975: 10972: 10971: 10968: 10967: 10965: 10964: 10955: 10951:C. dromedarius 10946: 10936: 10934: 10926: 10925: 10923: 10922: 10913: 10904: 10895: 10885: 10883: 10872: 10862: 10861: 10848: 10847: 10844: 10843: 10840: 10839: 10836: 10835: 10833: 10832: 10822: 10820: 10812: 10811: 10809: 10808: 10798: 10796: 10788: 10787: 10785: 10784: 10774: 10772: 10761: 10755: 10754: 10751: 10750: 10748: 10747: 10738: 10734:S. timoriensis 10729: 10720: 10711: 10702: 10693: 10687:Domestic pig ( 10684: 10675: 10666: 10657: 10647: 10645: 10637: 10636: 10634: 10633: 10624: 10614: 10612: 10604: 10603: 10601: 10600: 10590: 10588: 10580: 10579: 10577: 10576: 10567: 10563:P. aethiopicus 10557: 10555: 10547: 10546: 10544: 10543: 10533: 10531: 10523: 10522: 10520: 10519: 10515:B. togeanensis 10510: 10501: 10491: 10489: 10478: 10468: 10467: 10454: 10453: 10450: 10449: 10446: 10445: 10442: 10441: 10439: 10438: 10428: 10426: 10418: 10417: 10415: 10414: 10405: 10396: 10386: 10384: 10376: 10375: 10373: 10372: 10366:Zebra duiker ( 10363: 10354: 10345: 10341:C. silvicultor 10336: 10327: 10318: 10309: 10300: 10294:Black duiker ( 10291: 10282: 10278:C. leucogaster 10273: 10264: 10255: 10246: 10237: 10228: 10219: 10209: 10207: 10196: 10190: 10189: 10186: 10185: 10183: 10182: 10173: 10167:Cape grysbok ( 10164: 10154: 10152: 10144: 10143: 10141: 10140: 10130: 10128: 10120: 10119: 10117: 10116: 10110:Klipspringer ( 10106: 10104: 10096: 10095: 10093: 10092: 10083: 10074: 10064: 10062: 10054: 10053: 10051: 10050: 10041: 10037:M. piacentinii 10032: 10023: 10013: 10011: 10003: 10002: 10000: 9999: 9989: 9987: 9976: 9970: 9969: 9966: 9965: 9963: 9962: 9952: 9950: 9942: 9941: 9939: 9938: 9928: 9926: 9915: 9911: 9910: 9907: 9906: 9904: 9903: 9899:P. przewalskii 9894: 9885: 9875: 9873: 9865: 9864: 9862: 9861: 9852: 9843: 9834: 9825: 9819:Dama gazelle ( 9815: 9813: 9805: 9804: 9802: 9801: 9791: 9789: 9781: 9780: 9778: 9777: 9768: 9759: 9753:Rhim gazelle ( 9750: 9741: 9732: 9723: 9714: 9704: 9702: 9694: 9693: 9691: 9690: 9681: 9672: 9663: 9653: 9651: 9643: 9642: 9640: 9639: 9629: 9627: 9619: 9618: 9616: 9615: 9611:A. marsupialis 9605: 9603: 9595: 9594: 9592: 9591: 9581: 9579: 9568: 9558: 9557: 9537: 9536: 9533: 9532: 9529: 9528: 9525: 9524: 9522: 9521: 9515:Common eland ( 9512: 9502: 9500: 9492: 9491: 9489: 9488: 9479: 9473:Greater kudu ( 9470: 9461: 9452: 9443: 9434: 9425: 9415: 9413: 9390: 9384: 9383: 9380: 9379: 9377: 9376: 9366: 9364: 9356: 9355: 9353: 9352: 9342: 9340: 9332: 9331: 9329: 9328: 9319: 9310: 9301: 9292: 9286:Domestic yak ( 9283: 9274: 9265: 9256: 9247: 9237: 9235: 9227: 9226: 9224: 9223: 9214: 9210:B. mindorensis 9205: 9199:Lowland anoa ( 9196: 9187: 9177: 9175: 9164: 9158: 9157: 9154: 9153: 9151: 9150: 9140: 9138: 9130: 9129: 9127: 9126: 9116: 9114: 9103: 9093: 9092: 9072: 9071: 9068: 9067: 9064: 9063: 9061: 9060: 9051: 9041: 9039: 9031: 9030: 9028: 9027: 9017: 9015: 9007: 9006: 9004: 9003: 8994: 8985: 8976: 8967: 8958: 8949: 8939: 8937: 8929: 8928: 8926: 8925: 8919:Nilgiri tahr ( 8915: 8913: 8905: 8904: 8902: 8901: 8891: 8889: 8881: 8880: 8878: 8877: 8867: 8865: 8857: 8856: 8854: 8853: 8844: 8835: 8826: 8816: 8814: 8806: 8805: 8803: 8802: 8792: 8790: 8782: 8781: 8779: 8778: 8772:Taiwan serow ( 8769: 8760: 8751: 8741: 8739: 8731: 8730: 8728: 8727: 8718: 8709: 8703:Iberian ibex ( 8700: 8691: 8682: 8673: 8664: 8655: 8646: 8636: 8634: 8626: 8625: 8623: 8622: 8612: 8610: 8602: 8601: 8599: 8598: 8592:Arabian tahr ( 8588: 8586: 8578: 8577: 8575: 8574: 8564: 8562: 8550: 8549: 8529: 8528: 8525: 8524: 8521: 8520: 8517: 8515: 8509: 8508: 8505: 8503: 8497: 8496: 8493: 8491: 8485: 8484: 8481: 8480: 8478: 8477: 8467: 8465: 8454: 8448: 8447: 8444: 8443: 8441: 8440: 8431: 8421: 8419: 8411: 8410: 8408: 8407: 8397: 8395: 8387: 8386: 8384: 8383: 8374: 8364: 8362: 8354: 8353: 8351: 8350: 8340: 8338: 8327: 8321: 8320: 8317: 8316: 8314: 8313: 8303: 8301: 8290: 8284: 8283: 8280: 8279: 8277: 8276: 8266: 8264: 8253: 8247: 8246: 8243: 8242: 8240: 8239: 8230: 8226:R. fulvorufula 8221: 8211: 8209: 8201: 8200: 8198: 8197: 8188: 8179: 8170: 8161: 8151: 8149: 8138: 8132: 8131: 8128: 8127: 8125: 8124: 8114: 8112: 8104: 8103: 8101: 8100: 8094:Arabian oryx ( 8091: 8082: 8073: 8063: 8061: 8053: 8052: 8050: 8049: 8040: 8030: 8028: 8017: 8007: 8006: 7991: 7990: 7987: 7986: 7983: 7982: 7979: 7978: 7976: 7975: 7971:O. virginianus 7966: 7957: 7947: 7945: 7937: 7936: 7934: 7933: 7924: 7914: 7912: 7903: 7902: 7900: 7899: 7890: 7879: 7877: 7869: 7868: 7866: 7865: 7855: 7853: 7845: 7844: 7842: 7841: 7837:O. bezoarticus 7831: 7829: 7821: 7820: 7818: 7817: 7808: 7799: 7790: 7781: 7777:M. gouazoubira 7775:Gray brocket ( 7772: 7763: 7754: 7745: 7735: 7733: 7725: 7724: 7722: 7721: 7712: 7702: 7700: 