784:
333:) a late forgery, and believes that the work underwent several anonymous revisions before reaching the forms that now survive in the various families of manuscripts. Dumville's view is largely accepted by current scholarship, though not without dissent. Peter Field in particular has argued for the authenticity of the preface, suggesting that it was left out of many recensions because it was seen as derogatory to British scholarship. However, Field believes Liebermann's earlier argument for Nennius's authorship still bears consideration.
483:. The sixth battle was above the river which is called Bassas. The seventh battle was in the forest of Celidon, that is Cat Coit Celidon. The eighth battle was at the fortress of Guinnion, in which Arthur carried the image of Holy Mary ever virgin on his shoulders; and the pagans were put to flight on that day. And through the power of our Lord Jesus Christ and through the power of the blessed Virgin Mary his mother there was great slaughter among them. The ninth battle was waged in the
722:. There is a mound of stones there and one stone placed above the pile with the pawprint of a dog in it. When Cabal, who was the dog of Arthur the soldier, was hunting the boar Troynt, he impressed his print in the stone, and afterwards Arthur assembled a stone mound under the stone with the print of his dog, and it is called the Carn Cabal. And men come and remove the stone in their hands for the length of a day and a night; and on the next day it is found on top of its mound.
2712:
742:(âAnir). He was the son of Arthur the soldier, and Arthur himself killed and buried him in that very place. And men come to measure the grave and find it sometimes six feet in length, sometimes nine, sometimes twelve, sometimes fifteen. At whatever length you might measure it at one time, a second time you will not find it to have the same lengthâand I myself have put this to the test.
32:
534:; here, Arthur is described as carrying "the cross of our Lord Jesus Christ on his shoulders for three days and three nightsâŚ", though here the battle is said to be Badon rather than Guinnion. T. M. Charles-Edwards argues that these accounts both refer to a single source. Other scholars, however, such as Thomas Jones and
313:
viz. C2d2 of the second stem, preserves
Nennius's nameâ. His overall conclusion (based on uniform particularities of style) was that âThe whole work...belongs to Nennius aloneâ, but this did not prevent him from recognising that âwe must lower Nennius's rank as a historian... praise his patriotic heart.
557:, who does not mention the name of the Britons' leader. He does however mention Aurelius Ambrosius as a great scourge of the Saxons immediately prior. Of the other battles, only the Battle of Tribruit is generally agreed to be associated with Arthur in another early Welsh source. Tribruit appears as
474:
crossed from the northern part of
Britain to the kingdom of Kent and from him are descended the kings of Kent. Then Arthur along with the kings of Britain fought against them in those days, but Arthur himself was the military commander . His first battle was at the mouth of the river which is called
491:
in which there fell in one day 960 men from one charge by Arthur; and no one struck them down except Arthur himself, and in all the wars he emerged as victor. And while they were being defeated in all the battles, they were seeking assistance from
Germany and their numbers were being augmented many
1455:
It has often been suggested that Arthur's campaigns derive from a battle-catalog-type poem in Old Welsh, of the kind which survive praising King
Cadwallon of Gwynedd. That some of the battle names rhyme (Dubglas/ Bassas; Celidon/Guinnion) might be thought to support this hypothesis. Even so, there
508:
Many of these battle sites are obscure and cannot be identified with any certitude. Some appear in other Welsh literature, though not necessarily explicitly connected to Arthur. Some scholars have proposed that the author incorporated the list from a now-lost Old Welsh poem, based on the fact that
312:
offered a major reconstruction of the
Mommsen view, arguing that Nennius in fact first put the whole work into shape in the ninth century. Re-analysing the eleven manuscript variants of Mommsen, he produced a two-stemma analysis of their hypothetical descent, noting however that âOnly one branch,
278:
The text makes use of two narrative techniques that are generally considered not reliable by modern academic standards: synthesizing and synchronizing history. Synthetic history combines legendary elements with fact, which makes the veracity of the text challenging to evaluate. Various specious
1339:"like a cairn of stones, uneven and ill-fitting⌠as an example of the historian's art it is atrocious. But it has the virtue of its defects. We can see the individual stones of the cairn, and in some cases we can trace the parent rock from which they came, and establish its age and soundness" (
2715:
703:). Old editions give "Troynt" as the name of the great boar and "Anir" as the name of Arthur's tragic son in the Harleian manuscript, but Fletcher suggested the variant readings "Troit" and "Amr" be preferred since they are closer to the Welsh forms of those names.
291:
is one that has caused intense debate over the centuries. Some scholars have taken the position that treating the text as anonymously written would be the best approach as theories attributing authorship to
Nennius have since been disputed by subsequent scholars.
988:
The
Prologue mentions "the 858th year of our Lord's incarnation, and in the 24th year of Mervin, king of the Britons", but presumably the preface was produced after the body of the work was written or was perhaps attached to a later revision.
275:). Historians have conservatively assigned 828 to the earliest date for the work, which is consistent with the statement in chapter 4 that "from the Passion of Christ 796 years have passed. But from his Incarnation are 831 years".
878:. This is a chronicle consisting of a series of unnumbered years, from AD 445 to 977, some of which have events added. Two notable events are next to AD 516, which describes The Battle of Badon, and 537, which describes the
998:
The original Latin text proper only counts up to the fourth "Quartum miraculum", and thereafter just keeping adding "another miracle (Aliud miraculum)". Note that in
Mommsen's edition, the text of the so-called
664:). On the other hand, Caitlin Green argues that the only identifiable battles linked explicitly with Arthur in Old Welsh sources are mythological, undermining any claims that the battles had a basis in history.
