History of technology

3707: 1918: 3722: 11184: 2241: 2517:, which Joshua Mark states is the foundation for modern paper. Papyrus is a plant (cyperus papyrus) which grew in plentiful amounts in the Egyptian Delta and throughout the Nile River Valley during ancient times. The papyrus was harvested by field workers and brought to processing centers where it was cut into thin strips. The strips were then laid-out side by side and covered in plant resin. The second layer of strips was laid on perpendicularly, then both pressed together until the sheet was dry. The sheets were then joined to form a roll and later used for writing. 3553: 4135: 2166: 2431: 2521:

create a calendar model that society still uses today. They developed shipbuilding technology that saw them progress from papyrus reed vessels to cedar wood ships while also pioneering the use of rope trusses and stem-mounted rudders. The Egyptians also used their knowledge of anatomy to lay the foundation for many modern medical techniques and practiced the earliest known version of neuroscience. Elanzeery also states that they used and furthered mathematical science, as evidenced in the building of the pyramids.

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new products and services, which is necessary to offset unemployment that would otherwise result as labor inputs are reduced. In developed countries productivity growth has been slowing since the late 1970s; however, productivity growth was higher in some economic sectors, such as manufacturing. For example, employment in manufacturing in the United States declined from over 30% in the 1940s to just over 10% 70 years later. Similar changes occurred in other developed countries. This stage is referred to as

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developed in 1768. Steam powered blast furnaces achieved higher temperatures, allowing the use of more lime in iron blast furnace feed. (Lime rich slag was not free-flowing at the previously used temperatures.) With a sufficient lime ratio, sulfur from coal or coke fuel reacts with the slag so that the sulfur does not contaminate the iron. Coal and coke were cheaper and more abundant fuel. As a result, iron production rose significantly during the last decades of the 18th century. Coal converted to

4184: 2203:) Bronze was a major advancement over stone as a material for making tools, both because of its mechanical properties like strength and ductility and because it could be cast in molds to make intricately shaped objects. Bronze significantly advanced shipbuilding technology with better tools and bronze nails. Bronze nails replaced the old method of attaching boards of the hull with cord woven through drilled holes. Better ships enabled long-distance trade and the advance of civilization. 4238: 3940: 13122: 5398: 3042: 4011: 13640: 13086: 12412: 11577: 643: 12387: 11565: 4394:

length polymorphism (RFLP) markers and DNA sequencing. Sequencing was invented by Frederick Sanger and, separately, by Dr. Walter Gilbert. Gilbert also conceived of the Human Genome Project on May 27, 1985, and first publicly advocated it in August 1985 at the first International Conference on Genes and Computers in August 1985. The U.S. Federal Government sponsored Human Genome Project began October 1, 1990, and was declared complete in 2003.

4390:) in 1992 were the breakthroughs that led directly to the form and function of smartphones today. By 2014, there were more cell phones in use than people on Earth and The Supreme Court of the United States of America has ruled that a mobile phone was a private part of a person. Providing consumers wireless access to each other and to the Internet, the mobile phone stimulated one of the most important technology revolutions in human history. 13111: 5412: 11554: 2912: 3883: 4541: 13628: 13098: 3983: 44: 2081:, largely by working exposures as quarries, but later the valuable rocks were pursued by tunneling underground, the first steps in mining technology. The polished axes were used for forest clearance and the establishment of crop farming and were so effective as to remain in use when bronze and iron appeared. These stone axes were used alongside a continued use of stone tools such as a range of 3664: 588:. White introduced the formula P=E/T, where P is the development index, E is a measure of energy consumed, and T is the measure of the efficiency of technical factors using the energy. In his own words, "culture evolves as the amount of energy harnessed per capita per year is increased, or as the efficiency of the instrumental means of putting the energy to work is increased". 4169:, built and managed the first electricity network. Electrification was rated the most important technical development of the 20th century as the foundational infrastructure for modern civilization. This invention had a profound effect on the workplace because factories could now have second and third shift workers. 4157:

developed into a practical technology in the 19th century to help run the railways safely. Along with the development of telegraphy was the patenting of the first telephone. March 1876 marks the date that Alexander Graham Bell officially patented his version of an "electric telegraph". Although Bell

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In economics, productivity is a measure of technological progress. Productivity increases when fewer inputs (classically labor and capital but some measures include energy and materials) are used in the production of a unit of output. Another indicator of technological progress is the development of

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Egyptian society made several significant advances during dynastic periods in many areas of technology. According to Hossam Elanzeery, they were the first civilization to use timekeeping devices such as sundials, shadow clocks, and obelisks and successfully leveraged their knowledge of astronomy to

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The steam engine helped drain the mines, so more coal reserves could be accessed, and the output of coal increased. The development of the high-pressure steam engine made locomotives possible, and a transport revolution followed. The steam engine which had existed since the early 18th century, was

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explored the world in search of new trade routes for their goods and contacts with Africa, India and China to shorten the journey compared with traditional routes overland. They produced new maps and charts which enabled following mariners to explore further with greater confidence. Navigation was

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The Human Genome Project sequenced and identified all three billion chemical units in human DNA with a goal of finding the genetic roots of disease and developing treatments. The project became feasible due to two technical advances made during the late 1970s: gene mapping by restriction fragment

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was applied to the water power-constrained iron, copper and lead industries for powering blast bellows. These industries were located near the mines, some of which were using steam engines for mine pumping. Steam engines were too powerful for leather bellows, so cast iron blowing cylinders were

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did not incorporate metallurgy or wheel technology in their architectural constructions, they developed complex writing and astronomical systems, and created beautiful sculptural works in stone and flint. Like the Inca, the Maya also had command of fairly advanced agricultural and construction

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Ancient Egyptians also invented and pioneered many food technologies that have become the basis of modern food technology processes. Based on paintings and reliefs found in tombs, as well as archaeological artifacts, scholars like Paul T Nicholson believe that the Ancient Egyptians established

3093:, without draft animals for transport (nor, as a result, wheeled vehicles), the roads were designed for travel on foot, just as in the Inca and Mayan civilizations. The Aztec, subsequently to the Maya, inherited many of the technologies and intellectual advancements of their predecessors: the 2291:

were built either as a refuge in time of war or sometimes as permanent settlements. In some cases, existing forts from the Bronze Age were expanded and enlarged. The pace of land clearance using the more effective iron axes increased, providing more farmland to support the growing population.

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technology. It generally replaced bronze and made it possible to produce tools which were stronger, lighter and cheaper to make than bronze equivalents. The raw materials to make iron, such as ore and limestone, are far more abundant than copper and especially tin ores. Consequently, iron was

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Ancient agriculture, as in any period prior to the modern age the primary mode of production and subsistence, and its irrigation methods, were considerably advanced by the invention and widespread application of a number of previously unknown water-lifting devices, such as the vertical

2226:, and various Amazonian tribes, which still make use of Stone Age technology, and have not developed agricultural or metal technology. These villages preserve traditional customs in the face of global modernity, exhibiting a remarkable resistance to the rapid advancement of technology. 3750:, whose pressing mechanism was adapted from an olive screw press, (c. 1441) lead to a tremendous increase in the number of books and the number of titles published. Movable ceramic type had been used in China for a few centuries and woodblock printing dated back even further. 2334:

script. Many records on clay tablets and stone inscriptions have survived. These civilizations were early adopters of bronze technologies which they used for tools, weapons and monumental statuary. By 1200 BC they could cast objects 5 m long in a single piece.

4378:. WDM, as the common basis for telecom backbone networks, increased transmission capacity by orders of magnitude, thus enabling the mass commercialization and popularization of the Internet and its widespread impact on culture, economics, business, and society. 2525:

systematic farming practices, engaged in cereal processing, brewed beer and baked bread, processed meat, practiced viticulture and created the basis for modern wine production, and created condiments to complement, preserve and mask the flavors of their food.

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One of the most significant developments of the medieval were economies in which water and wind power were more significant than animal and human muscle power. Most water and wind power was used for milling grain. Water power was also used for blowing air in

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were great, even by today's standards. An example of this exceptional engineering is the use of pieces weighing upwards of one ton in their stonework placed together so that not even a blade can fit into the cracks. Inca villages used irrigation canals and

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It was not possible to mass manufacture steel or pure iron because of the high temperatures required. Furnaces could reach melting temperature but the crucibles and molds needed for melting and casting had not been developed. Steel could be produced by

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and concrete. Because Rome was located on a volcanic peninsula, with sand which contained suitable crystalline grains, the concrete which the Romans formulated was especially durable. Some of their buildings have lasted 2000 years, to the present day.

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spread rapidly in the 20th century. At the beginning of the century electric power was for the most part only available to wealthy people in a few major cities. By 2019, an estimated 87 percent of the world's population had access to electricity.

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The 19th century saw astonishing developments in transportation, construction, manufacturing and communication technologies originating in Europe. After a recession at the end of the 1830s and a general slowdown in major inventions, the

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Before invention of machinery to spin yarn and weave cloth, spinning was done using the spinning wheel and weaving was done on a hand-and-foot-operated loom. It took from three to five spinners to supply one weaver. The invention of the

2327:. They developed extensive water systems; canals for transport and irrigation in the alluvial south, and catchment systems stretching for tens of kilometers in the hilly north. Their palaces had sophisticated drainage systems. 1931:– the bulk of the Stone Age – all humans had a lifestyle which involved limited tools and few permanent settlements. The first major technologies were tied to survival, hunting, and food preparation. Stone tools and weapons, 8477: 2613:

and gunpowder. China also developed deep well drilling, which they used to extract brine for making salt. Some of these wells, which were as deep as 900 meters, produced natural gas which was used for evaporating brine.

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The commercial availability of the first portable cell phone in 1981 and the first pocket-sized phone in 1985, both developed by Comvik in Sweden, coupled with the first transmission of data over a cellular network by

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across the Old World enabled the diffusion of many crops and farming techniques throughout the Islamic world, as well as the adaptation of crops and techniques from and to regions outside it. Advances were made in

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Mines were becoming increasingly deep and were expensive to drain with horse powered bucket and chain pumps and wooden piston pumps. Some mines used as many as 500 horses. Horse-powered pumps were replaced by the

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Although Paleolithic cultures left no written records, the shift from nomadic life to settlement and agriculture can be inferred from a range of archaeological evidence. Such evidence includes ancient tools,

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Attema, P. A. J.; Los-Weijns, Ma; Pers, N. D. Maring-Van der (December 2006). "Bronocice, Flintbek, Uruk, JEbel Aruda and Arslantepe: The Earliest Evidence Of Wheeled Vehicles In Europe And The Near East".

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spread rapidly to the developing world from the 1980s onward due to many successful humanitarian initiatives, greatly reducing childhood mortality in many poor countries with limited medical resources.

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Tóth, Zsuzsanna (2012). "The First Neolithic Sites in Central/South-East European Transect, Volume III: The Körös Culture in Eastern Hungary". In Anders, Alexandra; Siklósi, Zsuzsanna (eds.).

3641:, a 2nd-century Chinese technology, was carried to the Middle East when a group of Chinese papermakers were captured in the 8th century. Papermaking technology was spread to Europe by the 9088: 557:

have declared technological progress to be the primary factor driving the development of human civilization. Morgan's concept of three major stages of social evolution (savagery,

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affects, and is affected by, a society's cultural traditions. It is a force for economic growth and a means to develop and project economic, political, military power and wealth.

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The Genius of Archimedes – 23 Centuries of Influence on Mathematics, Science and Engineering: Proceedings of an International Conference held at Syracuse, Italy, June 8–10, 2010

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Heinzelin, Jean de; Clark, JD; White, T; Hart, W; Renne, P; Woldegabriel, G; Beyene, Y; Vrba, E (April 1999). "Environment and Behavior of 2.5-Million-Year-Old Bouri Hominids".

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While medieval technology has been long depicted as a step backward in the evolution of Western technology, a generation of medievalists (like the American historian of science

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saw a sharp increase in technological advancement, fostered by a climate of openness to new ideas, the blossoming of a mechanistic philosophy, and the establishment of the

11284: 8601: 3160: 2506:, which allowed the ancient Egyptians to move millions of limestone blocks which weighed approximately 3.5 tons (7,000 lbs.) each into place to create structures like the 2185:

allowed sufficiently high temperatures. The concentration of various elements such as arsenic increase with depth in copper ore deposits and smelting of these ores yields

2140:. Scientists and historians have been able to form significant inferences about the lifestyle and culture of various prehistoric peoples, and especially their technology. 238: 5298: 3377:, and sugar cultivation was gradually adopted across Europe. Arab merchants dominated trade in the Indian Ocean until the arrival of the Portuguese in the 16th century. 4096:, John Gibb, installed an experimental filter, selling his unwanted surplus to the public. The first treated public water supply in the world was installed by engineer 2199:

is an alloy of copper with tin; the latter being found in relatively few deposits globally caused a long time to elapse before true tin bronze became widespread. (See:

3679:, clock makers, instrument makers and surveyors. Aside from these professions, universities were not believed to have had much practical significance to technology. 3216:. The science and technology of previous empires in the region, including the Mesopotamian, Egyptian, Persian, Hellenistic and Roman empires, were inherited by the 11614: 442: 13532: 4951: 2795:, invented by Ctesibius and subsequently improved, constituted the earliest instance of a keyboard instrument. In time-keeping, the introduction of the inflow 6935:

Adam Robert Lucas (2005), "Industrial Milling in the Ancient and Medieval Worlds: A Survey of the Evidence for an Industrial Revolution in Medieval Europe",

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Adam Robert Lucas (2005), "Industrial Milling in the Ancient and Medieval Worlds: A Survey of the Evidence for an Industrial Revolution in Medieval Europe",

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Adam Robert Lucas (2005), "Industrial Milling in the Ancient and Medieval Worlds: A Survey of the Evidence for an Industrial Revolution in Medieval Europe",

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led to a necessity for distributed communications, causing Internet protocols to be more widely adopted by researchers and also creating a justification for

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to create a complete illusion or a complete documentation of reality. Colour photography was usually included in these ambitions and the introduction of the

4112:. The practice of water treatment soon became mainstream, and the virtues of the system were made starkly apparent after the investigations of the physician 2284:

In many Eurasian cultures, the Iron Age was the last major step before the development of written language, though again this was not universally the case.

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became practical for general use in the late 1870s. Edison Electric Illuminating Company, a company founded by Thomas Edison with financial backing from

3645:. A paper mill was established in Sicily in the 12th century. In Europe the fiber to make pulp for making paper was obtained from linen and cotton rags. 10629: 9140: 9019: 8164:

Carpenter v. United States. No. 16–402. Argued November 29, 2017—Decided June 22, 2018 (Supreme Court of the United States). October term, 2017.

4007:. Cheap coal meant that industry was no longer constrained by water resources driving the mills, although it continued as a valuable source of power. 9148: 9029: 5077: 4946: 12430: 12425: 9268: 9093: 8983: 8041: 3177: 2001:); chopping wood; cracking open nuts; skinning an animal for its hide, and even forming other tools out of softer materials such as bone and wood. 268: 6768: 11026: 10767: 10363: 8534: 8128:

Grobe, Klaus and Eiselt, Michael. "Wavelength Division Multiplexing: A Practical Engineering Guide.” John T Wiley & Sons. p. 2. October 2013.

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he designed to raise the large masonry stones to the top of the structure. Military technology developed rapidly with the widespread use of the

11259: 8785: 8780: 6555: 4739: 3199: 3220:, where Arabic replaced Syriac, Persian and Greek as the lingua franca of the region. Significant advances were made in the region during the 9153: 9008: 8956: 8874: 8346: 3649:

credited the spinning wheel with increasing the supply of rags, which led to cheap paper, which was a factor in the development of printing.

3260:. These changes made agriculture much more productive, supporting population growth, urbanisation, and increased stratification of society. 565:) can be divided by technological milestones, such as fire. White argued the measure by which to judge the evolution of culture was energy. 11607: 11135: 10982: 10491: 8998: 8941: 8909: 8879: 8790: 8626: 7529: 7430: 3568:) stressed from the 1940s onwards the innovative character of many medieval techniques. Genuine medieval contributions include for example 3315:. By the 11th century, every province throughout the Islamic world had these industrial mills in operation. Muslim engineers also employed 3195: 2969:(exceeded only in the 19th century), military engineering, civil engineering, spinning and weaving and several different machines like the 4202:

Steam-powered factories became widespread, although the conversion from water power to steam occurred in England earlier than in the U.S.

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and Pakistan by the 9th century. They were used to grind grains and draw up water, and used in the gristmilling and sugarcane industries.

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began in the firearms industry at the U.S. Federal arsenals in the early 19th century, and became widely used by the end of the century.

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The wheel, invented sometime before the 4th millennium BC, is one of the most ubiquitous and important technologies. This detail of the "

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and information are becoming more important than industry and goods. Some extreme visions of the post-industrial society, especially in

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give a deep insight into the mechanical technology then known and applied. Architects and engineers were inspired by the structures of

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was introduced. For much of the rest of the century, many engineers and inventors tried to combine it and the much older technique of

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technology. The Maya are also responsible for creating the first pressurized water system in Mesoamerica, located in the Maya site of

13669: 12465: 11747: 9225: 9220: 8951: 8919: 8904: 8869: 8859: 8854: 5372: 4996: 3166: 1601: 2319:) lived in cities from c. 4000 BC, and developed a sophisticated architecture in mud-brick and stone, including the use of the 13502: 13193: 9205: 9190: 8993: 8924: 8864: 8844: 8810: 4762: 1621: 990: 3920:

The revolution was driven by cheap energy in the form of coal, produced in ever-increasing amounts from the abundant resources of

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between the 1st century BC and 1st century AD. Its most advanced and economically productive provinces outside of Italia were the

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bloomery iron to reduce the carbon content in a somewhat controllable way, but steel produced by this method was not homogeneous.

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Before iron smelting was developed the only iron was obtained from meteorites and is usually identified by having nickel content.

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and other spheres of social life. He also differentiates societies based on their level of technology, communication, and economy:

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came into widespread use in France in the mid 15th century. The blast furnace had been used in China since the 4th century BC.

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The Roman Empire developed an intensive and sophisticated agriculture, expanded upon existing iron working technology, created

2200: 1581: 428: 11347: 8309: 7920:"National Academy Of Engineering Reveals Top Engineering Impacts Of The 20th Century: Electrification Cited As Most Important" 3085:

rule was a system of communications between the conquered cities and the ubiquity of the ingenious agricultural technology of

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For White, "the primary function of culture" is to "harness and control energy." White differentiates between five stages of

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was first performed in late 1989 and led to successful births in July 1990. These procedures have become relatively common.

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united in trade large areas that had previously traded little, including the Middle East, North Africa, Central Asia, the

1970:, or "Old stone age", and spans all of human history up to the development of agriculture approximately 12,000 years ago. 13562: 12108: 11822: 11223: 11208: 11158: 8701: 8527: 3682:

A standard reference for the state of mechanical arts during the Renaissance is given in the mining engineering treatise

2658: 603:) a given society has, the more advanced it is. He identifies four stages of human development, based on advances in the 486:

New knowledge has enabled people to create new tools, and conversely, many scientific endeavors are made possible by new

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From the American System to Mass Production, 1800–1932: The Development of Manufacturing Technology in the United States

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were found in battle starting in the 1860s, and played a role in the opening of Japan and China to trade with the West.