7692: 7691: 7689: 7688: 7678: 7676: 7668: 7667: 7665: 7664: 7655: 7645: 7643: 7635: 7634: 7632: 7631: 7621: 7619: 7611: 7610: 7608: 7607: 7597: 7595: 7584: 7578: 7577: 7574: 7573: 7571: 7570: 7561: 7552: 7543: 7534: 7530:C. albirostris 7524: 7522: 7514: 7513: 7511: 7510: 7501: 7492: 7483: 7473: 7471: 7463: 7462: 7460: 7459: 7449: 7447: 7439: 7438: 7436: 7435: 7426: 7416: 7414: 7406: 7405: 7403: 7402: 7393: 7384: 7375: 7365: 7363: 7355: 7354: 7352: 7351: 7342: 7332: 7330: 7322: 7321: 7319: 7318: 7314:E. cephalophus 7308: 7306: 7298: 7297: 7295: 7294: 7285: 7276: 7267: 7258: 7249: 7243:Leaf muntjac ( 7240: 7236:M. puhoatensis 7231: 7222: 7213: 7204: 7195: 7186: 7176: 7174: 7163: 7153: 7152: 7137: 7136: 7133: 7132: 7129: 7128: 7125: 7123: 7117: 7116: 7113: 7111: 7105: 7104: 7101: 7100: 7098: 7097: 7093:T. williamsoni 7088: 7079: 7070: 7061: 7052: 7042: 7040: 7032: 7031: 7029: 7028: 7019: 7010: 7000: 6998: 6990: 6989: 6987: 6986: 6976: 6974: 6963: 6957: 6956: 6953: 6952: 6950: 6949: 6945:M. moschiferus 6940: 6936:M. leucogaster 6931: 6922: 6913: 6904: 6900:M. berezovskii 6895: 6885: 6883: 6872: 6866: 6865: 6862: 6861: 6859: 6858: 6849: 6840: 6831: 6821: 6819: 6811: 6810: 6808: 6807: 6797: 6795: 6784: 6778: 6777: 6774: 6773: 6771: 6770: 6760: 6758: 6747: 6745:Antilocapridae 6737: 6736: 6723: 6722: 6720: 6719: 6717:Laurasiatheria 6713: 6707: 6701: 6695: 6688: 6685: 6684: 6675: 6674: 6667: 6660: 6652: 6646: 6645: 6629: 6605: 6587: 6586:External links 6584: 6582: 6581: 6574: 6556: 6549: 6531: 6524: 6504: 6477: 6471:978-1107021662 6470: 6452: 6446:978-0486231815 6445: 6427: 6420: 6402: 6383:(4): 337–354. 6367: 6341: 6322: 6301: 6264: 6250: 6235: 6228: 6220:Reaktion Books 6193: 6178: 6172:978-0253112736 6171: 6153: 6146: 6119: 6113:978-9771744399 6112: 6094: 6042: 6003: 5966: 5929:(5): 463–475. 5901: 5875: 5838:(1951): 1951. 5818: 5785: 5778: 5752: 5745: 5727: 5716:(4): 211–356. 5696: 5689: 5671: 5664: 5646: 5639: 5617: 5590:(1): 123–125. 5570: 5526: 5507:(4): 243–246. 5491: 5448: 5409: 5367:(2): R70–R71. 5341: 5310:(3): 277–286. 5287: 5261:(2): 127–130. 5232: 5205: 5148: 5109: 5056: 5009: 4974:(4): 245–250. 4955: 4942:news.yahoo.com 4928: 4902: 4879: 4859: 4829: 4796: 4768: 4743: 4717: 4713:Latin original 4701: 4675: 4648:(132): 30–34. 4632: 4605:(280): 67–76. 4589: 4550: 4503: 4484:(3): 224–245. 4464: 4443: 4410: 4355: 4307: 4253: 4185: 4159: 4133: 4122:on 4 June 2013 4106: 4074: 4044: 4037: 4017: 3955: 3924: 3905: 3879: 3872: 3839: 3832: 3813: 3792:(3): 675–679. 3772: 3765: 3722: 3715: 3693: 3676:"Hippopotamus" 3664: 3639: 3618: 3599:(2): 391–403. 3583: 3576: 3558: 3525: 3506:(4): 379–381. 3499:Geoarchaeology 3488: 3439: 3382: 3369: 3350:(4): 957–966. 3332: 3321:(3): 241–268. 3292: 3249: 3230: 3195: 3172: 3123: 3104:(2): 119–143. 3083: 3015: 2979: 2926: 2905:(5): 537–543. 2878: 2824: 2767: 2739: 2718:(3): 206–215. 2691: 2674: 2667: 2606: 2574: 2563:"hippopotamus" 2553: 2535:"Hippopotamus" 2526: 2476: 2440: 2382: 2380: 2377: 2376: 2375: 2366: 2360: 2350: 2340: 2333: 2332: 2329:Mammals portal 2316: 2313: 2275:Hugo the Hippo 2136: 2133: 2128:Cincinnati Zoo 2096: 2093: 2065: 2062: 1955:Hippopotamus ( 1948: 1945: 1933:The parasitic 1898:spotted hyenas 1877: 1874: 1825: 1822: 1776: 1773: 1714: 1711: 1613:Natal Province 1595:region during 1541: 1538: 1456:pseudoruminant 1366: 1363: 1266: 1263: 1225:Archaeopotamus 1155:species: from 1142:Hippopotamidae 1134:anthracotheres 1067: 1066: 1063: 1062: 1058: 1057: 1054: 1053: 1049: 1048: 1045: 1044: 1040: 1039: 1036: 1035: 1031: 1030: 1027: 1026: 1018: 1015: 1014: 1011: 1010: 1007:Hippopotamidae 1002: 997: 995: 987: 986: 983: 982: 974: 969: 967: 959: 958: 955: 954: 945: 940: 938: 930: 929: 926: 925: 917: 912: 910: 900: 847: 844: 828:H. a. capensis 815: 814: 796: 782: 771:H. a. capensis 768: 750: 706:anthracotheres 693: 692: 681: 680: 679: 668: 667: 666: 657: 656: 655: 654: 653: 651: 650:Classification 648: 646: 643: 555: 552: 454:Hippopotamidae 408:hippopotamuses 338: 337: 333: 332: 324: 323: 314: 303: 302: 296: 295: 288: 286: 282: 281: 274: 270: 269: 267:Hippopotamidae 264: 260: 259: 254: 250: 249: 244: 240: 239: 234: 230: 229: 224: 220: 219: 214: 210: 209: 196: 195: 182: 179: 178: 160: 157: 156: 151: 148: 147: 139: 138: 130: 129: 121: 120: 119: 114: 109: 104: 99: 94: 89: 84: 79: 74: 69: 64: 59: 52: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 11463: 11452: 11449: 11447: 11444: 11442: 11439: 11437: 11434: 11432: 11429: 11427: 11424: 11422: 11419: 11417: 11414: 11412: 11409: 11407: 11404: 11403: 11401: 11384: 11379: 11375: 11371: 11366: 11362: 11358: 11353: 11349: 11345: 11340: 11336: 11332: 11327: 11323: 11319: 11314: 11310: 11306: 11301: 11297: 11293: 11288: 11284: 11280: 11275: 11271: 