1456:
seems little likelihood that this poemâif it ever existedâwas written close to the events by someone who was well-informed. Wars do not as a rule feature rhyming battle-names, so this looks like poetic licence.
2138:
commonly attributed to
Nennius, from a manuscript lately discovered in the library of the Vatican Palace at Rome; edited in the tenth century by Mark the Hermit; with an English version, facsimile..
413:, only to have his building materials disappear every time he tried. His advisers told him to sprinkle the blood of a fatherless boy on the site to lift the curse. Vortigern found such a youth in
1330:, I, p. 303 "Ego autem coacervavi omne quod inveni tam de annalibus Romanorum..", English tr. in II, p. 384, "But I have got together all that I could find as well from the annals of the Romans."
108:, as some recensions have a preface written in that name. Some experts have dismissed the Nennian preface as a late forgery and argued that the work was actually an anonymous compilation.
639:. Arthur is mentioned towards the end of this poem, and a fragment of a story about the battle preserved in manuscript Peniarth 98B states that the battle had an alternate name,
149:" and through the enormous popularity of the latter work, this version of the early history of Britain, including the Trojan origin tradition, was incorporated into subsequent
487:. The tenth battle was waged on the banks of a river which is called Tribruit. The eleventh battle was fought on the mountain which is called Agnet. The twelfth battle was on
353:
version of the preface. Giles's translation rendered this as "I put together", obscuring the fact that this is indeed a quote from the work and not from some commentator
546:, suggesting the name of the battle was switched from the unknown Guinnion to the famous Badon, and that the icon Arthur carries was replaced with a more common one.
525:(shoulders). Others reject this as untenable, arguing that the author included battles not previously associated with Arthur, perhaps even made them up entirely.
381:. It is the earliest source that presents Arthur as a historical figure, and is the source of several stories which were repeated and amplified by later authors.
349:) all I could find" from various sources, not only concrete works in writing but "our ancient traditions" (i.e. oral sources) as well. This is quoted from the
279:
causal connections and attempts to synchronize material from different sources and traditions also contribute to undermining the reliability of the chronicle.
2479:( Rolls Series:Rerum Britannicarum medii Ăvi Scriptores (Chronicles and Memorials of Great Britain and Ireland during the Middle Ages)), p. 318- (#776-).
2260:
Nennius's "History of the
Britons", together with "The annals of the Britons" and "Court pedigrees of Hywel the Good", also "The story of the loss of Britain"
304:, Mommsen returned to the earlier view of a ninth-century Nennius merely building on a seventh-century original, which he dated to around 680. The historian
759:, as well as a section describing events in the North of England in the sixth and seventh centuries, starting with a paragraph about the beginnings of
684:
for short, a Latin word meaning 'marvels, miracles'). It gives a list of 13 topographical marvels, or wonders of Britain, followed by a few marvels of
492:
times over without interruption. And they brought over kings from Germany that they might reign over them in Britain, right down to the time in which
661:
1686:
738:. A tomb is located there next to a spring which is called Licat Amr; and the name of the man who is buried in the tomb was called thus:
206:
on his shoulders in a battle has been interpreted by later commentators as a mistranslation of Arthur bearing the image of Mary on his
783:
267:
can be dated to about 829. The work was written no earlier than the "fourth year of king Mermenus" (who has been identified as
2741:
2622:
2448:
2569:
2432:
2276:
760:
434:, saying "Ambrosius" is the sage's alternative name. Geoffrey includes Aurelius Ambrosius, another figure mentioned in the
951:"Dumville has argued that the Nennian Prologue is a later forgery, so the work should therefore be treated as anonymous" (
2761:
1774:
50:
923:. A similar collection either derived from or sharing a similar source with this collection is found in the stand-alone
479:. His second, third, fourth, and fifth battles were above another river which is called Dubglas and is in the region of
2736:
2320:
755:
claim to be excerpts from a (now lost) biography of the saint. The document includes a collection of traditions about
476:
2634:
2609:
2514:
2405:
2367:
2294:
2085:
1806:
1741:
1610:
1141:
68:
696:
section is thought to not be part of the original work, but to have been composed shortly after (early 9th cent.).
657:
1887:
2328:
583:(Edinburgh); in the Tryfrwyd battle they spar with a character named Garwlwyd (Rough-Gray), who is likely the
900:
2240:, Monumenta Germaniae Historica, Auctorum Antiquissimi xiii, vol. 3, Berlin: Weidmann, pp. 111â222
549:
The Battle of Mount Badon is associated with Arthur in several later texts, but not in any that predate the
417:, who rebuked the wise men and revealed that the disturbance was caused by two dragons buried underground.
365:
was not the first to draw attention to the phrase though he may have started the recent spate of interest.
1306:, p. 404: "..and matter that was probably oral rather than written that they seldom inspired much trust."
774:
and Bluchbard, and Cian, who is called Guenith Guaut, were all famous at the same time in British poetry.
301:
42:
1237:
Dumvillle, David, â âNenniusâ and the Historia Brittonumâ, Studia Celtica 10/11 (Cardiff, 1975/6), 78-95
799:, which continued the wonders tradition of geographical descriptions of the Island of Britain after the
466:
At that time, the Saxons grew strong by virtue of their large number and increased in power in Britain.
