1172:
1482:. Observers estimated that, in the Chadian victories in the first three months of 1987, more than 3,000 Libyan soldiers had been killed, captured, or deserted. Large numbers of tanks, armoured personnel carriers, artillery, fixed-wing aircraft, and helicopters were captured or destroyed. In some cases, Libya sent its own aircraft to bomb abandoned Libyan equipment to deny its use to the Chadians. It was reported that, in many cases, Libyan soldiers had been killed while fleeing to avoid battle. At Ouadi Doum, panicked Libyans had suffered high casualties running through their own minefields.
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1444:(CDR) militia (Gaddafi's closest Chadian allies), well-provided with armour and artillery. Hassan Djamous, the thirty-year-old FANT commander-in-chief, pitched about 4,000â5,000 men against Fada's Libyan garrison. Taking advantage of his army's superior knowledge of the terrain, which apparently included unknown access points to the base, Djamous avoided a frontal assault and used his forces' high mobility to surround the Libyan positions and then unleashed his troops, destroying the defending garrison.
835:
1654:. On 3 February 1994, the court ruled in favour of Chad, thus definitively solving the Aouzou controversy by assigning the territory to the southern country. Monitored by international observers, the withdrawal of Libyan troops from the Strip began on the 15 April and was completed by the 10 May. The formal and final transfer of the Aouzou Strip from Libya to Chad took place on the 30 May, when the sides signed a joint declaration stating that the Libyan withdrawal had been effected.
1494:. The town had served as the main Libyan base during the preceding four years, but was in danger of being encircled. Its garrison of 3,000 men, together with the survivors of Ouadi Doum, retired toward the Libyan base at Maatan-as-Sarra, north of the Chadian border. In an attempt to reduce the damage inflicted to his international standing, Gaddafi announced that Libya had won the confrontation, and was now leaving Chad so that the opposition could play its part in fighting Habré.
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ground troops advancing cross-country in jeeps, Toyota all-terrain trucks, and light armoured vehicles. For the
Libyans, who had previously relied on ponderous tracked armour, the assault represented a conversion to the desert warfare tactics developed by FANT. To highlight the victory, Gaddafi flew foreign journalists to the region, so the news of his victory could reach the headlines.
1649:
It was assumed that war would, sooner or later, resume, but in the end the ceasefire violations were relatively minor. Gaddafi announced in May 1988 that he would recognise Habré as
President of Chad "as a gift to Africa", even if Libya refused to leave the disputed Aouzou Strip. On 3 October the two
1553:
following another battle in which the
Libyans suffered severe losses in troops and abandoned equipment. In retaliation, Libya intensified its air bombardments of towns in the north, usually from altitudes beyond the range of FANT's shoulder-fired missiles. Appeals by Habré for French air missions to
1568:
After a succession of counterattacks, toward the end of August, the
Libyans finally drove the 400 Chadian soldiers out of the town. This victory â the first by Libyan ground forces since the start of the Toyota War â was apparently achieved through close-range air strikes, which were followed by
794:
During the period between 1984 and 1986, in which no major clash took place, Habré greatly strengthened his position thanks to
Western support and Libya's failure to respect the Franco-Libyan 1984 agreement. From 1984 onwards, the GUNT also suffered increasing factional tensions, centered on the
1485:
The fall of Ouadi Doum was a severe setback for Libya. Deserted by most of their
Chadian allies, Libyan forces found themselves isolated in foreign territory, and the loss of the main Libyan air base in Chad prevented Libya from providing close air cover to its troops. In general, the offensive
728:
In 1986, the GUNT rebelled against
Gaddafi, stripping Libya of its main cover of legitimacy for its military presence in Chad. Seeing an occasion to unify Chad behind him, Habré ordered his forces to pass the 16th parallel so as to link up with the GUNT rebels (who were fighting the Libyans in
1459:, well south of the 16th parallel. France retaliated with a new airstrike on Ouadi Doum and destroyed its radar system, effectively blinding the Libyan Air Force in Chad for several months. Gaddafi attempted to contain the FANT threat by rushing several new battalions into Chad (especially to
861:
Though formidable, the Libyan military disposition in Chad was marred by serious flaws. The
Libyans were prepared for a war in which they would provide ground and air support to their Chadian allies, who would then act as assault infantry, and provide reconnaissance. By 1987, however,
1501:, affected the international perception of Libya as a significant regional military power, and cast renewed doubt on the competence and determination of Libyan soldiers, especially in engagements beyond the country's borders to which they evidently felt no personal commitment.