11267: 11262: 11258: 11254: 11249: 11245: 11241: 11236: 11232: 11228: 11223: 11219: 11215: 11210: 11206: 11202: 11197: 11193: 11189: 11184: 11180: 11176: 11171: 11167: 11163: 11158: 11154: 11150: 11145: 11141: 11136: 11130: 11126: 11121: 11115: 11111: 11110: 11108: 11106: 11102: 11098: 11093: 11073: 11069: 11068: 11066: 11064: 11060: 11050: 11048: 11043: 11042: 11040: 11038: 11037: 11032: 11026: 11024: 11019: 11018: 11016: 11014: 11013: 11008: 11005: 11003: 10999: 10995: 10991: 10985: 10981: 10963: 10961: 10956: 10954: 10952: 10947: 10945: 10943: 10942:C. bactrianus 10938: 10937: 10935: 10933: 10932: 10927: 10921: 10919: 10914: 10912: 10910: 10905: 10903: 10901: 10896: 10894: 10892: 10887: 10886: 10884: 10882: 10881: 10876: 10873: 10871: 10867: 10863: 10859: 10853: 10849: 10831: 10829: 10824: 10823: 10821: 10819: 10818: 10813: 10807: 10805: 10800: 10799: 10797: 10795: 10794: 10789: 10783: 10781: 10776: 10775: 10773: 10771: 10770: 10765: 10762: 10760: 10756: 10746: 10744: 10743:S. verrucosus 10739: 10737: 10735: 10730: 10728: 10726: 10721: 10719: 10717: 10712: 10710: 10708: 10703: 10701: 10699: 10694: 10692: 10690: 10689:S. domesticus 10685: 10683: 10681: 10680:S. celebensis 10676: 10674: 10672: 10667: 10665: 10663: 10658: 10656: 10654: 10649: 10648: 10646: 10644: 10643: 10638: 10632: 10630: 10625: 10623: 10621: 10616: 10615: 10613: 10611: 10610: 10609:Potamochoerus 10605: 10599: 10597: 10592: 10591: 10589: 10587: 10586: 10581: 10575: 10573: 10568: 10566: 10564: 10559: 10558: 10556: 10554: 10553: 10548: 10542: 10540: 10535: 10534: 10532: 10530: 10529: 10524: 10518: 10516: 10511: 10509: 10507: 10506:B. celebensis 10502: 10500: 10498: 10493: 10492: 10490: 10488: 10487: 10482: 10479: 10477: 10473: 10469: 10465: 10459: 10455: 10437: 10435: 10430: 10429: 10427: 10425: 10424: 10419: 10413: 10411: 10406: 10404: 10402: 10397: 10395: 10393: 10390:Blue duiker ( 10388: 10387: 10385: 10383: 10382: 10377: 10371: 10369: 10364: 10362: 10360: 10355: 10353: 10351: 10346: 10344: 10342: 10337: 10335: 10333: 10328: 10326: 10324: 10319: 10317: 10315: 10310: 10308: 10306: 10305:C. nigrifrons 10301: 10299: 10297: 10292: 10290: 10288: 10287:C. natalensis 10283: 10281: 10279: 10274: 10272: 10270: 10265: 10263: 10261: 10256: 10254: 10252: 10247: 10245: 10243: 10238: 10236: 10234: 10233:C. callipygus 10229: 10227: 10225: 10220: 10218: 10216: 10211: 10210: 10208: 10206: 10205: 10200: 10197: 10195: 10191: 10181: 10179: 10174: 10172: 10170: 10165: 10163: 10161: 10160:R. campestris 10156: 10155: 10153: 10151: 10150: 10145: 10139: 10137: 10132: 10131: 10129: 10127: 10126: 10121: 10115: 10113: 10112:O. oreotragus 10108: 10107: 10105: 10103: 10102: 10097: 10091: 10089: 10084: 10082: 10080: 10075: 10073: 10071: 10066: 10065: 10063: 10061: 10060: 10055: 10049: 10047: 10042: 10040: 10038: 10033: 10031: 10029: 10024: 10022: 10020: 10015: 10014: 10012: 10010: 10009: 10004: 9998: 9996: 9991: 9990: 9988: 9986: 9985: 9980: 9977: 9975: 9971: 9961: 9959: 9954: 9953: 9951: 9949: 9948: 9943: 9937: 9935: 9930: 9929: 9927: 9925: 9924: 9919: 9916: 9912: 9902: 9900: 9895: 9893: 9891: 9886: 9884: 9882: 9877: 9876: 9874: 9872: 9871: 9866: 9860: 9858: 9853: 9851: 9849: 9844: 9842: 9840: 9835: 9833: 9831: 9826: 9824: 9822: 9817: 9816: 9814: 9812: 9811: 9806: 9800: 9798: 9793: 9792: 9790: 9788: 9787: 9782: 9776: 9774: 9769: 9767: 9765: 9760: 9758: 9756: 9755:G. leptoceros 9751: 9749: 9747: 9742: 9740: 9738: 9733: 9731: 9729: 9724: 9722: 9720: 9715: 9713: 9711: 9706: 9705: 9703: 9701: 9700: 9695: 9689: 9687: 9682: 9680: 9678: 9673: 9671: 9669: 9664: 9662: 9660: 9659:E. albonotata 9655: 9654: 9652: 9650: 9649: 9644: 9638: 9636: 9635:A. cervicapra 9631: 9630: 9628: 9626: 9625: 9620: 9614: 9612: 9607: 9606: 9604: 9602: 9601: 9596: 9590: 9588: 9583: 9582: 9580: 9578: 9577: 9572: 9569: 9567: 9563: 9559: 9553: 9549: 9542: 9538: 9520: 9518: 9513: 9511: 9509: 9506:Giant eland ( 9504: 9503: 9501: 9499: 9498: 9493: 9487: 9485: 9484:T. sylvaticus 9480: 9478: 9476: 9471: 9469: 9467: 9462: 9460: 9458: 9453: 9451: 9449: 9446:Lesser kudu ( 9444: 9442: 9440: 9435: 9433: 9431: 9426: 9424: 9422: 9417: 9416: 9414: 9408: 9400: 9399: 9394: 9391: 9389: 9385: 9375: 9373: 9368: 9367: 9365: 9363: 9362: 9357: 9351: 9349: 9344: 9343: 9341: 9339: 9338: 9333: 9327: 9325: 9320: 9318: 9316: 9311: 9309: 9307: 9302: 9300: 9298: 9293: 9291: 9289: 9284: 9282: 9280: 9275: 9273: 9271: 9266: 9264: 9262: 9261:B. domesticus 9259:Bali cattle ( 9257: 9255: 9253: 9248: 9246: 9244: 9239: 9238: 9236: 9234: 9233: 9228: 9222: 9220: 9215: 9213: 9211: 9206: 9204: 9202: 9197: 9195: 9193: 9188: 9186: 9184: 9179: 9178: 9176: 9174: 9173: 9168: 9165: 9163: 9159: 9149: 9147: 9142: 9141: 9139: 9137: 9136: 9131: 9125: 9123: 9118: 9117: 