360:
34:
533:
On April 30, Gaddafi proposed a mutual withdrawal of both French and Libyan forces from Chad in order to end the stalemate. The offer was accepted by
Mitterrand, and four months later, Mitterrand and Gaddafi met on September 17, announcing that the troop withdrawal would start on September 25, and be
244:
negotiated a mutual withdrawal of their countries' troops from Chad in
September 1984. The accord was respected by the French, thus signing the end of Operation Manta, but not by the Libyans, whose forces remained in Chad until 1987 (they did, however, continue to respect the Red Line). The violation
496:
This attack forced the French to counter-attack, although not in the manner desired by Habré. He felt the French ought to retaliate by striking the GUNT at Faya-Largeau, which would have served as a declaration of war on Libya and escalated the conflict, something
Mitterrand wanted to avoid at all
334:
As the rebels advanced, with poorly concealed assistance from Libya, Habré appealed for international help. Rejecting direct intervention and downplaying the Libyan role, France was prepared to go no further than airlifting arms and fuel, with the first French arms shipments arriving on June 27. On
420:
Although France said it would not tolerate Libya's military presence at Faya-Largeau on August 25, Mitterrand was unwilling to openly confront Libya and return northern Chad to Habré. This inaction gave the impression that the French were willing to concede control of
Northern Chad to Gaddafi. The
391:
The first French contingents were deployed north of N'Djamena at points on the two possible routes of advance on the capital. Fighter aircraft and antitank helicopters were dispatched to Chad to discourage an attack on N'Djamena. As the buildup proceeded, forward positions were established roughly
541:
The agreement was initially hailed in France as a great success that attested to
Mitterrand's diplomatic skills. The French troops retired before the expiry of the agreed withdrawal date, leaving behind only a 100-strong technical mission and a considerable amount of material for the FANT. To
579:
The year following the French withdrawal was one of the quietest since the ascent to power of Habré, with both forces carefully remaining on their side of the Red Line, even if the GUNT had initially expressed the desire to march on N'Djamena and unseat Habré. Habré instead used the truce to
452:, which favoured negotiations between Goukouni and Habré. For a time, France seemed interested in the Libyan suggestion of replacing Habré and Goukouni with a "third man." However, these negotiation attempts repeated the failure of the peace talks which had been promoted by the
550:
The French withdrawal badly strained Franco-Chadian relations, as Habré felt both insulted and abandoned by the French government. Rumors of "secret clauses" in the Franco-Libyan accord spread from N'Djamena throughout Africa. These rumors obligated the French
Foreign Minister
580:
strengthen his position through a series of peace accords with minor rebel groups. These weakened the GUNT, which was increasingly divided by internal dissension and progressively estranged from the
Libyans, who were pursuing a strategy of annexation towards northern Chad.
566:
After the return of the French troops in their country, Mitterrand found himself accused both at home and abroad of having been naive in trusting the word "of a man who has never maintained it". Gaddafi emerged with a major diplomatic victory that enhanced his status as a
383:
Habré issued a fresh plea for French military assistance on August 6. President
Mitterrand, under pressure from the US and Francophone African states, announced on August 9 his determination to contain Gaddafi. A ground force was rapidly dispatched from the bordering
292:
While
Gaddafi had kept himself mostly aloof in the months prior to the fall of N'Djamena, he decided to reinvolve himself in the Chadian conflict after Goukouni's fall. He recognized Goukouni as the legitimate ruler of Chad and decided to arm and train his forces.
583:
At the beginning of 1986, the GUNT was increasingly isolated internationally and disintegrating internally. In reaction to this decline of his client, which legitimized the Libyan presence in Chad, Gaddafi encouraged the rebels to attack the FANT outpost of
508:
the attackers and pursue them during their retreat. While the advance was blocked, a Jaguar was shot down and its pilot killed, leading to the
January 27 decision to move the Red Line from the 15th to the 16th parallel, running from
396:
in the west to Abéché in the east (the so-called "Red Line"), which the French tried to maintain as the line separating the combatants. This force eventually rose to become the largest expeditionary force ever assembled by France in
424:
While the division of the country left Habré unsatisfied with Gaddafi's influence in Chadian affairs, the Chadian President benefited greatly from the French intervention. He was also able to restore his old ties with the
371:
bombed Faya-Largeau on the day after it was recaptured by FANT, in the first undisguised Libyan intervention in the crisis. A force of 11,000 Libyan troops, complete with armour and artillery, was airlifted into the
534:
completed by November 10. The Libyan offer arrived when the French were becoming bogged down in an intervention that promised no rapid solution. Also, the cost of the mission, which had reached a 150 million
472:
at the beginning of 1984 was not any more successful than previous attempts. On January 24, GUNT troops backed by heavily armed Libyan counterparts, overran the Red Line and attacked the FANT outpost of
380:. Habré, who entrenched himself in Faya-Largeau with 5,000 troops, could not match the massive Libyan firepower, losing a third of his army and being forced out of Faya and retreating 200 miles south.