2997:, reservoirs and dams, vaults and domes on a very large scale across their Empire. Notable Roman inventions include the 2008:

era, beginning approximately 1.65 million years ago, methods of working these stones into specific shapes, such as

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is noted with the creation of the telephone, it is still debated about who actually developed the first working model.

4117: 3519: 2814:, which would become particularly important to the operation of mechanical devices. Hellenistic engineers also devised 13454: 11817: 11810: 11793: 11672: 11662: 11644: 11173: 10392: 9298: 9125: 9061: 8770: 8561: 7853: 7604: 7382: 7140: 7101: 6989: 6871: 6841: 6819: 6652: 6510: 6453: 6403: 6369: 6292: 6261: 6233: 6183: 6156: 6116: 6085: 6021: 5809: 5495: 5460: 5283: 5261: 5124: 5071: 4344: 4272:

greatly improved and spread to larger populations of users, though near-universal access would not be possible until

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Rethinking the Industrial Revolution: Five Centuries of Transition from Agrarian to Industrial Capitalism in England

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was the standard chemistry reference for the next 180 years. Among the water powered mechanical devices in use were

13208: 13102: 12044: 11128: 10599: 10486: 7502: 7132: 5153: 5025: 4971: 4371: 4340: 4074: 4027: 3963:, invented in 1764, was a machine that used multiple spinning wheels; however, it produced low quality thread. The 2427:

spanned 800 years. They enabled meticulous astronomers to plot the motions of the planets and to predict eclipses.

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is the history of the invention of tools and techniques by humans. Technology includes methods ranging from simple

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The Unbound Prometheus: Technological Change and Industrial Development in Western Europe from 1750 to the Present

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and produced cast iron in much larger amounts than before, allowing the creation of a range of structures such as

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and also across the Pacific Ocean, which required knowledge of the ocean currents, weather patterns, sailing, and

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were very powerful by the late 1970s and genetic theory and knowledge were expanding, leading to developments in

3135: 2424: 1932: 1771: 615:, they can learn and pass information through experience. In the third, the humans start using signs and develop 599:

Lenski's approach focuses on information. The more information and knowledge (especially allowing the shaping of

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Gunpowder Composition for Rockets and Cannon in Arabic Military Treatises In Thirteenth and Fourteenth Centuries

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Archibugi, Daniele, and Mario Planta. "Measuring technological change through patents and innovation surveys."

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Cooper, Martin and Harris, Arleen. Human Behavior & Emerging Technologies. Wiley Online. February 18, 2019.

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was a period of rapid innovation and industrialization that began in the 1860s or around 1870 and lasted until

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and the engineering skills of the Romans were largely neglected throughout Europe. The first documented use of

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Daniele Archibugi, and Mario Planta. "Measuring technological change through patents and innovation surveys."

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technology exploded the capacity of the Internet beginning in 1996 with the launch of the first high-capacity

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such as reapers occurred in the mid to late 19th century. Bicycles were mass-produced beginning in the 1880s.

2637:(which acted as the rocket's fuel). Decades before the West's age of exploration, the Chinese emperors of the 2420:' process. The Jerwan Aqueduct (c. 688 BC) is made with stone arches and lined with waterproof concrete. 2240: 12602: 12458: 10624: 10154: 9414: 9200: 8676: 4991: 4941: 3357:. They were first driven by watermills, and then windmills from the 9th and 10th centuries in what are today 2892: 389: 9482: 7894: 13679: 12943: 12853: 12340: 12170: 12098: 11798: 11727: 11481: 11443: 11198: 10619: 10159: 9632: 9083: 9066: 8686: 8606: 8188:

Cook-Deegan, Robert M. The Gene Wars: Science, Politics, and the Human Genome. New York: W.W. Norton, 1994.

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Koetsier, Teun (2001), "On the prehistory of programmable machines: musical automata, looms, calculators",

5501: 5210: 5147: 5030: 4961: 4820: 4144: 4129: 3642: 3635:, the ubiquitous medieval fortifications gave the era the almost proverbial title of the 'age of castles'. 3228: 3181: 1211: 983: 569: 336: 316: 273: 263: 188: 148: 11183: 9308: 3899: 13577: 13567: 13480: 13386: 12495: 11580: 11476: 11433: 11121: 9585: 9115: 9098: 8832: 8571: 6618: 5367: 5035: 4956: 4742:(VASIMR) is an electro-magnetic thruster for spacecraft propulsion and is expected to be tested in 2015. 4723: 4595: 3903: 3836: 2978: 2390: 2177:

Metallic copper occurs on the surface of weathered copper ore deposits and copper was used before copper

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The later Stone Age, during which the rudiments of agricultural technology were developed, is called the

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lifestyle to perform a variety of tasks including butchering carcasses (and breaking bones to get at the

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Sudo, Shoichi. “Optical Fiber Amplifiers: Materials, Devices and Applications.” Artech House 1997. P 601

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systems, making agriculture very efficient. While some claim that the Incas were the first inventors of

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What is Technology?: an inaugural lecture delivered in the University of Edinburgh on November 7, 1855

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The massive data analysis resources necessary for running transatlantic research programs such as the

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Before the development of modern engineering, mathematics was used by artisans and craftsmen, such as

3623:. The Middle Ages are perhaps best known for their architectural heritage: While the invention of the 2259:

was rare and valuable, but was sometimes used to make tools and other implements, such as fish hooks.

2136:. Human remains also provide direct evidence, both through the examination of bones, and the study of 13684: 13359: 13183: 12757: 12485: 12398: 12355: 12350: 12325: 12240: 12230: 12225: 11568: 11163: 10693: 10508: 9230: 9215: 9195: 8929: 8068: 7792: 7374: 5327: 5215: 4808: 4660:, the largest single machine ever built, was constructed between 1998 and 2008. The understanding of 3967:

patented by Richard Arkwright in 1767, produced a better quality thread than the spinning jenny. The

3468: 2974: 2534: 1502: 716: 620: 6600: 3797:, as the city-states of Italy were usually in conflict with one another. Powerful families like the 2412:(704–681 BC) claims to have invented automatic sluices and to have been the first to use water 2342:

were invented in Mesopotamia. Mesopotamians have been credited with the invention of the wheel. The

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provided huge amounts of information by functioning well beyond NASA's original lifespan estimates.

4097: 3580:. Medieval ingenuity was also displayed in the invention of seemingly inconspicuous items like the 2717: 2666: 2662: 1953: 604: 573: 384: 326: 311: 306: 253: 10046: 10041: 8147: 572:: In the first, people use the energy of their own muscles. In the second, they use the energy of 13306: 13121: 12900: 12788: 12683: 12255: 12083: 12034: 11519: 11423: 11405: 11238: 11233: 10999: 10909: 10081: 9848: 9667: 9600: 9332: 9178: 9108: 8752: 8439: 7919: 7328: 6576: 6058: 5846: 5669: 5484: 5377: 5303: 5119: 5114: 5055: 4986: 4891: 4824: 4772: 4631: 4162: 3894:, which was invented in 1598, increased a knitter's number of knots per minute from 100 to 1000. 3754: 3646: 2697:

as its intellectual center and Greek as the lingua franca, the Hellenistic civilization included

2024: 1472: 976: 700: 538: 483:, but it is now used to describe advancements and changes that affect the environment around us. 205: 132: 7560: 7427: 3850: 3415:

by the early 11th century. It was later widely adopted in Europe, where it was adapted into the

2065:

period. During this period, polished stone tools were made from a variety of hard rocks such as

1687: 13475: 13433: 13428: 13311: 13188: 13010: 12730: 12558: 12265: 12250: 12210: 11982: 11805: 11486: 11428: 11395: 11362: 11228: 11087: 10961: 10567: 10458: 10446: 10142: 9883: 9722: 9359: 9293: 9277: 8691: 8621: 7629: 7162: 7156: 7076: 5774: 5445: 5332: 5228: 5170: 5099: 5001: 4545: 4459: 4177: 4050: 3658: 3530:

by means of a jet of steam playing on rotary vanes around the periphery of a wheel. Known as a

2610: 2401: 1901: 1431: 632: 356: 341: 301: 283: 178: 84: 77: 8328:

Castro, J. Justin. "History of technology in nineteenth and twentieth century Latin America,"

8165: 7596: 7408: 7210:

Studies in Medieval Islamic Technology: From Philo to Al-Jazarī, from Alexandria to Diyār Bakr

7091: 6916: 6395: 6389: 6247: 6148: 5628: 5624:

The Way It Worked and Why It Won't: Structural Change and the Slowdown of U.S. Economic Growth

5622: 5569: 13542: 13406: 13245: 12933: 12923: 12858: 12820: 12793: 12703: 12612: 12531: 12521: 12362: 12330: 12305: 12190: 12143: 12039: 12017: 12007: 11992: 11932: 11919: 11892: 11757: 11722: 11557: 11448: 11400: 11218: 10826: 10762: 10636: 10329: 10255: 10029: 10024: 9962: 9901: 9838: 9786: 9779: 9056: 8961: 8636: 7404: 7393: 7128: 6803: 6607:(in Greek and German). Wilhelm Schmidt (translator). Leipzig: B.G. Teubner. pp. 228–232. 6284: 6278: 6173: 6102: 5538: 5450: 5342: 5045: 4936: 4750: 4735: 4657: 4651: 4336: 4113: 4070: 3925: 3915: 3806: 3758: 3488:, where the drummer could be made to play different rhythms and different drum patterns. The 3420: 3400:

was also transmitted from China via predominantly Islamic countries, where formulas for pure

2834: 2725: 2678: 2507: 2210:

and spread outward over time. These developments were not, and still are not, universal. The

2086: 1990: 1986: 1203: 491: 409: 210: 138: 10211: 8137:

Agar, Jon. Constant Touch: a Global History of the Mobile Phone. Totem Books. December 2004.

8087: 6136: 4061:

used by engineers to manufacture parts began in the first decade of the century, notably by

3331:

and water-raising machines. Many of these technologies were transferred to medieval Europe.

2736:. In contrast to the typically anonymous inventors of earlier ages, ingenious minds such as 13572: 13527: 13495: 13490: 13416: 13391: 13347: 12880: 12720: 12693: 12688: 12585: 12277: 12220: 12123: 12103: 12061: 11977: 11972: 11947: 11872: 11639: 11534: 11529: 11453: 11342: 11332: 11092: 11043: 11038: 11021: 11016: 10994: 10784: 10498: 10351: 10243: 10147: 9940: 9625: 9424: 9367: 8706: 8671: 8566: 7822: 7446: 6718: 5778: 5706: 5543: 5489: 5337: 5316: 5050: 4929: 4886: 4665: 4627: 4497: 4398: 4317: 3863: 3858: 3778: 3501: 2935: 2931: 2769: 2404:, the last of the simple machines to be invented, first appeared in Mesopotamia during the 2117: 1985:. This flaking produced sharp edges which could be used as tools, primarily in the form of 1840: 1641: 1488: 1357: 1342: 778: 712: 577: 514: 361: 99: 9595: 6668:

Watson, Andrew M. (1974). "The Arab Agricultural Revolution and Its Diffusion, 700–1100".

5802:"Flaked Stones and Old Bones: Biological and Cultural Evolution at the Dawn of Technology" 3118:

recorded 5,624 water mills in Great Britain in 1086, being about one per thirty families.

2549:', suggests a thorough understanding of materials engineering, hydrology, and sanitation. 2486:

to aid construction processes. Historians and archaeologists have found evidence that the

2466:

constituted the first human-devised motive force not to rely on muscle power (besides the

2004:

The earliest stone tools were irrelevant, being little more than a fractured rock. In the

8: 13643: 13421: 13252: 13203: 13146: 13060: 13054: 12980: 12895: 12840: 12715: 12580: 12526: 12270: 12260: 12118: 12088: 12012: 11997: 11957: 11952: 11877: 11762: 11539: 11504: 11496: 11385: 11375: 11082: 10747: 10552: 10385: 9918: 9791: 9672: 9647: 8725: 8696: 8616: 7346: 6863: 6857: 5517: 5193: 5040: 4754: 4643: 4355: 4321: 3785:

as a result. He was awarded one of the first patents ever issued to protect an ingenious

3632: 3557: 3547: 3232: 3213: 2873: 2822:, and doors, primarily as toys, which however featured new useful mechanisms such as the 2416:, of up to 30 tons weight, which were cast using two-part clay molds rather than by the ' 2324: 2181:

was known. Copper smelting is believed to have originated when the technology of pottery

2133: 2097: 2036: 1948:

approximately 300,000 years ago. The earliest direct evidence of tool usage was found in

1942:

Human ancestors have been using stone and other tools since long before the emergence of

708: 600: 464: 346: 278: 8484:, course materials (graduate level) for a course on the history of technology through a 6766:

Transfer Of Islamic Technology To The West, Part II: Transmission Of Islamic Engineering

6249:

Encyclopaedia of the History of Science, Technology, and Medicine in Non-Westen Cultures

5710: 3283:

in Arabic). A variety of industrial mills were employed in the Islamic world, including

619:. In the fourth, they can create symbols, develop language and writing. Advancements in 13547: 13485: 13273: 13262: 13240: 13235: 13224: 13005: 12570: 12315: 12185: 11987: 11887: 11882: 11667: 11514: 11370: 11352: 11337: 11144: 11033: 10936: 10838: 10651: 9833: 9563: 9529: 8481: 7978: 7622: 7552: 7069: 7039: 7012: 6761: 6710: 6693: 6685: 6596: 6549: 5455: 4765: 4703: 4681: 4583: 4523: 4492: 4367: 4195: 3867: 3854: 3828: 3818: 3782: 3713: 3589: 3497: 3459: 3354: 3221: 3018: 3010: 2745: 2741: 2721: 2654: 2223: 2149: 2020: 1751: 704: 663: 542: 502: 173: 119: 7263: 6643:

The Victory of Reason: How Christianity Led to Freedom, Capitalism and Western Success

6391:

Lost Discoveries: The Ancient Roots of Modern Science—from the Babylonians to the Maya

3552: 1818: 727:

The following is a summary of the history of technology by time period and geography:

13522: 13396: 13289: 13198: 12975: 12970: 12958: 12953: 12825: 12815: 12735: 12678: 12622: 12403: 12386: 12367: 12002: 11937: 11907: 11564: 11269: 11075: 11065: 11055: 11004: 10661: 10579: 9873: 9858: 9843: 9823: 9714: 9693: 9504: 9347: 9135: 8576: 8431:

Singer, C., Holmyard, E.J., Hall, A.R. and Williams, T.I. (eds.), (1954–59 and 1978)

8383: 8376: 8008: 8000: 7990: 7955: 7949: 7874: 7868: 7849: 7720: 7675: 7633: 7600: 7589: 7556: 7548: 7378: 7306: 7214: 7166: 7136: 7097: 6985: 6960: 6892: 6867: 6837: 6815: 6697: 6648: 6641: 6580: 6535: 6523: 6506: 6449: 6424: 6399: 6365: 6288: 6257: 6229: 6179: 6152: 6137: 6112: 6081: 6017: 5928: 5850: 5823: 5722: 5697: 5673: 5632: 5417: 5347: 5249: 5234: 5089: 4780: 4711: 4669: 4623: 4603: 4587: 4559: 4528: 4502: 4359: 4288: 4257: 4134: 4093: 4081: 4035: 4031: 3944: 3770: 3451: 3440: 3401: 3209: 3070: 2842: 2578: 2451: 2347: 2109: 2093: 2043: 2028: 2013: 797: 636: 589: 558: 402: 248: 93: 8316:

The History of Modern Science: A Guide to the Second Scientific Revolution 1800–1950

7766: 6527: 2716:

Hellenistic engineers of the Eastern Mediterranean were responsible for a number of

2042:

The end of the last Ice Age about 10,000 years ago is taken as the end point of the

13598: 13593: 13379: 13374: 13257: 13213: 12990: 12835: 12810: 12617: 12607: 12597: 12320: 12295: 12195: 12056: 12051: 11832: 11390: 11070: 10977: 10720: 10503: 10303: 10223: 10179: 9979: 9801: 9652: 9612: 8631: 8591: 8275: 7544: 7530:"A postmortem technology assessment of the spinning wheel: The last thousand years" 7296: 7259: 6956: 6730: 6677: 5813: 5714: 4901: 4896: 4758: 4661: 4611: 4470: 4277: 4242: 4203: 4066: 4046: 4039: 3762: 3611:

Significant advances were also made in military technology with the development of

3569: 3249: 2642: 2574: 2417: 2211: 2207: 2186: 2170: 2082: 2032: 1423: 1372: 735: 628: 581: 506: 331: 258: 10562: 10518: 8114:

Markoff, John (March 3, 1997). "Fiber-Optic Technology Draws Record Stock Value".

8027:

A History of Industrial Power in the United States, 1730–1930, Vol. 2: Steam Power

7697:

A History of Industrial Power in the United States, 1730–1930, Vol. 2: Steam Power

7108:

The spinning jenny was basically an adaptation of its precursor the spinning wheel

2218:, and does not apply at all in the case of some isolated populations, such as the 13608: 13369: 13000: 12767: 12762: 12575: 12335: 12180: 12158: 11927: 11842: 11827: 11592: 10951: 10921: 10683: 10611: 10589: 10547: 10442: 10412: 10277: 10272: 9923: 9806: 9377: 8581: 8472: 8361: 7458: 7434: 7415: 7351: 7283: 7279:"Loudspeakers Optional: A history of non-loudspeaker-based electroacoustic music" 7208: 7190: 7050: 7023: 6923: 6772: 6309: 5740: 5718: 5465: 5244: 4707: 4432: 4406: 4363: 4306: 4249: 4054: 4004: 3972: 3786: 3684: 3504: 3455: 3389: 3030: 2869: 2838: 2823: 2729: 2698: 2694: 2430: 2386: 2355: 2339: 2219: 2165: 2129: 2101: 1994: 1456: 1225: 1181: 651: 624: 593: 546: 534: 530: 498: 193: 183: 143: 7744: 5425: 3029:), opening up new possibilities in harnessing natural forces. He also devised a 2965:

providing for individual ownership, advanced stone masonry technology, advanced

2541:

and northwestern India), is notable for its early application of city planning,

13613: 13115: 12963: 12875: 12870: 12627: 12548: 12543: 12474: 12393: 12345: 12300: 12093: 12029: 11942: 11902: 11742: 11702: 11060: 10987: 10809: 10774: 10705: 10594: 10466: 10174: 9759: 9749: 9570: 9551: 8348:

The Third Industrial Revolution: Technology, Productivity and Income Inequality

8046: 7438: 6799: 6568: 5548: 5403: 4873: 4851: 4647: 4619: 4575: 4571: 4410: 4387: 4328: 4226: 4173: 4172:

Shoe production was mechanized during the mid 19th century. Mass production of

3960: 3956: 3952: 3891: 3747: 3511: 3416: 3408: 3350: 3033:. However, his inventions were primarily toys, rather than practical machines. 2982: 2706: 2670: 2618: 2546: 2495: 2491: 2483: 2455: 2343: 2190: 2047: 1277: 1264: 1194: 1168: 889: 861: 554: 351: 48: 8012: 7341: 7301: 7278: 6891:(1 ed.). Singapore: World Scientific Publishing Co. Pte. Ltd. p. 4. 6681: 4183: 2027:, where multiple blades could be rapidly formed from a single core stone. The 13658: 13352: 13301: 13066: 13022: 12985: 12915: 12890: 12800: 12698: 12644: 12639: 12205: 12175: 12113: 11914: 11862: 11857: 11767: 10946: 10931: 10877: 10855: 10752: 10740: 10656: 10525: 10407: 10368: 10356: 10344: 10056: 9967: 9896: 9637: 9580: 9558: 9467: 9399: 9394: 9372: 8717: 8253: 7672:

The Most Powerful Idea in the World: A Story of Steam, Industry and Invention

7465:, p. 34-35, Institute for the History of Arabic Science, University of Aleppo 7310: 4579: 4508: 4474: 4313: 4284: 4273: 4187: 4166: 4120:

demonstrated the role of the water supply in spreading the cholera epidemic.