2746:
916:
2107:
Historiae Britannicae, Saxonicae, Anglo-Danicae, Scriptores XV. ex vetustis Codd. MSS. editi, (2 vols)
810:, in part because some of them first appear with the Harleian manuscript, and partly because when the
341:
Various introductory notes to this work invoke Nennius's (or the anonymous compiler's) words from the
2751:
819:
426:
145:
20:
356:
2756:
2702:
2618:
2664:
329:
of the various recensions and published the Vatican version. Dumville called the Nennian preface (
1903:"Enwau ac Anryfeddodau Ynys Prydain and a Tradition of Topographical Wonders in Medieval Britain"
1731:
2077:
2069:
889:
Welsh Genealogies. One of many collections of Welsh genealogies, this documents the lineage of
510:
268:
2242:
1796:
629:
of Scotland. Scholar Marged Haycock has suggested that this battle can be identified with the
2594:
2130:
2105:
2057:
1450:
1392:
1357:
1131:
928:
229:
1698:
For English translation of the full Mirabilia including the Anglesey and Irish wonders, see
1017:
567:, dating to perhaps the mid-ninth century. This poem follows the story of a battle against
421:
414:
137:
1024:, and her book ran a facsimile of the Latin text of the above passage from Harley MS 3859.
509:
some of the names appear to rhyme, The odd description of Arthur bearing the image of the
8:
2685:
2669:
2391:
2355:
2213:
1727:
796:
752:
443:
377:
has drawn attention because of its role in influencing the legends and myths surrounding
2553:
1986:
1948:
924:
480:
272:
96:) is a purported history of early Britain written around 828 that survives in numerous
2232:
2630:
2605:
2565:
2510:
2428:
2401:
2395:
2375:
2363:
2316:
2300:
2290:
2272:
2255:
2081:
1990:
1952:
1802:
1737:
1606:
1137:
879:
822:. Written around 520, this is a short genealogical text in the mould of the Biblical
618:
497:
467:
129:
2219:
Leabhar Breathnach annso sis (The Irish version of the Historia Britonum of Nennius)
2016:
660:
and have tried to identify the twelve battles with historical feuds or locales (see
2590:
2452:
2170:
2151:
1978:
1940:
1861:
1423:
1405:
1370:
1021:
894:
874:
845:
823:
626:
530:
309:
308:
swiftly challenged Mommsen; but it was not until 1925 that the Anglo-Saxon scholar
191:
141:
1825:
should be replaced by better variant readings, Troynt by Troit, and Anir by Amr" (
1130:
Keller, James (2008). "Nennius". In Lambdin, Laura C.; Lambdin, Robert T. (eds.).
2541:
2502:
2469:
2419:
2217:
2188:
2174:
2155:
2134:
912:
908:
886:
fell." A version of this was used as a starting point for later Welsh Chronicles.
840:
649:
493:
405:'s daughter. One legend about Vortigern says he tried to build a stronghold near
221:
2677:
2383:
2347:
2247:
2065:
1966:
1928:
1719:
1598:
1265:"Although Dumville's case has been widely accepted, ..Field has since argued.."
1071:
1059:
853:
584:
322:
300:
Repudiating the so-called vindication of Nennius in 1890 by the Celtic scholar
211:
158:
154:
87:
2730:
2690:
2490:
2387:
2351:
2231:
Mommsen, Theodore, ed. (1898), "Historia Brittonvm cvm additamentis Nennii",
1982:
1944:
1723:
1715:
1594:
756:
362:
305:
241:
121:
2271:, History from the Sources, vol. 8, London and Chichester: Phillimore,
1969:(1983). "The Supposedly 'Frankish' Table of Nations: An Edition and Study".
1931:(1983). "The Supposedly 'Frankish' Table of Nations: An Edition and Study".
971:
is now, seen, thanks to the work of David Dumville, to be a compilation.." (
513:
on his shoulders at Guinnion might stem from a conflation of the Welsh word
2578:
2471:
Descriptive catalogue of materials relating to the history of Great Britain
2415:
1902:
1865:
1792:
1782:("Marvels") may be a little later than the rest of the book, but not much".
1446:
788:
711:
710:
in Welsh) and the footprint it left while chasing the boar Troynt (âTroit)
588:
535:
471:
175:
2101:
1847:
1397:
1362:
903:, a collection of genealogies of the kings of five pre-Viking kingdoms â
574:
488:
455:
438:, as a king in his own right, and also includes other characters such as
410:
378:
170:
1855:
1409:
1374:
635:
596:
326:
1837:
1835:
1670:
The count might be fourteen (see the English translation of the full
890:
826:. Both tables are incorporated into the genealogical sections of the
600:
394:
150:
97:
633:, the "Battle of the Trees", best known from the tenth-century poem
2721:
1864:) â See also a slightly different annotated translation quoted at
1832:
904:
771:
685:
604:
592:
501:
484:
439:
218:
203:
2523:
Dumville, David N. (1974), "Some aspects of the chronology of the
189:. It names the twelve battles that Arthur fought, but, unlike the
1842:
1388:
1353:
883:
862:
835:
767:
608:
528:
A similar story to that attached to Guinnion also appears in the
406:
402:
181:
105:
2304:
920:
735:
719:
707:
563:
554:
431:
398:
207:
133:
595:, later known as Sir Bedivere, and the poem also mentions the
1841:
897:
is frequently discussed in connection with these genealogies.
739:
727:
579:
401:
to settle in the island of Britain in return for the hand of
321:
The Nennius question was re-opened in the 1970s by Professor
607:, whose name translates as such, but it might also refer to
2198:, 1, (1848) (Mirabilia section is edited but untranslated).