9115: 9113: 9112: 9107: 9104: 9102: 9098: 9094: 9088: 9084: 9077: 9073: 9059: 9057: 9052: 9050: 9048: 9043: 9042: 9040: 9038: 9037: 9032: 9026: 9024: 9019: 9018: 9016: 9014: 9013: 9008: 9002: 9000: 8995: 8993: 8991: 8986: 8984: 8982: 8977: 8975: 8973: 8968: 8966: 8964: 8963:O. canadensis 8959: 8957: 8955: 8950: 8948: 8946: 8941: 8940: 8938: 8936: 8935: 8930: 8924: 8922: 8917: 8916: 8914: 8912: 8911: 8910:Nilgiritragus 8906: 8900: 8898: 8893: 8892: 8890: 8888: 8887: 8882: 8876: 8874: 8873:O. americanus 8869: 8868: 8866: 8864: 8863: 8858: 8852: 8850: 8845: 8843: 8841: 8836: 8834: 8832: 8827: 8825: 8823: 8818: 8817: 8815: 8813: 8812: 8807: 8801: 8799: 8798:H. jemlahicus 8794: 8793: 8791: 8789: 8788: 8783: 8777: 8775: 8770: 8768: 8766: 8761: 8759: 8757: 8752: 8750: 8748: 8743: 8742: 8740: 8738: 8737: 8732: 8726: 8724: 8719: 8717: 8715: 8710: 8708: 8706: 8701: 8699: 8697: 8694:Nubian ibex ( 8692: 8690: 8688: 8685:Alpine ibex ( 8683: 8681: 8679: 8674: 8672: 8670: 8665: 8663: 8661: 8656: 8654: 8652: 8647: 8645: 8643: 8638: 8637: 8635: 8633: 8632: 8627: 8621: 8619: 8614: 8613: 8611: 8609: 8608: 8603: 8597: 8595: 8590: 8589: 8587: 8585: 8584: 8579: 8573: 8571: 8566: 8565: 8563: 8561: 8560: 8555: 8551: 8545: 8541: 8534: 8530: 8516: 8514: 8510: 8504: 8502: 8498: 8492: 8490: 8486: 8476: 8474: 8469: 8468: 8466: 8464: 8463: 8458: 8455: 8453: 8452:Pantholopinae 8449: 8439: 8437: 8432: 8430: 8428: 8423: 8422: 8420: 8418: 8417: 8412: 8406: 8404: 8403:A. buselaphus 8399: 8398: 8396: 8394: 8393: 8388: 8382: 8380: 8375: 8373: 8371: 8366: 8365: 8363: 8361: 8360: 8355: 8349: 8347: 8342: 8341: 8339: 8337: 8336: 8331: 8328: 8326: 8322: 8312: 8310: 8307:Grey rhebok ( 8305: 8304: 8302: 8300: 8299: 8294: 8291: 8289: 8285: 8275: 8273: 8268: 8267: 8265: 8263: 8262: 8257: 8254: 8252: 8251:Aepycerotinae 8248: 8238: 8236: 8231: 8229: 8227: 8222: 8220: 8218: 8213: 8212: 8210: 8208: 8207: 8202: 8196: 8194: 8189: 8187: 8185: 8182:Nile lechwe ( 8180: 8178: 8176: 8171: 8169: 8167: 8162: 8160: 8158: 8153: 8152: 8150: 8148: 8147: 8142: 8139: 8137: 8133: 8123: 8121: 8116: 8115: 8113: 8111: 8110: 8105: 8099: 8097: 8092: 8090: 8088: 8083: 8081: 8079: 8074: 8072: 8070: 8065: 8064: 8062: 8060: 8059: 8054: 8048: 8046: 8041: 8039: 8037: 8032: 8031: 8029: 8027: 8026: 8021: 8018: 8016: 8015:Hippotraginae 8012: 8008: 8003: 7996: 7992: 7974: 7972: 7967: 7965: 7963: 7958: 7956: 7954: 7949: 7948: 7946: 7944: 7943: 7938: 7932: 7930: 7925: 7923: 7921: 7916: 7915: 7913: 7910: 7909: 7904: 7898: 7896: 7891: 7888: 7886: 7881: 7880: 7878: 7876: 7875: 7870: 7864: 7862: 7861:B. dichotomus 7857: 7856: 7854: 7852: 7851: 7846: 7840: 7838: 7835:Pampas deer ( 7833: 7832: 7830: 7828: 7827: 7822: 7816: 7814: 7809: 7807: 7805: 7800: 7798: 7796: 7795:M. nemorivaga 7791: 7789: 7787: 7782: 7780: 7778: 7773: 7771: 7769: 7764: 7762: 7760: 7755: 7753: 7751: 7746: 7744: 7742: 7739:Red brocket ( 7737: 7736: 7734: 7732: 7731: 7726: 7720: 7718: 7713: 7711: 7709: 7708:H. antisensis 7704: 7703: 7701: 7699: 7698: 7693: 7687: 7685: 7680: 7679: 7677: 7675: 7674: 7669: 7663: 7661: 7656: 7654: 7652: 7647: 7646: 7644: 7642: 7641: 7636: 7630: 7628: 7623: 7622: 7620: 7618: 7617: 7612: 7606: 7604: 7599: 7598: 7596: 7594: 7593: 7588: 7585: 7583: 7579: 7569: 7567: 7562: 7560: 7558: 7553: 7551: 7549: 7548:C. canadensis 7544: 7542: 7540: 7535: 7533: 7531: 7526: 7525: 7523: 7521: 7520: 7515: 7509: 7507: 7502: 7500: 7498: 7497:R. timorensis 7493: 7491: 7489: 7484: 7482: 7480: 7475: 7474: 7472: 7470: 7469: 7464: 7458: 7456: 7455:E. davidianus 7451: 7450: 7448: 7446: 7445: 7440: 7434: 7432: 7427: 7425: 7423: 7422:R. duvaucelii 7418: 7417: 7415: 7413: 7412: 7407: 7401: 7399: 7394: 7392: 7390: 7387:Bawean deer ( 7385: 7383: 7381: 7376: 7374: 7372: 7367: 7366: 7364: 7362: 7361: 7356: 7350: 7348: 7343: 7341: 7339: 7334: 7333: 7331: 7329: 7328: 7323: 7317: 7315: 7312:Tufted deer ( 7310: 7309: 7307: 7305: 7304: 7299: 7293: 7291: 7286: 7284: 7282: 7277: 7275: 7273: 7268: 7266: 7264: 7259: 7257: 7255: 7250: 7248: 7246: 7245:M. putaoensis 7241: 7239: 7237: 7232: 7230: 7228: 7223: 7221: 7219: 7214: 7212: 7210: 7205: 7203: 7201: 7196: 7194: 7192: 7191:M. crinifrons 7187: 7185: 7183: 7178: 7177: 7175: 7173: 7172: 7167: 7164: 7162: 7158: 7154: 7149: 7142: 7138: 7124: 7122: 7118: 7112: 7110: 7106: 7096: 7094: 7089: 7087: 7085: 7084:T. versicolor 7080: 7078: 7076: 7071: 7069: 7067: 7062: 7060: 7058: 7053: 7051: 7049: 7044: 7043: 7041: 7039: 7038: 7033: 7027: 7025: 7020: 7018: 7016: 7011: 7009: 7007: 7002: 7001: 6999: 6997: 6996: 6991: 6985: 6983: 6978: 6977: 6975: 6973: 6972: 6967: 6964: 6962: 6958: 6948: 6946: 6941: 6939: 6937: 6932: 6930: 6928: 6923: 6921: 6919: 6914: 6912: 6910: 6905: 6903: 6901: 6896: 6894: 6892: 6891:M. anhuiensis 