4058: 4000: 3968: 3955:

in 1733 doubled the output of a weaver, creating a shortage of spinners. The

3921: 3846: 3740: 3523: 3515: 3412: 3316: 3231:

occurred during this period. It was a transformation in agriculture from the

3115: 3111: 3002: 2810:

Innovations in mechanical technology included the newly devised right-angled

2354:(modern Iraq) during the 5th millennium BC. This led to the invention of the 2256: 2125: 1796: 1464: 855: 819: 813: 732: 696: 682: 585: 505:. Since technology uses resources, technical history is tightly connected to 9487: 8435:, 7 vols., Oxford, Clarendon Press. (Vols 6 and 7, 1978, ed. T. I. Williams) 8421: 7075:(First MIT Press paperback ed.). Cambridge MA: The MIT Press. pp. 4237: 3939: 3928:

is characterized by developments in the areas of textile machinery, mining,

13401: 12865: 12805: 12553: 12511: 12165: 12024: 11962: 11697: 10865: 10821: 10802: 10757: 10557: 10481: 10238: 10233: 10189: 9816: 9698: 9662: 9642: 9494: 9472: 9384: 8497: 7235:

The Universal History of Computing: From the Abacus to the Quantum Computer

6977: 6911:

Donald Routledge Hill, "Mechanical Engineering in the Medieval Near East",

6534:. Technology and Change in History. Vol. 2. Leiden. pp. 217–302. 5827: 5726: 5431: 4776: 4687:

Genetic engineering technology continues to improve, and the importance of

4563: 4518: 4445: 4332: 4092:

to purify the water supply dates to 1804, when the owner of a bleachery in

3991: 3933: 3841: 3774: 3612: 3535: 3489: 3485: 3432: 3217: 3054: 2990: 2973:

that helped to increase productivity in many sectors of the Roman economy.

2923: 2915: 2857: 2777: 2638: 2622: 2405: 2308: 2089:, as well as tools, made organic materials such as wood, bone, and antler. 1944: 1872: 1446: 1413: 1327: 1251: 1238: 759: 687: 562: 550: 526: 487: 480: 104: 10914: 7624:

The Genius That Was China: East and West in the Making of the Modern World

6982:

Europäische Technik im Mittelalter. 800 bis 1400. Tradition und Innovation

6573:

Contours of the World Economy, 1–2030 AD: Essays in Macro-Economic History

6139:

Ancient Mesopotamian Materials and Industries: The Archaeological Evidence

6010:

Ancient Mesopotamian Materials and Industries: The Archaeological Evidence

2633:

was invented in China about 1150, nearly 200 years after the invention of

2617:

Other Chinese discoveries and inventions from the Medieval period include

2370: 13284: 13017: 12905: 12830: 12747: 12666: 12659: 12516: 12200: 11897: 11867: 11852: 11717: 11712: 10904: 10894: 10850: 10845: 10797: 10735: 10698: 10671: 10572: 10542: 10417: 10339: 10260: 10248: 10009: 9994: 9984: 9955: 9913: 9828: 9796: 9744: 9677: 9514: 9389: 9246: 8485: 7204: 6385: 6144: 6013: 4847: 4695: 4688: 4673: 4639: 4567: 4451: 4416: 4210: 4148: 4105: 4089: 3996: 3964: 3638: 3601: 3597: 3585: 3381: 3358: 3346: 3292: 3276: 3268: 3090: 3063: 3022: 2955: 2947: 2927: 2896: 2796: 2792: 2781: 2761: 2626: 2566: 2562: 2463: 2443: 2435: 2409: 2366: 2363: 2358:

in Mesopotamia during the early 4th millennium BC. Depictions of wheeled

2351: 2300: 2214:

does not accurately describe the technology history of groups outside of

2078: 1998: 1982: 1974: 1966: 1927: 1775: 1518: 1142: 828: 755: 692: 460: 153: 8512: 7506: 4691:

on development and inheritance has also become increasingly recognized.

4303:

that lasted from the 1950s with the launch of Sputnik to the mid-1980s.

4010: 3041: 1939:

were technological developments of major importance during this period.

13169: 13071: 12910: 12752: 12710: 12654: 12133: 12128: 12073: 11737: 11707: 11689: 11048: 10941: 10899: 10715: 10678: 10641: 10537: 10124: 10036: 9863: 9764: 9737: 9657: 9455: 9409: 9320: 9288: 8641: 8356:

Technology in Western Civilization: Technology in the Twentieth Century

8042:"Ford's Assembly Line Turns 100: How It Really Put the World on Wheels" 6689: 5818: 5801: 5239: 5158: 4699: 4615: 4484: 4437: 4292: 4265: 4253: 4222: 4218: 4191: 4154: 3976: 3929: 3871: 3693: 3688:(1556), which also contains sections on geology, mining and chemistry. 3676: 3668: 3573: 3565: 3531: 3527: 3493: 3424: 3385: 3374: 3334: 3308: 3304: 3272: 3264: 3253: 3014: 2966: 2943: 2865: 2804: 2785: 2773: 2737: 2594: 2413: 2160: 2113: 2055: 2051: 1957: 793: 642: 509:. From those resources, technology produces other resources, including 494:

which allow us to study nature in more detail than our natural senses.

158: 109: 8502: 8463: 7437:, web page, accessed on line 23 October 2009; this web page refers to 6862:(2nd ed.). New York: Litton Educational Publishing, Inc. p. 5397: 2557:

The Chinese made many first-known discoveries and developments. Major

467:

and information technology that has emerged since the 1980s. The term

13339: 12845: 12742: 12671: 12565: 12538: 12310: 11777: 11752: 11631: 11113: 10956: 10725: 10710: 10308: 10293: 10218: 10201: 10119: 10004: 9945: 9935: 9930: 9853: 9732: 9620: 9546: 9313: 9303: 8748: 8333: 7120: 4843: 4607: 4300: 4269: 4261: 4214: 4109: 4023: 3794: 3790: 3624: 3605: 3581: 3481: 3463: 3428: 3397: 3338: 3328: 3312: 3300: 3288: 3236: 3205: 3086: 3026: 2962: 2958:

in particular being the wealthiest Roman province outside of Italia.

2846: 2819: 2749: 2710: 2702: 2674: 2634: 2582: 2479: 2447: 2331: 2320: 2316: 2288: 2062: 2005: 1956:, dating back to 2.5 million years ago. The earliest methods of 1912: 1856: 1533: 937: 931: 849: 837: 748: 612: 168: 89: 8508:

Giants of Science (website of the Institute of National Remembrance)

8198: 7767:"'The Mechanical Age': technology, innovation and industrialisation" 6486:

Alexander to Actium: The Historical Evolution of the Hellenistic Age

2799:

and its mechanization by the dial and pointer, the application of a

2545:, and plumbing. Indus Valley construction and architecture, called ' 2031:, beginning approximately 40,000 years ago, saw the introduction of 13411: 13334: 13295: 10730: 10666: 10513: 10471: 10206: 10114: 9989: 9811: 9774: 9754: 8444: 8340:

A Short History of Technology: From the Earliest Times to A.D. 1900

8231: 7656:

The Genius of China: 3000 years of science, discovery and invention

6984:(4th ed.), Berlin: Gebr. Mann Verlag, pp. 413–422 (414), 6471:

The Genius of China: 3000 years of science, discovery and invention

4591: 4479: 4383: 3882: 3728: 3616: 3577: 3534:, a similar device for rotating a spit was also later described by 3473: 3444: 3257: 3075: 3066:, their agricultural technology was still soil based, if advanced. 3059: 2911: 2885: 2853: 2815: 2800: 2753: 2606: 2538: 2269: 2264: 2249: 2235: 2178: 2058:

as composite stone tools, along with wood, bone, and antler tools.

2009: 1949: 1707: 1155: 1129: 925: 784: 114: 13110: 12443: 8425: 6226:

Stronger than a Hundred Men: A History of the Vertical Water Wheel

5411: 4540: 2880:. In transport, great progress resulted from the invention of the 2389:

machine, which appeared in Mesopotamia circa 3000 BC. and then in

12592: 11654: 11438: 10792: 10584: 10530: 10476: 10298: 10104: 10014: 9868: 9769: 9727: 9590: 9509: 9462: 9450: 8148:"United Nations International Telecommunication Union Statistics" 7719:. Cambridge, NY: Press Syndicate of the University of Cambridge. 6976:

Burns, Robert I. (1996), "Paper comes to the West, 800–1400", in

5980: 5976: 5872:

Bone, Antler, and Tusk tools of the Early Neolithic Körös Culture

4599: 4161:

Building on improvements in vacuum pumps and materials research,

3824: 3766: 3393: 3296: 3284: 2994: 2986: 2939: 2900: 2877: 2861: 2765: 2733: 2682: 2598: 2586: 2514: 2487: 2382: 2312: 2278: 2215: 2074: 1961: 1312: 1304: 1290: 1114: 943: 916: 907: 843: 807: 801: 771: 763: 739: 163: 52: 8004: 7870:

The Visible Hand: The Management Revolution in American Business

7237:, p. 171, Trans. E.F. Harding, John Wiley & Sons, Inc. (See 4343:

in 1991, which is the implanting of a single sperm into an egg.

3327:

as a source of water power, used to provide additional power to

742:) 2.5 million years ago (scrapers; to butcher dead animals) 13316: 12287: 10860: 10397: 10375: 10228: 10164: 10109: 9499: 9477: 9445: 9419: 6364:. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. pp. 505–650. 5279:

Timeline of telescopes, observatories, and observing technology

4837: 4664:

is expected to expand with better instruments including larger

4296: 3798: 3753:

The era is marked by such profound technical advancements like

3620: 3593: 3472:, in the 9th century. In 1206, Al-Jazari invented programmable 3370: 3366: 2970: 2951: 2827: 2686: 2630: 2602: 2590: 2459: 2394: 2196: 2023:, approximately 300,000 years ago, saw the introduction of the 898: 883: 874: 8507: 8224:"World's Largest Science Experiment comes to Northern Ireland" 8184: 8182: 7277:

Kapur, Ajay; Carnegie, Dale; Murphy, Jim; Long, Jason (2017).

4108:

was patented in 1845 by Guest and Chrimes, a brass foundry in

3982: 3809:; science and technology began a cycle of mutual advancement. 3337:

machines used to grind grain and pump water, the windmill and

3323:

in mills and water-raising machines, and pioneered the use of

2860:

crossbow in warfare, hollow bronze-casting in metallurgy, the

870:

Brick used for construction in the Middle East c. 6000 BC

596:, which categorizes the energy use of advanced civilizations. 13138: 10926: 10646: 10380: 10334: 10196: 10051: 9999: 9575: 9541: 8494:. From Jaroslaw Kessler, a chronology of "civilizing events". 4753:, which will consist of numerous super-light chips driven by 4514: 4375: 3484:

musicians, including two drummers operated by a programmable

3477: 3094: 3082: 2998: 2881: 2690: 2570: 2503: 2499: 2458:

before 350 BC, in the regions of Mesopotamia (Iraq) and

2378: 2359: 2323:. The walls of Babylon were so massive they were quoted as a 2304: 2137: 2066: 1978: 616: 43: 5927:. London: Maney Publishing, for the Institute of Materials. 4123: 4030:, the first purpose-built railway line, opened in 1830, the 3663: 3161:

History of science and technology in the Indian subcontinent

2494:, from which all machines are based. These machines are the 10872: 10833: 10313: 10169: 10099: 10019: 9891: 9404: 8354:

Kranzberg, Melvin and Pursell, Carroll W. Jr., eds. (1967)

8179: 8166:

https://www.supremecourt.gov/opinions/17pdf/16-402_h315.pdf

7951:

The Path to Mechanized Shoe Production in the United States

5299:

Timeline of temperature and pressure measurement technology

4727: 4677: 4676:

is sought via underground detectors and observatories like

4635: 3628: 3362: 3342: 3324: 3320: 3256:, and farming, with the help of new technology such as the 3240: 3050: 2811: 2467: 2374: 2182: 2070: 608: 6953:

Wind, Water, Work: Ancient and Medieval Milling Technology

6834:

Wind, Water, Work: Ancient and Medieval Milling Technology

6717:, pp. 34–35. Institute for the History of Arabic Science, 3114:, pulping rags for paper making and for felting wool. The 2874:

tunnel excavated from both ends by scientific calculations

1977:" of hard stone with specific flaking properties (such as 646:

Agriculture preceded writing in the history of technology.

12634: 10184: 9950: 9908: 8417: 7935:

Electrifying America: Social Meanings of a New Technology

7644:

A companion to the PBS Series "The Genius That Was China"

7445:, pp. 34–5, Institute for the History of Arabic Science, 7401: 7071:

Technology in World Civilization: A Thousand-Year History

5950:

The Sea and Civilization: A Maritime History of the World

4731: 3765:. Note books of the Renaissance artist-engineers such as 2397:

date back to Mesopotamia in the early 2nd millennium BC.

2245: 1889: 781:– modern human anatomy arises, around 100,000 years ago.) 715:, are strikingly similar to the visions of near and post- 479:, meaning word and speech. It was first used to describe 3431:

in 1206, and is central to modern machinery such as the

2807:

mechanism far superseded the earlier outflow clepsydra.

681:

In the late 1970s sociologists and anthropologists like

8338:

Derry, Thomas Kingston and Williams, Trevor I., (1993)

8199:"Greatest Engineering Achievements of the 20th Century" 7937:. Cambridge, MA, US and London, England: The MIT Press. 7276: 6337:"Science in Ancient Egypt & Today: Connecting Eras" 6039:

A Companion to the Archaeology of the Ancient Near East

5694: 4718:

which was launched to orbit in December, 2021, and the

3263:

Muslim engineers in the Islamic world made wide use of

2852:

In other fields, ancient Greek innovations include the

13533:

International Conference on Population and Development

7396:, "Mechanical Engineering in the Medieval Near East", 7371:

Science in Medieval Islam: An Illustrated Introduction

5596:

The University of Alabama – Department of Anthropology

4952:

History of computer hardware in Eastern Bloc countries

1993:. These tools greatly aided the early humans in their 751:

stone technology 1.6 million years ago (hand axe)

8478:

MIT 6.933J – The Structure of Engineering Revolutions

8069:"Statista Electricity Access Keeps Climbing Globally" 6605:

Herons von Alexandria Druckwerke und Automatentheater

4299:

development led to long range missiles and the first

3909: 8254:"DNA Is Not Destiny: The New Science of Epigenetics" 7148: 6421:

I Ching and the Genetic Code: The Hidden Key to Life

6051: 5840: 5393: 4558:

In the early 21st century, research is ongoing into

4335:

was born in 1978, which led to the first successful

4225:. Between 1887 and 1894, the first successful short 2849:

both show great refinement in astronomical science.

2513:

They also made writing medium similar to paper from

7591:

