1090:(ICJ) to force Senegal to either extradite Habré to Belgium or to proceed with the trial. The ICJ declined to force extradition, finding that prosecution is an international obligation the violation of which is a wrongful act engaging the responsibility of the State, while extradition is an option offered to the State. Senegal was found to have failed international obligations by 1.) failing to make immediately a preliminary inquiry into the fact relating to the alleged crimes; and 2.) failing to submit the case to its competent authorities for prosecution (obligations according to UN Convention on Torture and Other Cruel, inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment (1984) that Senegal had bound itself to). The ICJ rejected Senegal Defenses of insufficient funds and opposition by domestic law, instead unanimously ordering Senegal to submit the case to authorities for prosecution or extradite him without delay.
764:
1163:-backed court convicted a former ruler for human-rights abuses and the first time that the courts of one country have prosecuted the former ruler of another country for crimes against humanity. In May 2017, Judge Ougadeye Wafi upheld Habre's life sentence and all convictions against him, except rape. The court emphasized this was a procedural matter, as the facts the victim offered during her testimony came too late in the proceedings to be included within charges of mass sexual violence committed by his security agents, the convictions for which were upheld. On 7 April 2020, a judge in Senegal granted Habre two months' leave from prison, as the jail is being used to hold new detainees in
876:, a Zaghawa former army commander who had participated in a plot against Habré in 1989 and subsequently fled to Sudan, defeated Habré's forces. The French chose not to assist Habré on this occasion, allowing him to be ousted; it is possible that they actively aided Déby. Explanation and speculation regarding the reasons for France's abandonment of Habré include the adoption of a policy of non-interference in intra-Chadian conflicts, dissatisfaction with Habré's unwillingness to move towards multiparty democracy, and favoritism by Habré towards U.S. rather than French companies with regard to oil development. Habré fled to
42:
1008:) allowing the most serious violations of human rights to be tried in national as well as international courts, without any direct connection to the country of the alleged perpetrator, the victims or where the crimes took place. Despite the repeal of the legislation, investigations against Habré went ahead and in September 2005 he was indicted for crimes against humanity, torture, war crimes, and other human rights violations. Senegal, where Habré had been in exile for 17 years, had Habré under nominal house arrest in
3307:
3216:
304:
727:, a development worker. Staewen was released on 11 June 1974 after significant payments by West German officials. Combe escaped in 1975, but despite the intervention of the French Government, Claustre (whose husband was a senior French government official) was not released until 1 February 1977. Habré split with Oueddei, partly over this hostage-taking incident (which became known as the "Claustre affair" in France).
751:. The fighting effectively left Chad without a national government. Several attempts were made by other nations to resolve the crisis, resulting in a new national government in November 1979 in which Habré was appointed Minister of Defense. However, fighting resumed within a matter of weeks. In December 1980 Habré was driven into exile in
981:. Habre would personally sign death warrants and oversee torture sessions, and was accused of personally participating in torture and rape. According to some leading experts, the tribunal that judges him constituted an "internationalized tribunal", even if it is the most 'national' within this category".
864:
was soon assisting the government forces, under
Goukouni, and ousted FAN from much of northern Chad, including N'Djamena on 15 December. Libyan troops withdrew in November 1981. Without their support, Goukouni's government troops were weakened and Habré capitalized on this and his FAN militia entered
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for war crimes and crimes against humanity in connection with allegations that he had worked with rebels inside Chad to oust Déby. François Serres, a lawyer for Habré, criticized this trial on 22 August for unfairness and secrecy. According to Serres, the accusation on which the trial was based was
1031:
expressed its approval of the decision. If he had been turned over, he would have become the first former dictator to be extradited by a third-party country to stand trial for human rights abuses. In 2007, Senegal set up its own special war-crimes court to try Habré under pressure from the
African
896:
In the 1980s, the United States was pivotal in bringing Hissène Habré to power, seeing him as a stalwart defense against expansion by Libya's
Muammar Qaddafi, and therefore provided critical military support to his insurgency and then to his government, even as it committed widespread and systematic
1142:
On 20 July 2015 the trial started. Waiting for the trial to open, Habré shouted: "Down with imperialists. is a farce by rotten
Senegalese politicians. African traitors. Valet of America". After that Habré was taken out of the courtroom and the trial began without him. On 21 July 2015 Habré's trial
1131:
On 30 June 2013, Habré was arrested in
Senegal by the Senegalese police. Chadian President Idriss Déby said of his arrest that it was a step towards "an Africa free of all evil, an Africa stripped of all dictatorships." Senegal's court, set up with the African Union, charged him with crimes against
937:
show that the United States provided Habré's DDS with training, intelligence, arms, and other support despite knowledge of its atrocities. Records discovered in the DDS' meticulous archives describe training programs by U.S. instructors for DDS agents and officials, including a course in the United
792:
force known as the
Documentation and Security Directorate (DDS), under which his opponents were tortured and executed. Some methods of torture commonly used by the DDS included burning the body of the detainee with incandescent objects, spraying gas into their eyes, ears and nose, forced swallowing
816:
Habré fled, with $ 11 million of public money, to
Senegal after being overthrown in 1990. He was placed under house arrest in 2005 until his arrest in 2013. He was accused of war crimes and torture during his eight years in power in Chad, where rights groups say that some 40,000 people were killed
1104:
Senegal changed their position again however, walking out during discussions on establishing the court on 30 May 2011 without explanation. The
African union commission on Habré, in preparation for their next summit on 30 June, published a report which urged pressing Senegal to extradite Habré to
1085:
The
Senegalese government added an amendment in 2008, which would allow Habré to be tried in court. Senegal later changed their position, however, requesting 27 million euros in funding from the international community before going through with the trial. This prompted Belgium to pressure the
922:
paramilitary support to help Habré take power and remained one of Habré's strongest allies throughout his rule, providing his regime with massive amounts of military aid. The United States also used a clandestine base in Chad to train captured Libyan soldiers whom it was organizing into an
1044:
voted in July 2008 to approve a bill empowering
Senegalese courts to try people for crimes committed in other countries and for crimes that were committed more than ten years beforehand; this made it constitutionally possible to try Habré. Senegalese Minister of Justice
667:
in Paris. He completed a university degree in political science in Paris, and returned to Chad in 1971. He also obtained several other degrees and earned his Doctorate from the Institute. After a further brief period of government service as a deputy prefect, he visited
942:, the United States also provided the DDS with monthly infusions of monetary aid and financed a regional network of intelligence networks code-named "Mosaic" that Chad used to pursue suspected opponents of Habré's regime even after they fled the country.
952:"Habré was a remarkably able man with a brilliant sense of how to play the outside world," a former senior U.S. official said. "He was also a bloodthirsty tyrant and torturer. It is fair to say we knew who and what he was and chose to turn a blind eye."