1731:
737:, destroying the local Libyan garrison. In three months, combining methods of guerilla and conventional warfare in a common strategy, Habré was able to retake almost all of northern Chad, and in the following months, inflicted new heavy defeats on the Libyans, until a
799:
over the leadership of the organisation. Taking advantage of the GUNT's difficulties, Habré struck a series of accords with smaller rebel factions, which left the GUNT at the beginning of 1986 with only three of the eleven factions that had originally signed the
1625:
Because of domestic opposition, internal demoralisation, and international hostility, Gaddafi assumed a more conciliatory attitude following his defeat. On the other side, Habré also found himself vulnerable, as the French feared that the
1612:
let it be known that "France was not implicated in any way" in the attack and "had not been informed of it". The
American reaction was markedly different, as it had previously supported the attempted reconquest of the
1576:. Reportedly, 1,000 Libyans were killed, 300 were captured, and hundreds of others were forced to flee into the surrounding desert. Chad claimed that its troops destroyed about 32 aircraft â including
1634:
was only the first stage of a general offensive into Libya proper, a possibility that France was not disposed to tolerate. As a result, Mitterrand forced Habré to accept the mediation efforts of the
2164:
2162:
2160:
2158:
1710:â FANT's use of swift wheeled vehicles, including AML-90 models, allowed Chadian forces to break through combined arms formations and cause severe damage before the slower Libyan tanks (including
787:. This partition on 16th parallel (the so-called Red Line) into Libyan and French zones of influence was informally recognised by France in 1984, following an accord between France and
472:
1504:
The Toyota War attracted considerable interest in the United States, where the possibility of using Habré to overthrow
Gaddafi was given serious consideration. As part of the
842:
At the opening of 1987, the last year of the war, the Libyan expeditionary force was still impressive, comprising 8,000 soldiers, 300 tanks, multiple rocket launchers (
1773:
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The attack had been opposed by France, which refused to provide FANT with intelligence and logistical support, causing FANT to suffer considerable losses. The
465:
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against FANT had exposed the vulnerability of Libya's heavy armour to a more mobile enemy. On Gaddafi's orders, a general withdrawal was undertaken from
866:
had lost his allies, exposing Libya's inadequate knowledge of the area. Libyan garrisons came to resemble isolated and vulnerable islands in the Chadian
1650:
countries resumed diplomatic relations, and another important step was made when the two countries agreed in September 1990 to refer the dispute to the
1602:
850:
helicopters, and sixty combat aircraft. These forces did not have a unified command but were divided into an Operational Group South, active in the
1478:, 5,000 soldiers, tanks, armoured vehicles, and aircraft, the Libyans' base fell to a smaller Chadian attacking force led by Djamous equipped with
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904:
himself. And while FANT previously had no air power, limited mobility, and few anti-tank and anti-aircraft weapons, by 1987, it could count on the
772:
710:
567:
458:
687:. The 1987 war resulted in a heavy defeat for Libya, which, according to American sources, lost one tenth of its army, with 7,500 men killed and
2566:
1572:
Habré quickly reacted to this setback and to the continued bombing of FANT concentrations in northern Chad. On September 5, 1987, he mounted a
1213:
1464:
791:
to withdraw their forces from Chad. The accord was not respected by Libya, which maintained at least 3,000 men stationed in northern Chad.
870:. Also significant was the low morale among the troops, who were fighting in a foreign country, and the structural disorganization of the
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Habré selected as the first target for his reconquest of northern Chad the well-fortified Libyan communications base of
74:
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In August 1987, the encouraged Chadians carried their offensive into the disputed Aouzou Strip, occupying the town of
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In March 1987, the main Libyan air base of Ouadi Doum was captured by Chadian forces. Although strongly defended by
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These military actions left Habré in control of Chad and in a position to threaten the expulsion of Libya from the
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putting an end to the conflict was signed in September. The ceasefire left open the issue of the disputed
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The unexpected defeat stunned Gaddafi, who then reacted on 4 January by recalling to service all of the
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919:. It is these trucks that gave the name "Toyota War" to this last phase of the Chadian-Libyan conflict.