Science and Technology in the Industrial Revolution

7334: 4283:Energy and engine technology improvements included 4260:and development sped advances including electronic 3696:, forge hammers, blast bellows, and suction pumps. 3592:was laid by the introduction of pintle-and-gudgeon 2629:and the clock escapement mechanism. The solid-fuel 955: 520: 11622: 8375: 7771:Short History of the British Industrial Revolution 7621: 7588: 7582: 7580: 7428:Taqi al-Din and the First Steam Turbine, 1551 A.D. 7068: 6640: 6171: 6071: 4256:and other high-tech goods to masses of consumers. 3588:. In navigation, the foundation to the subsequent 3454:were also invented in the Muslim world. The first 2012:emerged. This early Stone Age is described as the 580:). In the fourth, they learn to use the energy of 7973: 7971: 6915:, May 1991, pp. 64–9 (cf. Donald Routledge Hill, 6619:"Ancient Mayans Likely Had Fountains and Toilets" 6488:. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1990. 5078:Timeline of electrical and electronic engineering 4350:Computers were connected by means of local area, 2206:This technological trend apparently began in the 13656: 8029:. Charlottesville: University Press of Virginia. 7895:"Top 10 Greatest Inventions of the 19th Century" 7699:. Charlottesville: University Press of Virginia. 7003:Arming the Periphery. Emrys Chew, 2012. p. 1823. 6516: 5918: 5916: 5914: 5912: 5764: 5762: 4602:and high-energy laser beams for military uses), 4316:also became widespread during the 20th century. 3462:, was an automated flute player invented by the 3279:such as petroleum, and large factory complexes ( 3178:List of inventions in the medieval Islamic world 2891:Further newly created techniques and items were 2054:. The Mesolithic technology included the use of 7577: 5799: 5007:Timeline of quantum computing and communication 4751:the first ever spacecraft to visit another star 3870:. European powers rediscovered the idea of the 3447:was also first described by Al-Jazari in 1206. 2330:Writing was invented in Mesopotamia, using the 754:Fire creation and manipulation, used since the 607:. In the first stage, information is passed by 576:. In the third, they use the energy of plants ( 8747: 8321:Bunch, Bryan and Hellemans, Alexander, (1993) 7968: 7845:Concepts and practice of humanitarian medicine 7745:"Technological Transformations and Long Waves" 7710: 7708: 7706: 7586: 7125:The book of ingenious devices (Kitāb al-ḥiyal) 6178:. US: Twenty-First Century Books. p. 58. 6130: 6128: 5218:– articles on history of specific technologies 4740:Variable Specific Impulse Magnetoplasma Rocket 3801:were strong patrons of the arts and sciences. 3200:Islamic world contributions to Medieval Europe 2537:, situated in a resource-rich area (in modern 13154: 12459: 11608: 11129: 9262: 8733: 8528: 8451:(1 ed.). Edinburgh: Sutherland and Knox. 8443: 7873:. Belknap Press of Harvard University Press. 7738: 7736: 7628:. Woodstock, NY: The Overlook Press. p. 7463:Taqi al-Din and Arabic Mechanical Engineering 7443:Taqi al-Din and Arabic Mechanical Engineering 7017:Potassium Nitrate in Arabic and Latin Sources 6715:Taqi al-Din and Arabic Mechanical Engineering 6634: 6632: 6468: 6283:. Minneapolis, MN: Runestone Press. pp. 5996:The Mystery of the Hanging Gardens of Babylon 5990: 5988: 5909: 5759: 5570:"history of technology – Summary & Facts" 4947:History of computing hardware (1960s–present) 4339:pregnancy in 1985 and the first pregnancy by 4280:residents in the late 2000s and early 2010s. 3874:, lost since the time of the Ancient Greeks. 3746:The invention of the movable cast metal type 3233:8th to the 13th century in the Islamic region 2490:were built using three of what is called the 984: 584:: coal, oil, gas. In the fifth, they harness 436: 8378:An Encyclopedia of the History of Technology 7674:. University Of Chicago Press. p. 237. 7154: 6175:Ancient Machines: From Wedges to Waterwheels 5887:"Ancient Tools Unearthed in Siberian Arctic" 4702:are also being developed, like the Boeing's 3877: 3196:Science and technology in the Ottoman Empire 3021:'s windwheel) and even created the earliest 2732:and its close association with the adjacent 2648: 2039:could be used to shape a stone very finely. 13558:United Nations world population conferences 8228:Science & Technology Facilities Council 7703: 7537:Technological Forecasting and Social Change 7325:A 13th Century Programmable Robot (Archive) 7158:Islam and Science, Medicine, and Technology 6647:. New York: Random House Trade Paperbacks. 6418: 6394:. New York: Simon & Schuster. pp. 6125: 6072:Paipetis, S. A.; Ceccarelli, Marco (2010). 4804:Timeline of agriculture and food technology 3979:was invented by Edmund Cartwright in 1787. 3862:generally difficult, however, owing to the 3150:List of Japanese inventions and discoveries 3104: 2977:were the first to build monumental arches, 2713:scholars and engineers who wrote in Greek. 2645:on maritime voyages, some reaching Africa. 2454:in the 4th century BC, specifically in the 13471:Population and housing censuses by country 13161: 13147: 12466: 12452: 11615: 11601: 11553: 11136: 11122: 9276: 9269: 9255: 8740: 8726: 8535: 8521: 8465:Electropaedia on the History of Technology 8398:Companion to the History of Modern Science 7733: 7055:History of Science and Technology in Islam 7028:History of Science and Technology in Islam 6808:Islamic Technology: An illustrated history 6629: 6554:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 6036: 5985: 5843:Cultural Anthropology: The Human Challenge 5627:. Westport, CT; London: Praeger. pp. 4221:in 1877 seemed to promise the addition of 3142:Science and technology of the Song dynasty 3132:History of science and technology in Korea 3128:History of science and technology in China 3099:Native American inventions and innovations 2100:. Stone Age humans developed ocean-worthy 991: 977: 722: 443: 429: 8542: 7977: 7527: 7500: 7300: 7119: 7033: 6362:Ancient Egyptian Materials and Technology 6359: 6334: 6280:Ancient Machines: From Grunts to Graffiti 5817: 5806:American Journal of Physical Anthropology 5768: 5373:Timeline of rocket and missile technology 5255: 5096:Energy (History, Use by humans, See also) 5065: 4997:Timeline of free and open-source software 4942:History of computing hardware before 1960 4209:Between 1825 and 1840, the technology of 4124:Second Industrial Revolution (1860s–1914) 3652: 3167:List of Indian inventions and discoveries 2154: 13194:Estimates of historical world population 7866: 7249: 7243: 7113: 6945: 6929: 6886: 6855: 6741: 6739: 6469:Temple, Robert; Needham, Joseph (1986). 5922: 5874:. Oxford: BAR International Series 2334. 5211:Military history#Technological evolution 4757:in the 2030s, and receive images of the 4539: 4236: 4182: 4133: 4104:in London in 1829. The first screw-down 4053:in 1803 instigated the age of sustained 4009: 3981: 3938: 3881: 3727:Design for a flying machine (c.1488) by 3662: 3551: 3040: 3036: 2910: 2772:, the bucket-chain and pot-garland, the 2429: 2393:circa 2000 BC. The earliest evidence of 2377:are dated between 3700 and 3500 BC. The 2239: 2164: 1916: 641: 501:, technical history is connected to the 42: 8113: 7947: 7847:(2008) Par S. William Gunn, M. Masellis 7754:. Laxenburg, Austria: IIASA. RR-89-001. 7595:. University of Toronto Press. p. 7317: 7186:How Islamic Inventors Changed the World 7178: 6889:Electricity Generation Using Wind Power 6446:The Secret Computer of the Ancient Gods 6443: 6100: 5925:A History of Metallurgy, Second Edition 5589: 5353:Timeline of motor and engine technology 5289:Timeline of particle physics technology 4982:History of the graphical user interface 3886:Newcomen steam engine for pumping mines 3526:. He described a method for rotating a 2561:include the earliest know form of the 2510:, which is 481 feet (147 meters) high. 2408:period (911–609) BC. The Assyrian King 14: 13657: 11143: 8438: 8373: 8367:War in the Age of Intelligent Machines 8085: 8024: 7954:. University of North Carolina Press. 7714: 7694: 7653: 7619: 7161:, The Rosen Publishing Group, p. 7089: 6755: 6667: 6522: 6384: 6172:Woods, Michael; Mary B. Woods (2000). 6134: 6007: 5477: 5294:Timeline of low-temperature technology 5013: 4850:, urban engineering, water supply and 4833:Architecture and building construction 3975:, produced a high quality thread. The 3154: 2818:such as suspended ink pots, automatic 2625:, phosphorescent paint, endless power 2597:, the wheelbarrow, the parachute, the 2559:technological contributions from China 2248:made of iron, dating from the Swedish 2201:Tin sources and trade in ancient times 1885: 592:extrapolated his theory, creating the 475:, meaning art and craft, and the word 13142: 12447: 11596: 11117: 10440: 10079: 9345: 9250: 8721: 8516: 8503:Society for the History of Technology 7742: 7669: 7387: 7066: 7060: 6975: 6831: 6736: 6638: 6478: 6254:Springer Science & Business Media 6245: 6165: 6078:Springer Science & Business Media 5947: 5893:. National Geographic. Archived from 5620: 5358:Timeline of motorized bicycle history 5321:Timeline of transportation technology 3833:European colonization of the Americas 3823:An improved sailing ship, the nau or 3812: 3373:fruit were brought to Europe through 3186:Science in the medieval Islamic world 2864:for surveying, in infrastructure the 2764:, the compartmented wheel, the water 969: 51:", c. 2500 BCE., displays a Sumerian 13627: 13097: 10441: 8498:Ancient and Medieval City Technology 8318:. Ames: Iowa State University Press. 8039: 8033: 7660:Based on the works of Joseph Needham 7203: 7155:Sally Ganchy, Sarah Gancher (2009), 6595: 6532:Handbook of Ancient Water Technology 6475:Based on the works of Joseph Needham 6307: 6276: 5869: 5666:"Human Ancestors Hall: Homo sapiens" 5177:History of time in the United States 5141: 5105:History of perpetual motion machines 4814: 3500:invented by Al-Jazari, was an early 1828: 1806: 1784: 1760: 1740: 1720: 1696: 1676: 1653: 1630: 1610: 1590: 1570: 1550: 958: 790:Clothing possibly 170,000 years ago. 669:special (such as fishing societies). 13563:Voluntary Human Extinction Movement 12473: 12109:Digital media use and mental health 11823:Sociology of the history of science 7932: 7793:"History of the Chelsea Waterworks" 7764: 6308:Mark, Joshua J. (8 November 2016). 6135:Moorey, Peter Roger Stuart (1999). 6008:Moorey, Peter Roger Stuart (1999). 5884: 5525: 4773:first crewed commercial spaceflight 4138:Edison electric light bulbs 1879–80 3959:for wool was invented in 1738. The 3013:was the first to experiment with a 2756:remain known by name to posterity. 623:translate into advancements in the 36:. For the academic discipline, see 24: 8761:Lists of inventions or discoveries 8424:, 2017, retrieved: March 8, 2021 ( 8358:New York: Oxford University Press. 8334:https://doi.org/10.1111/hic3.12609 8297: 7528:Marchetti, Cesare (January 1979). 6341:The Lindau Nobel Laureate Meetings 6335:Elanzeery, Hossam (13 June 2016). 6202:, Chicago University Press, (1935) 5741:"Ancient 'tool factory' uncovered" 5438: 5363:Timeline of photography technology 5110:Timeline of heat engine technology 4977:History of artificial intelligence 4761:system, along with, possibly, the 4634:, and more efficient and powerful 4118:1854 Broad Street cholera outbreak 3910:Industrial Revolution (1760–1830s) 3739:Due to the casting of cannon, the 3541: 2665:, which led to the emergence of a 2346:mechanism first appeared with the 703:, arguing that the current era of 611:. In the second, when humans gain 25: 13696: 13455:Population and Development Review 11818:Sociology of scientific ignorance 11663:History and philosophy of science 11645:Economics of scientific knowledge 11174:History and philosophy of science 10393:Megalithic architectural elements 9126:Lists of inventors or discoverers 8682:History of electrical engineering 8457: 8407:, The MIT Press, Cambridge, Mass, 8403:Pacey, Arnold, (1974, 2ed 1994), 8325:, New York, Simon & Schuster. 7799:from the original on 3 March 2016 7501:de Safita, Neathery (July 2002). 6601:"Pneumatika, Book ΙΙ, Chapter XI" 5810:Yearbook of Physical Anthropology 5496:History of science and technology 5461:Outline of prehistoric technology 5284:Timeline of microscope technology 5262:History of science and technology 5229:Nuclear technology § History 5125:Timeline of hydrogen technologies 5072:History of electrical engineering 4610:, and green technologies such as 4345:Preimplantation genetic diagnosis 4229:presentations were established. 3932:, transport and the invention of 3396:during 794–795. The knowledge of 3341:, first appeared in what are now 2661:began in the 4th century BC with 2581:, the double-action piston pump, 2193:to be suitable for making tools. 415:Outline of prehistoric technology 322:History of electrical engineering 38:History of science and technology 13670:History of science by discipline 13639: 13638: 13626: 13503:Population concern organizations 13209:Projections of population growth 13120: 13109: 13096: 13085: 13084: 12411: 12410: 12385: 11576: 11575: 11563: 11552: 11182: 10080: 8396:Olby, R.C. et al., eds. (1996). 8268: 8246: 8216: 8191: 8170: 8158: 8140: 8131: 8122: 8107: 8098: 7867:Chandler, Alfred D. Jr. (1993). 6836:, Brill Publishers, p. 65, 6200:Sennacherib's Aqueduct at Jerwan 5424: 5410: 5396: 5154:Timeline of materials technology 5026:History of clothing and textiles 4972:History of programming languages 4857: 4791: 4726:was completed in the 2000s, and 4403:Large Electron–Positron Collider 4075:American system of manufacturing 4028:Liverpool and Manchester Railway 4026:and railway transportation. The 3720: 3705: 3171: 2565:and epigenetic sequencing early 2385:water-lifting device, the first 2035:, where a wood, bone, or antler 699:have approached the theories of 521:Measuring technological progress 13604:Human impact on the environment 13538:Population Action International 13039:List of social science journals 11012:Evolutionary origin of religion 8086:Gilder, George (May 16, 1997). 8079: 8061: 8018: 7941: 7926: 7912: 7887: 7860: 7837: 7811: 7785: 7758: 7688: 7663: 7658:. New York: Simon and Schuster. 7647: 7613: 7521: 7494: 7468: 7452: 7421: 7363: 7270: 7227: 7197: 7090:Žmolek, Michael Andrew (2013). 7083: 7006: 6997: 6969: 6905: 6880: 6849: 6825: 6793: 6777: 6724: 6704: 6670:The Journal of Economic History 6661: 6611: 6589: 6562: 6491: 6473:. New York: Simon and Schuster. 6462: 6448:. Compton/Kowanz Publications. 6437: 6412: 6378: 6353: 6328: 6301: 6270: 6239: 6218: 6213:Astronomy before the telescope, 6205: 6192: 6094: 6065: 6045: 6030: 6001: 5998:, Oxford University Press(2013) 5969: 5956: 5941: 5878: 5863: 5834: 5471:Timeline of historic inventions 5021:Timeline of lighting technology 4967:History of software engineering 4554:2000s in science and technology 4535: 4425:National Academy of Engineering 4232: 4073:through what is now called the 4038:being one of its first working 3520:Taqi ad-Din Muhammad ibn Ma'ruf 3136:Science and technology in Japan 2906: 2528: 2462:(Iran). This pioneering use of 2425:Babylonian astronomical diaries 2303:(modern Iraq) and its peoples ( 380:Timeline of historic inventions 13553:United Nations Population Fund 13168: 12996:Science and technology studies 11624:Science and technology studies 8555:History of technology cultures 8492:Concept of Civilization Events 7987:Johns Hopkins University Press 5952:. New York: Random House, LLC. 5793: 5733: 5688: 5658: 5645: 5614: 5590:Knight, Elliot; Smith, Karen. 