6887: 6886: 6884: 6882: 6881: 6876: 6873: 6871: 6867: 6857: 6855: 6850: 6848: 6846: 6845:G. reticulata 6841: 6839: 6837: 6832: 6830: 6828: 6823: 6822: 6820: 6818: 6817: 6812: 6806: 6804: 6799: 6798: 6796: 6794: 6793: 6788: 6785: 6783: 6779: 6769: 6767: 6762: 6761: 6759: 6757: 6756: 6751: 6748: 6746: 6742: 6738: 6734: 6728: 6724: 6718: 6714: 6712: 6708: 6706: 6702: 6700: 6696: 6694: 6690: 6689: 6686: 6681: 6673: 6668: 6666: 6661: 6659: 6654: 6653: 6650: 6642: 6638: 6634: 6630: 6618: 6614: 6610: 6606: 6602: 6598: 6594: 6590: 6589: 6577: 6575:9780190611859 6571: 6567: 6560: 6552: 6546: 6542: 6535: 6527: 6521: 6517: 6516: 6508: 6492: 6488: 6481: 6473: 6467: 6463: 6456: 6448: 6442: 6438: 6431: 6423: 6421:9781576076125 6417: 6413: 6406: 6398: 6394: 6390: 6386: 6382: 6378: 6371: 6363: 6359: 6358: 6350: 6348: 6346: 6337: 6333: 6326: 6318: 6314: 6313: 6305: 6296: 6291: 6287: 6283: 6279: 6277: 6268: 6260: 6254: 6246: 6239: 6231: 6229:9781780237794 6225: 6221: 6217: 6216: 6208: 6206: 6204: 6202: 6200: 6198: 6189: 6182: 6174: 6168: 6164: 6157: 6149: 6143: 6139: 6138: 6137:The Histories 6133: 6129: 6123: 6115: 6109: 6105: 6104:Ancient Egypt 6098: 6090: 6086: 6082: 6078: 6074: 6070: 6066: 6062: 6058: 6054: 6046: 6038: 6034: 6030: 6026: 6022: 6018: 6014: 6007: 5999: 5995: 5991: 5987: 5983: 5979: 5978: 5970: 5962: 5958: 5954: 5950: 5945: 5940: 5936: 5932: 5928: 5924: 5920: 5918: 5914: 5905: 5890: 5886: 5879: 5871: 5867: 5862: 5857: 5853: 5849: 5845: 5841: 5837: 5833: 5829: 5822: 5813: 5808: 5804: 5800: 5796: 5789: 5781: 5775: 5771: 5766: 5765: 5756: 5748: 5742: 5738: 5731: 5723: 5719: 5715: 5711: 5707: 5700: 5692: 5686: 5682: 5675: 5667: 5661: 5657: 5650: 5642: 5636: 5632: 5628: 5621: 5613: 5609: 5605: 5601: 5597: 5593: 5589: 5585: 5581: 5574: 5566: 5562: 5558: 5554: 5550: 5546: 5542: 5535: 5533: 5531: 5522: 5518: 5514: 5510: 5506: 5502: 5495: 5487: 5483: 5479: 5475: 5471: 5467: 5463: 5461: 5452: 5444: 5440: 5436: 5432: 5428: 5424: 5420: 5413: 5402: 5398: 5394: 5390: 5386: 5382: 5378: 5374: 5370: 5366: 5362: 5355: 5348: 5346: 5329: 5325: 5321: 5317: 5313: 5309: 5305: 5301: 5294: 5292: 5280: 5276: 5272: 5268: 5264: 5260: 5256: 5255: 5247: 5245: 5236: 5228: 5224: 5220: 5218: 5209: 5201: 5197: 5192: 5187: 5183: 5179: 5175: 5171: 5167: 5163: 5159: 5152: 5144: 5140: 5136: 5132: 5128: 5124: 5120: 5113: 5105: 5101: 5096: 5091: 5087: 5083: 5079: 5075: 5071: 5069: 5060: 5051: 5046: 5041: 5036: 5032: 5028: 5024: 5022: 5013: 5005: 5001: 4997: 4993: 4989: 4985: 4981: 4977: 4973: 4969: 4962: 4960: 4943: 4939: 4932: 4917: 4916:New Scientist 4913: 4906: 4890: 4883: 4875: 4874: 4866: 4864: 4847: 4843: 4836: 4834: 4817: 4816: 4811: 4805: 4803: 4801: 4784: 4783: 4778: 4777:"Hippo Haven" 4772: 4757: 4753: 4747: 4731: 4727: 4721: 4714: 4710: 4704: 4698: 4694: 4693: 4688: 4682: 4680: 4671: 4667: 4663: 4659: 4655: 4651: 4647: 4643: 4636: 4628: 4624: 4620: 4616: 4612: 4608: 4604: 4600: 4593: 4585: 4581: 4577: 4573: 4569: 4565: 4561: 4554: 4546: 4542: 4538: 4534: 4530: 4526: 4522: 4518: 4514: 4507: 4499: 4495: 4491: 4487: 4483: 4479: 4478:Mammal Review 4475: 4468: 4454: 4450: 4446: 4440: 4436: 4432: 4428: 4424: 4417: 4415: 4406: 4402: 4398: 4394: 4390: 4386: 4382: 4378: 4374: 4370: 4366: 4359: 4344: 4340: 4336: 4332: 4328: 4324: 4323: 4318: 4311: 4303: 4299: 4294: 4289: 4284: 4279: 4275: 4271: 4267: 4260: 4258: 4249: 4245: 4240: 4235: 4231: 4227: 4222: 4217: 4213: 4209: 4205: 4201: 4197: 4189: 4174: 4170: 4163: 4147: 4143: 4137: 4121: 4117: 4110: 4094: 4090: 4089: 4084: 4078: 4062: 4058: 4054: 4048: 4040: 4034: 4030: 4029: 4021: 4013: 4009: 4005: 4001: 3996: 3991: 3987: 3983: 3980:(6990): 363. 3979: 3975: 3974: 3969: 3962: 3960: 3943: 3939: 3938:Distillations 3935: 3928: 3920: 3916: 3909: 3901: 3897: 3890: 3883: 3875: 3869: 3865: 3858: 3856: 3854: 3852: 3850: 3848: 3846: 3844: 3835: 3833:9780761477280 3829: 3825: 3824: 3817: 3809: 3805: 3800: 3795: 3791: 3787: 3783: 3776: 3768: 3762: 3758: 3757: 3749: 3747: 3745: 3743: 3741: 3739: 3737: 3735: 3733: 3731: 3729: 3727: 3718: 3712: 3708: 3704: 3697: 3681: 3677: 3671: 3669: 3653: 3651: 3643: 3628: 3622: 3614: 3610: 3606: 3602: 3598: 3594: 3587: 3579: 3577:9780521426374 3573: 3569: 3562: 3551: 3547: 3543: 3536: 3529: 3521: 3517: 3513: 3509: 3505: 3501: 3500: 3492: 3484: 3480: 3475: 3470: 3466: 3462: 3458: 3454: 3450: 3443: 3435: 3431: 3426: 3421: 3417: 3413: 3409: 3405: 3401: 3397: 3393: 3386: 3379: 3373: 3365: 3361: 3357: 3353: 3349: 3345: 3344: 3336: 3328: 3324: 3320: 3316: 3315: 3310: 3306: 3299: 3297: 3288: 3284: 3280: 3276: 3272: 3268: 3264: 3260: 3253: 3246: 3244: 3237: 3235: 3225: 3220: 3216: 3212: 3211: 3206: 3199: 3183: 3176: 3168: 3164: 3159: 3154: 3150: 3146: 3142: 3138: 3134: 3127: 3119: 3115: 3111: 3107: 3103: 3099: 3098: 3090: 3088: 3079: 3075: 3070: 3065: 3060: 3055: 3051: 3047: 3043: 3039: 3038: 3033: 3026: 3024: 3022: 3020: 3003: 2999: 2995: 2988: 2986: 2984: 2975: 2971: 2967: 2963: 2959: 2955: 2951: 2947: 2943: 2939: 2938: 2930: 2922: 2918: 2913: 2908: 2904: 2900: 2899: 2894: 2887: 2885: 2883: 2874: 2870: 2865: 2860: 2856: 2852: 2848: 2844: 2843: 2838: 2831: 2829: 2820: 2816: 2811: 2806: 2802: 2798: 2794: 2790: 2787:(9): 150156. 