285:, the Chadian capital, on August 7, 1982. Refusing to acknowledge Habré as the new Chadian President, Goukouni refounded the GUNT as an anti-Habré coalition of armed groups in October in the town of
481:, 200 km south of the Red Line in order to secure French and African support for new negotiations. Thirty FANT soldiers were killed and twelve taken prisoner, while in Zine, close to Mao, two
327:, the main city in eastern Chad, which fell on July 8. These victories gave Goukouni and Gaddafi control of the main routes from the north to N'Djamena, and also severed Habré's supply line to
101:
339:
flew in a detachment of 250 paratroopers, eventually raised to about 2,000 men. Deployed chiefly around N'Djamena, the Zaireans freed up Chadian troops to fight the rebels. The
538:
per day, and the loss of a dozen troops following a number of incidents, turned the majority of French public opinion in favour of the departure of French forces from Chad.
351:(FANT) and drove Goukouni's army out of Abéché four days after the city's fall. FANT recaptured Faya-Largeau on July 30 and went on to retake other points in the north.
542:
Mitterrand's embarrassment, France discovered on December 5 that Gaddafi, while pulling out some forces, had kept at least 3,000 troops camouflaged in the north.
305:, the main government stronghold in northern Chad, during June 1983. The fall of the city on June 24 generated a crisis in Franco-Libyan relations, with the
94:
559:
in December. Mitterrand resisted pressure from African governments to return to Chad, with the Foreign Relations Secretary of Mitterrand's Socialist Party
38:
GUNT-controlled area in Chad until 1986/87 (light-green), "red line" on 15th and 16th latitude (1983 and 1984) and Libyan-occupied Aouzou-strip (dark-green)
592:, restoring the Red Line. A few months later and to the surprise of no one, the GUNT rebelled against its former Libyan patrons, opening the way for the
560:
444:
France and Libya pursued bilateral negotiations independently from the Chadian factions which they sponsored, as well as the militantly anti-Libyan
274:
191:
87:
205:
The French troops, instead of attempting to expel the Libyan forces from Chad, drew a "line in the sand". They concentrated their forces on the
1105:
514:
320:
277:(GUNT), comprising all armed factions, but civil war reignited in 1980 when Habré, now Defence Minister, rebelled against the GUNT's Chairman,
1100:
622:
202:
starting on July 31 led to the assembling in Chad of 3,500 French troops, the biggest French intervention since the end of the colonial era.
433:. On the other side of the Red Line, the stalemate was a far greater problem for the GUNT, bogged down in the arid north but far away from
1130:
347:
in military and food aid. Thus assisted, and taking advantage of the GUNT's overextended supply line, Habré took personal command of the
438:
224:. The Libyan and rebel forces also avoided attacking across the Red Line and provoking the French. The resulting impasse led to the
986:
306:
437:, where the main decision-making took place. It was only a question of time before rifts would start emerging between the
1140:
151:
194:(GUNT) rebels in June 1983. While France was at first reluctant to participate, the Libyan air-bombing of the strategic
1135:
1080:
1054:
1032:
1013:
994:
969:
950:
262:
230:
partition of Chad, with the Libyans and the GUNT in the north and Habré and the French in central and southern Chad.
367:
Faced with the collapse of the GUNT-Libyan offensive, Gaddafi increased his force commitment forces in Chad. Libyan
234:
301:
Gaddafi, judging the time to be ripe for a decisive offensive, ordered a massive joint GUNT-Libyan attack against
588:
across the Red Line on February 18, with the support of Libyan armour. This brought the French return to Chad in
363:
A map of Chad including the 15th parallel (the Red Line) where the French separated government and rebel forces
486:
453:
348:
132:
1072:
498:
377:
183:
111:
25:
265:
since 1965, which reached its most dramatic phase in 1979 when a fragile alliance between the President
430:
385:
630:
1125:
1120:
421:
Libyans, too, avoided crossing the Red Line, thereby avoiding engagement with the French troops.