1459:"Entführung: Bedenkliches Zugeständnis aus Bonn: Diplomatische Beziehungen abgebrochen – Dr. Staewen berichtet über Gefangenschait im Tschad (Abduction: dubious sanction from Bonn: Diplomatic relations broken off – Dr. Staewen reported hostage in Chad)"
1097:(ECOWAS) ruled that Senegal could not hold trial in the matter through local court only, and asked for the creation of a special tribunal on the matter of Habré's prosecution. In April 2011, after initial reticence, Senegal agreed to the creation of an
821:
claims that 1,200 were killed and 12,000 were tortured, and a domestic Chadian commission of inquiry claims that as many as 40,000 were killed and that more than 200,000 were subjected to torture. Human Rights Watch later dubbed Habré "Africa's
2584:
627:, and ordering the killing of 40,000 people, and sentenced to life in prison. He was the first former head of state to be convicted for human rights abuses in the court of another nation. He died on 24 August 2021, after testing positive for
859:
In 1980, the unity government signed a treaty of friendship and cooperation with Libya. The treaty allowed the Chadian government to call on Libya for assistance if Chad's independence or internal security was threatened. The
3576:
587:
notorious for widespread human rights abuses. He was brought to power with the support of France and the United States, who provided training, arms, and financing throughout his rule due to his opposition to Libyan leader
1108:
On 8 July 2011, Senegal officials announced that Habré would be extradited to Chad on 11 July, but this was subsequently halted. In July 2012, the ICJ ruled that Senegal must start Habré's trial "without delay".
1077:
previously unknown and Habré had not received any notification of the trial. 14 victims filed new complaints with a Senegalese prosecutor on 16 September, accusing Habré of crimes against humanity and torture.
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965:
Human rights groups hold Habré responsible for the killing of thousands of people, but the exact number is unknown. Killings included massacres against ethnic groups in the south (1984), against the
841:
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1028:
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ethnic group. After primary schooling, he obtained a post in the French colonial administration, where he impressed his superiors and gained a scholarship to study in France at the
2829:
2515:
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1269:
2387:
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In the summer of 1983, when Libya invaded northern Chad and threatened to topple Habré, France sent paratroops with air support, while the Reagan administration provided two
781:
was characterized by widespread human rights abuses and atrocities. He denied killing and torturing tens of thousands of his opponents, although in 2012 the United Nations'
1117:(ICC) was ruled out, because the crimes took place before the ICC was fully established in 2002, and its jurisdiction is limited to events that took place after that date.
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3017:
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found Habré guilty of rape, sexual slavery, and ordering the killing of 40,000 people during his tenure as Chadian president and sentenced him to life in prison in the
3511:
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1040:
to clear the way for Habré to be prosecuted in Senegal; Ibrahima Gueye was appointed trial coordinator in May 2008. A joint session of the National Assembly and the
2305:
1645:
3541:
1965:
1319:
1156:
475:
572:'s government against Oueddei before turning against Malloum, who resigned in 1979. Habré was then given the position of Minister of Defense under Chad's new
3531:
2753:
684:
assumed the leadership of FROLINAT, the Second Liberation Army, first under Oueddei's command and then under Habré's, split from FROLINAT and became the
3045:
1179:. He had fallen ill while in jail a week earlier. In a statement, Habré's wife, Fatimé Raymonne Habré, confirmed that he had COVID-19. He is buried in
715:, on 21 April 1974, and took three Europeans hostage, with the intention of ransoming them for money and arms. The captives were a German physician,
3254:
930:, U.S. ambassador to Chad from 1979 to 1981. "But there was no debate on the policy and virtually no discussion of the wisdom of doing what we did."
2854:
1621:"Chad: Report of the Commission of Inquiry into the Crimes and Misappropriations Committed by Ex-president Habré, His Accomplices and/or Associates"
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685:
573:
1373:
1215:
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passed a law allowing for the creation of an international tribunal in Senegal to try Habre. The judges of the tribunal would be appointed by the
1139:
for crimes against humanity by a Chadian court. The Tribunal that judged Hissène Habré in Sénégal is said to have a huge range of specificities.
1046:
3566:
584:
234:
263:
3521:
2780:
2964:
2337:"Latest developments | Questions relating to the Obligation to Prosecute or Extradite (Belgium v. Senegal) | International Court of Justice"
3140:
724:
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N'Djamena on 7 June 1982. In 1983, Libyan troops returned to Chad and remained in the country, supporting Goukouni's militia, until 1988.
755:. In 1982 he resumed his fight against the Chadian government. FAN won control of N'Djamena in June and appointed Habré as head of state.
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2113:
747:. However, the power-sharing alliance did not last long. In February 1979 Habré's forces and the national army under Malloum fought in
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3606:
3601:
3596:
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3501:
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Idriss Deby, Habré's successor, who served as a commander during the Chadian-Libyan war, was killed four months before Habre's death.
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2391:
1992:
273:
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2642:
1892:
2916:
1175:
Habré died in Senegal on 24 August 2021, a week after his 79th birthday, after being hospitalized in Dakar's main hospital with
852:. The United States and France responded by aiding Chad in an attempt to contain Libya's regional ambitions under Libyan leader
1430:
990:
Commission of Inquiry into the Crimes and Misappropriations Committed by Ex-President Habré, His Accomplices and/or Accessories
3247:
2481:
3536:
3074:
763:
2313:
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called on Senegal to abide by the ICJ's ruling, calling it "a victory for victims that's long overdue". A trial by the
946:
926:"The CIA was so deeply involved in bringing Habré to power I can't conceive they didn't know what was going on," said
813:, killing and arresting group members en masse when it was perceived that their leaders posed a threat to the regime.
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3561:
2215:
1557:
910:
The United States and France supported Habré, seeing him as a bulwark against the Gaddafi government in neighboring
3591:
3491:
3240:
3133:
1620:
2363:"Bringing Hissène Habré to Justice: Senegal to Create a Special Tribunal in Compliance with ECOWAS Court Judgment"
1831:"Les Chambres africaines extraordinaires au sein des tribunaux sénégalais : quoi de si extraordinaire ?"
973:(1989). Human Rights Watch charged him with having authorized tens of thousands of political murders and physical
3546:
3486:
3263:
2757:
2700:
1347:
2291:
1764:
3149:
3092:
2185:""The Dictator Hunter": Victims of US-Allied Chadian Dictator Hissene Habre Lead Quest to Bring Him to Justice"
1152:
1087:
782:
620:
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1019:
demanded that Senegal turn over Habré to Belgium to be tried. Senegal did not comply, and it at first refused
777:
Habré seized power in Chad and ruled from 1982 until he was deposed in 1990 by Idriss Déby. Habré's one-party
605:
576:, with Oueddei as President. Their alliance quickly collapsed, and Habré's forces overthrew Oueddei in 1982.
557:
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The trial has been suspended until 7 September after Mr Habre and his lawyers refused to speak to the judge.
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2161:
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1114:
1033:
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in 1990, which reported that 40,000 people had been killed, but did not follow up on its recommendations.
3126:
2899:"Chad.- El expresidente de Chad Hissne Habré vuelve a prisión en Senegal tras el permiso por la COVID-19"
2139:
897:
human rights violations—violations of which, as this report shows, many in the US government were aware.
835:
338:
3022:
2540:
3361:
3106:
880:, and the rebels entered N'Djamena on 2 December 1990; Habré subsequently went into exile in Senegal.
2806:
1830:
565:
3107:"From U.S. Ally to Convicted War Criminal: Inside Chad's Hissène Habré's Close Ties to Reagan Admin"
1101:
tribunal in collaboration with the African Union, the Chadian state and with international funding.
2117:
1005:
697:
644:
187:
3425:
689:
3516:
3420:
3336:
1765:
U.S.-Backed Chadian Dictator Hissène Habré Faces War Crimes Trial in Historic Win for His Victims
1458:
1037:
989:
939:
593:
380:
348:
268:
80:
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1237:
949:
electronic surveillance planes to coordinate air cover. By 1987 Gaddafi's forces had retreated.