2113:, vol. 1, Oxford: E Theatro Sheldoniano, p. 93 ff
766:
At that time, Talhaiarn Cataguen was famed for poetry, and
656:
Various writers have asserted that this chapter supports a
186:
125:
2156:"Nennii Historia Britonum ad fidem codicum manuscriptorum"
806:
A number of works that are frequently associated with the
2507:
Trioedd Ynys Prydein: The Triads of the Island of Britain
1578:
1576:
1016:
A text and translation of this passage was given in Lady
699:
Two of the marvels are Arthurian lore (Chapter 73 of the
2665:
Keith Fitzpatrick-Matthews's reconstructed original text
1681:, pp. 60 ff.) it is thirteen in the Irish version,
1566:
For the discussion of Gwrgi Garwlwyd as a werewolf, see
1156:
N.J. Higham, 'Early Latin Sources', in Helen Fulton ed,
893:, king of Wales, and several of his contemporaries. The
2048:
R, tr. (1830), "The Wonders of the Island of Britain",
2017:"The Irish version of the Historia Britonum of Nennius"
1640:
1573:
1502:
1500:
1473:
1181:
1179:
927:
of royal pedigrees, and embedded within annals of the
734:
There is another wonder in the region which is called
718:
There is another marvel in the region which is called
454:
Chapter 56 discusses twelve battles fought and won by
282:
1846:
1396:
1361:
153:
of the long-running history of the land, such as the
2495:
Arthur's Britain: History and Archaeology AD 367-634
1685:, cf. p.114n, where Todd makes comparison with the "
814:
is studied, these sources are eventually mentioned.
2262:, London: Society for Promoting Christian Knowledge
1736:. New York: Peter Bedrick Books. pp. 404â406.
1652:
1628:
1536:
1524:
1512:
1497:
1485:
1461:
1176:
1120:(London: Routledge & Kegan Paul, 2002), p. 118.
1107:
Dumville, "Some aspects of the chronology." 439-45.
248:) (§50-55); IV. Arthuriana (§ 56); V. Genealogies (
2602:Essays in Medieval History presented to T. F. Tout
2047:
1699:
1675:
1226:Essays in Medieval History presented to T. F. Tout
1213:Essays in Medieval History presented to T. F. Tout
1200:Essays in Medieval History presented to T. F. Tout
1171:Essays in Medieval History presented to T. F. Tout
553:. It was clearly a historical battle described by
355:(See Morris's more recent translation as given in
1428:, translated by Lupack, Alan, The Camelot Project
662:Sites and places associated with Arthurian legend
603:. "The City of the Legion" may be a reference to
2728:
2382:
2346:
2050:Cambrian Quarterly Magazine and Celtic Repertory
1765:
1757:
1714:
1708:
1299:
1425:The History of the Britons (Historia Brittonum)
963:
961:
587:(Man-Dog Rough-Grey) who appears in one of the
577:, whom Arthur's men fought in the mountains of
568:
520:
420:The tower story is repeated and embellished by
16:History of the peoples of Great Britain, c. 828
2595:"Nennius the author of the Historia Brittonum"
2313:The Historia Brittonum: The Chartres Recension
2163:Publications of the English Historical Society
1224:F. Liebermann, 'Nennius', in A. G. Little ed.
1211:F. Liebermann, 'Nennius', in A. G. Little ed.
1198:F. Liebermann, 'Nennius', in A. G. Little ed,
1169:F. Liebermann, 'Nennius', in A. G. Little ed,
1133:Arthurian Writers: A Biographical Encyclopedia
751:Chapters relating events in the life of Saint
726:The second concerns Arthur's son Anir or Amr (
287:The question of the nature of the text of the
2549:Studies and Notes in Philology and Literature
2287:The Historia Brittonum: The Vatican Recension
2076:, New York: Barnes and Noble Books, pp.
128:settlers and says that Britain was named for
2629:(online ed.), Oxford University Press,
2331:(tr., composite of Gunn, Giles, and others).
958:
591:. Arthur's main protagonist in the fight is
224:divided the work into seven parts: Preface (
136:. The "single most important source used by
2390:; Ihle, Sandra Ness; Kalinke, Marianne E.;
2354:; Ihle, Sandra Ness; Kalinke, Marianne E.;
2340:
1801:. Yale University Press. pp. 204â207.
1726:; Ihle, Sandra Ness; Kalinke, Marianne E.;
1158:Blackwell Companion to Arthurian Literature
947:
945:
514:
2650:P. J. C. Field, 'Nennius and His History'
2589:
2542:"The Arthurian material in the chronicles"
2254:
1785:
1274:
384:
2617:
2421:Celtic culture: a historical encyclopedia
2150:
2094:
972:
844:, albeit in garbled form. It is probably
169:The work was the first source to portray
69:Learn how and when to remove this message
2539:
2522:
2501:
2441:
2310:
2284:
1854:. Translated by Alan Lupack – via
1826:
1622:
1567:
1554:
1247:
1089:
1058:points out this conflation of "shield" (
1055:
1003:(Zimer's Latin translation of the Irish
942:
782:
706:The first concerns Arthur's dog, Cabal (
316:
2529:Bulletin of the Board of Celtic Studies
2477:, vol. 1, part 1, Longman: Longman
2315:, vol. 2, Cambridge: D.S. Brewer,
2289:, vol. 3, Cambridge: D.S. Brewer,
2230:
2118:
1965:
1927:
1387:
1352:
1315:
643:, which suggests a connection with the
2729:
2706:in a freely-distributable PDF document
2577:
2489:
2266:
2225:, Dublin: Irish Archaeological Society
2204:Petrie, Henry, ed. (1848), "Nennius",
2203:
2074:Myths and Legends of the British Isles
2064:
1791:
1445:
1399:History of the Britons: Chapters 40â42
1364:History of the Britons: Chapters 31â38
1340:
1129:
1078:), citing J. William's edition of the
830:. The Frankish Table transmits to the
336:
252:) (§c. 57â66); VI. Cities of Britain (
236:) (§1-6); II. History of the Britons (
2583:'King Arthur: Myth Making and History
2559:
2467:
2269:British history; and the Welsh annals
2169:
1798:King Arthur: The Making of the Legend
1658:
1646:
1634:
1582:
1542:
1530:
1518:
1506:
1491:
1479:
1467:
1323:
647:raided by Arthur in the earlier poem
120:describes the supposed settlement of
2585:, London: Routledge & Kegan Paul
2540:Fletcher, Robert Huntington (1906),
2414:
2335:
2212:
2184:, vol. 2, London: Henry G. Bohn
2129:
2100:
2003:
1900:
1682:
1318:, p. 143 as variant preface in
1262:
1118:King Arthur: Myth Making and History
1095:
1043:
952:
25:
2564:, Stroud, Gloucestershire: Tempus,
2483:
2165:, vol. 4, sumptibus Societatis
1187:The Medieval Foundations of England
967:"Formerly ascribed to one Nennius,
778:
449:
295:
283:Authorship, recensions and editions
13:
2644:
2208:, G. E. Eyre & W. Spottiswoode
2036:
1849:History of the Britons: Chapter 73
793:Enwau ac Anryfeddodau Ynys Prydain
611:, the site of a large Roman base.