2786: 2782: 2778: 2771: 2763: 2759: 2758: 2750: 2743: 2735: 2731: 2726: 2721: 2717: 2713: 2712: 2707: 2700: 2698: 2696: 2687: 2686: 2678: 2670: 2664: 2660: 2653: 2651: 2649: 2647: 2645: 2643: 2641: 2639: 2637: 2635: 2633: 2631: 2629: 2627: 2625: 2623: 2621: 2619: 2617: 2615: 2613: 2611: 2594: 2590: 2589: 2584: 2578: 2570: 2569: 2564: 2557: 2542: 2541: 2536: 2530: 2523: 2519: 2518: 2513: 2512:Scott, Robert 2509: 2505: 2497: 2489: 2480: 2464: 2460: 2459: 2454: 2452: 2444: 2428: 2423: 2419: 2415: 2414: 2409: 2407: 2398: 2396: 2394: 2392: 2390: 2388: 2383: 2374: 2370: 2367: 2364: 2363:Owen and Mzee 2361: 2358: 2354: 2351: 2348: 2344: 2341: 2338: 2335: 2334: 2330: 2324: 2319: 2312: 2310: 2306: 2302: 2298: 2293: 2291: 2287: 2283: 2282: 2277: 2276: 2271: 2270: 2265: 2264: 2259: 2255: 2251: 2247: 2246: 2241: 2237: 2233: 2224: 2220: 2217: 2213: 2209: 2204: 2202: 2198: 2194: 2190: 2186: 2182: 2178: 2174: 2170: 2166: 2162: 2158: 2154: 2150: 2141: 2132: 2129: 2123: 2121: 2117: 2109: 2105: 2101: 2092: 2090: 2087: 2083: 2079: 2074: 2072: 2061: 2059: 2055: 2051: 2047: 2046:Yoruba people 2043: 2039: 2038: 2033: 2029: 2028: 2023: 2022: 2021:The Histories 2017: 2013: 2009: 2004: 2002: 1998: 1994: 1990: 1986: 1982: 1978: 1974: 1962: 1958: 1953: 1944: 1942: 1939: 1936: 1931: 1928: 1927:allochthonous 1924: 1920: 1915: 1912: 1908: 1904: 1899: 1895: 1891: 1882: 1873: 1871: 1870:K-strategists 1867: 1862: 1859: 1855: 1851: 1847: 1838: 1830: 1821: 1819: 1813: 1811: 1801: 1797: 1794: 1790: 1781: 1772: 1770: 1766: 1762: 1758: 1752: 1750: 1744: 1741: 1737: 1733: 1710: 1708: 1704: 1703:Pablo Escobar 1700: 1695: 1692: 1688: 1684: 1680: 1676: 1672: 1671:IUCN Red List 1667: 1665: 1661: 1657: 1652: 1650: 1646: 1642: 1638: 1634: 1630: 1626: 1622: 1618: 1614: 1610: 1606: 1602: 1598: 1594: 1590: 1586: 1581: 1579: 1575: 1571: 1566: 1562: 1554: 1546: 1537: 1535: 1531: 1527: 1523: 1518: 1516: 1512: 1508: 1503: 1501: 1498: 1494: 1490: 1486: 1481: 1472: 1471:San Diego Zoo 1467: 1463: 1461: 1457: 1453: 1448: 1444: 1440: 1436: 1432: 1423: 1419: 1417: 1412: 1408: 1404: 1400: 1395: 1392: 1388: 1384: 1383:megaherbivore 1376: 1373:Hippopotamus 1371: 1362: 1360: 1356: 1355: 1350: 1346: 1345: 1340: 1336: 1332: 1328: 1324: 1323: 1318: 1314: 1310: 1306: 1302: 1301: 1296: 1295: 1290: 1288: 1284: 1280: 1276: 1272: 1259: 1255: 1251: 1249: 1245: 1241: 1237: 1233: 1232: 1227: 1226: 1219: 1212: 1207: 1206: 1199: 1194: 1190: 1186: 1182: 1181: 1176: 1175: 1174:Merycopotamus 1170: 1166: 1165: 1160: 1159: 1154: 1149: 1147: 1143: 1139: 1135: 1131: 1127: 1123: 1119: 1118: 1111: 1106: 1101: 1097: 1090: 1081: 1079: 1074: 1065: 1064: 1056: 1055: 1047: 1046: 1038: 1037: 1029: 1028: 1025: 1024: 1017: 1016: 1013: 1012: 1009: 1008: 1001: 1000: 993: 989: 988: 985: 984: 981: 980: 973: 972: 965: 964:Cetruminantia 961: 960: 957: 956: 953: 951: 944: 943: 936: 932: 931: 928: 927: 924: 923: 916: 915: 908: 904: 903: 899: 897: 893: 889: 885: 881: 877: 876:fossil record 873: 869: 865: 861: 852: 843: 841: 837: 833: 829: 825: 821: 812: 808: 804: 800: 797: 794: 790: 786: 783: 780: 776: 772: 769: 766: 762: 758: 754: 751: 748: 744: 740: 736: 732: 729: 728: 727: 725: 724:morphological 720: 718: 715: 711: 707: 703: 686: 673: 661: 642: 640: 615: 593: 581: 571: 566: 561: 551: 549: 545: 541: 536: 532: 528: 523: 520: 516: 512: 508: 504: 500: 496: 492: 488: 484: 479: 471: 470:ancient Greek 467: 463: 459: 455: 452: 448: 445: 441: 437: 434:, is a large 433: 429: 425: 421: 413: 409: 399: 351: 350: 345: 334: 330: 325: 321: 317: 312: 310: 304: 301: 300:Binomial name 297: 293: 292: 287: 284: 283: 280: 279: 275: 272: 271: 268: 265: 262: 261: 258: 255: 252: 251: 248: 245: 242: 241: 238: 235: 232: 231: 228: 225: 222: 221: 218: 215: 212: 211: 206: 201: 197: 191: 185: 180: 174: 169: 158: 154: 149: 145: 140: 136: 131: 117: 112: 107: 102: 97: 92: 87: 82: 77: 72: 67: 62: 48: 45: 41: 37: 33: 19: 11104: 11046: 11034: 11023:H. amphibius 11022: 11020: 11012:Hippopotamus 11010: 10990:Whippomorpha 10959: 10950: 10941: 10929: 10917: 10908: 10899: 10890: 10878: 10827: 10815: 10803: 10791: 10779: 10767: 10742: 10733: 10724: 10715: 10706: 10697: 10688: 10679: 10671:S. cebifrons 10670: 10661: 10652: 10640: 10628: 10619: 10607: 10595: 10583: 10572:P. africanus 10571: 10562: 10552:Phacochoerus 10550: 10538: 