707:
Habré first came to international attention when a group under his command attacked the town of
3586:
2071:
1001:
889:
740:
736:
113:
3296:
3164:
3046:"Sénégal : Hissène Habré enterré en l'absence de représentants officiels – Jeune Afrique"
136:
1725:
Bernard Lanne, "Chad: Regime Change, Increased Insecurity, and Blockage of Further Reforms",
1121:
1110:
560:
against the southern-dominated Chadian government. Due to a rift with fellow rebel commander
3286:
720:
601:
41:
3481:
3476:
3405:
1061:
317:
868:
Despite this victory, Habré's government was weak, and strongly opposed by members of the
8:
3415:
2589:
2046:
1016:
977:. Habré had been called "the African Pinochet," in reference to former Chilean dictator
3391:
3100:
2731:
1743:
1320:"Chad's former president has been found guilty of crimes against humanity. Who's next?"
1164:
1133:
934:
903:
853:
818:
716:
403:
1505:
1479:
1143:
was postponed to 7 September 2015, after his lawyers refused to participate in court.
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3185:
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2489:
1850:
1553:
1546:
1241:
1136:
1053:
1041:
938:
States that was attended by some of the DDS' most feared torturers. According to the
927:
785:(ICJ) ordered Senegal to put him on trial or extradite him to face justice overseas.
546:
432:
409:
57:
3356:
3306:
3215:
2216:"Habré's legal defence dubs Chadian court "underground, unfair" over death sentence"
3376:
3190:
3180:
2458:
2435:
2413:
2270:
1966:"'I told my story face to face with Habré': courageous rape survivors make history"
1842:
1573:
978:
823:
798:
677:
561:
93:
3175:
744:
3448:
3396:
3366:
3351:
3281:
3096:
3084:
2862:
2670:
2616:
2561:
2091:
2078:
2021:
1942:
1920:
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676:
where he became a commander in the Second Liberation Army of FROLINAT along with
589:
580:
533:
524:
3443:
3205:
2244:
2219:
1692:
1670:
708:
3111:
1769:
970:
869:
810:
669:
624:
516:
3577:
Prisoners sentenced to life imprisonment by international courts and tribunals
3200:
1868:
985:
873:
609:
105:
3470:
3438:
3381:
2943:
2493:
1854:
1324:
1192:
1160:
1125:
1024:
915:
794:
789:
767:
688:(CCFAN). In 1976 Oueddei and Habré quarreled and Habré split his newly named
660:
656:
652:
569:
2885:"Sénégal : le Tchadien Hissène Habré regagne sa prison – Jeune Afrique"
2830:"Hissène Habré's rape acquittal must not be quietly airbrushed from history"
2306:"ICJ denies Belgium request to force extraditon of Chad ex-president Habre"
1970:
1740:"Enabling a Dictator: The United States and Chad's Hissène Habré 1982-1990"
1646:"Former Chad President Hissene Habre detained, may face war crimes charges"
748:
681:
640:
542:
179:
3232:
840:
3386:
3118:
2114:"Sénégal: les députés modifient la Constitution pour juger Hissène Habré"
1216:"Chad's former President Habre, convicted of war crimes, dies in Senegal"
1020:
861:
849:
802:
771:
719:(whose wife Elfriede was killed in the attack), and two French citizens,
183:
140:
2585:"'African traitors!' Chad dictator trial in Senegal has a chaotic start"
797:
of running automobiles. Habré's government also periodically engaged in
2932:"Hissène Habré, Ex-President of Chad Jailed for War Crimes, Dies at 79"
2754:"Prison du Cap Manuel - La santé de Hissène Habré inquiète - MaderPost"
597:
374:
343:
255:
2459:"Hissene Habre: ICJ rules Senegal must try ex-Chad leader immediately"
2336:
1846:
2647:
2562:"Hissene Habre: Chad's ex-ruler convicted of crimes against humanity"
1921:"Hissene Habre: Chad's ex-ruler convicted of crimes against humanity"
1374:"Décès en prison au Sénégal de l'ex-président tchadien Hissène Habré"
1295:"Hissene Habre: Chad's ex-ruler convicted of crimes against humanity"
648:
1943:"Chad's Hissene Habre: Battle to bring 'Africa's Pinochet' to court"
1786:
1167:. After finishing his home freedom he returned to prison on 7 June.
2969:
2855:"Chad: Ex-president temporarily released from jail due to COVID-19"
2674:
2620:
966:
877:
872:
ethnic group. A rebel offensive in November 1990, which was led by
806:
673:
628:
553:
228:
1438:(Second ed.). Federal Research Division, Library of Congress.
2704:
1029:
Chadian Association for the Promotion and Defense of Human Rights
974:
712:
613:
418:
397:
3089:
1146:
2116:(in French). Agence France-Presse. 8 April 2008. Archived from
503:
286:
2781:"Hissène Habré trial provides model for international justice"
2701:"Trial of Chad's Habre suspended after boycott by his lawyers"
2482:"Hissène Habré, Ex-President of Chad, Convicted of War Crimes"
1893:"Hissène Habré, Ex-President of Chad, Convicted of War Crimes"
2993:"Chad's former President Hissene Habre dies of COVID aged 79"
2182:
1729:(1997), ed. Clark and Gardinier, page 274 (see also note 26).
1714:"Africa's Pinochet" or the beginning of "Africa's solutions"?
1009:
911:
752:
203:
2643:"Trial of Chad's ex-dictator Habré adjourned to September 7"
2218:. Agence de Presse Africaine. 22 August 2008. Archived from
2092:"Chad: European Parliament Calls for Trial of Hissène Habré"
1548:
The Fate of Africa: A History of Fifty Years of Independence
1448:
R. Buijtenhuijs, "Le FROLINAT à l'épreuve du pouvoir", p. 19
1072:
On 15 August 2008, a Chadian court sentenced Habré to death
1064:
and Reed Brody who led the efforts to bring Habré to trial.
848:
Libya invaded Chad in July 1980, occupying and annexing the
3267:
3153:
1400:
Limits of Anarchy: Intervention and State Formation in Chad
1180:
579:
Having become the country's new president, Habré created a
214:
3552:
National Union for Independence and Revolution politicians
2917:"Former Chadian strongman Hissene Habre returns to prison"
1869:"Senegal: US Urges Action on Chadian Ex-Dictator's Trial"
1824:
960:
919:
793:
of water, and forcing the mouths of detainees around the
2414:"Senegal urged to halt ex-Chad leader Habre extradition"
1822:
1820:
1818:
1816:
1814:
1812:
1810:
1808:
1806:
1804:
1574:"Senegal police arrest Chad former leader Hissene Habre"
2436:"Senegal suspends Hissene Habre's repatriation to Chad"
1787:"The Case Against Hissène Habré, an "African Pinochet""
1348:"Sénégal : Hissène Habré est mort – Jeune Afrique"
2271:"Hissene Habre: Senegal MPs pass law to form tribunal"
2022:"Convicted ex-Chadian leader Hissène Habré dies at 79"
1049:
appointed four investigative judges on this occasion.
3090:
The Case against Hissène Habré, an "African Pinochet"
1801:
3018:"L'ancien président tchadien Hissène Habré est mort"
3582:
Prisoners sentenced to life imprisonment by Senegal
3497:
Chadian people convicted of crimes against humanity
2807:"Ex-Chad dictator sentenced to life for war crimes"
2965:"Chad's former president Hissène Habré dies at 79"
2724:
2360:
2089:
1545:
1263:
1261:
1259:
1027:which arose after Belgium asked to try Habré. The
696:from Goukouni's followers who adopted the name of
2617:"Chad's Hissene Habre removed from Senegal court"
2388:"African Union: Press Senegal to Extradite Habré"
2264:
2262:
1159:in Senegal. The verdict marked the first time an
883:
537:; 13 August 1942 – 24 August 2021), also spelled
46:Habré during a visit to the United States in 1987
3512:Chadian prisoners sentenced to life imprisonment
3468:
2671:"Chad's Hissene Habre forced to appear in court"
686:Command Council of the Armed Forces of the North
1442:
1314:
1312:
1256:
2930:Maclean, Ruth; Camara, Mady (24 August 2021).