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defend the area against the bombing were rejected, as Aouzou had been retaken against the wishes of
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1732:"Ù۔۩ Ù
Ù ŰȘۧ۱ÙŰź ۧÙÙێۧ۷ ۧÙŰčŰłÙŰ±Ù Ű§ÙÙÙ۳۷ÙÙÙ... ŰčÙŰŻÙ
ۧ Űۧ۱ۚŰȘ Ù
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713:(GUNT) to overthrow Habré. The plan was foiled by the intervention of France which, first with
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Technicals: Non-Standard Tactical Vehicles from the Great Toyota War to modern Special Forces
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1022:
683:, used to provide mobility for the Chadian troops as they fought against the Libyans, and as
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1774:"Libye : la deuxiÚme vie de Khalifa Haftar au Tchad et la défaite finale de Ouadi Doum"
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1561:. Instead, Mitterrand called for international mediation to settle competing claims to the
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1471:. This brought the amount of Libyan forces in the country to a total of 11,000 by March.
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The war began with the Libyan occupation of northern Chad in 1983, when Libya's leader
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against him. This fear led him to avoid the professionalization of the armed forces.
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A map of Chad, with the Borkou-Ennedi-Tibesti Prefecture, where the war took place
51:
pickup truck in 2008. Vehicles such as these gave the 1986â1987 conflict its name.
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to keep Libyan aircraft grounded and, most importantly, to provide 400 new
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1455:. In an act of defiance towards France, he also ordered the bombing of
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surprise raid against the key Libyan air base at Maaten al-Sarra
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helicopters â before the FANT column withdrew to Chadian soil.
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destroyed or captured. Chadian forces suffered 1,000 deaths.
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partitioned, with the northern half controlled by the rebel
2466:
Limits of Anarchy: Intervention and State Formation in Chad
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The Libyans also had to deal with the greatly strengthened
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with 2,500 men, and an Operational Group East, centered in
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The Economic Cost of Soviet Military Manpower Requirements
733:) in December. A few weeks later a bigger force struck at
2532:
Le pick up des guerilleros, La révolution Toyota en Libye
1508:'s support for his government, Habré, during a visit to
725:, in the most arid and sparsely inhabited part of Chad.
1440:. It was defended by 2,000 Libyans and the bulk of the
2174:
2145:
2143:
1987:
1963:
1927:
1872:
1817:
1480:
trucks mounted with machine guns and antitank weapons
709:, militarily supported the attempt by the opposition
2318:
Brecher, Michael & Wilkenfeld, Jonathan (1997).
2254:
1860:
1661:
642:
2140:
2132:"Billion-dollar litter of Libyans' desert defeat".
2513:Libya and the West: From Independence to Lockerbie
2510:
1793:
2317:
2236:
2136:. No. 62741. London. 1987-04-13. p. 11.
2092:
1957:
1646:, which resulted in a ceasefire on 11 September.
2548:
2121:. No. 62734. London. 1987-04-04. p. 6.
804:in 1979. The remaining factions were Goukouni's
2488:Arabs at War: Military Effectiveness, 1948â1991
2117:"Chad victors claim aid from US intelligence".
1748:Palestinian Refugees: Pawns to Political Actors
2125:
702:, refusing to recognise the legitimacy of the
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2004:
2002:
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561:
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65:(8 months, 3 weeks and 5 days)
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2297:Roots of Violence: A History of War in Chad
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1981:
1921:
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721:, limited Libyan expansion to north of the
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2339:Frontiersmen: Warfare in Africa Since 1950
1999:
1745:Talhami, Ghada Hashem (30 November 2018).
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816:(FAT) which had maintained its loyalty to
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773:Transitional Government of National Unity
711:Transitional Government of National Unity
16:Last phase of the ChadianâLibyan conflict
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1714:) could track or engage their targets.
1772:Touchard, Laurent (21 October 2014).
808:(FAP), Acheikh's armed branch of the
549:
454:
143:
2380:
2149:
1799:
1617:; it now welcomed the Chadian raid.
1545:The Aouzou Strip, highlighted in red
97:Expulsion of Libyan forces from Chad
63:16 December 1986 â 11 September 1987
2541:(2011). Tristan Ranx. Fluctuat.net.
1516:32 million worth of aid, including
922:
632:
13:
14:
2603:
2567:Battles of the ChadianâLibyan War
2468:. University of Virginia Press.