10526: 10514: 10505: 10497:B. babyrussa 10496: 10484: 10433: 10421: 10409: 10401:P. maxwellii 10400: 10392:P. monticola 10391: 10379: 10367: 10358: 10349: 10340: 10332:C. rufilatus 10331: 10322: 10313: 10304: 10295: 10286: 10277: 10268: 10259: 10250: 10249:Bay duiker ( 10242:C. crusalbum 10241: 10232: 10223: 10214: 10202: 10194:Cephalophini 10177: 10169:R. melanotis 10168: 10159: 10147: 10135: 10123: 10111: 10099: 10087: 10079:N. moschatus 10078: 10069: 10057: 10045: 10036: 10027: 10019:M. guentheri 10018: 10006: 9995:D. megalotis 9994: 9982: 9957: 9945: 9934:P. hodgsonii 9933: 9921: 9898: 9889: 9881:P. gutturosa 9880: 9868: 9856: 9847: 9838: 9829: 9820: 9808: 9796: 9784: 9772: 9763: 9754: 9745: 9737:G. erlangeri 9736: 9727: 9718: 9710:G. bennettii 9709: 9697: 9685: 9677:E. thomsonii 9676: 9668:E. rufifrons 9667: 9658: 9646: 9634: 9622: 9610: 9598: 9586: 9574: 9516: 9508:T. derbianus 9507: 9495: 9483: 9474: 9465: 9456: 9447: 9439:T. eurycerus 9438: 9429: 9420: 9396: 9388:Tragelaphini 9371: 9359: 9347: 9335: 9323: 9314: 9306:B. javanicus 9305: 9296: 9288:B. grunniens 9287: 9278: 9270:B. frontalis 9269: 9260: 9251: 9242: 9230: 9218: 9209: 9200: 9191: 9182: 9170: 9145: 9133: 9121: 9109: 9056:R. rupicapra 9055: 9047:R. pyrenaica 9046: 9034: 9022: 9010: 8998: 8989: 8988:Snow sheep ( 8980: 8971: 8970:Dall sheep ( 8962: 8953: 8944: 8932: 8921:N. hylocrius 8920: 8908: 8897:O. moschatus 8896: 8884: 8872: 8860: 8848: 8839: 8830: 8821: 8809: 8797: 8785: 8773: 8764: 8755: 8746: 8734: 8722: 8721:Walia ibex ( 8713: 8705:C. pyrenaica 8704: 8695: 8686: 8677: 8669:C. falconeri 8668: 8659: 8650: 8641: 8629: 8618:B. taxicolor 8617: 8605: 8593: 8581: 8569: 8557: 8473:P. hodgsonii 8472: 8460: 8435: 8426: 8416:Connochaetes 8414: 8402: 8401:Hartebeest ( 8390: 8378: 8369: 8357: 8345: 8333: 8325:Alcelaphinae 8309:P. capreolus 8308: 8296: 8271: 8259: 8234: 8225: 8217:R. arundinum 8216: 8204: 8192: 8184:K. megaceros 8183: 8174: 8165: 8156: 8144: 8119: 8107: 8095: 8086: 8077: 8068: 8056: 8044: 8035: 8023: 7970: 7961: 7952: 7940: 7928: 7919: 7906: 7894: 7884: 7872: 7860: 7859:Marsh deer ( 7848: 7836: 7824: 7812: 7803: 7794: 7785: 7776: 7767: 7758: 7749: 7741:M. americana 7740: 7728: 7716: 7707: 7697:Hippocamelus 7695: 7683: 7671: 7659: 7651:C. capreolus 7650: 7638: 7626: 7625:Water deer ( 7614: 7602: 7590: 7565: 7556: 7547: 7538: 7529: 7517: 7505: 7496: 7488:R. mariannus 7487: 7478: 7466: 7454: 7442: 7430: 7429:Eld's deer ( 7421: 7420:Barasingha ( 7409: 7397: 7388: 7379: 7370: 7358: 7346: 7337: 7325: 7313: 7301: 7289: 7281:M. vaginalis 7280: 7271: 7262: 7253: 7244: 7235: 7226: 7217: 7208: 7199: 7190: 7182:M. atherodes 7181: 7169: 7092: 7083: 7075:T. nigricans 7074: 7065: 7056: 7048:T. javanicus 7047: 7035: 7023: 7014: 7005: 6993: 6982:H. aquaticus 6981: 6969: 6944: 6935: 6926: 6917: 6908: 6899: 6890: 6878: 6853: 6844: 6835: 6826: 6814: 6803:O. johnstoni 6802: 6790: 6766:A. americana 6765: 6753: 6715:Superorder: 6709:Infraclass: 6680:Artiodactyla 6621:. Retrieved 6617:the original 6601:the original 6565: 6559: 6540: 6534: 6514: 6507: 6495:. Retrieved 6491:the original 6480: 6461: 6455: 6436: 6430: 6411: 6405: 6380: 6376: 6370: 6361: 6355: 6335: 6331: 6325: 6311: 6304: 6288:(1): 28–34. 6285: 6281: 6275: 6267: 6253: 6238: 6215:Hippopotamus 6214: 6187: 6181: 6162: 6156: 6136: 6122: 6103: 6097: 6056: 6052: 6045: 6020: 6016: 6006: 5981: 5975: 5969: 5926: 5922: 5916: 5912: 5904: 5892:. Retrieved 5889:The Atlantic 5888: 5878: 5835: 5831: 5821: 5802: 5798: 5788: 5763: 5755: 5736: 5730: 5713: 5709: 5705: 5699: 5680: 5674: 5655: 5649: 5626: 5620: 5587: 5583: 5579: 5573: 5551:(1): 74–81. 5548: 5544: 5540: 5504: 5500: 5494: 5469: 5465: 5459: 5451: 5426: 5422: 5418: 5412: 5364: 5360: 5332:. Retrieved 5328:the original 5307: 5303: 5279:the original 5258: 5252: 5243: 5235: 5226: 5222: 5216: 5208: 5168:(1): 23117. 5165: 5161: 5151: 5129:(1): 44–56. 5126: 5122: 5118: 5112: 5077: 5073: 5067: 5059: 5030: 5026: 5020: 5012: 4971: 4967: 4946:. Retrieved 4941: 4931: 4919:. Retrieved 4915: 4905: 4893:. Retrieved 4882: 4873:Toronto Star 4871: 4852:11 September 4850:. Retrieved 4846:the original 4820:. Retrieved 4813: 4787:. Retrieved 4780: 4771: 4759:. Retrieved 4755: 4746: 4734:. Retrieved 4729: 4720: 4691: 4645: 4641: 4635: 4602: 4598: 4592: 4570:(1): 58–64. 4567: 4563: 4553: 4520: 4516: 4506: 4481: 4477: 4467: 4456:, retrieved 4426: 4372: 4368: 4358: 4346:. Retrieved 4326: 4320: 4310: 4293:10261/345195 4273: 4269: 4203: 4199: 4188: 4176:. Retrieved 4172: 4162: 4150:. Retrieved 4145: 4136: 4126:12 September 4124:. Retrieved 4120:the original 4109: 4097:. Retrieved 4093:the original 4086: 4077: 4065:. Retrieved 4061:the original 4047: 4027: 4020: 3977: 3971: 3946:. Retrieved 3941: 3937: 3927: 3918: 3914: 3908: 3899: 3895: 3882: 3863: 3822: 3816: 3789: 3785: 3775: 3755: 3702: 3696: 3684:. Retrieved 3680:the original 3655:. Retrieved 3649: 3642: 3630:. Retrieved 3621: 3596: 3592: 3586: 3567: 3561: 3550:the original 3545: 3541: 3528: 3503: 3497: 3491: 3459:(1): 28–41. 