2259:
2183:Amy Goodman and Juan González (12 June 2008).
1626:. United States Institute of Peace. 7 May 1992
1593:
1591:
1270:"Chad's Torture Victims Pursue Habre in Court"
1093:In November 2010, the court of justice of the
659:ethnic group, which is itself a branch of the
585:National Union for Independence and Revolution
3542:Heads of government who were later imprisoned
3248:
3134:
2929:
2582:
2390:. vadvert.co.uk. 29 June 2011. Archived from
2303:
2292:"African Union: Press Senegal on Habré Trial"
1935:
1267:
1147:Conviction by the Special Tribunal in Senegal
604:. He was overthrown three years later in the
16:Chadian politician and convicted war criminal
3532:Deaths from the COVID-19 pandemic in Senegal
2805:Dewan, Angela; Swails, Brent (30 May 2016).
2268:
2239:
2237:
2041:
2039:
1309:
1132:humanity and torture. That year he was also
788:Following his rise to power Habré created a
735:In August 1978 Habré was given the posts of
674:National Liberation Front of Chad (FROLINAT)
507:
3262:
2804:
2065:
1915:
1913:
1588:
1539:
1537:
1535:
1533:
1531:
1529:
1527:
3255:
3241:
3148:
3141:
3127:
1886:
1884:
1882:
1781:
1779:
1552:(1st ed.). New York: Public Affairs.
619:In May 2016, Habré was found guilty by an
552:A Muslim from northern Chad, Habré joined
40:
2827:
2698:
2234:
2142:. News 24. Associated Press. 9 April 2008
2083:
2036:
1424:
1422:
1420:
1418:
1416:
1414:
1412:
1410:
1408:
1210:
1208:
1095:Economic Community of West African States
995:
665:Institute of Higher International Studies
541:, was a Chadian politician and convicted
2541:"Ex-Chad leader charged over war crimes"
2513:
1910:
1828:
1543:
1524:
839:
762:
623:of human-rights abuses, including rape,
549:from 1982 until he was deposed in 1990.
264:École nationale de la France d'Outre-Mer
3507:Chadian politicians convicted of crimes
2727:"For Hissène Habré, a Trial by Refusal"
2479:
2210:
2208:
2206:
1963:
1890:
1879:
1776:
1428:
408:(4) systematic and massive practice of
126:29 August 1978 – 23 March 1979
3469:
2516:"Senegal Detains Ex-President of Chad"
1727:Political Reform in Francophone Africa
1405:
1205:
961:Allegations of crimes against humanity
70:7 June 1982 – 1 December 1990
3567:People sentenced to death in absentia
3236:
3122:
2778:
2456:
2294:, Human Rights Watch, 28 January 2009
1128:, and come from elsewhere in Africa.
532:
523:
447:>40,000 alleged Chadian dissidents
274:University of Paris II Panthéon-Assas
2361:Christopher Tansey (25 April 2011).
2203:
2090:Human Rights Watch (16 March 2006).
1468:(in German). 6 July 1974. p. 5.
955:
596:, culminating in victory during the
3010:
2828:Seelinger, Kim Thuy (10 May 2017).
2798:
2725:Thierry Cruvellier (27 July 2015).
2245:"Chad ex-leader sentenced to death"
1964:Maclean, Ruth (18 September 2016).
1861:
1693:"France to help try Chad ex-leader"
1080:
1060:, tells the story of the activists
1000:Between 1993 and 2003, Belgium had
508:
13:
3572:Prisoners and detainees of Senegal
2756:. 12 November 2019. Archived from
1985:
1875:from the original on 22 July 2011.
1268:Douglas Farah (27 November 2000).
14:
3628:
3068:
2269:Thomas Fessy (19 December 2012).
829:
743:as part of an alliance with Gen.
621:international tribunal in Senegal
574:transitional coalition government
3607:21st-century Chadian politicians
3602:20th-century Chadian politicians
3597:Prisoners who died from COVID-19
3557:Chadian people convicted of rape
3522:People of the Chadian–Libyan War
3502:Chadian people imprisoned abroad
3305:
3214:
3076:Belgium v. Senegal Hissene Habre
2164:. News 24. Reuters. 24 July 2008
1067:
918:, the United States gave covert
730:
592:. He led the country during the
302:
3038:
2985:
2957:
2923:
2909:
2891:
2877:
2847:
2821:
2772:
2746:
2718:
2692:
2663:
2635:
2609:
2576:
2554:
2533:
2514:Nossiter, Adam (30 June 2013).
2507:
2480:Searcey, Dionne (30 May 2016).
2473:
2450:
2428:
2406:
2380:
2354:
2329:
2297:
2285:
2176:
2162:"Senegal may finally try Habre"
2154:
2132:
2106:
2014:
1957:
1891:Searcey, Dionne (30 May 2016).
1758:
1732:
1719:
1707:
1685:
1671:"Profile: Chad's Hissene Habre"
1663:
1638:
1613:
1599:"Profile: Chad's Hissene Habre"
1566:
1498:
1472:
1451:
568:rebel army briefly defected to
3612:Leaders who took power by coup
2583:Aislinn Laing (20 July 2015).
1512:(in German). 15 September 1975
1429:Collelo, Thomas, ed. (1990) .
1392:
1366:
1340:
1287:
1230:
1153:Extraordinary African Chambers
1088:International Court of Justice
884:Support of the U.S. and France
783:International Court of Justice
1:
2304:Andrew Morgan (28 May 2009).
2140:"Senegal amends constitution"
1198:
634:
2905:. Europa Press. 8 June 2020.
2779:Burke, Jason (30 May 2016).
2047:"How the mighty are falling"
1993:"Decree No. 014 /P.CE/CJ/90"
1115:International Criminal Court
1036:voted to amend the nation's
1034:National Assembly of Senegal
1032:Union. On 8 April 2008, the
7:
3537:Heads of government of Chad
3052:(in French). 27 August 2021
1380:(in French). 24 August 2021
1354:(in French). 24 August 2021
1186:
801:against groups such as the
690:Armed Forces of the North (
10:
3633:
3023:Radio France International
2699:Diadie Ba (21 July 2015).
2247:. BBC News. 15 August 2008
2024:. BBC News. 24 August 2021
1829:Savadogo, Raymond (2014).
887:
833:
639:Habré was born in 1942 in
3457:
3314:
3303:
3274:
3223:
3212:
3160:
1544:Meredith, Martin (2005).