2322:. University of Michigan Press.
1692:
1678:
1664:
1488:Borkou-Ennedi-Tibesti Prefecture
1467:), including units of the elite
1442:Democratic Revolutionary Council
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846:) and regular artillery pieces,
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2014:
1939:
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874:, which was in part induced by
779:and supported on the ground by
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1738:
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1652:International Court of Justice
751:International Court of Justice
575:
1:
2409:Ngansop, Guy Jeremie (1986).
2237:Brecher & Wilkenfeld 1997
2093:Brecher & Wilkenfeld 1997
1958:Brecher & Wilkenfeld 1997
1718:
1636:Organisation of African Unity
1366:Government of National Accord
1323:National Transitional Council
887:Chadian National Armed Forces
756:
675:pickup trucks, primarily the
671:. It takes its name from the
2492:University of Nebraska Press
1620:
1376:Government of National Unity
667:, was the last phase of the
7:
1657:
1303:Libya under Muammar Gaddafi
812:(CDR) and that part of the
795:fight between Goukouni and
643:
90:Chadian and French victory
10:
2608:
2413:(in French). L'Harmattan.
1812:The Americana Annual, 1988
1530:
926:
827:
760:
504:Second Battle of N'Djamena
2411:Tchad, vingt ans de crise
2337:Clayton, Anthony (1998).
1761:– via Google Books.
1537:Battle of Maaten al-Sarra
1527:Renewed Chadian offensive
1333:General National Congress
917:anti-tank guided missiles
818:Wadel Abdelkader Kamougué
585:
492:
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328:
210:
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55:
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28:
23:
2356:Collelo, Thomas (1990).
1984:, pp. 191â192, 210.
1343:House of Representatives
439:28â32 aircraft destroyed
2428:Neville, Leigh (2018).
1600:French Defence Minister
1578:Mikoyan-Gurevich MiG-21
1512:, received a pledge of
1053:Transitional Government
830:ChadianâLibyan conflict
763:ChadianâLibyan conflict
745:, which was eventually
484:ChadianâLibyan conflict
436:800 tanks and APCs lost
31:ChadianâLibyan conflict
2509:Simons, Geoff (2004).
1546:
1521:anti-aircraft missiles
1013:French colonial period
942:
878:'s fear of a military
839:
652:
211:Commanders and leaders
47:Chadian soldiers on a
1544:
1531:Further information:
1506:Reagan Administration
1103:Civil War (2005â2010)
1033:Civil War (1965â1979)
1023:Tombalbaye government
936:
927:Further information:
837:
806:People's Armed Forces
767:Since 1983, Chad was
691:1.5 billion worth of
655:), also known as the
422:Casualties and losses
2557:Wars involving Libya
1259:Italian Tripolitania
1254:Italian colonization
1244:Ottoman Tripolitania
997:1480/1522–1897
993:Sultanate of Bagirmi
824:Forces on the ground
814:Chadian Armed Forces
2562:Wars involving Chad
2484:Pollack, Kenneth M.
2462:Nolutshungu, Sam C.
2222:, pp. 222â223.
2059:, pp. 391, 398
2047:, pp. 149â150.
2035:, pp. 218â219.
2023:, pp. 386, 398
1751:. Nova Publishers.
1559:François Mitterrand
1469:Revolutionary Guard
1234:Hospitaller Tripoli
1063:Conflict with Libya
681:Toyota Land Cruiser
310:François Mitterrand
257:Mahmoud Abu Marzouq
94:Ceasefire agreement
49:Toyota Land Cruiser
2382:Metz, Helen Chapin
2071:, pp. 391â392
1912:, pp. 382â385
1734:. 4 December 2018.
1563:disputed territory
1547:
1097:1990–present
1043:Malloum government
983:KanemâBornu Empire
943:
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719:Operation Epervier
693:military equipment
669:ChadianâLibyan War
201:OpĂ©ration Ăpervier
2444:Osprey Publishing
2320:A Study in Crisis
2293:Azevedo, Mario J.
1490:, beginning with
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192:
182:
181:
180:
170:
169:
168:
155:
151:
149:
148:
137:
136:
135:
128:
124:
122:
121:
57:
56:
45:
21:
20:
2607:
2606:
2602:
2601:
2600:
2598:
2597:
2596:
2547:
2546:
2525:
2517:. I.B. Tauris.