5583: 5562: 5205:History of military technology 5182:History of timekeeping devices 5164: 4241:Ford assembly line, 1913. The 4084:, little progress was made in 3671:used for raising ore, ca. 1556 3192:Science and technology in Iran 3049:The engineering skills of the 2585:, water powered blast furnace 2295: 1549: 13: 1: 10625:Art of the Middle Paleolithic 10155:British megalith architecture 8702:History of nuclear technology 8677:History of computing hardware 8655:History of technology domains 8422:Institute of European History 8418:EGO – European History Online 8342:New York: Dover Publications. 7264:10.1016/S0094-114X(01)00005-2 7213:. Ashgate. pp. 231–232. 6104:The Technology of Mesopotamia 5841:Haviland, William A. (2004). 5555: 4992:History of the World Wide Web 4223:synchronized sound recordings 4049:by all-metal machines at the 4045:Manufacture of ships' pulley 3631:gave rise to the high rising 3466:brothers, described in their 3239:. The economy established by 3081:The main contribution of the 3009:In Roman Egypt, the inventor 2112:, across the Indian Ocean to 2092:Stone Age cultures developed 951: 858:of animals, c. 15,000 BC 357:History of nuclear technology 12171:Normalization process theory 11728:Philosophy of social science 10620:Art of the Upper Paleolithic 10160:Nordic megalith architecture 8687:History of materials science 8323:The Timetables of Technology 7819:"A Little About Tap History" 7549:10.1016/0040-1625(79)90008-8 7342:"Episode 11: Ancient Robots" 7252:Mechanism and Machine Theory 6526:(2000). "Water-Lifting". In 6419:Schönberger, Martin (1992). 6215:British Museum Press, (1996) 5719:10.1126/science.284.5414.625 5502:List of multiple discoveries 5310: 5148:History of materials science 5031:History of materials science 4962:History of operating systems 4923: 4821:History of civil engineering 4763:potentially habitable planet 4618:, self-driving electric and 4245:assembly line was the first. 4145:Second Industrial Revolution 4130:Second Industrial Revolution 4022:practically applied to both 3866:and the absence of accurate 3643:Umayyad conquest of Hispania 3229:Arab Agricultural Revolution 3182:Arab Agricultural Revolution 3121: 2720:to existing technology. The 2669:representing a synthesis of 2189:, which can be sufficiently 1906: 840:c. 35,000 – 23,000 years ago 497:Since much of technology is 337:History of materials science 317:History of computer hardware 274:Arab Agricultural Revolution 189:Fourth Industrial Revolution 149:Second Industrial Revolution 7: 13578:World Population Foundation 13568:World Population Conference 13481:World population milestones 11525:Neurology and neurosurgery 8280:breakthroughinitiatives.org 6360:Nicholson, Paul T. (2000). 5389: 5368:Timeline of railway history 5198: 5187: 5036:Family and consumer science 4957:History of computer science 4724:International Space Station 4668:such as the LHC and better 4086:water supply and sanitation 3267:, along with early uses of 2918:in France, a Roman aqueduct 2718:inventions and improvements 2438:, here its overshot version 2391:ancient Egyptian technology 2338:Several of the six classic 2229: 1886: 1108: 946:first few centuries AD 768:Cooking, 500,000 years ago. 174:Third Industrial Revolution 139:First Industrial Revolution 10: 13701: 13450:Population and Environment 11794:construction of technology 10768:British Isles and Brittany 10689:Gwion Gwion rock paintings 8276:"Breakthrough Initiatives" 7715:Landes, David. S. (1969). 7503:"A Brief History Of Paper" 7293:Cambridge University Press 6887:Shepherd, William (2011). 6812:Cambridge University Press 6503:Princeton University Press 6315:World History Encyclopedia 6109:The Rosen Publishing Group 5314: 5259: 5226: 5222: 5202: 5191: 5168: 5145: 5135:Timeline of nuclear fusion 5087: 5069: 4927: 4861: 4818: 4795: 4786: 4722:, have been designed. The 4716:James Webb Space Telescope 4551: 4372:wave division multiplexing 4127: 4102:Chelsea Waterworks Company 3999:fueled higher temperature 3913: 3816: 3781:created the large dome of 3656: 3545: 3437:internal combustion engine 3419:, a key device during the 3189: 3175: 3164: 3158: 3146:List of Chinese inventions 3139: 3125: 2268:involved the adoption of 2233: 2158: 2147: 2143: 1910: 1899: 816:, 70,000–60,000 years ago. 745:Huts, 2 million years ago. 471:comes from the Greek word 28: 13622: 13586: 13511: 13463: 13442: 13360:Human population planning 13325: 13271: 13222: 13184:Demographics of the world 13176: 13080: 13047: 13031: 12778: 12504: 12481: 12381: 12326:Politicization of science 12286: 12072: 11841: 11776: 11688: 11653: 11630: 11548: 11495: 11462: 11414: 11361: 11323: 11247: 11191: 11180: 11151: 10970: 10783: 10610: 10457: 10453: 10436: 10322: 10286: 10135: 10092: 10088: 10075: 9882: 9713: 9686: 9611: 9537: 9528: 9433: 9358: 9354: 9346: 9341: 9284: 9124: 9047: 8759: 8650: 8550: 8345:Greenwood, Jeremy (1997) 8088:"Fiber Keeps its Promise" 8040:Swan, Tony (April 2013). 8025:Hunter, Louis C. (1985). 7695:Hunter, Louis C. (1985). 7587:Musson; Robinson (1969). 7375:University of Texas Press 7369:Howard R. Turner (1997), 7302:10.1017/S1355771817000103 6682:10.1017/S0022050700079602 6524:Oleson, John Peter Oleson 6497:George G. Joseph (2000). 5621:Bjork, Gordon J. (1999). 5328:History of the automobile 5216:Category:Military history 5083: 4809:Timeline of biotechnology 4198:in Washington, April 1878 3878:Pre–Industrial Revolution 3469:Book of Ingenious Devices 3384:from China. The earliest 3380:The Muslim world adopted 2649:Hellenistic Mediterranean 2535:Indus Valley civilization 2442:The earliest evidence of 2096:and engaged in organized 2046:and the beginning of the 1973:To make a stone tool, a " 864:c. 9th millennium BC 825:Flutes, 43,000 years ago. 707:is coming to an end, and 701:post-industrial societies 621:communications technology 390:Complete list by category 352:History of simple machine 29:For the book series, see 13365:Compulsory sterilization 11733:Philosophy of technology 8667:History of communication 8662:History of biotechnology 7323:Professor Noel Sharkey, 7258:(5), Elsevier: 589–603, 7049:26 February 2008 at the 7022:26 February 2008 at the 6922:25 December 2007 at the 6856:Eldridge, Frank (1980). 6771:18 February 2008 at the 6499:The Crest of the Peacock 6198:T Jacobsen and S Lloyd, 6101:Faiella, Graham (2006). 5923:Tylecote, R. F. (1992). 5891:National Geographic News 5800:Plummer, Thomas (2004). 5507:Philosophy of technology 5383:History of communication 5274:History of the telescope 5269:List of years in science 5130:Timeline of alcohol fuel 4882:History of mobile phones 4864:History of communication 4846:, instruments and maps, 4798:History of biotechnology 4747:Breakthrough Initiatives 4163:incandescent light bulbs 3604:, the horseshoe and the 3518:was invented in 1551 by 3105:Medieval to early modern 2667:Hellenistic civilization 2552: 2473: 2273:produced in many areas. 1921:A variety of stone tools 1001: 834:Ropes, 40,000 years ago. 605:history of communication 385:Technological revolution 327:History of manufacturing 312:History of communication 307:History of biotechnology 13307:Malthusian growth model 12684:international relations 11239:20th century in science 11234:19th century in science 11000:Evolutionary musicology 10403:Oldest extant buildings 10330:Archaeological features 9849:Prepared-core technique 8433:A History of Technology 7985:, Baltimore, Maryland: 7670:Rosen, William (2012). 7654:Temple, Robert (1986). 7476:"Timeline: 8th century" 7329:University of Sheffield 7067:Pacey, Arnold (1991) . 6577:Oxford University Press 6246:Selin, Helaine (2013). 6059:University of Groningen 5948:Paine, Lincoln (2013). 5847:The Thomson Corporation 5670:Smithsonian Institution 5485:Criticism of technology 5378:Timeline of spaceflight 5304:Timeline of spaceflight 5120:Timeline of solar cells 5115:Timeline of steam power 5056:History of the umbrella 4987:History of the Internet 4892:History of broadcasting 4825:History of construction 4680:have started to detect 4632:artificial intelligence 4546:Mars Exploration Rovers 4291:which heralded the new 3793:and ever more powerful 3647:Lynn Townsend White Jr. 3017:mechanical device (see 2784:and quite possibly the 2567:seismological detectors 2543:sanitation technologies 2104:technology, leading to 2025:prepared-core technique 1873:P a r a n t h r o p u s 1732:Dispersal beyond Africa 867:Boats, 8,000 years ago. 723:By period and geography 578:agricultural revolution 513:used in everyday life. 511:technological artifacts 133:Proto-industrialization 18:Historian of technology 13434:Zero population growth 13429:Sustainable population 13353:Malthusian catastrophe 13312:Overshoot (population) 13189:Demographic transition 13011:Quantum social science 11806:Sociology of knowledge 11159:Theories and sociology 10962:Unchambered long cairn 10810:Mound Builders culture 10143:Neolithic architecture 9278:Prehistoric technology 8692:History of measurement 8562:Prehistoric technology 8400:. New York, Routledge. 8308:16.9 (1996): 451–519. 8256:. DiscoverMagazine.com 7948:Thomson, Ross (1989). 7933:Nye, David E. (1990). 7743:Ayres, Robert (1989). 7409:Mechanical Engineering 7400:, May 1991, pp. 64–9 ( 7233:Georges Ifrah (2001). 7096:. BRILL. p. 328. 6937:Technology and Culture 6917:Mechanical Engineering 6785:Technology and Culture 6747:Technology and Culture 6639:Stark, Rodney (2005). 6444:Compton, John (2022). 6277:Wood, Michael (2000). 5775:Encyclopedia Americana 5592:"American Materialism" 5446:History of mathematics 5333:History of the bicycle 5256:Science and technology 5171:History of measurement 5100:History of coal mining 5066:Electrical engineering 5002:History of video games 4749:project plans to send 4650:devices, engines, and 4590:(e.g., graphene), the 4549: 4460:Mechanized agriculture 4287:, developed after the 4246: 4199: 4178:agricultural machinery 4139: 4051:Portsmouth Block Mills 4018: 3990:In the mid-1750s, the 3987: 3971:, patented in 1779 by 3947: 3887: 3672: 3659:Renaissance technology 3653:Renaissance technology 3561: 3514:, a practical impulse 3355:medieval Islamic world 3353:first appeared in the 3224:(8th–16th centuries). 3046: 2919: 2681:region, including the 2611:South Pointing Chariot 2439: 2252: 2174: 2155:Copper and Bronze Ages 1922: 1902:Prehistoric technology 1004:−10 — 852:, C. 23,000 years ago. 802:100,000 years ago 660:advanced agricultural, 647: 633:distribution of wealth 492:scientific instruments 342:History of measurement 302:History of agriculture 269:Medieval Islamic world 179:Digital transformation 56: 13675:History of industries 13665:History of technology 13543:Population Connection 13407:Mere addition paradox 13246:Physiological density 13048:Other categorizations 12901:International studies 12886:History of technology 12821:Communication studies 12704:public administration 12373:Transition management 12363:Technology assessment 12331:Regulation of science 12306:Evidence-based policy 12191:Sociotechnical system 12040:Traditional knowledge 11920:Psychology of science 11893:Mapping controversies 11799:shaping of technology 11758:Social constructivism 11723:Philosophy of science 11680:History of technology 11219:Scientific Revolution 10637:List of Stone Age art 9839:Microblade technology 9787:Langdale axe industry 9385:Ard / plough 8637:Industrial Revolution 8544:History of technology 8405:The Maze of Ingenuity 8382:. London: Routledge. 8203:greatachievements.org 7752:IIASA Research Report 7620:Merson, John (1990). 7405:Donald Routledge Hill 7394:Donald Routledge Hill 7129:Donald Routledge Hill 6804:Donald Routledge Hill 6575:, p. 55, table 1.14, 5655:16.9 (1996): 451–519. 5539:Disruptive innovation 5451:History of philosophy 5343:Timeline of jet power 5046:History of lensmaking 4937:Timeline of computing 4736:human mission to Mars 4666:particle accelerators 4658:Large Hadron Collider 4543: 4337:gestational surrogacy 4276:became affordable to 4240: 4186: 4137: 4071:interchangeable parts 4069:. The development of 4013: 3985: 3942: 3926:Industrial Revolution 3916:Industrial Revolution 3904:Newcomen steam engine 3885: 3807:Scientific Revolution 3666: 3555: 3452:programmable machines 3421:Industrial Revolution 3045:Walls at Sacsayhuaman 3044: 3037:Inca, Maya, and Aztec 2914: 2835:Antikythera mechanism 2726:Library of Alexandria 2679:Eastern Mediterranean 2663:Alexander's conquests 2659:Mediterranean history 2623:movable type printing 2508:Great Pyramid of Giza 2433: 2243: 2168: 1960:making, known as the 1920: 1094:−1 — 1084:−2 — 1074:−3 — 1064:−4 — 1054:−5 — 1044:−6 — 1034:−7 — 1024:−8 — 1014:−9 — 922:Glass ca. 500 BC 880:Wheel c. 4000 BC 764:1.5 Million years ago 645: 457:history of technology 410:Outline of technology 296:By type of technology 223:By historical regions 211:Emerging technologies 71:By technological eras 63:History of technology 46: 32:History of Technology 13573:World Population Day 13528:Church of Euthanasia 13417:Non-identity problem 13392:Political demography 13348:Human overpopulation 12881:Historical sociology 12278:Women in engineering 12124:Financial technology 12104:Digital anthropology 11873:Criticism of science 11786:Actor–network theory 11748:Religion and science 11640:Economics of science 11472:Agricultural science 11224:Age of Enlightenment 11044:Prehistoric medicine 11039:Prehistoric counting 11022:Prehistoric religion 11017:Paleolithic religion 10995:Behavioral modernity 10352:Causewayed enclosure 10244:Abri de la Madeleine 9368:Neolithic Revolution 9067:multiple discoveries 8707:History of transport 8672:History of computing 8374:McNeil, Ian (1990). 8314:Brush, S.G. (1988). 7447:University of Aleppo 6832:Lucas, Adam (2006), 6719:University of Aleppo 6625:. December 23, 2009. 5544:List of technologies 5490:Intellectual history 5338:Timeline of aviation 5317:History of transport 5051:History of the chair 4930:History of computing 4887:History of animation 4710:. New, more capable 4628:wearable electronics 4498:Household appliances 4456:Radio and television 4399:Human Genome Project 4362:that ushered in the 4356:fiber optic networks 4318:Electron microscopes 3864:problem of longitude 3859:Christopher Columbus 3480:. He described four 3411:was invented in the 2932:Mediterranean region 2780:, the double-action 2118:celestial navigation 1981:) was struck with a 1688:Earliest stone tools 913:Iron c. 1500 BC 904:Salt c. 2500 BC 822:, 60,000 – 50,000 BC 787:, 200,000 years ago. 779:Homo sapiens sapiens 774:, 400,000 years ago. 657:simple agricultural, 574:domesticated animals 515:Technological change 374:Technology timelines 362:History of transport 100:Neolithic Revolution 13680:Engineering studies 13422:Reproductive rights 13253:Population dynamics 13204:Population momentum 13061:Geisteswissenschaft 13055:Behavioral sciences 12981:Political sociology 12896:Information science 12841:Development studies 12119:Engineering studies 12089:Cyborg anthropology 11878:Demarcation problem 11763:Social epistemology 11510:Veterinary medicine 11204:Classical Antiquity 11083:Prehistoric warfare 9829:Magdalenian culture 9792:Levallois technique 9723:Earliest toolmaking 9116:Spurious inventions 9079:Historic inventions 8697:History of medicine 7979:Hounshell, David A. 7398:Scientific American 7347:Ancient Discoveries 6951:Adam Lucas (2006), 6913:Scientific American 6224:Terry S. Reynolds, 6037:D.T. Potts (2012). 