1486:(in German). 17 June 1974
1480:"Deutscher Rebellen-Funk"
1218:. Reuters. 24 August 2021
1052:A 2007 movie by director
1004:legislation (the Belgian
651:. He was a member of the
566:Armed Forces of the North
493:
489:
485:
481:
471:
461:
451:
443:
438:
428:
414:(5) kidnapping of people
372:
368:
363:
359:
331:
323:
313:
297:
292:
282:
254:
244:
221:
210:
193:
166:
161:
157:
147:
130:
119:
111:
99:
87:
74:
63:
55:
51:
39:
30:
23:
3617:Leaders ousted by a coup
3562:People from Faya-Largeau
3095:24 November 2010 at the
3078:Case of 19 February 2009
2438:. BBC News. 10 July 2011
2416:. BBC News. 10 July 2011
2077:21 November 2005 at the
1945:. BBC News. 20 July 2015
1695:. BBC News. 27 July 2007
1576:. BBC News. 30 June 2013
1170:
969:(1987), and against the
940:Chadian Truth Commission
702:Forces Armées Populaires
643:, northern Chad, then a
606:1990 Chadian coup d'état
188:French Equatorial Africa
31:
3592:Vice presidents of Chad
3492:Chadian anti-communists
3431:post abolished, 2018–21
3342:post abolished, 1982–91
3332:post abolished, 1979–82
3322:post abolished, 1960–78
2564:. BBC News. 30 May 2016
1923:. BBC News. 30 May 2016
1673:. BBC News. 3 July 2006
1601:. BBC News. 30 May 2016
1297:. BBC News. 30 May 2016
1238:"Hissène Habré is dead"
836:Chadian–Libyan conflict
758:
723:, an archeologist, and
612:and fled into exile in
600:from 1986 to 1987 with
594:Libyan-Chadian conflict
381:Crimes against humanity
349:First Chadian Civil War
339:Chadian–Libyan conflict
269:Aosta Valley University
153:Djidingar Dono Ngardoum
81:Djidingar Dono Ngardoum
3547:Heads of state of Chad
3487:20th-century criminals
2457:Staff (20 July 2012).
2367:The Human Rights Brief
1871:. Human Rights Watch.
1835:Études internationales
1120:In December 2012, the
1015:On 17 March 2006, the
1002:universal jurisdiction
996:Initial trial attempts
933:Documents obtained by
899:
890:CIA activities in Chad
845:
774:
741:Vice President of Chad
737:Prime Minister of Chad
581:one-party dictatorship
545:who served as the 5th
525:[hiˈsɛnˈhabre]
114:Prime Minister of Chad
3083:4 August 2016 at the
1432:A Country Study: Chad
1122:Parliament of Senegal
1111:Amnesty International
894:
843:
766:
698:People's Armed Forces
692:Forces Armées du Nord
530:French pronunciation:
324:Years of service
1789:. Human Rights Watch
1398:Sam C. Nolutshungu,
1157:Prison du Cap Manuel
1151:On 30 May 2016, the
1062:Souleymane Guengueng
923:anti-Qaddafi force.
556:rebels in the first
476:Prison du Cap Manuel
318:Chadian Armed Forces
3527:Critics of Islamism
2590:The Daily Telegraph
2316:on 1 September 2012
2222:on 21 February 2013
1466:Das Ostpreußenblatt
1274:The Washington Post
1165:COVID-19 quarantine
1058:The Dictator Hunter
1017:European Parliament
655:branch of the Daza
647:, into a family of
453:Span of crimes
248:Fatime Hachem Habré
137:François Tombalbaye
3101:Human Rights Watch
2936:The New York Times
2903:www.notimerica.com
2732:The New York Times
2520:The New York Times
2486:The New York Times
2120:on 24 January 2013
2002:. 29 December 1990
1897:The New York Times
1744:Human Rights Watch
1134:sentenced to death
984:The government of
935:Human Rights Watch
914:. Under President
904:Human Rights Watch
854:Muammar al-Gaddafi
846:
819:Human Rights Watch
775:
770:with Habré at the
721:Françoise Claustre
534:[isɛnabʁe]
472:Imprisoned at
421:and inhumane acts
410:summary executions
404:voluntary homicide
3464:
3463:
3230:
3229:
2997:www.aljazeera.com
1847:10.7202/1025119ar
1402:(1996), page 110.
1242:The Africa Report
1183:Muslim cemetery.
1054:Klaartje Quirijns
1023:demands from the
956:Legal proceedings
717:Christoph Staewen
558:Chadian Civil War
547:president of Chad
497:
496:
433:Life imprisonment
364:Criminal details
58:President of Chad
3624:
3309:
3257:
3250:
3243:
3234:
3233:
3218:
3143:
3136:
3129:
3120:
3119:
3062:
3061:
3059:
3057:
3050:JeuneAfrique.com
3042:
3036:
3035:
3033:
3031:
3026:. 24 August 2021
3014:
3008:
3007:
3005:
3003:
2989:
2983:
2982:
2980:
2978:
2973:. 24 August 2021
2961:
2955:
2954:
2952:
2950:
2927:
2921:
2920:
2913:
2907:
2906:
2895:
2889:
2888:
2881:
2875:
2874:
2872:
2870:
2851:
2845:
2844:
2842:
2840:
2825:
2819:
2818:
2816:
2814:
2802:
2796:
2795:
2793:
2791:
2776:
2770:
2769:
2767:
2765:
2750:
2744:
2743:
2741:
2739:
2722:
2716:
2715:
2713:
2711:
2696:
2690:
2689:
2684:
2682:
2667:
2661:
2660:
2658:
2656:
2639:
2633:
2632:
2630:
2628:
2613:
2607:
2606:
2604:
2602:
2593:. Archived from
2580:
2574:
2573:
2571:
2569:
2558:
2552:
2551:
2549:
2547:
2537:
2531:
2530:
2528:
2526:
2511:
2505:
2504:
2502:
2500:
2477:
2471:
2470:
2468:
2466:
2454:
2448:
2447:
2445:
2443:
2432:
2426:
2425:
2423:
2421:
2410:
2404:
2403:
2401:
2399:
2394:on 15 March 2012
2384:
2378:
2377:
2375:
2373:
2358:
2352:
2351:
2349:
2347:
2333:
2327:
2325:
2323:
2321:
2312:. Archived from
2301:
2295:
2289:
2283:
2282:
2280:
2278:
2266:
2257:
2256:
2254:
2252:
2241:
2232:
2231:
2229:
2227:
2212:
2201:
2199:
2197:
2195:
2180:
2174:
2173:
2171:
2169:
2158:
2152:
2151:
2149:
2147:
2136:
2130:
2129:
2127:
2125:
2110:
2104:
2103:
2101:
2099:
2087:
2081:
2069:
2063:
2062:
2060:
2058:
2043:
2034:
2033:
2031:
2029:
2018:
2012:
2011:
2009:
2007:
1997:
1989:
1983:
1982:
1980:
1978:
1961:
1955:
1954:
1952:
1950:
1939:
1933:
1932:
1930:
1928:
1917:
1908:
1907:
1905:
1903:
1888:
1877:
1876:
1865:
1859:
1858:
1826:
1799:
1798:
1796:
1794:
1783:
1774:
1762:
1756:
1755:
1753:
1751:
1736:
1730:
1723:
1717:
1711:
1705:
1704:
1702:
1700:
1689:
1683:
1682:
1680:
1678:
1667:
1661:
1660:
1658:
1656:
1642:
1636:
1635:
1633:
1631:
1625:
1617:
1611:
1610:
1608:
1606:
1595:
1586:
1585:
1583:
1581:
1570:
1564:
1563:
1551:
1541:
1522:
1521:
1519:
1517:
1502:
1496:
1495:
1493:
1491:
1476:
1470:
1469:
1463:
1455:
1449:
1446:
1440:
1439:
1437:
1426:
1403:
1396:
1390:
1389:
1387:
1385:
1370:
1364:
1363:
1361:
1359:
1352:JeuneAfrique.com
1344:
1338:
1337:
1335:
1333:
1316:
1307:
1306:
1304:
1302:
1291:
1285:
1284:
1282:
1280:
1265:
1254:
1253:
1251:
1249:
1244:. 24 August 2021
1234:
1228:
1227:
1225:
1223:
1212:
1081:Trial in Senegal
979:Augusto Pinochet
906:
817:under his rule.