312:
announcing that day that France "would not remain indifferent" to Libya's intervention in Chad.
376:, to support the GUNT forces, along with eighty combat aircraft, a considerable portion of the
218:
273:
collapsed, unleashing factional politics. International mediators midwifed the formation of a
237:
1115:
1110:
469:
445:
441:
and the GUNT forces, due to Libya's inability to balance the demands from these two groups.
144:
8:
210:
206:
125:
589:
426:
270:
246:
221:
1076:
1050:
1028:
1009:
990:
965:
946:
555:
to formally deny the existence of such clauses in the Franco-African summit held in
505:
478:
278:
266:
1064:
1042:
309:
241:
286:
563:
proclaiming that "France can't be forever the gendarme of Francophone Africa".
434:
409:
406:
1094:
934:
501:
449:
340:
359:
597:
585:
552:
402:
373:
302:
282:
250:
214:
199:
980:
79:
1006:
An Encyclopedic Dictionary of Conflict and Conflict Resolution, 1945-1996
568:
324:
186:. The operation was prompted by the invasion of Chad by a joint force of
158:
245:
of the 15th parallel caused a renewed French intervention in Chad under
593:
518:
344:
163:
942:
556:
535:
510:
393:
316:
959:
465:
249:
and the expulsion of Libyan forces from all of Chad except for the
226:
490:
482:
368:
474:
398:
315:
The 3,000 man-strong GUNT force continued its advance towards
33:
522:
336:
328:
195:
187:
596:
in 1987 which expelled the Libyans from all Chad except the
1047:
Limits of Anarchy: Intervention and State Formation in Chad
179:
59:
600:. The Aouzou Strip was finally restored to Chad in 1994.
517:. The French also moved a squadron of four Jaguars from
1069:
Arabs at War: Military Effectiveness, 1948–1991
1022:
960:
Brecher, Michael & Wilkenfeld, Jonathan (1997).
1063:
1041:
213:) to block the Libyan and GUNT advance towards the
209:, the so-called "Red Line," (later moved up to the
933:
770:
768:
766:
764:
762:
405:, reaching 3,500 troops and several squadrons of
1092:
663:
661:
659:
1003:
978:
759:
545:
752:
750:
656:
95:
786:
784:
782:
780:
571:leader who had duped the French government.
464:The OAU-supported mediation attempt made by
939:Roots of Violence: A History of War in Chad
701:
699:
109:
747:
102:
88:
32:
777:
646:
644:
642:
640:
275:Transitional Government of National Unity
192:Transitional Government of National Unity
696:
358:
1093:
742:An Encyclopedic Dictionary of Conflict
637:
504:ordered two Jaguar fighter-bombers to
354:
178:was a French military intervention in
790:M. Brecher & J. Wilkenfeld, p. 92
620:
489:(Doctors Without Borders) were taken
83:
1101:Military operations involving France
528:
459:
13:
1131:Military operations involving Chad
182:between 1983 and 1984, during the
14:
1152:
1106:Battles of the Chadian–Libyan War
920:S. Nolutshungu, pp. 212–228
911:S. Nolutshungu, pp. 191–193
799:S. Nolutshungu, pp. 189–190
1049:. University of Virginia Press.
964:. University of Michigan Press.
705:M. Brecher & J. Wilkenfeld,
621:Smith, William E. (1983-08-29).
926:
914:
905:
896:
887:
878:
869:
860:
851:
842:
833:
820:
811:
802:
793:
497:costs. Instead, on January 25,
429:, and create new ones with the
734:
725:
712:
683:
674:
614:
1:
1023:Ngansop, Guy Jeremie (1986).
902:G. Ngansop, pp. 159–160
875:M. Azevedo, pp. 139–140
857:G. Ngansop, pp. 154–155
848:G. Ngansop, pp. 150–151
603:
454:Organisation of African Unity
392:along the 15th parallel from
388:, beginning Operation Manta.
349:Chadian National Armed Forces
343:further announced 25 million
281:. Habré succeeded in taking
256:
1073:University of Nebraska Press
608:
574:
415:
261:Chad had been involved in a
7:
1025:Tchad: Vingt d'ans de crise
817:S. Nolutshungu, p. 189, 191
546:Reactions to the withdrawal
10:
1157:
1027:(in French). L'Harmattan.