5897:on January 16, 2004 5711:1999Sci...284..625D 5535:Deindustrialization 5518:Technology dynamics 5478:Related disciplines 5194:History of medicine 5041:History of knitting 5014:Consumer technology 4755:Electric propulsion 4682:gravitational waves 4644:integrated circuits 4574:(introduced 1985), 4570:(introduced 1981), 4566:(introduced 1990), 4322:genetic engineering 3803:Renaissance science 3755:linear perceptivity 3558:Salisbury Cathedral 3548:Medieval technology 3214:Indian subcontinent 3212:, and parts of the 3155:Indian subcontinent 2492:Six Simple Machines 2325:Wonder of the World 2134:Venus of Willendorf 1925:During most of the 831:, 43,000 years ago. 810:, 90,000 years ago. 601:natural environment 465:genetic engineering 347:History of medicine 332:History of maritime 239:Indian subcontinent 13548:Population Matters 13263:Population pyramid 13241:Population density 13236:Population decline 13116:Society portal 12603:auxiliary sciences 12399:History of science 12316:Funding of science 12186:Skunkworks project 11883:Double hermeneutic 11668:History of science 11145:History of science 11034:Origin of language 11027:Spiritual drug use 10937:Rectangular dolmen 10839:Dartmoor kistvaens 10652:Carved stone balls 10364:Circular enclosure 10323:Other architecture 10266:Alp pile dwellings 9854:Solutrean industry 9765:Gravettian culture 9415:Secondary products 8482:MIT OpenCourseWare 8471:2011-05-12 at the 8116:The New York Times 8075:. January 7, 2019. 7433:2008-02-18 at the 7414:2007-12-25 at the 7040:Ahmad Y. al-Hassan 7013:Ahmad Y. al-Hassan 6762:Ahmad Y. al-Hassan 6711:Ahmad Y. al-Hassan 6310:"Egyptian Papyrus" 6228:, JHU Press, 2002 5975:See entries under 5966:, Routledge (1992) 5819:10.1002/ajpa.20157 5456:History of science 4878:Telecommunications 4783:on June 21, 2004. 4766:Proxima Centauri b 4738:in the 2030s. The 4720:Colossus Telescope 4670:neutrino detectors 4588:advanced materials 4584:nuclear technology 4550: 4524:Nuclear technology 4493:Imaging technology 4368:optical networking 4247: 4200: 4196:Levin Corbin Handy 4194:, photographed by 4140: 4019: 3988: 3948: 3888: 3829:Age of Exploration 3819:Age of Exploration 3813:Age of Exploration 3783:Florence Cathedral 3763:Bastion fortresses 3759:double shell domes 3714:Florence Cathedral 3694:ore stamping mills 3673: 3590:age of exploration 3562: 3498:astronomical clock 3460:musical instrument 3441:automatic controls 3222:Islamic Golden Age 3047: 3011:Hero of Alexandria 2930:across the entire 2920: 2839:analogous computer 2742:Philo of Byzantium 2722:Hellenistic period 2655:Hellenistic period 2440: 2434:The compartmented 2253: 2175: 2150:Ancient technology 2021:Middle Paleolithic 1923: 1489:H. heidelbergensis 705:industrial society 648: 543:cultural evolution 503:history of science 284:Renaissance Europe 57: 13652: 13651: 13523:7 Billion Actions 13397:Population ethics 13290:Carrying capacity 13199:Population growth 13136: 13135: 12976:Political economy 12971:Political ecology 12826:Community studies 12816:Cognitive science 12779:Interdisciplinary 12679:Political science 12441: 12440: 12368:Technology policy 12099:Dematerialization 11908:black swan events 11590: 11589: 11482:Materials science 11444:Political science 11209:Medieval European 11111: 11110: 11107: 11106: 11103: 11102: 11056:Prehistoric music 11005:music archaeology 10662:Cup and ring mark 10487:Clothing/textiles 10432: 10431: 10428: 10427: 10071: 10070: 10067: 10066: 9874:Yubetsu technique 9859:Striking platform 9824:Lithic technology 9709: 9708: 9694:Game drive system 9613:Projectile points 9505:Mortar and pestle 9244: 9243: 9129:by country/region 8764:by country/region 8715: 8714: 8410:Popplow, Marcus, 8389:978-0-415-14792-7 7996:978-0-8018-2975-8 7961:978-0-8078-1867-1 7880:978-0-674-94052-9 7825:on 9 January 2014 7726:978-0-521-09418-4 7681:978-0-226-72634-2 7639:978-0-87951-397-9 7509:on 22 August 2018 7220:978-0-86078-606-1 7172:978-1-4358-5066-8 7135:, pp. 23–4, 6898:978-981-4304-13-9 6585:978-0-19-922721-1 6541:978-90-04-11123-3 5964:Early Mesopotamia 5934:978-0-901462-88-6 5885:Lovgren, Stefan. 5856:978-0-534-62487-3 5808:. Suppl 39 (47). 5705:(5414): 625–629. 5638:978-0-275-96532-7 5602:on 2 October 2017 5418:Technology portal 5348:Maritime timeline 5250:Nuclear arms race 5235:Manhattan Project 5142:Materials science 5090:History of energy 4830:Civil engineering 4815:Civil engineering 4781:boundary of space 4768:, by midcentury. 4624:augmented reality 4612:alternative fuels 4604:superconductivity 4560:quantum computers 4529:Materials science 4503:Health technology 4360:optical amplifier 4358:, powered by the 4289:Manhattan project 4258:Military research 4204:Ironclad warships 4094:Paisley, Scotland 4082:Enlightenment era 4036:Robert Stephenson 4032:Rocket locomotive 3945:Watt steam engine 3900:Savery steam pump 3771:Leonardo da Vinci 3737: 3736: 3586:functional button 3570:mechanical clocks 3458:, a programmable 3402:potassium nitrate 3210:Iberian Peninsula 3071:Maya civilization 2991:true arch bridges 2938:provinces in the 2893:spiral staircases 2843:differential gear 2770:Archimedes' screw 2593:, the multi-tube 2579:Raised-relief map 2452:ancient Near East 2450:date back to the 2287:In Europe, large 2110:Malay Archipelago 2044:Upper Paleolithic 2029:Upper Paleolithic 2014:Lower Paleolithic 1954:Great Rift Valley 1898: 1897: 1890:million years ago 1849: 1848: 1827: 1826: 1805: 1804: 1797:Earliest rock art 1783: 1782: 1759: 1758: 1752:Earliest language 1739: 1738: 1719: 1718: 1695: 1694: 1675: 1674: 1665:Earliest sign of 1652: 1651: 1642:Earliest sign of 1629: 1628: 1609: 1608: 1589: 1588: 1569: 1568: 1212:Ou. macedoniensis 895:Copper c. 3200 BC 846:c. 25,000 BC 798:Homo floresiensis 637:social inequality 590:Nikolai Kardashev 582:natural resources 570:human development 453: 452: 254:Hellenistic world 249:Maya civilization 16:(Redirected from 13692: 13685:History by topic 13642: 13641: 13630: 13629: 13599:Green Revolution 13380:Two-child policy 13375:One-child policy 13298: 13258:Population model 13214:World population 13163: 13156: 13149: 13140: 13139: 13124: 13114: 13113: 13100: 13099: 13088: 13087: 12991:Regional science 12836:Cultural studies 12811:Business studies 12468: 12461: 12454: 12445: 12444: 12414: 12413: 12389: 12341:Right to science 12321:Horizon scanning 12296:Academic freedom 12196:Technical change 12057:Women in science 12052:Unity of science 11833:Strong programme 11617: 11610: 11603: 11594: 11593: 11583: 11579: 11578: 11571: 11567: 11556: 11555: 11477:Computer science 11325:Natural sciences 11290:Medieval Islamic 11186: 11138: 11131: 11124: 11115: 11114: 11071:Divje Babe flute 10978:Archaeoastronomy 10721:Petrosomatoglyph 10455: 10454: 10438: 10437: 10287:Water management 10090: 10089: 10077: 10076: 9980:Denticulate tool 9802:Lithic reduction 9535: 9534: 9356: 9355: 9343: 9342: 9271: 9264: 9257: 9248: 9247: 9149:African-American 9094:Medieval Islamic 9084:Byzantine Empire 8742: 8735: 8728: 8719: 8718: 8632:Great Divergence 8537: 8530: 8523: 8514: 8513: 8452: 8450: 8434: 8393: 8381: 8362:Landa, Manuel de 8291: 8290: 8288: 8286: 8272: 8266: 8265: 8263: 8261: 8250: 8244: 8243: 8241: 8239: 8234:on 13 April 2015 8230:. Archived from 8220: 8214: 8213: 8211: 8209: 8195: 8189: 8186: 8177: 8174: 8168: 8162: 8156: 8155: 8144: 8138: 8135: 8129: 8126: 8120: 8119: 8111: 8105: 8102: 8096: 8095: 8083: 8077: 8076: 8065: 8059: 8058: 8056: 8054: 8037: 8031: 8030: 8022: 8016: 8015: 7975: 7966: 7965: 7945: 7939: 7938: 7930: 7924: 7923: 7922:. March 3, 2000. 7916: 7910: 7909: 7907: 7906: 7891: 7885: 7884: 7864: 7858: 7841: 7835: 7834: 7832: 7830: 7821:. Archived from 7815: 7809: 7808: 7806: 7804: 7789: 7783: 7782: 7780: 7778: 7762: 7756: 7755: 7749: 7740: 7731: 7730: 7712: 7701: 7700: 7692: 7686: 7685: 7667: 7661: 7659: 7651: 7645: 7643: 7627: 7617: 7611: 7610: 7594: 7584: 7575: 7574: 7572: 7571: 7565: 7559:. Archived from 7534: 7525: 7519: 7518: 7516: 7514: 7505:. Archived from 7498: 7492: 7491: 7489: 7487: 7480:Oxford reference 7472: 7466: 7456: 7450: 7425: 7419: 7391: 7385: 7367: 7361: 7360: 7359: 7358: 7338: 7332: 7321: 7315: 7314: 7304: 7274: 7268: 7267: 7247: 7241: 7231: 7225: 7224: 7201: 7195: 7194:, 11 March 2006. 7182: 7176: 7175: 7152: 7146: 7145: 7127:, translated by 7117: 7111: 7110: 7087: 7081: 7080: 7074: 7064: 7058: 7037: 7031: 7010: 7004: 7001: 6995: 6994: 6973: 6967: 6957:Brill Publishers 6949: 6943: 6933: 6927: 6909: 6903: 6902: 6884: 6878: 6877: 6853: 6847: 6846: 6829: 6823: 6797: 6791: 6781: 6775: 6759: 6753: 6743: 6734: 6731:Maya Shatzmiller 6728: 6722: 6708: 6702: 6701: 6665: 6659: 6658: 6646: 6636: 6627: 6626: 6615: 6609: 6608: 6593: 6587: 6566: 6560: 6559: 6553: 6545: 6520: 6514: 6495: 6489: 6482: 6476: 6474: 6466: 6460: 6459: 6441: 6435: 6434: 6423:. Aurora Press. 6416: 6410: 6409: 6382: 6376: 6375: 6357: 6351: 6350: 6348: 6347: 6332: 6326: 6325: 6323: 6322: 6305: 6299: 6298: 6274: 6268: 6267: 6243: 6237: 6222: 6216: 6209: 6203: 6196: 6190: 6189: 6169: 6163: 6162: 6142: 6132: 6123: 6122: 6098: 6092: 6091: 6069: 6063: 6062: 6049: 6043: 6042: 6034: 6028: 6027: 6005: 5999: 5992: 5983: 5973: 5967: 5960: 5954: 5953: 5945: 5939: 5938: 5920: 5907: 5906: 5904: 5902: 5882: 5876: 5875: 5867: 5861: 5860: 5838: 5832: 5831: 5821: 5797: 5791: 5790: 5788: 5786: 5777:. Archived from 5766: 5757: 5756: 5754: 5752: 5737: 5731: 5730: 5692: 5686: 5685: 5683: 5681: 5672:. Archived from 5662: 5656: 5649: 5643: 5642: 5618: 5612: 5611: 5609: 5607: 5598:. Archived from 5587: 5581: 5580: 5578: 5576: 5566: 5526:Related subjects 5520:(field of study) 5511:Technical school 5498:(field of study) 5492:(field of study) 5434: 5429: 5428: 5420: 5415: 5414: 5406: 5401: 5400: 4902:History of radio 4897:History of radar 4759:Proxima Centauri 4712:space telescopes 4662:particle physics 4471:Air Conditioning 4448:and Distribution 4374:(WDM) system by 4278:developing world 4190:with his second 4067:Joseph Whitworth 3845:. Pioneers like 3835:, epitomized by 3724: 3709: 3699: 3698: 3667:A water-powered 3427:was invented by 3404:were developed. 3365:. Crops such as 3250:animal husbandry 2901:sliding calipers 2677:cultures in the 2575:Helicopter rotor 2381:was used in the 2212:three-age system 2208:Fertile Crescent 2187:arsenical bronze 2171:Bronze Age sword 2033:pressure flaking 1878: 1876: 1875: 1861: 1859: 1843: 1834: 1829: 1821: 1819:Earliest clothes 1812: 1807: 1799: 1790: 1785: 1766: 1761: 1746: 1741: 1726: 1721: 1708:Earliest sign of 1702: 1697: 1682: 1677: 1667:Australopithecus 1659: 1654: 1636: 1631: 1622:Earliest bipedal 1616: 1611: 1602:Chimpanzee split 1596: 1591: 1576: 1571: 1556: 1551: 1537: 1536: 1522: 1521: 1505: 1491: 1477: 1449: 1436: 1416: 1403: 1375: 1373:Australopithecus 1362: 1347: 1330: 1317: 1293: 1280: 1267: 1254: 1241: 1228: 1216: 1197: 1184: 1171: 1159: 1145: 1132: 1119: 1117: 1105: 1100: 1095: 1090: 1085: 1080: 1075: 1070: 1065: 1060: 1055: 1050: 1045: 1040: 1035: 1030: 1025: 1020: 1015: 1010: 1005: 993: 986: 979: 973: 963: 962:Hominin timeline 956: 873:Agriculture and 736:stone technology 629:political system 507:economic history 445: 438: 431: 264:Byzantine Empire 59: 58: 21: 13700: 13699: 13695: 13694: 13693: 13691: 13690: 13689: 13655: 13654: 13653: 13648: 13618: 13582: 13516: 13514: 13507: 13459: 13438: 13387:Overconsumption 13370:Family planning 13327: 13321: 13294: 13278: 13275: 13267: 13229: 13226: 13218: 13172: 13167: 13137: 13132: 13108: 13076: 13043: 13027: 13001:Science studies 12785:Administration 12774: 12500: 12477: 12475:Social sciences 12472: 12442: 12437: 12377: 12336:Research ethics 12282: 12181:Reverse salient 12075: 12068: 11844: 11837: 11828:Sociotechnology 11772: 11684: 11649: 11626: 11621: 11591: 11586: 11574: 11562: 11544: 11491: 11458: 11416:Social sciences 11410: 11357: 11319: 11243: 11187: 11178: 11147: 11142: 11112: 11099: 10966: 10952:Stone box grave 10922:Megalithic tomb 10827:Cotswold-Severn 10779: 10684:Guardian stones 10612:Prehistoric art 10606: 10449: 10424: 10413:Timber trackway 10318: 10282: 10278:Wattle and daub 10131: 10110:Standing stones 10084: 10063: 9878: 9705: 9682: 9607: 9524: 9434:Food processing 9429: 9378:New World crops 9350: 9337: 9280: 9275: 9245: 9240: 9128: 9120: 9109:Lost inventions 9104:Native American 9043: 8763: 8755: 8746: 8716: 8711: 8646: 8617:Medieval Europe 8546: 8541: 8486:Thomas Kuhn-ian 8473:Wayback Machine 8460: 8455: 8432: 8390: 8330:History Compass 8300: 8298:Further reading 8295: 8294: 8284: 8282: 8274: 8273: 8269: 8259: 8257: 8252: 8251: 8247: 8237: 8235: 8222: 8221: 8217: 8207: 8205: 8197: 8196: 8192: 8187: 8180: 8175: 8171: 8163: 8159: 8146: 8145: 8141: 8136: 8132: 8127: 8123: 8112: 8108: 8103: 8099: 8084: 8080: 8067: 8066: 8062: 8052: 8050: 8038: 8034: 8023: 8019: 7997: 7976: 7969: 7962: 7946: 7942: 7931: 7927: 7918: 7917: 7913: 7904: 7902: 7893: 7892: 7888: 7881: 7865: 7861: 7842: 7838: 7828: 7826: 7817: 7816: 7812: 7802: 7800: 7791: 7790: 7786: 7776: 7774: 7765:Griffin, Emma. 7763: 7759: 7747: 7741: 7734: 7727: 7713: 7704: 7693: 7689: 7682: 7668: 7664: 7652: 7648: 7640: 7618: 7614: 7607: 7585: 7578: 7569: 7567: 7563: 7532: 7526: 7522: 7512: 7510: 7499: 7495: 7485: 7483: 7474: 7473: 7469: 7459:Ahmad Y. Hassan 7457: 7453: 7435:Wayback Machine 7426: 7422: 7416:Wayback Machine 7392: 7388: 7368: 7364: 7356: 7354: 7352:History Channel 7340: 7339: 7335: 7322: 7318: 7284:Organised Sound 7275: 7271: 7248: 7244: 7232: 7228: 7221: 7202: 7198: 7191:The Independent 7183: 7179: 7173: 7153: 7149: 7143: 7118: 7114: 7104: 7088: 7084: 7065: 7061: 7051:Wayback Machine 7038: 7034: 7024:Wayback Machine 7011: 7007: 7002: 6998: 6992: 6974: 6970: 6950: 6946: 6934: 6930: 6924:Wayback Machine 6910: 6906: 6899: 6885: 6881: 6874: 6854: 6850: 6844: 6830: 6826: 6798: 6794: 6782: 6778: 6773:Wayback Machine 6760: 6756: 6752:(1), pp. 1–30 . 6744: 6737: 6729: 6725: 6709: 6705: 6666: 6662: 6655: 6637: 6630: 6617: 6616: 6612: 6594: 6590: 6569:Maddison, Angus 6567: 6563: 6547: 6546: 6542: 6528:Wikander, Örjan 6521: 6517: 6496: 6492: 6483: 6479: 6467: 6463: 6456: 6442: 6438: 6431: 6417: 6413: 6406: 6383: 6379: 6372: 6358: 6354: 6345: 6343: 6333: 6329: 6320: 6318: 6306: 6302: 6295: 6275: 6271: 6264: 6256:. p. 282. 6244: 6240: 6223: 6219: 6210: 6206: 6197: 6193: 6186: 6170: 6166: 6159: 6133: 6126: 6119: 6099: 6095: 6088: 6080:. p. 416. 6070: 6066: 6050: 6046: 6035: 6031: 6024: 6006: 6002: 5993: 5986: 5974: 5970: 5961: 5957: 5946: 5942: 5935: 5921: 5910: 5900: 5898: 5883: 5879: 5868: 5864: 5857: 5839: 5835: 5798: 5794: 5784: 5782: 5769:Burke, Ariane. 