2502:
2476:
2454:
2421:
2402:
2374:
2349:
2330:
2311:
2288:
2283:
2271:
2267:
2259:
2255:
2247:
2243:
2235:
2226:
2218:
2211:
2203:
2199:
2191:
2187:
2179:
2175:
2167:
2156:
2148:
2141:
2131:
2130:
2126:
2116:
2115:
2111:
2103:
2099:
2091:
2087:
2079:
2075:
2067:
2063:
2055:
2051:
2043:
2039:
2031:
2027:
2019:
2015:
2007:
2000:
1992:
1988:
1980:
1976:
1968:
1964:
1956:
1952:
1944:
1940:
1932:
1928:
1920:
1916:
1908:
1904:
1896:
1885:
1877:
1873:
1865:
1861:
1853:
1842:
1834:
1830:
1822:
1818:
1810:
1806:
1798:
1794:
1784:
1782:
1770:
1766:
1759:
1743:
1739:
1730:
1729:
1725:
1721:
1698:
1691:
1684:
1679:
1677:
1670:
1665:
1663:
1660:
1623:
1605:
1589:fighter-bombers
1539:
1529:
1453:army reservists
1430:
1394:
1392:
1381:
1370:2016–2021
1360:2014–2020
1348:
1337:2012–2014
1327:2011–2012
1313:First Civil War
1307:1969–2011
1297:1951–1969
1287:1943–1951
1277:1934–1943
1267:1911–1934
1257:
1248:1551–1911
1238:1530–1551
1228:1510–1530
1224:Spanish Tripoli
1208:146 BC â mid-7C
1194:Ancient history
1162:
1155:
1140:
1107:2005–2010
1087:1986–1987
1077:1982–1990
1067:1978–1987
1057:1979–1982
1047:1975–1979
1037:1965–1979
1027:1960–1975
1017:1900–1960
1007:1501–1912
1003:Wadai Sultanate
961:
954:
931:
925:
876:Muammar Gaddafi
864:Muammar Gaddafi
832:
826:
765:
759:
717:and later with
715:Operation Manta
700:Muammar Gaddafi
621:
620:
619:
614:
610:Maaten al-Sarra
581:
576:
574:
544:
539:
488:
483:
481:
479:
442:
417:
414:
398:
385:
369:
366:
353:
324:
316:
314:
304:
302:
292:
290:
280:
278:
268:
266:
260:
252:
250:
233:
231:
227:Muammar Gaddafi
221:
219:
206:
190:
188:
178:
176:
166:
164:
158:
146:
144:
133:
131:
119:
117:
81:
64:
46:
17:
12:
11:
5:
2605:
2595:
2594:
2589:
2584:
2579:
2574:
2569:
2564:
2559:
2543:
2542:
2537:2013-02-22 at
2529:
2523:
2506:
2500:
2480:
2474:
2458:
2452:
2425:
2419:
2406:
2400:
2384:, ed. (2004).
2378:
2372:
2353:
2347:
2334:
2328:
2315:
2309:
2287:
2284:
2282:
2281:
2265:
2253:
2251:, p. 223.
2241:
2224:
2209:
2207:, p. 222.
2197:
2195:, p. 221.
2185:
2183:, p. 150.
2173:
2154:
2152:, p. 262.
2139:
2124:
2109:
2097:
2085:
2083:, p. 216.
2073:
2061:
2049:
2037:
2025:
2013:
1998:
1996:, p. 160.
1986:
1974:
1972:, p. 140.
1962:
1950:
1938:
1936:, p. 124.
1926:
1924:, p. 212.
1914:
1902:
1883:
1881:, p. 161.
1871:
1859:
1840:
1828:
1826:, p. 119.
1816:
1804:
1802:, p. 254.