256:) (§66); VII. Wonders of Britain (
195:, does not give any actual dates.
185:('warrior, soldier') and not as a
14:
2773:
2686:Vortigern Studies, Robert Vermaat
2658:
2451:. British Library. Archived from
2329:wikisource:History of the Britons
2117:reprinted, with emendations, in *
2041:
1843:Nennius (Traditional attribution)
1756:G. Ashe's entry under "Nennius",
1389:Nennius (Traditional attribution)
1354:Nennius (Traditional attribution)
1298:G. Ashe's entry under "Nennius",
1228:(Manchester 1925) p. 32 and p. 42
542:account is based directly on the
100:from after the 11th century. The
2710:
2627:A Dictionary of Celtic Mythology
2311:Dumville, David N., ed. (1988),
2285:Dumville, David N., ed. (1985),
2190:Nennius's History of the Britons
2121:Rerum Anglicarum Scriptores tres
1007:) is given on a parallel column.
658:historical basis for King Arthur
202:to Arthur carrying the image of
30:
2009:
1997:
1959:
1921:
1894:
1880:
1871:
1815:
1750:
1692:
1664:
1616:
1597:(1991). "Annales Cambriae." In
1588:
1560:
1548:
1439:
1416:
1381:
1346:
1333:
1309:
1292:
1279:
1268:
1256:
1240:
1231:
1218:
1205:
1192:
1163:
1150:
1020:'s notes to her translation of
1010:
992:
617:is probably a reference to the
462:(war leader) rather than king:
2604:, Manchester, pp. 25â44,
2397:The New Arthurian Encyclopedia
2206:Monumenta Historica Britannica
1603:The New Arthurian Encyclopedia
1123:
1110:
1101:
1049:
1037:
982:
857:. An Irish translation of the
834:some information derived from
470:having died, however, his son
1:
2742:Arthurian literature in Latin
2551:, vol. 10, pp. 32â4
2509:, University Of Wales Press,
2468:Hardy, Thomas Duffus (1862),
2031:
1252:This needs to be more precise
1136:. Greenwood. pp. 16â17.
787:The opening few lines of the
730:in Welsh) and his sepulchre:
692:or Mona) and of Ireland. The
430:, though he attributes it to
393:contains a story of the king
368:
357:wikiquote: Historia Brittonum
250:regum genealogiae cum computo
2379:, Peter Bedrick Books, 1987)
2175:"Nennius: Historia Britonum"
1971:FrĂźhmittelalterliche Studien
1933:FrĂźhmittelalterliche Studien
1605:, p. 65. New York: Garland.
1031:
667:
7:
2720:public domain audiobook at
2427:, ABC-CLIO, pp. 925â,
2070:"On the Marvels of Britain"
2023:. Cork: University College.
1082:(1860), p.xxiv; and Skene,
746:
500:. He was the first king in
111:
10:
2778:
2762:9th-century books in Latin
2360:The Arthurian Encyclopedia
2267:Morris, John, ed. (1980),
2196:Six Old English Chronicles
2182:Six Old English Chronicles
2021:Corpus of Electronic Texts
1733:The Arthurian Encyclopedia
1215:(Manchester 1925) p. 33â34
1173:(Manchester 1925) p. 29-30
104:is commonly attributed to
83:The History of the Britons
18:
2737:9th-century history books
2696:de mirabilibus britanniae
2136:The "Historia Brittonum"
820:Frankish Table of Nations
678:De mirabilibus Britanniae
625:) which once covered the
427:Historia Regum Britanniae
345:that "I heaped together (
325:. Dumville revisited the
258:de mirabilibus Britanniae
164:The Chronicles of England
146:Historia Regum Britanniae
21:Historia Regum Britanniae
2341:General and dictionaries
2145:, London: J. and A. Arch
1983:10.1515/9783110242164.98
1945:10.1515/9783110242164.98
935:
861:and a recension of the '
496:reigned, who was son of
240:) (§7-49); III. Life of
226:Prefatio Nennii Britonum
173:, who is described as a
19:Not to be confused with
2449:"Manuscripts Catalogue"
2025:Text ID Number: T100028
1718:(1987) . "Nennius". In
1202:(Manchester 1925) p. 29
901:Anglo-Saxon Genealogies
882:, "in which Arthur and
569:
521:
385:Vortigern and Ambrosius
179:('military leader') or
45:for structure and style
2717:History of the Britons
2704:The Historia Brittonum
2692:The Wonders of Britain
2560:Green, Thomas (2007),
2095:Texts and translations
1890:. BBC. 11 August 2008.