799:ethnic cleansing
678:Goukouni Oueddei
645:colony of France
564:, Habré and his
562:Goukouni Oueddei
536:
531:
527:
522:
511:
510:
467:15 November 2005
463:Date apprehended
429:Criminal penalty
377:
308:
306:
305:
293:Military service
200:
176:
174:
162:Personal details
150:
133:
124:
102:
94:Goukouni Oueddei
90:
77:
68:
44:
34:
21:
20:
3632:
3631:
3627:
3626:
3625:
3623:
3622:
3621:
3467:
3466:
3465:
3460:
3453:
3310:
3301:
3270:
3264:Prime ministers
3261:
3231:
3226:
3219:
3210:
3156:
3147:
3097:Wayback Machine
3085:Wayback Machine
3071:
3066:
3065:
3055:
3053:
3044:
3043:
3039:
3029:
3027:
3016:
3015:
3011:
3001:
2999:
2991:
2990:
2986:
2976:
2974:
2963:
2962:
2958:
2948:
2946:
2928:
2924:
2915:
2914:
2910:
2897:
2896:
2892:
2883:
2882:
2878:
2868:
2866:
2863:AFP news agency
2853:
2852:
2848:
2838:
2836:
2826:
2822:
2812:
2810:
2803:
2799:
2789:
2787:
2777:
2773:
2763:
2761:
2752:
2751:
2747:
2737:
2735:
2723:
2719:
2709:
2707:
2697:
2693:
2680:
2678:
2669:
2668:
2664:
2654:
2652:
2641:
2640:
2636:
2626:
2624:
2615:
2614:
2610:
2600:
2598:
2597:on 20 July 2015
2581:
2577:
2567:
2565:
2560:
2559:
2555:
2545:
2543:
2539:
2538:
2534:
2524:
2522:
2512:
2508:
2498:
2496:
2478:
2474:
2464:
2462:
2455:
2451:
2441:
2439:
2434:
2433:
2429:
2419:
2417:
2412:
2411:
2407:
2397:
2395:
2386:
2385:
2381:
2371:
2369:
2359:
2355:
2345:
2343:
2341:www.icj-cij.org
2335:
2334:
2330:
2319:
2317:
2302:
2298:
2290:
2286:
2276:
2274:
2267:
2260:
2250:
2248:
2243:
2242:
2235:
2225:
2223:
2214:
2213:
2204:
2193:
2191:
2181:
2177:
2167:
2165:
2160:
2159:
2155:
2145:
2143:
2138:
2137:
2133:
2123:
2121:
2112:
2111:
2107:
2097:
2095:
2094:. allafrica.com
2088:
2084:
2079:Wayback Machine
2072:The Independent
2070:
2066:
2056:
2054:
2045:
2044:
2037:
2027:
2025:
2020:
2019:
2015:
2005:
2003:
1995:
1991:
1990:
1986:
1976:
1974:
1962:
1958:
1948:
1946:
1941:
1940:
1936:
1926:
1924:
1919:
1918:
1911:
1901:
1899:
1889:
1880:
1867:
1866:
1862:
1827:
1802:
1792:
1790:
1785:
1784:
1777:
1763:
1759:
1749:
1747:
1738:
1737:
1733:
1724:
1720:
1712:
1708:
1698:
1696:
1691:
1690:
1686:
1676:
1674:
1669:
1668:
1664:
1654:
1652:
1644:
1643:
1639:
1629:
1627:
1623:
1619:
1618:
1614:
1604:
1602:
1597:
1596:
1589:
1579:
1577:
1572:
1571:
1567:
1560:
1542:
1525:
1515:
1513:
1504:
1503:
1499:
1489:
1487:
1478:
1477:
1473:
1461:
1457:
1456:
1452:
1447:
1443:
1435:
1427:
1406:
1397:
1393:
1383:
1381:
1372:
1371:
1367:
1357:
1355:
1346:
1345:
1341:
1331:
1329:
1318:
1317:
1310:
1300:
1298:
1293:
1292:
1288:
1278:
1276:
1266:
1257:
1247:
1245:
1236:
1235:
1231:
1221:
1219:
1214:
1213:
1206:
1201:
1189:
1173:
1149:
1083:
1070:
998:
963:
958:
908:
901:
892:
886:
838:
832:
761:
733:
672:and joined the
637:
590:Muammar Gaddafi
529:
520:
464:
454:
424:
390:
389:
373:
355:
303:
301:
278:
250:Fatime Raymonde
249:
240:
222:Political party
217:Muslim cemetery
202:
198:
178:
172:
170:
148:
131:
125:
120:
100:
88:
75:
69:
64:
47:
35:
32:
26:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3630:
3620:
3619:
3614:
3609:
3604:
3599:
3594:
3589:
3584:
3579:
3574:
3569:
3564:
3559:
3554:
3549:
3544:
3539:
3534:
3529:
3524:
3519:
3517:Chadian rebels
3514:
3509:
3504:
3499:
3494:
3489:
3484:
3479:
3462:
3461:
3458:
3455:
3454:
3452:
3451:
3446:
3441:
3436:
3433:
3428:
3423:
3418:
3413:
3408:
3403:
3400:
3394:
3389:
3384:
3379:
3374:
3369:
3364:
3359:
3354:
3349:
3344:
3339:
3334:
3329:
3324:
3318:
3316:
3312:
3311:
3304:
3302:
3300:
3299:
3294:
3289:
3284:
3278:
3276:
3272:
3271:
3260:
3259:
3252:
3245:
3237:
3228:
3227:
3224:
3221:
3220:
3213:
3211:
3209:
3208:
3203:
3198:
3193:
3188:
3183:
3178:
3173:
3167:
3161:
3158:
3157:
3150:Heads of state
3146:
3145:
3138:
3131:
3123:
3117:
3116:
3112:Democracy Now!
3104:
3087:
3070:
3069:External links
3067:
3064:
3063:
3037:
3009:
2984:
2956:
2922:
2919:. 7 June 2020.
2908:
2890:
2887:. 7 June 2020.
2876:
2865:. 7 April 2020
2846:
2820:
2797:
2771:
2745:
2717:
2691:
2677:. 21 July 2015
2662:
2651:. 21 July 2015
2634:
2623:. 20 July 2015
2608:
2575:
2553:
2532:
2506:
2472:
2449:
2427:
2405:
2379:
2353:
2328:
2296:
2284:
2258:
2233:
2202:
2189:Democracy Now!
2175:
2153:
2131:
2105:
2082:
2064:
2035:
2013:
1984:
1956:
1934:
1909:
1878:
1860:
1841:(1): 105–127.
1800:
1775:
1770:Democracy Now!