133:Second Battle of N'Djamena
70:Creation of the "Red Line"
296:
121:
42:
31:
23:
18:
1004:Jessup, John E. (1998).
979:Collelo, Thomas (1990).
487:Médecins Sans Frontières
456:(OAU) in November 1983.
386:Central African Republic
808:M. Azevedo, p. 110, 139
623:"France Draws the Line"
499:French Defence Minister
307:French Foreign Minister
269:and the Prime Minister
233:To end this stalemate,
184:Chadian–Libyan conflict
113:Chadian–Libyan conflict
26:Chadian–Libyan conflict
1141:France–Libya relations
866:S. Nolutshungu, p. 190
774:S. Nolutshungu, p. 189
680:S. Nolutshungu, p. 185
364:
1136:Chad–France relations
633:on December 22, 2008.
470:Mengistu Haile Mariam
446:Reagan Administration
362:
253:the following year.
1065:Pollack, Kenneth M.
1043:Nolutshungu, Sam C.
1008:. Greenwood Press.
355:French intervention
238:François Mitterrand
893:M. Azevedo, p. 140
884:G. Ngansop, p. 158
839:M. Azevedo, p. 110
756:M. Azevedo, p. 139
731:K. Pollack, p. 183
590:Operation Epervier
365:
247:Operation Epervier
240:and Libyan leader
217:, thus saving the
190:units and Chadian
962:A Study in Crisis
935:Azevedo, Mario J.
720:Roots of Violence
707:A Study in Crisis
669:Limits of Anarchy
561:Jacques Hustinger
529:French withdrawal
431:French Socialists
219:Chadian President
172:
171:
78:
77:
74:
73:
1148:
1086:
1060:
1038:
1019:
1000:
975:
956:
921:
918:
912:
909:
903:
900:
894:
891:
885:
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876:
873:
867:
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855:
849:
846:
840:
837:
831:
824:
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815:
809:
806:
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775:
772:
757:
754:
745:
738:
732:
729:
723:
716:
710:
703:
694:
687:
681:
678:
672:
665:
654:
648:
635:
634:
629:. Archived from
618:
460:Renewed fighting
378:Libyan Air Force
279:Goukouni Oueddei
235:French President
153:El Dorado Canyon
116:
114:
104:
97:
90:
81:
80:
44:
43:
36:
16:
15:
1156:
1155:
1151:
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1149:
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1145:
1091:
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1057:
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1016:
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929:
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919:
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897:
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748:
739:
735:
730:
726:
717:
713:
704:
697:
688:
684:
679:
675:
667:S.Nolutshungu,
666:
657:
649:
638:
619:
615:
611:
606:
577:
548:
531:
462:
439:Libyan military
427:French military
418:
410:fighter-bombers
357:
310:Claude Cheysson
299:
259:
242:Muammar Gaddafi
176:Operation Manta
173:
168:
117:
112:
110:
108:
62:
50:1983–1984
37:
19:Operation Manta
12:
11:
5:
1154:
1144:
1143:
1138:
1133:
1128:
1126:1984 in France
1123:
1121:1983 in France
1118:
1113:
1108:
1103:
1088:
1087:
1081:
1061:
1055:
1039:
1033:
1020:
1014:
1001:
995:
976:
970:
957:
951:
930:
928:
925:
923:
922:
913:
904:
895:
886:
877:
868:
859:
850:
841:
832:
819:
810:
801:
792:
776:
758:
746:
733:
724:
711:
695:
682:
673:
655:
636:
612:
610:
607:
605:
602:
576:
573:
547:
544:
530:
527:
525:to N'Djamena.