1451:"Who Was King Arthur?"
1287:The Fortunes of Arthur
1075:
1063:
803:
776:
744:
724:
561:in the Old Welsh poem
515:
506:
269:Merfyn Frych ap Gwriad
234:de sex aetatibus mundi
91:
2698:section, with details
2442:Manuscript catalogues
2400:, New York: Garland,
2373:(Reprint, paperback:
2362:, New York: Garland,
2256:Wade-Evans, Arthur W.
2227:(includes Mirabilia).
1901:McMullen, A. Joseph.
1766:Lacy et al. edd. 1991
1758:Lacy et al. edd. 1986
1300:Lacy et al. edd. 1986
1160:, (Oxford 2009) p. 31
1001:Nennius interpretatus
929:Anglo-Saxon Chronicle
786:
764:
732:
716:
464:
317:Recent re-assessments
230:Six Ages of the World
198:The reference in the
2623:"Historia Brittonum"
2392:Thompson, Raymond H.
2356:Thompson, Raymond H.
2214:Todd, James Henthorn
1888:"Early Welsh poetry"
1728:Thompson, Raymond H.
676:is a section called
504:, i.e., in Berneich.
422:Geoffrey of Monmouth
254:civitates Britanniae
138:Geoffrey of Monmouth
2131:Gunn, William, Rev.
1829:, p. 320 fn.).
1793:Higham, Nicholas J.
1449:(28 January 2019).
1447:Higham, Nicholas J.
797:Red Book of Hergest
753:Germanus of Auxerre
444:Germanus of Auxerre
337:Compiler's approach
2679:Historia Brittonum
2671:Historia Brittonum
2562:Concepts of Arthur
2525:Historia Brittonum
2238:(Internet Archive)
1907:Harvard University
1862:Alternative source
1821:"Two names in the
1778:: "An appendix of
1701:Cambrian Quarterly
1677:Cambrian Quarterly
1625:, pp. 218â219
1250:, "Introduction",
1189:(London 1966) p. 4
1084:Four Ancient Books
1005:Historia Brittonum
977:Historia Brittonum
925:Anglian collection
867:Historia Brittonum
859:Historia Brittonum
808:Historia Brittonum
804:
485:City of the Legion
397:, who allowed the
375:Historia Brittonum
289:Historia Brittonum
265:Historia Brittonum
238:historia Brittonum
214:are very similar.
200:Historia Brittonum
132:, a descendant of
118:Historia Brittonum
102:Historia Brittonum
93:Historia Brittonum
49:You can assist by
2747:Sub-Roman Britain
2591:Liebermann, Felix
2571:978-0-7524-4461-1
2497:, London: Penguin
2455:on 15 August 2013
2434:978-1-85109-440-0
2416:Koch, John Thomas
2336:Secondary sources
2278:978-0-8476-6264-7
2258:ed., tr. (1938),
2216:ed., tr. (1848),
2173:ed., tr. (1847),
2152:Stevenson, Joseph
2147:(lacks Mirabilia)
2139:
2133:ed., tr. (1819),
1705:, pp. 60 ff.
1649:, pp. 62â64.
1585:, pp. 84â85.
1080:Annales Cambriae,
880:Battle of Camlann
812:Historia Britonum
619:Caledonian Forest
538:, argue that the
217:The 19th-century
79:
78:
71:
2769:
2752:Welsh chronicles
2714:
2713:
2654:30 (1996) 159-65
2639:
2619:Mackillop, James
2614:
2599:
2586:
2574:
2552:
2546:
2536:
2519:
2503:Bromwich, Rachel
2498:
2484:Critical studies
2478:
2476:
2464:
2462:
2460:
2437:
2426:
2410:
2378:
2372:
2325:
2307:
2281:
2263:
2241:
2239:
2226:
2224:
2209:
2185:
2179:
2166:
2160:
2146:
2144:
2137:
2124:
2119:Bertram (1757),
2114:
2112:
2090:
2061:
2026:
2024:
2013:
2007:
2001:
1995:
1994:
1963:
1957:
1956:
1925:
1919:
1918:
1916:
1914:
1898:
1892:
1891:
1884:
1878:
1875:
1869:
1859:
1853:
1839:
1830:
1819:
1813:
1812:
1789:
1783:
1777:
1760:(Reprint 1987),
1754:
1748:
1747:
1712:
1706:
1696:
1690:
1668:
1662:
1656:
1650:
1644:
1638:
1632:
1626:
1620:
1614:
1592:
1586:
1580:
1571:
1564:
1558:
1557:, pp. 73â74
1552:
1546:
1540:
1534:
1528:
1522:
1516:
1510:
1504:
1495:
1489:
1483:
1482:, p. 19-21.