1792:
1764:
1757:
1737:
1722:
1720:
1717:
1716:
1715:
1704:
1703:
1689:
1675:
1659:
1656:
1640:Kenneth Kaunda
1622:
1619:
1528:
1525:
1432:
1431:
1429:
1428:
1421:
1414:
1406:
1403:
1402:
1389:
1388:
1385:
1384:
1378:
1372:
1371:
1368:
1362:
1361:
1358:
1352:
1351:
1345:
1339:
1338:
1335:
1329:
1328:
1325:
1319:
1318:
1315:
1309:
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1305:
1299:
1298:
1295:
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1288:
1285:
1279:
1278:
1275:
1269:
1268:
1265:
1250:
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1246:
1240:
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1236:
1230:
1229:
1226:
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1216:
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1199:
1196:
1190:
1189:
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1167:
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1116:
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1109:
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1095:
1089:
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1085:
1079:
1078:
1075:
1069:
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1065:
1059:
1058:
1055:
1049:
1048:
1045:
1039:
1038:
1035:
1029:
1028:
1025:
1019:
1018:
1015:
1009:
1008:
1005:
999:
998:
995:
989:
988:
985:
975:
974:
966:
965:
956:
955:
948:
929:Battle of Fada
924:
921:
912:equipped with
910:Toyota pickups
895:Hassan Djamous
828:Main article:
825:
822:
761:Main article:
758:
755:
644:កarb al-TĆ«yĆ«tÄ
616:
615:
613:
612:
607:
602:
597:
592:
586:
583:
582:
573:
572:
565:
558:
550:
541:
540:
538:
537:
532:
527:
520:
513:
506:
501:
493:
490:
489:
478:
477:
470:
463:
455:
447:
446:
443:
441:
440:
437:
434:
433:1,000 captured
431:
427:
424:
423:
419:
418:
416:
415:
413:
412:
409:
405:
399:
397:
396:
392:
386:
384:
383:
379:
372:
370:
368:
367:
365:
364:
360:
354:
352:
351:
348:
345:
341:
334:
331:
330:
326:
325:
323:
322:
312:
300:
288:
286:Hassan Djamous
276:
263:
261:
259:
258:
248:
239:Khalifa Haftar
229:
216:
213:
212:
208:
207:
205:
204:
186:
174:
161:
159:
157:
156:
141:
129:
113:
110:
109:
105:
104:
101:
100:
99:
98:
95:
87:
83:
82:
73:
71:
67:
66:
61:
53:
52:
38:
37:
26:
25:
19:
18:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2604:
2593:
2590:
2588:
2585:
2583:
2580:
2578:
2577:1987 in Libya
2575:
2573:
2572:1986 in Libya
2570:
2568:
2565:
2563:
2560:
2558:
2555:
2554:
2552:
2545:
2540:
2539:archive.today
2536:
2533:
2530:
2526:
2524:1-86064-988-2
2520:
2515:
2514:
2507:
2503:
2501:0-8032-3733-2
2497:
2493:
2489:
2485:
2481:
2477:
2475:0-8139-1628-3
2471:
2467:
2463:
2459:
2455:
2453:9781472822512
2449:
2445:
2441:
2440:New York City
2437:
2433:
2432:
2426:
2422:
2420:2-85802-687-4
2416:
2412:
2407:
2403:
2401:1-4191-3012-9
2397:
2393:
2389:
2388:
2383:
2379:
2375:
2373:0-16-024770-5
2369:
2365:
2361:
2360:
2354:
2350:
2348:1-85728-525-5
2344:
2341:. Routledge.
2340:
2335:
2331:
2329:0-472-10806-9
2325:
2321:
2316:
2312:
2310:90-5699-582-0
2306:
2302:
2298:
2294:
2290:
2289:
2278:
2274:
2269:
2263:, p. 60.
2262:
2257:
2250:
2245:
2239:, p. 95.
2238:
2233:
2231:
2229:
2221:
2216:
2214:
2206:
2201:
2194:
2189:
2182:
2177:
2170:
2165:
2163:
2161:
2159:
2151:
2146:
2144:
2135:
2128:
2120:
2113:
2107:, p. 392
2106:
2101:
2095:, p. 94.
2094:
2089:
2082:
2077:
2070:
2065:
2058:
2053:
2046:
2041:
2034:
2029:
2022:
2017:
2011:, p. 391
2010:
2005:
2003:
1995:
1990:
1983:
1978:
1971:
1966:
1960:, p. 92.
1959:
1954:
1948:, p. 383
1947:
1942:
1935:
1930:
1923:
1918:
1911:
1906:
1899:
1894:
1892:
1890:
1888:
1880:
1875:
1869:, p. 16.