1757:
1746:. 28 June 2016
1731:
1718:
1706:
1684:
1662:
1637:
1612:
1587:
1565:
1558:
1523:
1497:
1471:
1450:
1441:
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1391:
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1197:
1196:
1195:
1188:
1185:
1172:
1169:
1148:
1145:
1082:
1079:
1069:
1066:
1006:War Crimes Law
997:
994:
988:established a
962:
959:
957:
954:
928:Donald Norland
893:
885:
882:
834:Main article:
831:
830:War with Libya
828:
760:
757:
732:
729:
636:
633:
625:sexual slavery
602:French support
517:Chadian Arabic
495:
494:
491:
490:
487:
486:
483:
482:
479:
478:
473:
469:
468:
465:
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321:
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314:Branch/service
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284:
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246:
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241:
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232:
225:
223:
219:
218:
212:
208:
207:
201:(aged 79)
197:24 August 2021
195:
191:
190:
177:13 August 1942
168:
164:
163:
159:
158:
155:
154:
151:
145:
144:
134:
128:
127:
117:
116:
109:
108:
103:
97:
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91:
85:
84:
78:
76:Prime Minister
72:
71:
61:
60:
53:
52:
49:
48:
45:
37:
36:
28:
27:
24:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3629:
3618:
3615:
3613:
3610:
3608:
3605:
3603:
3600:
3598:
3595:
3593:
3590:
3588:
3587:Toubou people
3585:
3583:
3580:
3578:
3575:
3573:
3570:
3568:
3565:
3563:
3560:
3558:
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3308:
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3258:
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3235:
3222:
3217:
3207:
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3199:
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3182:
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3144:
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3025:
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2864:
2860:
2856:
2850:
2835:
2831:
2824:
2808:
2801:
2786:
2782:
2775:
2760:on 4 May 2021
2759:
2755:
2749:
2734:
2733:
2728:
2721:
2706:
2702:
2695:
2688:
2676:
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2409:
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2300:
2293:
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2240:
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2217:
2211:
2209:
2207:
2190:
2186:
2179:
2163:
2157:
2141:
2135:
2119:
2115:
2109:
2093:
2086:
2080:
2076:
2073:
2068:
2053:. 5 July 2007
2052:
2051:The Economist
2048:
2042:
2040:
2023:
2017:
2001:
1994:
1988:
1973:
1972:
1967:
1960:
1944:
1938:
1922:
1916:
1914:
1898:
1894:
1887:
1885:
1883:
1874:
1870:
1864:
1856:
1852:
1848:
1844:
1840:
1837:(in French).
1836:
1832:
1825:
1823:
1821:
1819:
1817:
1815:
1813:
1811:
1809:
1807:
1805:
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1766:
1761:
1745:
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1735:
1728:
1722:
1715:
1710:
1694:
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1672:
1666:
1651:
1647:
1641:
1622:
1616:
1600:
1594:
1592:
1575:
1569:
1561:
1559:9781586482466
1555:
1550:
1549:
1540:
1538:
1536:
1534:
1532:
1530:
1528:
1511:
1507:
1501:
1485:
1481:
1475:
1467:
1460:
1454:
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1434:
1433:
1425:
1423:
1421:
1419:
1417:
1415:
1413:
1411:
1409:
1401:
1395:
1379:
1375:
1369:
1353:
1349:
1343:
1328:. 1 June 2016
1327:
1326:
1325:The Economist
1321:
1315:
1313:
1296:
1290:
1275:
1271:
1264:
1262:
1260:
1243:
1239:
1233:
1217:
1211:
1209:
1204:
1194:
1193:Rose Lokissim
1191:
1190:
1184:
1182:
1178:
1168:
1166:
1162:
1161:African Union
1158:
1154:
1144:
1140:
1138:
1135:
1129:
1127:
1126:African Union
1123:
1118:
1116:
1112:
1106:
1102:
1100:
1096:
1091:
1089:
1078:
1075:
1068:Trial in Chad
1065:
1063:
1059:
1055:
1050:
1048:
1047:Madicke Niang
1043:
1039:
1035:
1030:
1026:
1025:African Union
1022:
1018:
1013:
1011:
1007:
1003:
993:
991:
987:
982:
980:
976:
972:
968:
953:
950:
948:
943:
941:
936:
931:
929:
924:
921:
917:
916:Ronald Reagan
913:
907:
905:
898:
891:
881:
879:
875:
871:
866:
863:
857:
855:
851:
842:
837:
827:
825:
820:
814:
812:
808:
804:
800:
796:
795:exhaust pipes
791:
790:secret police
786:
784:
780:
773:
769:
768:Ronald Reagan
765:
756:
754:
750:
746:
745:Félix Malloum
742:
738:
731:Rise to power
728:
726:
722:
718:
714:
710:
705:
703:
699:
695:
693:
687:
683:
679:
675:
671:
666:
662:
658:
654:
650:
646:
642:
632:
630:
626:
622:
617:
615:
611:
607:
603:
599:
595:
591:
586:
583:ruled by his
582:
577:
575:
571:
570:Felix Malloum
567:
563:
559:
555:
550:
548:
544:
540:
535:
526:
518:
514:
505:
501:
500:Hissène Habré
492:
488:
484:
480:
477:
474:
470:
466:
460:
456:
450:
446:
442:
437:
434:
431:
427:
420:
416:
413:
411:
407:
405:
401:
399:
395:
392:
391:
388:
382:
379:
376:
375:Conviction(s)
371:
367:
362:
358:
350:
347:
345:
342:
341:
340:
337:
336:
334:
330:
326:
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261:
259:
257:
253:
247:
243:
236:
233:
230:
227:
226:
224:
220:
216:
213:
211:Resting place
209:
205:
196:
192:
189:
185:
181:
169:
165:
160:
156:
152:
146:
142:
138:
135:
129:
123:
118:
115:
110:
107:
104:
98:
95:
92:
86:
82:
79:
73:
67:
62:
59:
54:
50:
43:
38:
29:
25:Hissène Habré
22:
19:
3430:
3341:
3331:
3326:
3321:
3195:
3115:31 May 2016.
3110:
3075:
3054:. Retrieved
3049:
3040:
3028:. Retrieved
3021:
3012:
3000:. Retrieved
2996:
2987:
2975:. Retrieved
2968:
2959:
2947:. Retrieved
2935:
2925:
2911:
2902:
2893:
2879:
2867:. Retrieved
2849:
2837:. Retrieved
2834:The Guardian
2833:
2823:
2811:. Retrieved
2800:
2788:. Retrieved
2785:The Guardian
2784:
2774:
2762:. Retrieved
2758:the original
2748:
2736:. Retrieved
2730:
2720:
2708:. Retrieved
2694:
2686:
2679:. Retrieved
2665:
2653:. Retrieved
2646:
2637:
2625:. Retrieved
2611:
2599:. Retrieved
2595:the original
2588:
2578:
2566:. Retrieved
2556:
2544:. Retrieved
2535:
2523:. Retrieved
2519:
2509:
2497:. Retrieved
2485:
2475:
2463:. Retrieved
2452:
2440:. Retrieved
2430:
2418:. Retrieved
2408:
2396:. Retrieved
2392:the original
2382:
2370:. Retrieved
2366:
2356:
2344:. Retrieved
2340:
2331:
2318:. Retrieved
2314:the original
2309:
2299:
2287:
2275:. Retrieved
2249:. Retrieved
2224:. Retrieved
2220:the original
2192:. Retrieved
2188:
2178:
2166:. Retrieved
2156:
2144:. Retrieved
2134:
2122:. Retrieved
2118:the original
2108:
2096:. Retrieved
2085:
2067:
2055:. Retrieved
2050:
2026:. Retrieved
2016:
2004:. Retrieved
1999:
1987:
1975:. Retrieved
1971:The Guardian
1969:
1959:
1947:. Retrieved
1937:
1925:. Retrieved
1900:. Retrieved
1896:
1863:
1838:
1834:
1791:. Retrieved
1773:2 July 2013.