1477:
1471:
1465:
1459:
1458:
1443:
1437:
1436:
1435:
1433:
1420:
1414:
1413:
1404:. Translated by
1403:
1385:
1379:
1378:
1369:. Translated by
1368:
1350:
1344:
1337:
1331:
1313:
1307:
1302:(Reprint 1987),
1296:
1290:
1283:
1277:
1272:
1266:
1260:
1254:
1244:
1238:
1235:
1229:
1222:
1216:
1209:
1203:
1196:
1190:
1183:
1174:
1167:
1161:
1154:
1148:
1147:
1127:
1121:
1114:
1108:
1105:
1099:
1093:
1087:
1070:) and shoulder (
1066:, Middle Welsh:
1053:
1047:
1041:
1025:
1022:Kilhwch ac Olwan
1014:
1008:
996:
990:
986:
980:
965:
956:
949:
895:Pillar of Eliseg
875:Annales Cambriae
824:Table of Nations
779:Associated works
761:Welsh literature
672:Attached to the
627:Southern Uplands
615:Cat Coit Celidon
572:
531:Annales Cambriae
524:
518:
450:Arthur's battles
310:Felix Liebermann
296:Classical debate
192:Annales Cambriae
162:, also known as
142:pseudohistorical
74:
67:
63:
60:
54:
34:
33:
26:
2777:
2776:
2772:
2771:
2770:
2768:
2767:
2766:
2757:Welsh mythology
2727:
2726:
2711:
2661:
2647:
2645:Further reading
2637:
2612:
2597:
2572:
2544:
2517:
2486:
2474:
2458:
2456:
2447:
2444:
2435:
2424:
2408:
2394:, eds. (1991),
2384:Lacy, Norris J.
2374:
2370:
2358:, eds. (1986),
2348:Lacy, Norris J.
2343:
2338:
2323:
2297:
2279:
2237:
2234:Chronica Minora
2222:
2177:
2158:
2142:
2110:
2097:
2088:
2066:Barber, Richard
2044:
2039:
2037:Primary sources
2034:
2029:
2015:
2014:
2010:
2002:
1998:
1967:Goffart, Walter
1964:
1960:
1929:Goffart, Walter
1926:
1922:
1912:
1910:
1899:
1895:
1886:
1885:
1881:
1876:
1872:
1840:
1833:
1820:
1816:
1809:
1790:
1786:
1773:
1770:New Arth. Ency.
1755:
1751:
1744:
1720:Lacy, Norris J.
1713:
1709:
1697:
1693:
1689:, i.e. jewels".
1687:Thirteen tlysau
1669:
1665:
1657:
1653:
1645:
1641:
1633:
1629:
1621:
1617:
1599:Lacy, Norris J.
1593:
1589:
1581:
1574:
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1422:
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1417:
1386:
1382:
1351:
1347:
1338:
1334:
1314:
1310:
1297:
1293:
1284:
1280:
1275:Liebermann 1925
1273:
1269:
1261:
1257:
1245:
1241:
1236:
1232:
1223:
1219:
1210:
1206:
1197:
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1177:
1168:
1164:
1155:
1151:
1144:
1128:
1124:
1115:
1111:
1106:
1102:
1094:
1090:
1054:
1050:
1042:
1038:
1034:
1029:
1028:
1018:Charlotte Guest
1015:
1011:
997:
993:
987:
983:
966:
959:
955:, p. 927).
950:
943:
938:
781:
749:
670:
650:Preiddeu Annwfn
452:
387:
371:
339:
331:Prefatio Nennii
319:
302:Heinrich Zimmer
298:
285:
222:Theodor Mommsen
210:; the words in
159:Brut of England
114:
75:
64:
58:
55:
48:
35:
31:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
2775:
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2754:
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2744:
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2725:
2724:
2708:
2700:
2688:
2683:
2675:
2667:
2660:
2659:External links
2657:
2656:
2655:
2652:Studia Celtica
2646:
2643:
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2635:
2615:
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2491:Alcock, Leslie
2485:
2482:
2481:
2480:
2465:
2443:
2440:
2439:
2438:
2433:
2412:
2406:
2388:Ashe, Geoffrey
2380:
2368:
2352:Ashe, Geoffrey
2342:
2339:
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2334:
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2332:
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2322:978-0859912020
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2250:
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2201:
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2167:
2154:, ed. (1838),
2148:
2127:
2126:
2125:
2104:, ed. (1691),
2096:
2093:
2092:
2091:
2086:
2068:, tr. (1999),
2062:
2043:
2042:Mirabilia only
2040:
2038:
2035:
2033:
2030:
2028:
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2008:
1996:
1958:
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1879:
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1724:Ashe, Geoffrey
1716:Ashe, Geoffrey
1707:
1691:
1663:
1651:
1639:
1627:
1615:
1595:Ashe, Geoffrey
1587:
1572:
1570:, p. 385.
1559:
1547:
1535:
1523:
1511:
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1472:
1460:
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1380:
1345:
1343:, p. 32).
1332:
1308:
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1088:
1086:(1868), I, 55.
1048:
1035:
1033:
1030:
1027:
1026:
1009:
991:
981:
973:Mackillop 2004
957:
940:
939:
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934:
933:
932:
898:
887:
870:
854:Lebor Bretnach
849:
780:
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748:
745:
690:Menand insulae
669:
666:
585:Gwrgi Garwlwyd
519:(shield) with
458:, here called
451:
448:
386:
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338:
335:
323:David Dumville
318:
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155:Middle English
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2407:0-8240-4377-4
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2257:
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2249:
2248:Latin library
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2018:
2012:
2005:
2000:
1992:
1988:
1984:
1980:
1976:
1972:
1968:
1962:
1954:
1950:
1946:
1942:
1939:(1): 98â130.
1938:
1934:
1930:
1924:
1908:
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1889:
1883:
1874:
1867:
1863:
1857:
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1828:
1827:Fletcher 1906
1824:
1818:
1810:
1808:9780300240863
1804:
1800:
1799:
1794:
1788:
1781:
1776:
1771:
1767:
1764:, p. 406 and
1763:
1759:
1753:
1745:
1743:9780872261648
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1735:
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1717:
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1688:
1684:
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1673:
1667:
1661:, p. 67.