5767: 5760: 5750: 5748: 5739: 5738: 5734: 5693: 5689: 5679: 5677: 5664: 5663: 5659: 5650: 5646: 5639: 5619: 5615: 5605: 5603: 5588: 5584: 5574: 5572: 5568: 5567: 5563: 5558: 5553: 5532:High technology 5528: 5523: 5480: 5475: 5466:Science tourism 5441: 5439:Related history 5430: 5423: 5416: 5409: 5402: 5395: 5392: 5387: 5323: 5315:Main articles: 5313: 5308: 5264: 5258: 5245:Nuclear testing 5231: 5225: 5207: 5201: 5196: 5190: 5173: 5167: 5150: 5144: 5139: 5092: 5086: 5074: 5068: 5063: 5016: 5011: 4932: 4926: 4921: 4874:Writing systems 4866: 4860: 4840:, tunnels, dams 4827: 4819:Main articles: 4817: 4800: 4794: 4789: 4698:technology and 4556: 4538: 4533: 4433:Electrification 4407:Tim Berners-Lee 4364:Information Age 4307:Electrification 4250:Mass production 4235: 4227:cinematographic 4174:sewing machines 4132: 4126: 4063:Richard Roberts 4055:mass production 4005:The Iron Bridge 3986:The Iron Bridge 3973:Samuel Crompton 3918: 3912: 3902:(1698) and the 3880: 3821: 3815: 3777:, and men like 3731: 3725: 3716: 3710: 3690:De re metallica 3685:De re metallica 3661: 3655: 3550: 3544: 3542:Medieval Europe 3505:analog computer 3456:music sequencer 3361:, Pakistan and 3202: 3188: 3176:Main articles: 3174: 3169: 3163: 3157: 3152: 3138: 3126:Main articles: 3124: 3107: 3039: 3031:vending machine 2975:Roman engineers 2909: 2870:central heating 2841:working with a 2801:feedback system 2730:Ptolemaic Egypt 2695:Ptolemaic Egypt 2651: 2555: 2531: 2476: 2356:wheeled vehicle 2340:simple machines 2298: 2238: 2232: 2220:Spinifex People 2173:or dagger blade 2163: 2157: 2152: 2146: 2130:prehistoric art 2102:outrigger canoe 1995:hunter-gatherer 1915: 1909: 1904: 1894: 1893: 1881: 1880: 1879: 1871: 1870: 1868: 1864: 1863: 1862: 1857:H o m i n i d s 1855: 1853: 1845: 1844: 1839: 1832: 1823: 1822: 1817: 1810: 1801: 1800: 1795: 1788: 1779: 1778: 1764: 1755: 1754: 1744: 1735: 1734: 1724: 1715: 1714: 1709: 1700: 1691: 1690: 1680: 1671: 1670: 1657: 1648: 1647: 1634: 1625: 1624: 1614: 1605: 1604: 1594: 1585: 1584: 1574: 1565: 1564: 1554: 1547: 1546: 1545: 1540: 1539: 1538: 1532: 1531: 1527: 1525: 1524: 1523: 1517: 1516: 1512: 1510: 1509: 1508: 1501: 1495: 1494: 1493: 1487: 1482: 1480: 1479: 1478: 1469: 1461: 1453: 1452: 1445: 1439: 1438: 1437: 1428: 1420: 1419: 1412: 1406: 1405: 1404: 1395: 1387: 1379: 1378: 1371: 1365: 1364: 1363: 1354: 1350: 1349: 1348: 1339: 1335: 1334: 1333: 1326: 1320: 1319: 1318: 1309: 1301: 1297: 1296: 1295: 1289: 1284: 1283: 1282: 1276: 1271: 1270: 1269: 1263: 1258: 1257: 1256: 1250: 1245: 1244: 1243: 1237: 1232: 1231: 1230: 1226:Chororapithecus 1224: 1219: 1218: 1217: 1208: 1200: 1199: 1193: 1188: 1187: 1186: 1182:Samburupithecus 1180: 1175: 1174: 1173: 1167: 1162: 1161: 1160: 1153: 1149: 1148: 1147: 1141: 1136: 1135: 1134: 1128: 1123: 1122: 1121: 1115: 1113: 1106: 1103: 1101: 1098: 1096: 1093: 1091: 1088: 1086: 1083: 1081: 1078: 1076: 1073: 1071: 1068: 1066: 1063: 1061: 1058: 1056: 1053: 1051: 1048: 1046: 1043: 1041: 1038: 1036: 1033: 1031: 1028: 1026: 1023: 1021: 1018: 1016: 1013: 1011: 1008: 1006: 1003: 997: 971: 965: 961: 954: 949: 910:c. 2000 BC 901:c. 2500 BC 892:c. 3500 BC 890:Writing systems 886:c. 4000 BC 877:c. 4000 BC 725: 676:post-industrial 652:hunter-gatherer 625:economic system 594:Kardashev scale 547:Lewis H. Morgan 535:social theories 531:anthropologists 523: 499:applied science 463:to the complex 449: 420: 419: 405: 403:Article indices 395: 394: 375: 367: 366: 297: 289: 288: 279:Medieval Europe 224: 216: 215: 206:Post-industrial 194:Imagination Age 184:Information Age 144:Standardization 72: 41: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 13698: 13688: 13687: 13682: 13677: 13672: 13667: 13650: 13649: 13647: 13646: 13636: 13623: 13620: 13619: 13617: 13616: 13614:Sustainability 13611: 13606: 13601: 13596: 13590: 13588: 13587:Related topics 13584: 13583: 13581: 13580: 13575: 13570: 13565: 13560: 13555: 13550: 13545: 13540: 13535: 13530: 13525: 13519: 13517: 13512: 13509: 13508: 13506: 13505: 13500: 13499: 13498: 13493: 13488: 13478: 13476:Largest cities 13473: 13467: 13465: 13461: 13460: 13458: 13457: 13452: 13446: 13444: 13440: 13439: 13437: 13436: 13431: 13426: 13425: 13424: 13419: 13414: 13409: 13404: 13394: 13389: 13384: 13383: 13382: 13377: 13372: 13367: 13357: 13356: 13355: 13345: 13337: 13331: 13329: 13323: 13322: 13320: 13319: 13314: 13309: 13304: 13299: 13296:I = P × A × T 13292: 13287: 13281: 13279: 13272: 13269: 13268: 13266: 13265: 13260: 13255: 13250: 13249: 13248: 13238: 13232: 13230: 13223: 13220: 13219: 13217: 13216: 13211: 13206: 13201: 13196: 13191: 13186: 13180: 13178: 13174: 13173: 13166: 13165: 13158: 13151: 13143: 13134: 13133: 13131: 13130: 13118: 13106: 13094: 13081: 13078: 13077: 13075: 13074: 13069: 13064: 13057: 13051: 13049: 13045: 13044: 13042: 13041: 13035: 13033: 13029: 13028: 13026: 13025: 13020: 13015: 13014: 13013: 13008: 12998: 12993: 12988: 12983: 12978: 12973: 12968: 12967: 12966: 12961: 12956: 12948: 12947: 12946: 12944:social science 12941: 12936: 12931: 12926: 12918: 12913: 12908: 12903: 12898: 12893: 12888: 12883: 12878: 12876:Global studies 12873: 12871:Gender studies 12868: 12863: 12862: 12861: 12856: 12854:social science 12850:Environmental 12848: 12843: 12838: 12833: 12828: 12823: 12818: 12813: 12808: 12803: 12798: 12797: 12796: 12791: 12782: 12780: 12776: 12775: 12773: 12772: 12771: 12770: 12765: 12760: 12755: 12750: 12740: 12739: 12738: 12733: 12728: 12723: 12718: 12708: 12707: 12706: 12701: 12696: 12691: 12686: 12676: 12675: 12674: 12664: 12663: 12662: 12657: 12652: 12647: 12642: 12632: 12631: 12630: 12625: 12620: 12615: 12610: 12605: 12600: 12590: 12589: 12588: 12583: 12578: 12573: 12563: 12562: 12561: 12556: 12551: 12549:macroeconomics 12546: 12544:microeconomics 12536: 12535: 12534: 12529: 12524: 12519: 12508: 12506: 12502: 12501: 12499: 12498: 12493: 12488: 12482: 12479: 12478: 12471: 12470: 12463: 12456: 12448: 12439: 12438: 12436: 12435: 12434: 12433: 12428: 12423: 12408: 12407: 12406: 12401: 12396: 12382: 12379: 12378: 12376: 12375: 12370: 12365: 12360: 12359: 12358: 12353: 12346:Science policy 12343: 12338: 12333: 12328: 12323: 12318: 12313: 12308: 12303: 12301:Digital divide 12298: 12292: 12290: 12284: 12283: 12281: 12280: 12275: 12274: 12273: 12268: 12263: 12258: 12253: 12245: 12244: 12243: 12238: 12233: 12228: 12223: 12217:Technological 12215: 12214: 12213: 12203: 12198: 12193: 12188: 12183: 12178: 12173: 12168: 12163: 12162: 12161: 12156: 12151: 12146: 12141: 12131: 12126: 12121: 12116: 12111: 12106: 12101: 12096: 12094:Design studies 12091: 12086: 12080: 12078: 12070: 12069: 12067: 12066: 12065: 12064: 12054: 12049: 12048: 12047: 12037: 12032: 12030:Scientometrics 12027: 12022: 12021: 12020: 12015: 12010: 12005: 12000: 11995: 11990: 11985: 11980: 11975: 11967: 11966: 11965: 11960: 11955: 11950: 11945: 11940: 11935: 11930: 11922: 11917: 11912: 11911: 11910: 11903:Paradigm shift 11900: 11895: 11890: 11885: 11880: 11875: 11870: 11865: 11860: 11855: 11849: 11847: 11839: 11838: 11836: 11835: 11830: 11825: 11820: 11815: 11814: 11813: 11803: 11802: 11801: 11796: 11788: 11782: 11780: 11774: 11773: 11771: 11770: 11765: 11760: 11755: 11750: 11745: 11743:Postpositivism 11740: 11735: 11730: 11725: 11720: 11715: 11710: 11705: 11703:Antipositivism 11700: 11694: 11692: 11686: 11685: 11683: 11682: 11677: 11676: 11675: 11673:and technology 11665: 11659: 11657: 11651: 11650: 11648: 11647: 11642: 11636: 11634: 11628: 11627: 11620: 11619: 11612: 11605: 11597: 11588: 11587: 11585: 11584: 11572: 11560: 11549: 11546: 11545: 11543: 11542: 11537: 11532: 11527: 11522: 11517: 11512: 11507: 11505:Human medicine 11501: 11499: 11493: 11492: 11490: 11489: 11484: 11479: 11474: 11468: 11466: 11460: 11459: 11457: 11456: 11451: 11446: 11441: 11436: 11431: 11426: 11420: 11418: 11412: 11411: 11409: 11408: 11403: 11398: 11393: 11388: 11383: 11378: 11373: 11367: 11365: 11359: 11358: 11356: 11355: 11350: 11345: 11340: 11335: 11329: 11327: 11321: 11320: 11318: 11317: 11312: 11307: 11302: 11297: 11292: 11287: 11282: 11277: 11272: 11267: 11262: 11257: 11251: 11249: 11245: 11244: 11242: 11241: 11236: 11231: 11226: 11221: 11216: 11211: 11206: 11201: 11195: 11193: 11189: 11188: 11181: 11179: 11177: 11176: 11171: 11166: 11164:Historiography 11161: 11155: 11153: 11149: 11148: 11141: 11140: 11133: 11126: 11118: 11109: 11108: 11105: 11104: 11101: 11100: 11098: 11097: 11096: 11095: 11085: 11080: 11079: 11078: 11073: 11068: 11063: 11061:Alligator drum 11053: 11052: 11051: 11041: 11036: 11031: 11030: 11029: 11024: 11019: 11009: 11008: 11007: 10997: 10992: 10991: 10990: 10988:lunar calendar 10985: 10974: 10972: 10971:Other cultural 10968: 10967: 10965: 10964: 10959: 10954: 10949: 10944: 10939: 10934: 10929: 10924: 10919: 10918: 10917: 10912: 10902: 10897: 10892: 10891: 10890: 10885: 10875: 10870: 10869: 10868: 10858: 10853: 10848: 10843: 10842: 10841: 10831: 10830: 10829: 10819: 10818: 10817: 10807: 10806: 10805: 10800: 10789: 10787: 10781: 10780: 10778: 10777: 10775:Venus figurine 10772: 10771: 10770: 10765: 10755: 10750: 10745: 10744: 10743: 10738: 10728: 10723: 10718: 10713: 10708: 10706:Megalithic art 10703: 10702: 10701: 10696: 10686: 10681: 10676: 10675: 10674: 10664: 10659: 10657:Cave paintings 10654: 10649: 10644: 10639: 10634: 10633: 10632: 10622: 10616: 10614: 10608: 10607: 10605: 10604: 10603: 10602: 10597: 10587: 10582: 10577: 10576: 10575: 10570: 10565: 10560: 10555: 10550: 10540: 10535: 10534: 10533: 10523: 10522: 10521: 10516: 10506: 10501: 10496: 10495: 10494: 10484: 10479: 10474: 10469: 10463: 10461: 10459:Material goods 10451: 10450: 10434: 10433: 10430: 10429: 10426: 10425: 10423: 10422: 10421: 10420: 10410: 10405: 10400: 10395: 10390: 10389: 10388: 10378: 10373: 10372: 10371: 10361: 10360: 10359: 10349: 10348: 10347: 10337: 10332: 10326: 10324: 10320: 10319: 10317: 10316: 10311: 10306: 10301: 10296: 10290: 10288: 10284: 10283: 10281: 10280: 10275: 10270: 10269: 10268: 10258: 10253: 10252: 10251: 10246: 10241: 10231: 10226: 10221: 10216: 10215: 10214: 10204: 10199: 10194: 10193: 10192: 10182: 10177: 10175:Cliff dwelling 10172: 10167: 10162: 10157: 10152: 10151: 10150: 10139: 10137: 10133: 10132: 10130: 10129: 10128: 10127: 10122: 10117: 10107: 10102: 10096: 10094: 10086: 10085: 10073: 10072: 10069: 10068: 10065: 10064: 10062: 10061: 10060: 10059: 10049: 10044: 10039: 10034: 10033: 10032: 10022: 10017: 10012: 10007: 10002: 9997: 9992: 9987: 9982: 9977: 9972: 9971: 9970: 9960: 9959: 9958: 9953: 9943: 9938: 9933: 9928: 9927: 9926: 9916: 9911: 9906: 9905: 9904: 9894: 9888: 9886: 9880: 9879: 9877: 9876: 9871: 9866: 9861: 9856: 9851: 9846: 9841: 9836: 9831: 9826: 9821: 9820: 9819: 9814: 9809: 9799: 9794: 9789: 9784: 9783: 9782: 9772: 9767: 9762: 9760:Fire hardening 9757: 9752: 9750:Clovis culture 9747: 9742: 9741: 9740: 9735: 9730: 9719: 9717: 9711: 9710: 9707: 9706: 9704: 9703: 9702: 9701: 9690: 9688: 9684: 9683: 9681: 9680: 9675: 9673:Manis Mastodon 9670: 9665: 9660: 9655: 9650: 9645: 9640: 9635: 9630: 9629: 9628: 9617: 9615: 9609: 9608: 9606: 9605: 9604: 9603: 9598: 9593: 9588: 9583: 9573: 9568: 9567: 9566: 9556: 9555: 9554: 9552:throwing stick 9544: 9538: 9532: 9526: 9525: 9523: 9522: 9517: 9512: 9507: 9502: 9497: 9492: 9491: 9490: 9485: 9475: 9470: 9465: 9460: 9459: 9458: 9448: 9443: 9437: 9435: 9431: 9430: 9428: 9427: 9422: 9417: 9412: 9407: 9402: 9397: 9392: 9387: 9382: 9381: 9380: 9375: 9364: 9362: 9352: 9351: 9339: 9338: 9336: 9335: 9330: 9329: 9328: 9318: 9317: 9316: 9311: 9306: 9301: 9296: 9285: 9282: 9281: 9274: 9273: 9266: 9259: 9251: 9242: 9241: 9239: 9238: 9233: 9228: 9223: 9218: 9213: 9208: 9203: 9198: 9193: 9188: 9183: 9182: 9181: 9176: 9168: 9163: 9158: 9157: 9156: 9151: 9143: 9138: 9132: 9130: 9122: 9121: 9119: 9118: 9113: 9112: 9111: 9106: 9101: 9096: 9091: 9086: 9076: 9075: 9074: 9069: 9064: 9059: 9051: 9049: 9045: 9044: 9042: 9041: 9040: 9039: 9034: 9033: 9032: 9027: 9022: 9013:United States 9011: 9006: 9001: 8996: 8991: 8986: 8981: 8976: 8971: 8970: 8969: 8964: 8954: 8949: 8944: 8939: 8938: 8937: 8932: 8927: 8917: 8912: 8907: 8902: 8897: 8892: 8887: 8882: 8877: 8872: 8867: 8862: 8857: 8852: 8847: 8845:Czech Republic 8842: 8837: 8836: 8835: 8830: 8820: 8815: 8814: 8813: 8808: 8803: 8793: 8788: 8783: 8778: 8773: 8767: 8765: 8757: 8756: 8745: 8744: 8737: 8730: 8722: 8713: 8712: 8710: 8709: 8704: 8699: 8694: 8689: 8684: 8679: 8674: 8669: 8664: 8658: 8657: 8651: 8648: 8647: 8645: 8644: 8639: 8634: 8629: 8624: 8619: 8614: 8612:Medieval Islam 8609: 8604: 8599: 8594: 8589: 8584: 8579: 8574: 8569: 8564: 8558: 8557: 8551: 8548: 8547: 8540: 8539: 8532: 8525: 8517: 8511: 8510: 8505: 8500: 8495: 8489: 8475: 8459: 8458:External links 8456: 8454: 8453: 8440:Wilson, George 8436: 8429: 8408: 8401: 8394: 8388: 8371: 8359: 8352: 8343: 8336: 8326: 8319: 8312: 8301: 8299: 8296: 8293: 8292: 8267: 8245: 8215: 8190: 8178: 8169: 8157: 8139: 8130: 8121: 8106: 8097: 8078: 8060: 8047:Car and Driver 8032: 8017: 7995: 7967: 7960: 7940: 7925: 7911: 7886: 7879: 7859: 7836: 7810: 7784: 7757: 7732: 7725: 7702: 7687: 7680: 7662: 7646: 7638: 7612: 7605: 7576: 7520: 7493: 7482:. HistoryWorld 7467: 7451: 7439:Ahmad Y Hassan 7420: 7386: 7362: 7333: 7316: 7269: 7242: 7226: 7219: 7196: 7184:Paul Vallely, 7177: 7171: 7147: 7141: 7112: 7102: 7082: 7059: 7032: 7005: 6996: 6990: 6968: 6944: 6928: 6904: 6897: 6879: 6872: 6848: 6842: 6824: 6800:Ahmad Y Hassan 6792: 6790:(1), pp. 1–30. 6776: 6754: 6735: 6723: 6703: 6660: 6653: 6628: 6610: 6588: 6561: 6540: 6515: 6490: 6484:Green, Peter. 6477: 6461: 6454: 6436: 6429: 6411: 6404: 6377: 6370: 6352: 6327: 6300: 6293: 6269: 6262: 6238: 6217: 6204: 6191: 6184: 6164: 6157: 6124: 6117: 6111:. p. 27. 6093: 6086: 6064: 6055:Palaeohistoria 6044: 6041:. p. 285. 6029: 6022: 6000: 5984: 5968: 5955: 5940: 5933: 5908: 5877: 5862: 5855: 5849:. p. 77. 5833: 5792: 5781:on 21 May 2008 5758: 5732: 5687: 5657: 5644: 5637: 5613: 5582: 5560: 5559: 5557: 5554: 5552: 5551: 5549:Simple machine 5546: 5541: 5536: 5533: 5529: 5527: 5524: 5522: 5521: 5515: 5512: 5509: 5504: 5499: 5493: 5487: 5481: 5479: 5476: 5474: 5473: 5468: 5463: 5458: 5453: 5448: 5442: 5440: 5437: 5436: 5435: 5421: 5407: 5404:Science portal 5391: 5388: 5386: 5385: 5380: 5375: 5370: 5365: 5360: 5355: 5350: 5345: 5340: 5335: 5330: 5324: 5312: 5309: 5307: 5306: 5301: 5296: 5291: 5286: 5281: 5276: 5271: 5265: 5260:Main article: 5257: 5254: 5253: 5252: 5247: 5242: 5237: 5227:Main article: 5224: 5221: 5220: 5219: 5213: 5203:Main article: 5200: 5197: 5192:Main article: 5189: 5186: 5185: 5184: 5179: 5169:Main article: 5166: 5163: 5162: 5161: 5156: 5146:Main article: 5143: 5140: 5138: 5137: 5132: 5127: 5122: 5117: 5112: 5107: 5102: 5097: 5093: 5088:Main article: 5085: 5082: 5081: 5080: 5070:Main article: 5067: 5064: 5062: 5061: 5058: 5053: 5048: 5043: 5038: 5033: 5028: 5023: 5017: 5015: 5012: 5010: 5009: 5004: 4999: 4994: 4989: 4984: 4979: 4974: 4969: 4964: 4959: 4954: 4949: 4944: 4939: 4933: 4928:Main article: 4925: 4922: 4920: 4919: 4916: 4913: 4910: 4907: 4904: 4899: 4894: 4889: 4884: 4879: 4876: 4871: 4870:Communications 4867: 4862:Main article: 4859: 4856: 4855: 4854: 4841: 4834: 4831: 4816: 4813: 4812: 4811: 4806: 4796:Main article: 4793: 4790: 4788: 4785: 4714:, such as the 4648:wireless power 4620:plug-in hybrid 4576:bioengineering 4572:nanotechnology 4552:Main article: 4537: 4534: 4532: 4531: 4526: 4521: 4512: 4507:Petroleum and 4505: 4500: 4495: 4490: 4487: 4482: 4477: 4468: 4465: 4462: 4457: 4454: 4449: 4443: 4440: 4435: 4429: 4411:World Wide Web 4409:to create the 4388:Racal-Millicom 4329:test tube baby 4234: 4231: 4128:Main article: 4125: 4122: 4014:The preserved 4001:blast furnaces 3961:spinning jenny 3957:spinning frame 3953:flying shuttle 3924:. The British 3914:Main article: 3911: 3908: 3892:stocking frame 3879: 3876: 3827:, enabled the 3817:Main article: 3814: 3811: 3748:printing press 3735: 3734: 3733: 3732: 3726: 3719: 3717: 3711: 3704: 3657:Main article: 3654: 3651: 3546:Main article: 3543: 3540: 3512:Ottoman Empire 3417:spinning jenny 3409:spinning wheel 3317:water turbines 3245:Muslim traders 3173: 3170: 3159:Main article: 3156: 3153: 3123: 3120: 3106: 3103: 3038: 3035: 2926:expanded from 2908: 2905: 2791:In music, the 2650: 2647: 2619:block printing 2554: 2551: 2547:Vaastu Shastra 2530: 2527: 2496:inclined plane 2475: 2472: 2456:Persian Empire 2371:Eanna district 2350:, invented in 2348:potter's wheel 2344:wheel and axle 2297: 2294: 2234:Main article: 2231: 2228: 2159:Main article: 2156: 2153: 2148:Main article: 2145: 2142: 2132:, such as the 2126:cave paintings 2085:, knives, and 2048:Epipaleolithic 1911:Main article: 1908: 1905: 1900:Main article: 1896: 1895: 1887: 1883: 1882: 1867: 1866: 1865: 1852: 1851: 1850: 1847: 1846: 1838: 1837: 1835: 1825: 1824: 1816: 1815: 1813: 1803: 1802: 1794: 1793: 1791: 1781: 1780: 1770: 1769: 1767: 1757: 1756: 1750: 1749: 1747: 1737: 1736: 1730: 1729: 1727: 1717: 1716: 1706: 1705: 1703: 1693: 1692: 1686: 1685: 1683: 1673: 1672: 1663: 1662: 1660: 1650: 1649: 1640: 1639: 1637: 1627: 1626: 1620: 1619: 1617: 1607: 1606: 1600: 1599: 1597: 1587: 1586: 1580: 1579: 1577: 1567: 1566: 1560: 1559: 1557: 1548: 1543: 1542: 1541: 1530: 1529: 1528: 1526: 1515: 1514: 1513: 1511: 1498: 1497: 1496: 1485: 1484: 1483: 1481: 1442: 1441: 1440: 1424:H. rudolfensis 1409: 1408: 1407: 1368: 1367: 1366: 1353: 1352: 1351: 1338: 1337: 1336: 1323: 1322: 1321: 1300: 1299: 1298: 1287: 1286: 1285: 1278:Graecopithecus 1274: 1273: 1272: 1265:Sahelanthropus 1261: 1260: 1259: 1248: 1247: 1246: 1235: 1234: 1233: 1222: 1221: 1220: 1195:Ouranopithecus 1191: 1190: 1189: 1178: 1177: 1176: 