1768:
1760:
1748:. Retrieved
1734:
1726:
1721:
1709:
1697:. Retrieved
1687:
1675:. Retrieved
1665:
1653:. Retrieved
1649:
1640:
1628:. Retrieved
1615:
1603:. Retrieved
1578:. Retrieved
1568:
1547:
1514:. Retrieved
1509:
1506:"Zum Weinen"
1500:
1488:. Retrieved
1483:
1474:
1465:
1453:
1444:
1431:
1399:
1394:
1382:. Retrieved
1377:
1368:
1356:. Retrieved
1351:
1342:
1330:. Retrieved
1323:
1299:. Retrieved
1289:
1277:. Retrieved
1273:
1246:. Retrieved
1232:
1220:. Retrieved
1174:
1150:
1141:
1130:
1119:
1107:
1103:
1098:
1092:
1084:
1073:
1071:
1057:
1051:
1038:constitution
1014:
999:
983:
964:
951:
944:
932:
925:
909:
900:
895:
867:
858:
847:
815:
787:
778:
776:
734:
706:
701:
691:
682:Abba Siddick
641:Faya-Largeau
638:
618:
578:
551:
543:war criminal
539:Hissen Habré
538:
513:Ḥusaīn Ḥabrī
512:
499:
498:
386:
332:Battles/wars
199:(2021-08-24)
180:Faya-Largeau
149:Succeeded by
121:
101:Succeeded by
65:
18:
3482:2021 deaths
3477:1942 births
3392:Yoadimnadji
3315:Independent
3292:Koulamallah
3030:3 September
2839:10 December
2277:19 December
1977:10 December
1750:10 December
1510:Der Spiegel
1484:Der Spiegel
1137:in absentia
1074:in absentia
1021:extradition
986:Idriss Déby
874:Idriss Déby
862:Libyan army
850:Aozou Strip
772:White House
610:Idriss Déby
396:(2) Forced
237:(1984–1990)
231:(1972–1984)
184:French Chad
141:French Chad
132:Preceded by
106:Idriss Déby
89:Preceded by
3471:Categories
3297:Tombalbaye
3165:Tombalbaye
2859:Al Jazeera
2461:. BBC News
2273:. BBC News
1716:Al Jazeera
1650:GlobalPost
1199:References
888:See also:
725:Marc Combe
635:Early life
598:Toyota War
521:pronounced
344:Toyota War
298:Allegiance
256:Alma mater
173:1942-08-13
3402:Koumakoye
3397:Younousmi
3377:Yamassoum
3362:Koumakoye
3056:30 August
3002:24 August
2977:24 August
2949:25 August
2944:0362-4331
2648:France 24
2494:0362-4331
2346:8 October
2028:25 August
2006:25 August
1855:0014-2123
1384:24 August
1378:Le Figaro
1358:24 August
1248:25 August
1222:24 August
1105:Belgium.
749:N'Djamena
704:or FAP).
649:shepherds
509:حسين حبري
457:1982–1990
393:(1) Rape
327:1972–1990
245:Spouse(s)
206:, Senegal
122:In office
66:In office
33:حسين حبري
3416:Dadnadji
3411:Nadingar
3367:Djimasta
3352:Yodoyman
3337:Ngardoum
3287:Sahoulba
3275:Colonial
3093:Archived
3081:Archived
2970:France24
2675:BBC News
2621:BBC News
2075:Archived
2000:usip.org
1873:Archived
1301:27 March
1187:See also
1177:COVID-19
967:Hadjerai
878:Cameroon
824:Pinochet
809:and the
807:Hadjerai
680:. After
629:COVID-19
554:FROLINAT
387:See list
283:Religion
229:FROLINAT
112:1st
56:5th
3459:*acting
3439:Kebzabo
3435:Padacké
3426:Padacké
3357:Moungar
3347:Bawoyeu
3282:Lisette
3225:*acting
3206:M. Déby
3201:I. Déby
3191:Oueddei
3181:Oueddei
3176:Malloum
3170:Odingar
2869:7 April
2738:28 July
2710:24 July
2705:Reuters
2681:24 July
2655:24 July
2627:20 July
2601:20 July
2546:8 March
2525:30 June
2465:20 July
1655:8 March
1580:8 March
975:torture
971:Zaghawa
870:Zaghawa
811:Zaghawa
713:Tibesti
694:or FAN)
670:Tripoli
657:Gourane
653:Anakaza
614:Senegal
515:,
444:Victims
439:Details
419:Torture
398:slavery
3449:Halina
3421:Deubet
3382:Kabadi
3372:Ouaido
2942:
2813:30 May
2790:30 May
2568:30 May
2499:30 May
2492:
2442:3 July
2420:3 July
2398:3 July
2372:3 July
2320:3 July
2310:Jurist
2251:3 July
2226:3 July
2194:3 July
2168:3 July
2146:3 July
2124:3 July
2098:3 July
2057:3 July
1949:30 May
1927:30 May
1902:30 May
1853:
1793:3 July
1699:3 July
1677:3 July
1630:3 July
1605:31 May
1556:
1516:3 July
1490:3 July
1332:2 June
1279:3 July
1099:ad hoc
1042:Senate
779:régime
709:Bardaï
661:Toubou
504:Arabic
307:
287:Muslim
83:(1982)
3444:Masra
3406:Abbas
3327:Habré
3196:Habré
3186:Choua
2809:. CNN
2764:2 May
1996:(PDF)
1624:(PDF)
1462:(PDF)
1436:(PDF)
1171:Death
1010:Dakar
947:AWACS
912:Libya
753:Sudan
204:Dakar
3387:Faki
3268:Chad
3154:Chad
3058:2021
3032:2021
3004:2021
2979:2021
2951:2021
2940:ISSN
2871:2020
2841:2019
2815:2016
2792:2016
2766:2021
2740:2015
2712:2015
2683:2015
2657:2015
2629:2015
2603:2015
2570:2016
2548:2015
2527:2013
2501:2016
2490:ISSN
2467:2012
2444:2012
2422:2012
2400:2012
2374:2012
2348:2019
2322:2012
2279:2012
2253:2012
2228:2012
2196:2012
2170:2012
2148:2012
2126:2012
2100:2012
2059:2012
2030:2021
2008:2021
1979:2019
1951:2016
1929:2016
1904:2016
1851:ISSN
1795:2012
1752:2019
1701:2012
1679:2012
1657:2015
1632:2012
1607:2016
1582:2015
1554:ISBN
1518:2012
1492:2012
1386:2021
1360:2021
1334:2016
1303:2017
1281:2012
1250:2021
1224:2021
1181:Yoff
803:Sara
759:Rule
739:and
417:(6)
402:(3)
309:Chad
235:UNIR
215:Yoff
194:Died
167:Born
139:(of
3266:of
3152:of
1843:doi
920:CIA
826:."
711:in
608:by
3473::
3109:.
3099:,
3048:.
3020:.
2995:.
2967:.
2938:.
2934:.
2901:.
2861:.
2857:.
2832:.
2783:.
2729:.
2703:.
2685:.
2673:.
2645:.
2619:.
2587:.
2518:.
2488:.
2484:.
2365:.
2339:.
2308:.
2261:^
2236:^
2205:^
2187:.
2049:.
2038:^
1998:.
1968:.
1912:^
1895:.
1881:^
1849:.
1839:45
1833:.
1803:^
1778:^
1767:.
1742:.
1648:.
1590:^
1526:^
1508:.
1482:.
1464:.
1407:^
1376:.
1350:.
1322:.
1311:^
1272:.
1258:^
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