1660:
1655:
1648:
1643:
1637:, p. 64.
1636:
1631:
1624:
1623:Bromwich 2006
1619:
1612:
1611:0-8240-4377-4
1608:
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1600:
1596:
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1584:
1579:
1577:
1569:
1568:Bromwich 2006
1563:
1556:
1555:Bromwich 2006
1551:
1545:, p. 20.
1544:
1539:
1533:, p. 31.
1532:
1527:
1521:, p. 41.
1520:
1515:
1509:, p. 28.
1508:
1503:
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1494:, p. 26.
1493:
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1470:, p. 19.
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1249:
1248:Dumville 1985
1243:
1234:
1227:
1221:
1214:
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1185:G. O Sayles,
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1143:9780313346835
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1097:
1092:
1085:
1081:
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1065:
1061:
1057:
1056:Fletcher 1906
1052:
1046:, p. 925
1045:
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2579:Higham, N.J.
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2457:. Retrieved
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2123:, Copenhagen
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2102:Gale, Thomas
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2020:
2011:
1999:
1974:
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1911:. Retrieved
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1866:Twrch Trwyth
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1418:
1408:– via
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1373:– via
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1316:Mommsen 1898
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92:
82:
81:
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65:
56:
43:copy editing
41:may require
40:
2535:(4): 439â45
2192:(Giles tr.)
1762:Arth. Ency.
1406:J. A. Giles
1371:J. A. Giles
1341:Alcock 1971
1304:Arth. Ency.
1289:(2005) p. 2
917:East Anglia
791:manuscript
680:(or simply
645:Caer Ochren
597:euhemerized
511:Virgin Mary
489:Mount Badon
442:and Bishop
411:Dinas Emrys
379:King Arthur
171:King Arthur
2731:Categories
2673:in English
2032:References
1977:(1): 117.
1856:Wikisource
1659:Green 2007
1647:Green 2007
1635:Green 2007
1583:Green 2007
1543:Green 2007
1531:Green 2007
1519:Green 2007
1507:Green 2007
1492:Green 2007
1480:Green 2007
1468:Green 2007
1410:Wikisource
1375:Wikisource
1324:Giles 1847
848:in origin.
641:Cad Achren
636:Cad Goddeu
631:Cad Goddeu
369:Arthuriana
347:coacervavi
327:stemmatics
271:, king of
228:); I. The
219:classicist
151:chronicles
98:recensions
51:editing it
2598:(preview)
2425:(preview)
2004:Todd 1848
1991:201734002
1953:201734002
1823:Mirabilia
1795:(2018) .
1780:Mirabilia
1683:Todd 1848
1672:Mirabilia
1391:(1848) .
1356:(1848) .
1263:Koch 2006
1098:, p. 926.
1096:Koch 2006
1044:Koch 2006
1032:Citations
953:Koch 2006
891:Hywel Dda
846:Byzantine
795:from the
694:Mirabilia
682:Mirabilia
668:Mirabilia
601:Manawydan
415:Ambrosius
395:Vortigern
2722:LibriVox
2681:in Latin
2621:(2004),
2593:(1925),
2581:(2002),
2545:(google)
2505:(2006),
2493:(1971),
2475:(google)
2418:(2006),
2305:84024211
2223:(google)
2178:(google)
2159:(google)
2143:(google)
2111:(google)
1730:(eds.).
1328:Apologia
1116:Higham,
969:Historia
905:Bernicia
841:Germania
832:Historia
828:Historia
801:Historia
772:Taliesin
747:Germanus
701:Historia
686:Anglesey
674:Historia
605:Caerleon
575:dogheads
559:Tryfrwyd
551:Historia
544:Historia
502:Bernicia
440:Vortimer
436:Historia
391:Historia
351:Apologia
343:Prefatio
204:St. Mary
112:Overview
2554:Alt URL
2459:7 March
2376:preview
2006:ed. tr.
1913:21 July
1877:ch. 62:
1601:(Ed.),
1432:27 July
1395:(ed.).
1393:W. Gunn
1360:(ed.).
1358:W. Gunn
1076:ysgwydd
884:Mordred
863:Nennian
836:Tacitus
609:Chester
564:Pa Gur?
540:Annales
481:Linnuis
468:Hengist
424:in his
409:called
407:Snowdon
403:Hengist
273:Gwynedd
242:Patrick
140:in his
122:Britain
106:Nennius
2694:: The
2633:
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2513:
2431:
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2303:
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2243:google
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1989:
1951:
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1775:p. 343
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921:Mercia
919:, and
770:, and
768:Neirin
736:Ercing
708:Cavall
593:Bedwyr
570:cinbin
555:Gildas
522:iscuid
516:iscuit
456:Arthur
432:Merlin
399:Saxons
208:shield
134:Aeneas
130:Brutus
126:Trojan
2078:85â88
1987:S2CID
1949:S2CID
1072:Welsh
1068:scuit
1060:Welsh
936:Notes
909:Deira
728:Amhar
720:Buelt
580:Eidyn
573:, or
498:Eobba
477:Glein
472:Octha
212:Welsh
182:miles
88:Latin
2631:ISBN
2606:ISBN
2566:ISBN
2511:ISBN
2461:2012
2429:ISBN
2402:ISBN
2364:ISBN
2317:ISBN
2301:LCCN
2291:ISBN
2273:ISBN
2082:ISBN
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1679:1830
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1434:2008
1320:CDGL
1246:See
1138:ISBN
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389:The
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