3456: 3452: 3442: 3399: 3395: 3385: 3372: 3347: 3341: 3335: 3318: 3312: 3308: 3304: 3262: 3258: 3252: 3242: 3214: 3208: 3198: 3186:. Retrieved 3175: 3140: 3136: 3126: 3101: 3095: 3041: 3035: 3006:. Retrieved 2997: 2941: 2935: 2929: 2902: 2896: 2846: 2840: 2784: 2780: 2770: 2761: 2755: 2742: 2715: 2709: 2684: 2677: 2658: 2597:. Retrieved 2593:the original 2586: 2577: 2566: 2556: 2544:. Retrieved 2538: 2529: 2515: 2479: 2467:. Retrieved 2456: 2450: 2443: 2431:. Retrieved 2417: 2411: 2405: 2357:H. amphibius 2356: 2347:H. amphibius 2346: 2343:Armley Hippo 2305:Gayla Peevey 2294: 2279: 2273: 2267: 2261: 2243: 2229: 2205: 2173:water spirit 2146: 2124: 2113: 2075: 2067: 2058:South Africa 2049: 2044:77 AD). The 2041: 2035: 2025: 2019: 2005: 1977:Bolomor Cave 1973:H. amphibius 1972: 1970: 1967:1961–1878 BC 1940: 1932: 1916: 1887: 1863: 1843: 1840:Cow and calf 1824:Reproduction 1818:echolocative 1814: 1806: 1786: 1753: 1745: 1729: 1696: 1668: 1653: 1649:South Africa 1582: 1574:interglacial 1564: 1560: 1559: 1519: 1504: 1495:such as the 1476: 1428: 1396: 1380: 1352: 1342: 1334: 1320: 1313:H. amphibius 1312: 1298: 1292: 1291: 1286: 1268: 1257: 1242:date to the 1240:H. amphibius 1239: 1234:date to the 1231:Hippopotamus 1229: 1223: 1205:Kenyapotamus 1203: 1193:sister taxon 1188: 1180:Libycosaurus 1178: 1172: 1162: 1156: 1150: 1115: 1102: 1085: 1076: 1020: 1004: 992:Whippomorpha 976: 947: 919: 907:Artiodactyla 858:Until 1909, 857: 839: 835: 832:H. a. kiboko 831: 827: 823: 816: 798: 784: 779:South Africa 770: 753:H. a. kiboko 752: 730: 721: 717:Artiodactyla 699: 580:hippopótamos 565:hippopotamus 557: 540:habitat loss 524: 487:rhinoceroses 480: 465: 461: 431: 427: 423: 419: 411: 407: 348: 347: 344:hippopotamus 343: 341: 308: 306: 290: 289: 278:Hippopotamus 277: 257:Artiodactyla 50:Hippopotamus 44: 11222:iNaturalist 11129:Wikispecies 10900:L. guanicoe 10759:Tayassuidae 10723:Wild boar ( 10662:S. barbatus 10620:P. larvatus 10596:P. salvania 10594:Pygmy hog ( 10528:Hylochoerus 10381:Philantomba 10269:C. jentinki 10251:C. dorsalis 10204:Cephalophus 10088:N. pygmaeus 10046:M. saltiana 9984:Dorcatragus 9958:S. tatarica 9848:N. petersii 9786:Litocranius 9686:E. tilonura 9633:Blackbuck ( 9609:Springbok ( 9552:Antilopinae 9550:(subfamily 9497:Taurotragus 9464:Sitatunga ( 9457:T. scriptus 9448:T. imberbis 9405:(including 9398:Tragelaphus 9219:B. quarlesi 9101:Boselaphini 9085:(subfamily 8990:O. nivicola 8831:N. caudatus 8820:Red goral ( 8811:Naemorhedus 8774:C. swinhoei 8754:Red serow ( 8736:Capricornis 8714:C. sibirica 8651:C. caucasia 8642:C. aegagrus 8640:Wild goat ( 8594:A. jayakari 8583:Arabitragus 8542:(subfamily 8513:Antilopinae 8436:C. taurinus 8379:D. pygargus 8272:A. melampus 8193:K. vardonii 8155:Waterbuck ( 8096:O. leucoryx 8025:Hippotragus 7953:O. hemionus 7951:Mule deer ( 7850:Blastocerus 7759:M. bricenii 7717:H. bisulcus 7684:R. tarandus 7660:C. pygargus 7582:Capreolinae 7564:Sika deer ( 7506:R. unicolor 7495:Rusa deer ( 7398:A. porcinus 7218:M. montanus 7015:M. kathygre 6764:Pronghorn ( 6755:Antilocapra 6338:(1): 25–32. 6332:Archaeology 6023:: 124–144. 5984:: 104–115. 5805:(4): 1–11. 5472:(5): 2555. 5229:(2): 58–59. 4895:25 November 4822:14 November 4761:13 November 4152:29 November 3902:(2): 35–43. 2486:ἱπποπόταμος 2433:19 November 2297:T. S. Eliot 2272:. 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Neither 743:Mozambique 168:Vulnerable 10988:Suborder 10898:Guanaco ( 10870:Camelidae 10856:Suborder 10828:D. tajacu 10817:Dicotyles 10793:Catagonus 10780:T. pecari 10725:S. scrofa 10629:P. porcus 10618:Bushpig ( 10486:Babyrousa 10462:Suborder 10359:C. weynsi 10350:C. spadix 10215:C. adersi 10136:O. ourebi 10070:N. batesi 10059:Neotragus 10028:M. kirkii 9830:N. granti 9795:Gerenuk ( 9764:G. spekei 9728:G. dorcas 9585:Dibatag ( 9372:S. caffer 9337:Pseudoryx 9324:B. taurus 9304:Banteng ( 9279:B. gaurus 9208:Tamaraw ( 9054:Chamois ( 9036:Rupicapra 9023:P. nayaur 8999:O. vignei 8979:Mouflon ( 8678:C. hircus 8667:Markhor ( 8570:A. lervia 8335:Beatragus 8261:Aepyceros 8085:Gemsbok ( 8078:O. dammah 7920:P. carlae 7813:M. temama 7804:M. rufina 7768:M. chunyi 7750:M. bororo 7640:Capreolus 7566:C. nippon 7557:C. hanglu 7444:Elaphurus 7389:A. kuhlii 7303:Elaphodus 7171:Muntiacus 7006:M. indica 6995:Moschiola 6927:M. fuscus 6870:Moschidae 6731:Suborder 6691:Kingdom: 6128:Herodotus 5799:Ecosphere 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