461:
458:
417:
414:
356:
353:
298:
295:
258:
255:
170:
169:
167:
166:
161:
156:
149:
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107:
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84:
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68:
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58:
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52:
51:
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40:
39:
29:
28:
21:
20:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
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1134:
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1129:
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1119:
1117:
1114:
1112:
1109:
1107:
1104:
1102:
1099:
1098:
1096:
1084:
1082:0-8032-3733-2
1078:
1074:
1070:
1066:
1062:
1058:
1056:0-8139-1628-3
1052:
1048:
1044:
1040:
1036:
1034:2-85802-687-4
1030:
1026:
1021:
1017:
1015:0-313-28112-2
1011:
1007:
1002:
998:
996:0-16-024770-5
992:
988:
984:
983:
977:
973:
971:0-472-10806-9
967:
963:
958:
954:
952:90-5699-582-0
948:
944:
940:
936:
932:
931:
917:
908:
899:
890:
881:
872:
863:
854:
845:
836:
829:
823:
814:
805:
796:
787:
785:
783:
781:
771:
769:
767:
765:
763:
753:
751:
743:
737:
728:
721:
715:
708:
702:
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692:
686:
677:
670:
664:
662:
660:
653:
647:
645:
643:
641:
632:
628:
624:
617:
613:
601:
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595:
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587:
581:
572:
570:
564:
562:
558:
554:
543:
539:
537:
526:
524:
520:
516:
512:
507:
503:
502:Charles Hernu
500:
494:
492:
488:
484:
480:
476:
471:
467:
457:
455:
451:
450:United States
447:
442:
440:
436:
432:
428:
422:
413:
411:
408:
404:
400:
395:
389:
387:
381:
379:
375:
370:
361:
352:
350:
346:
342:
341:United States
338:
332:
330:
326:
322:
318:
313:
311:
308:
304:
294:
290:
288:
284:
280:
276:
272:
271:Hissène Habré
268:
267:FĂ©lix Malloum
264:
254:
252:
248:
243:
239:
236:
231:
229:
228:
223:
222:Hissène Habré
220:
216:
212:
211:16th parallel
208:
207:15th parallel
203:
201:
197:
193:
189:
185:
181:
177:
165:
162:
160:
157:
155:
154:
150:
148:
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82:
69:
66:
65:
61:
57:
54:
53:
49:
46:
45:
41:
35:
30:
27:
22:
17:
1116:1984 in Chad
1111:1983 in Chad
1068:
1046:
1024:
1005:
981:
961:
938:
927:Bibliography
916:
907:
898:
889:
880:
871:
862:
853:
844:
835:
827:
826:G. Ngansop,
822:
813:
804:
795:
741:
736:
727:
719:
718:M. Azevedo,
714:
706:
691:Arabs at War
690:
689:K. Pollack,
685:
676:
668:
651:
650:T. Collelo,
631:the original
626:
616:
598:Aouzou Strip
586:Kouba Olanga
582:
578:
565:
553:Roland Dumas
549:
540:
532:
515:Oum Chalouba
495:
463:
443:
423:
419:
403:Algerian War
390:
382:
374:Aouzou Strip
366:
333:
321:Oum Chalouba
314:
303:Faya-Largeau
300:
291:
260:
251:Aouzou Strip
232:
225:
204:
200:Faya-Largeau
175:
174:
152:
145:
138:
137:
126:
24:Part of the
740:J. Jessup,
569:Third World
485:doctors of
477:, northern
159:Tibesti War
1095:Categories
604:References
594:Toyota War
536:CFA Francs
519:Libreville
468:'s leader
401:since the
345:US dollars
257:Background
164:Toyota War
943:Routledge
609:Footnotes
575:Aftermath
557:Bujumbura
511:Koro Toro
506:interdict
416:Stalemate
317:Koro Toro
283:N'Djamena
263:civil war
215:N'Djamena
1067:(2002).
1045:(1995).
937:(1998).
830:, p. 150
744:, p. 116
722:, p. 110
693:, p. 382
671:, p. 188
466:Ethiopia
335:July 3,
227:de facto
146:Épervier
55:Location
709:, p. 91
491:hostage
483:Belgian
448:in the
435:Tripoli
1079:
1053:
1031:
1012:
993:
987:US GPO
968:
949:
475:Ziguey
407:Jaguar
399:Africa
325:Abéché
297:Crisis
287:BardaĂŻ
188:Libyan
127:Tacaud
67:Result
828:Tchad
523:Gabon
479:Kanem
337:Zaire
329:Sudan
196:oasis
139:Manta
1077:ISBN
1051:ISBN
1029:ISBN
1010:ISBN
991:ISBN
982:Chad
966:ISBN
947:ISBN
652:Chad
627:Time
369:MiGs
323:and
180:Chad
60:Chad
47:Date
513:to
394:Mao
198:of
1097::
1075:.
1071:.
989:.
985:.
945:.
941:.
779:^
761:^
749:^
698:^
658:^
639:^
625:.
521:,
493:.
412:.
331:.
319:,
289:.
1085:.
1059:.
1037:.
1018:.
999:.
974:.
955:.
103:e
96:t
89:v
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