1868:
1863:
1857:, p. 397
1856:
1851:
1849:
1847:
1845:
1837:
1832:
1825:
1820:
1813:
1808:
1801:
1796:
1781:
1780:
1779:Jeune Afrique
1775:
1768:
1760:
1758:9781590336496
1754:
1750:
1749:
1741:
1733:
1727:
1723:
1713:
1709:
1706:
1705:
1701:
1695:
1690:
1687:
1676:
1673:
1672:Africa portal
1662:
1655:
1653:
1647:
1645:
1641:
1638:'s Chairman,
1637:
1633:
1629:
1618:
1616:
1609:
1604:
1601:
1596:
1594:
1590:
1587:
1583:
1579:
1575:
1570:
1566:
1564:
1560:
1557:
1552:
1543:
1538:
1534:
1524:
1522:
1519:
1515:
1511:
1507:
1502:
1500:
1495:
1493:
1489:
1483:
1481:
1477:
1472:
1470:
1466:
1462:
1458:
1454:
1449:
1447:
1446:In the battle
1443:
1439:
1427:
1422:
1420:
1415:
1413:
1408:
1407:
1405:
1404:
1401:
1391:
1390:
1379:
1377:
1374:
1373:
1369:
1367:
1364:
1363:
1359:
1357:
1354:
1353:
1346:
1344:
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1340:
1336:
1334:
1331:
1330:
1326:
1324:
1321:
1320:
1316:
1314:
1311:
1310:
1306:
1304:
1301:
1300:
1296:
1294:
1291:
1290:
1286:
1284:
1281:
1280:
1276:
1274:
1273:Italian Libya
1271:
1270:
1266:
1264:
1260:
1255:
1252:
1251:
1247:
1245:
1242:
1241:
1237:
1235:
1232:
1231:
1227:
1225:
1222:
1221:
1217:
1215:
1212:
1211:
1207:
1205:
1202:
1201:
1197:
1195:
1192:
1191:
1187:
1185:
1182:
1181:
1178:
1177:
1173:
1169:
1168:
1165:
1159:
1158:
1153:
1148:
1147:
1137:
1132:
1130:
1125:
1123:
1118:
1117:
1115:
1114:
1106:
1104:
1101:
1100:
1096:
1094:
1091:
1090:
1086:
1084:
1081:
1080:
1076:
1074:
1071:
1070:
1066:
1064:
1061:
1060:
1056:
1054:
1051:
1050:
1046:
1044:
1041:
1040:
1036:
1034:
1031:
1030:
1026:
1024:
1021:
1020:
1016:
1014:
1011:
1010:
1006:
1004:
1001:
1000:
996:
994:
991:
990:
986:
984:
981:
980:
977:
976:
972:
968:
967:
964:
958:
957:
952:
947:
946:
940:
935:
930:
920:
918:
915:
911:
907:
903:
902:HissÚne Habré
900:
899:Head of State
896:
892:
888:
883:
881:
877:
873:
869:
865:
859:
857:
853:
849:
845:
836:
831:
821:
819:
815:
811:
807:
803:
798:
792:
790:
786:
785:HissÚne Habré
782:
781:Libyan forces
778:
774:
770:
764:
754:
752:
748:
744:
740:
736:
732:
726:
724:
723:16th parallel
720:
716:
712:
708:
707:HissÚne Habré
705:
701:
696:
694:
690:
686:
682:
678:
674:
670:
666:
662:
658:
654:
650:
645:
639:
630:
626:
611:
608:
606:
603:
601:
598:
596:
593:
591:
588:
587:
584:
579:
571:
566:
564:
559:
557:
552:
551:
548:
536:
533:
531:
528:
526:
525:
521:
519:
518:
514:
512:
511:
507:
505:
502:
500:
499:
495:
494:
491:
486:
476:
471:
469:
464:
462:
457:
456:
453:
444:
438:
435:
432:
429:
428:
426:
425:
420:
410:
407:
406:
403:
400:
394:
393:
390:
387:
381:
380:
377:
374:
373:
371:
363:1,000 militia
362:
361:
358:
355:
349:
346:
343:
342:
339:
336:
335:
333:
332:
327:
321:Jean Saulnier
313:
311:
301:
299:
289:
287:
277:
275:
274:HissÚne Habré
265:
264:
262:
249:
246:
240:
230:
228:
218:
217:
215:
214:
209:
202:
198:
187:
185:
175:
173:
163:
162:
160:
154:
142:
140:
130:
127:
115:
114:
112:
111:
106:
96:
93:
92:
91:
88:
85:
84:
80:
76:
72:
69:
68:
62:
59:
58:
54:
50:
44:
39:
36:
32:
27:
22:
2587:1987 in Chad
2582:1986 in Chad
2544:
2512:
2487:
2465:
2430:
2410:
2386:
2358:
2338:
2319:
2296:
2286:Bibliography
2268:
2256:
2244:
2200:
2188:
2181:Azevedo 1998
2176:
2169:Collelo 1990
2133:
2127:
2118:
2112:
2105:Pollack 2002
2100:
2088:
2076:
2069:Pollack 2002
2064:
2057:Pollack 2002
2052:
2045:Azevedo 1998
2040:
2028:
2021:Pollack 2002
2016:
2009:Pollack 2002
1994:Ngansop 1986
1989:
1977:
1970:Azevedo 1998
1965:
1953:
1946:Pollack 2002
1941:
1934:Azevedo 1998
1929:
1917:
1910:Pollack 2002
1905:
1900:, p. 58
1879:Clayton 1998
1874:
1867:Neville 2018
1862:
1855:Pollack 2002
1835:
1831:
1824:Azevedo 1998
1819:
1811:
1807:
1795:
1783:. Retrieved
1777:
1767:
1747:
1740:
1726:
1686:Libya portal
1648:
1624:
1615:Aouzou Strip
1603:André Giraud
1597:
1586:Sukhoi Su-22
1571:
1567:
1548:
1503:
1499:Aouzou Strip
1496:
1492:Faya-Largeau
1484:
1473:
1461:Faya-Largeau
1450:
1435:
1214:Islamic rule
1082:
884:
860:
856:Faya-Largeau
841:
802:Lagos Accord
793:
768:
766:
743:Aouzou Strip
727:
697:
677:Toyota Hilux
656:
633:Ű۱ۚ ۧÙŰȘÙÙÙŰȘۧ
624:
622:
577:
534:
523:
516:
509:
497:
445:1,000 killed
430:7,500 killed
411:12+ aircraft
401:
388:
375:
356:
350:60+ aircraft
337:
108:Belligerents
89:
29:Part of the
2275:, pp.
2273:Simons 2004
2261:Simons 2004
2171:, p. .
1898:Simons 2004
1708:Panhard AML
1606: [
1380:2021–
1347:2014–
1198:3200â146 BC
1161:History of
960:History of
891:Idriss DĂ©by
663:and on the
530:Tibesti War
395:1,500â2,000
298:Idriss DĂ©by
2551:Categories
1785:28 October
1719:References
1584:fighters,
1510:Washington
1476:minefields
1465:Ouadi Doum
1184:Prehistory
1083:Toyota War
757:Background
685:technicals
625:Toyota War
590:Ouadi Doum
578:Toyota War
535:Toyota War
347:300+ tanks
24:Toyota War
2301:Routledge
2150:Metz 2004
2134:The Times
2119:The Times
1800:Metz 2004
1621:Ceasefire
1593:Mil Mi-24
1263:Cyrenaica
1204:Roman era
1073:Habré Era
939:Mil Mi-24
937:A Libyan
753:in 1994.
739:ceasefire
638:romanized
600:B'ir Kora
2535:Archived
2486:(2002).
2464:(1995).
2295:(1998).
1658:See also
1152:a series
1150:Part of
1093:DĂ©by Era
951:a series
949:Part of
769:de facto
679:and the
517:Ăpervier
329:Strength
70:Location
35:Cold War
33:and the
1518:Stinger
1382:present
1349:present
1188:
852:Tibesti
749:by the
731:Tibesti
640::
241: (
2592:Toyota
2521:
2498:
2472:
2450:
2436:Oxford
2417:
2398:
2392:US GPO
2370:
2364:US GPO
2345:
2326:
2307:
2277:58, 78
1755:
1644:Zambia
1628:attack
1591:, and
1582:MiG-23
1551:Aouzou
1154:on the
953:on the
868:Sahara
673:Toyota
649:French
629:Arabic
605:Aouzou
498:Tacaud
402:France
382:28,000
344:90,000
197:France
194:
150:
123:
86:Result
2387:Libya
1838:, 143
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