1169:Nakalipithecus 1165: 1164: 1163: 1152: 1151: 1150: 1139: 1138: 1137: 1126: 1125: 1124: 1111: 1110: 1109: 1107: 1104:0 — 1102: 1097: 1092: 1087: 1082: 1077: 1072: 1067: 1062: 1057: 1052: 1047: 1042: 1037: 1032: 1027: 1022: 1017: 1012: 1007: 1002: 999: 998: 996: 995: 988: 981: 970: 967: 966: 959: 953: 950: 948: 947: 941: 940:c. 300 BC 935: 934:c. 400 BC 929: 928:c. 400 BC 923: 920: 919:c. 800 BC 914: 911: 905: 902: 896: 893: 887: 881: 878: 871: 868: 865: 862:Sling (weapon) 859: 853: 847: 841: 835: 832: 826: 823: 820:Sewing needles 817: 814:Bow and arrows 811: 805: 791: 788: 782: 775: 769: 766: 758:, possibly by 752: 746: 743: 729: 724: 721: 671: 670: 667: 661: 658: 655: 586:nuclear energy 555:Gerhard Lenski 522: 519: 490:, for example 451: 450: 448: 447: 440: 433: 425: 422: 421: 418: 417: 412: 406: 401: 400: 397: 396: 393: 392: 387: 382: 376: 373: 372: 369: 368: 365: 364: 359: 354: 349: 344: 339: 334: 329: 324: 319: 314: 309: 304: 298: 295: 294: 291: 290: 287: 286: 281: 276: 271: 266: 261: 256: 251: 246: 241: 236: 231: 229:Ancient Africa 225: 222: 221: 218: 217: 214: 213: 208: 202: 201: 197: 196: 191: 186: 181: 176: 171: 166: 161: 156: 151: 146: 141: 136: 128: 127: 123: 122: 117: 112: 107: 102: 97: 87: 81: 80: 78:Pre-industrial 73: 70: 69: 66: 65: 49:Standard of Ur 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 13697: 13686: 13683: 13681: 13678: 13676: 13673: 13671: 13668: 13666: 13663: 13662: 13660: 13645: 13637: 13635: 13634: 13625: 13624: 13621: 13615: 13612: 13610: 13607: 13605: 13602: 13600: 13597: 13595: 13594:Bennett's law 13592: 13591: 13589: 13585: 13579: 13576: 13574: 13571: 13569: 13566: 13564: 13561: 13559: 13556: 13554: 13551: 13549: 13546: 13544: 13541: 13539: 13536: 13534: 13531: 13529: 13526: 13524: 13521: 13520: 13518: 13515:organizations 13510: 13504: 13501: 13497: 13494: 13492: 13489: 13487: 13484: 13483: 13482: 13479: 13477: 13474: 13472: 13469: 13468: 13466: 13462: 13456: 13453: 13451: 13448: 13447: 13445: 13441: 13435: 13432: 13430: 13427: 13423: 13420: 13418: 13415: 13413: 13410: 13408: 13405: 13403: 13400: 13399: 13398: 13395: 13393: 13390: 13388: 13385: 13381: 13378: 13376: 13373: 13371: 13368: 13366: 13363: 13362: 13361: 13358: 13354: 13351: 13350: 13349: 13346: 13344: 13342: 13338: 13336: 13333: 13332: 13330: 13324: 13318: 13315: 13313: 13310: 13308: 13305: 13303: 13302:Kaya identity 13300: 13297: 13293: 13291: 13288: 13286: 13283: 13282: 13280: 13277: 13270: 13264: 13261: 13259: 13256: 13254: 13251: 13247: 13244: 13243: 13242: 13239: 13237: 13234: 13233: 13231: 13228: 13221: 13215: 13212: 13210: 13207: 13205: 13202: 13200: 13197: 13195: 13192: 13190: 13187: 13185: 13182: 13181: 13179: 13175: 13171: 13164: 13159: 13157: 13152: 13150: 13145: 13144: 13141: 13129: 13128: 13123: 13119: 13117: 13112: 13107: 13105: 13104: 13095: 13093: 13092: 13083: 13082: 13079: 13073: 13070: 13068: 13067:Human science 13065: 13063: 13062: 13058: 13056: 13053: 13052: 13050: 13046: 13040: 13037: 13036: 13034: 13030: 13024: 13023:Vegan studies 13021: 13019: 13016: 13012: 13009: 13007: 13004: 13003: 13002: 12999: 12997: 12994: 12992: 12989: 12987: 12986:Public health 12984: 12982: 12979: 12977: 12974: 12972: 12969: 12965: 12962: 12960: 12957: 12955: 12952: 12951: 12949: 12945: 12942: 12940: 12937: 12935: 12932: 12930: 12927: 12925: 12922: 12921: 12920:Philosophies 12919: 12917: 12916:Media studies 12914: 12912: 12909: 12907: 12904: 12902: 12899: 12897: 12894: 12892: 12891:Human ecology 12889: 12887: 12884: 12882: 12879: 12877: 12874: 12872: 12869: 12867: 12864: 12860: 12857: 12855: 12852: 12851: 12849: 12847: 12844: 12842: 12839: 12837: 12834: 12832: 12829: 12827: 12824: 12822: 12819: 12817: 12814: 12812: 12809: 12807: 12804: 12802: 12801:Anthrozoology 12799: 12795: 12792: 12790: 12787: 12786: 12784: 12783: 12781: 12777: 12769: 12766: 12764: 12761: 12759: 12756: 12754: 12751: 12749: 12746: 12745: 12744: 12741: 12737: 12734: 12732: 12729: 12727: 12726:developmental 12724: 12722: 12719: 12717: 12714: 12713: 12712: 12709: 12705: 12702: 12700: 12699:public policy 12697: 12695: 12692: 12690: 12687: 12685: 12682: 12681: 12680: 12677: 12673: 12670: 12669: 12668: 12665: 12661: 12658: 12656: 12653: 12651: 12650:legal systems 12648: 12646: 12645:legal history 12643: 12641: 12640:jurisprudence 12638: 12637: 12636: 12633: 12629: 12626: 12624: 12621: 12619: 12616: 12614: 12611: 12609: 12606: 12604: 12601: 12599: 12596: 12595: 12594: 12591: 12587: 12584: 12582: 12579: 12577: 12574: 12572: 12569: 12568: 12567: 12564: 12560: 12557: 12555: 12552: 12550: 12547: 12545: 12542: 12541: 12540: 12537: 12533: 12530: 12528: 12525: 12523: 12520: 12518: 12515: 12514: 12513: 12510: 12509: 12507: 12503: 12497: 12494: 12492: 12489: 12487: 12484: 12483: 12480: 12476: 12469: 12464: 12462: 12457: 12455: 12450: 12449: 12446: 12432: 12429: 12427: 12424: 12422: 12419: 12418: 12417: 12409: 12405: 12402: 12400: 12397: 12395: 12392: 12391: 12388: 12384: 12383: 12380: 12374: 12371: 12369: 12366: 12364: 12361: 12357: 12354: 12352: 12349: 12348: 12347: 12344: 12342: 12339: 12337: 12334: 12332: 12329: 12327: 12324: 12322: 12319: 12317: 12314: 12312: 12309: 12307: 12304: 12302: 12299: 12297: 12294: 12293: 12291: 12289: 12285: 12279: 12276: 12272: 12269: 12267: 12264: 12262: 12259: 12257: 12254: 12252: 12249: 12248: 12246: 12242: 12239: 12237: 12234: 12232: 12229: 12227: 12224: 12222: 12219: 12218: 12216: 12212: 12209: 12208: 12207: 12206:Technoscience 12204: 12202: 12199: 12197: 12194: 12192: 12189: 12187: 12184: 12182: 12179: 12177: 12176:Media studies 12174: 12172: 12169: 12167: 12164: 12160: 12157: 12155: 12152: 12150: 12147: 12145: 12142: 12140: 12137: 12136: 12135: 12132: 12130: 12127: 12125: 12122: 12120: 12117: 12115: 12114:Early adopter 12112: 12110: 12107: 12105: 12102: 12100: 12097: 12095: 12092: 12090: 12087: 12085: 12084:Co-production 12082: 12081: 12079: 12077: 12071: 12063: 12060: 12059: 12058: 12055: 12053: 12050: 12046: 12043: 12042: 12041: 12038: 12036: 12033: 12031: 12028: 12026: 12023: 12019: 12016: 12014: 12011: 12009: 12006: 12004: 12001: 11999: 11996: 11994: 11991: 11989: 11986: 11984: 11981: 11979: 11976: 11974: 11971: 11970: 11968: 11964: 11961: 11959: 11956: 11954: 11951: 11949: 11946: 11944: 11941: 11939: 11936: 11934: 11933:communication 11931: 11929: 11926: 11925: 11923: 11921: 11918: 11916: 11915:Pseudoscience 11913: 11909: 11906: 11905: 11904: 11901: 11899: 11896: 11894: 11891: 11889: 11886: 11884: 11881: 11879: 11876: 11874: 11871: 11869: 11866: 11864: 11863:Boundary-work 11861: 11859: 11858:Bibliometrics 11856: 11854: 11851: 11850: 11848: 11846: 11840: 11834: 11831: 11829: 11826: 11824: 11821: 11819: 11816: 11812: 11809: 11808: 11807: 11804: 11800: 11797: 11795: 11792: 11791: 11789: 11787: 11784: 11783: 11781: 11779: 11775: 11769: 11768:Transhumanism 11766: 11764: 11761: 11759: 11756: 11754: 11751: 11749: 11746: 11744: 11741: 11739: 11736: 11734: 11731: 11729: 11726: 11724: 11721: 11719: 11716: 11714: 11711: 11709: 11706: 11704: 11701: 11699: 11696: 11695: 11693: 11691: 11687: 11681: 11678: 11674: 11671: 11670: 11669: 11666: 11664: 11661: 11660: 11658: 11656: 11652: 11646: 11643: 11641: 11638: 11637: 11635: 11633: 11629: 11625: 11618: 11613: 11611: 11606: 11604: 11599: 11598: 11595: 11582: 11573: 11570: 11566: 11561: 11559: 11551: 11550: 11547: 11541: 11538: 11536: 11533: 11531: 11528: 11526: 11523: 11521: 11518: 11516: 11513: 11511: 11508: 11506: 11503: 11502: 11500: 11498: 11494: 11488: 11485: 11483: 11480: 11478: 11475: 11473: 11470: 11469: 11467: 11465: 11461: 11455: 11452: 11450: 11447: 11445: 11442: 11440: 11437: 11435: 11432: 11430: 11427: 11425: 11422: 11421: 11419: 11417: 11413: 11407: 11404: 11402: 11399: 11397: 11394: 11392: 11389: 11387: 11384: 11382: 11381:Combinatorics 11379: 11377: 11374: 11372: 11369: 11368: 11366: 11364: 11360: 11354: 11351: 11349: 11348:Earth science 11346: 11344: 11341: 11339: 11336: 11334: 11331: 11330: 11328: 11326: 11322: 11316: 11313: 11311: 11308: 11306: 11303: 11301: 11298: 11296: 11293: 11291: 11288: 11286: 11283: 11281: 11278: 11276: 11273: 11271: 11268: 11266: 11263: 11261: 11258: 11256: 11253: 11252: 11250: 11246: 11240: 11237: 11235: 11232: 11230: 11227: 11225: 11222: 11220: 11217: 11215: 11212: 11210: 11207: 11205: 11202: 11200: 11199:Ancient world 11197: 11196: 11194: 11190: 11185: 11175: 11172: 11170: 11169:Pseudoscience 11167: 11165: 11162: 11160: 11157: 11156: 11154: 11150: 11146: 11139: 11134: 11132: 11127: 11125: 11120: 11119: 11116: 11094: 11091: 11090: 11089: 11086: 11084: 11081: 11077: 11074: 11072: 11069: 11067: 11064: 11062: 11059: 11058: 11057: 11054: 11050: 11047: 11046: 11045: 11042: 11040: 11037: 11035: 11032: 11028: 11025: 11023: 11020: 11018: 11015: 11014: 11013: 11010: 11006: 11003: 11002: 11001: 10998: 10996: 10993: 10989: 10986: 10984: 10981: 10980: 10979: 10976: 10975: 10973: 10969: 10963: 10960: 10958: 10955: 10953: 10950: 10948: 10947:Simple dolmen 10945: 10943: 10940: 10938: 10935: 10933: 10932:Passage grave 10930: 10928: 10925: 10923: 10920: 10916: 10913: 10911: 10908: 10907: 10906: 10903: 10901: 10898: 10896: 10893: 10889: 10886: 10884: 10881: 10880: 10879: 10878:Gallery grave 10876: 10874: 10871: 10867: 10864: 10863: 10862: 10859: 10857: 10854: 10852: 10849: 10847: 10844: 10840: 10837: 10836: 10835: 10832: 10828: 10825: 10824: 10823: 10820: 10816: 10813: 10812: 10811: 10808: 10804: 10801: 10799: 10796: 10795: 10794: 10793:Burial mounds 10791: 10790: 10788: 10786: 10782: 10776: 10773: 10769: 10766: 10764: 10761: 10760: 10759: 10756: 10754: 10753:Statue menhir 10751: 10749: 10746: 10742: 10741:Stone carving 10739: 10737: 10734: 10733: 10732: 10729: 10727: 10724: 10722: 10719: 10717: 10714: 10712: 10709: 10707: 10704: 10700: 10697: 10695: 10692: 10691: 10690: 10687: 10685: 10682: 10680: 10677: 10673: 10670: 10669: 10668: 10665: 10663: 10660: 10658: 10655: 10653: 10650: 10648: 10645: 10643: 10640: 10638: 10635: 10631: 10628: 10627: 10626: 10623: 10621: 10618: 10617: 10615: 10613: 10609: 10601: 10598: 10596: 10593: 10592: 10591: 10588: 10586: 10583: 10581: 10580:Sewing needle 10578: 10574: 10571: 10569: 10566: 10564: 10561: 10559: 10556: 10554: 10551: 10549: 10546: 10545: 10544: 10541: 10539: 10536: 10532: 10529: 10528: 10527: 10524: 10520: 10517: 10515: 10512: 10511: 10510: 10507: 10505: 10502: 10500: 10497: 10493: 10490: 10489: 10488: 10485: 10483: 10480: 10478: 10475: 10473: 10470: 10468: 10465: 10464: 10462: 10460: 10456: 10452: 10448: 10444: 10439: 10435: 10419: 10416: 10415: 10414: 10411: 10409: 10408:Timber circle 10406: 10404: 10401: 10399: 10396: 10394: 10391: 10387: 10384: 10383: 10382: 10379: 10377: 10374: 10370: 10367: 10366: 10365: 10362: 10358: 10357:Tor enclosure 10355: 10354: 10353: 10350: 10346: 10345:fulacht fiadh 10343: 10342: 10341: 10338: 10336: 10333: 10331: 10328: 10327: 10325: 10321: 10315: 10312: 10310: 10307: 10305: 10302: 10300: 10297: 10295: 10292: 10291: 10289: 10285: 10279: 10276: 10274: 10271: 10267: 10264: 10263: 10262: 10259: 10257: 10254: 10250: 10247: 10245: 10242: 10240: 10237: 10236: 10235: 10232: 10230: 10227: 10225: 10222: 10220: 10217: 10213: 10210: 10209: 10208: 10205: 10203: 10200: 10198: 10195: 10191: 10188: 10187: 10186: 10183: 10181: 10178: 10176: 10173: 10171: 10168: 10166: 10163: 10161: 10158: 10156: 10153: 10149: 10146: 10145: 10144: 10141: 10140: 10138: 10134: 10126: 10123: 10121: 10118: 10116: 10113: 10112: 10111: 10108: 10106: 10103: 10101: 10098: 10097: 10095: 10091: 10087: 10083: 10078: 10074: 10058: 10055: 10054: 10053: 10050: 10048: 10045: 10043: 10040: 10038: 10035: 10031: 10028: 10027: 10026: 10023: 10021: 10018: 10016: 10013: 10011: 10008: 10006: 10003: 10001: 9998: 9996: 9993: 9991: 9988: 9986: 9983: 9981: 9978: 9976: 9973: 9969: 9966: 9965: 9964: 9961: 9957: 9954: 9952: 9949: 9948: 9947: 9944: 9942: 9939: 9937: 9934: 9932: 9929: 9925: 9922: 9921: 9920: 9917: 9915: 9912: 9910: 9907: 9903: 9900: 9899: 9898: 9895: 9893: 9890: 9889: 9887: 9885: 9881: 9875: 9872: 9870: 9867: 9865: 9862: 9860: 9857: 9855: 9852: 9850: 9847: 9845: 9842: 9840: 9837: 9835: 9832: 9830: 9827: 9825: 9822: 9818: 9815: 9813: 9810: 9808: 9805: 9804: 9803: 9800: 9798: 9795: 9793: 9790: 9788: 9785: 9781: 9778: 9777: 9776: 9773: 9771: 9768: 9766: 9763: 9761: 9758: 9756: 9753: 9751: 9748: 9746: 9743: 9739: 9736: 9734: 9731: 9729: 9726: 9725: 9724: 9721: 9720: 9718: 9716: 9712: 9700: 9697: 9696: 9695: 9692: 9691: 9689: 9685: 9679: 9676: 9674: 9671: 9669: 9666: 9664: 9661: 9659: 9656: 9654: 9651: 9649: 9646: 9644: 9641: 9639: 9636: 9634: 9631: 9627: 9624: 9623: 9622: 9619: 9618: 9616: 9614: 9610: 9602: 9599: 9597: 9594: 9592: 9589: 9587: 9584: 9582: 9581:spear-thrower 9579: 9578: 9577: 9574: 9572: 9569: 9565: 9562: 9561: 9560: 9559:Bow and arrow 9557: 9553: 9550: 9549: 9548: 9545: 9543: 9540: 9539: 9536: 9533: 9531: 9527: 9521: 9518: 9516: 9513: 9511: 9508: 9506: 9503: 9501: 9498: 9496: 9493: 9489: 9486: 9484: 9481: 9480: 9479: 9476: 9474: 9471: 9469: 9468:Grinding slab 9466: 9464: 9461: 9457: 9454: 9453: 9452: 9449: 9447: 9444: 9442: 9439: 9438: 9436: 9432: 9426: 9423: 9421: 9418: 9416: 9413: 9411: 9408: 9406: 9403: 9401: 9400:Domestication 9398: 9396: 9395:Digging stick 9393: 9391: 9388: 9386: 9383: 9379: 9376: 9374: 9373:Founder crops 9371: 9370: 9369: 9366: 9365: 9363: 9361: 9357: 9353: 9349: 9344: 9340: 9334: 9331: 9327: 9324: 9323: 9322: 9319: 9315: 9314:New Stone Age 9312: 9310: 9307: 9305: 9302: 9300: 9297: 9295: 9292: 9291: 9290: 9287: 9286: 9283: 9279: 9272: 9267: 9265: 9260: 9258: 9253: 9252: 9249: 9237: 9234: 9232: 9229: 9227: 9224: 9222: 9219: 9217: 9214: 9212: 9209: 9207: 9204: 9202: 9199: 9197: 9194: 9192: 9189: 9187: 9184: 9180: 9177: 9175: 9172: 9171: 9169: 9167: 9164: 9162: 9159: 9155: 9152: 9150: 9147: 9146: 9144: 9142: 9139: 9137: 9134: 9133: 9131: 9127: 9123: 9117: 9114: 9110: 9107: 9105: 9102: 9100: 9097: 9095: 9092: 9090: 9087: 9085: 9082: 9081: 9080: 9077: 9073: 9070: 9068: 9065: 9063: 9060: 9058: 9055: 9054: 9053: 9052: 9050: 9046: 9038: 9035: 9031: 9028: 9026: 9023: 9021: 9018: 9017: 9015: 9014: 9012: 9010: 9007: 9005: 9002: 9000: 8997: 8995: 8992: 8990: 8987: 8985: 8982: 8980: 8977: 8975: 8972: 8968: 8965: 8963: 8960: 8959: 8958: 8955: 8953: 8950: 8948: 8945: 8943: 8940: 8936: 8933: 8931: 8928: 8926: 8923: 8922: 8921: 8918: 8916: 8913: 8911: 8908: 8906: 8903: 8901: 8898: 8896: 8893: 8891: 8888: 8886: 8883: 8881: 8878: 8876: 8873: 8871: 8868: 8866: 8863: 8861: 8858: 8856: 8853: 8851: 8848: 8846: 8843: 8841: 8838: 8834: 8831: 8829: 8826: 8825: 8824: 8821: 8819: 8816: 8812: 8809: 8807: 8804: 8802: 8799: 8798: 8797: 8794: 8792: 8789: 8787: 8784: 8782: 8779: 8777: 8774: 8772: 8769: 8768: 8766: 8762: 8758: 8754: 8750: 8743: 8738: 8736: 8731: 8729: 8724: 8723: 8720: 8708: 8705: 8703: 8700: 8698: 8695: 8693: 8690: 8688: 8685: 8683: 8680: 8678: 8675: 8673: 8670: 8668: 8665: 8663: 8660: 8659: 8656: 8653: 8652: 8649: 8643: 8640: 8638: 8635: 8633: 8630: 8628: 8625: 8623: 8620: 8618: 8615: 8613: 8610: 8608: 8605: 8603: 8600: 8598: 8595: 8593: 8590: 8588: 8587:Ancient Greek 8585: 8583: 8580: 8578: 8575: 8573: 8572:Ancient Egypt 8570: 8568: 8565: 8563: 8560: 8559: 8556: 8553: 8552: 8549: 8545: 8538: 8533: 8531: 8526: 8524: 8519: 8518: 8515: 8509: 8506: 8504: 8501: 8499: 8496: 8493: 8490: 8487: 8483: 8479: 8476: 8474: 8470: 8467: 8466: 8462: 8461: 8449: 8447: 8441: 8437: 8430: 8427: 8423: 8419: 8415: 8414: 8409: 8406: 8402: 8399: 8395: 8391: 8385: 8380: 8379: 8372: 8369: 8368: 8363: 8360: 8357: 8353: 8350: 8349: 8344: 8341: 8337: 8335: 8331: 8327: 8324: 8320: 8317: 8313: 8311: 8307: 8303: 8302: 8281: 8277: 8271: 8255: 8249: 8233: 8229: 8225: 8219: 8204: 8200: 8194: 8185: 8183: 8173: 8167: 8161: 8153: 8149: 8143: 8134: 8125: 8117: 8110: 8101: 8093: 8089: 8082: 8074: 8070: 8064: 8049: 8048: 8043: 8036: 8028: 8021: 8014: 8010: 8006: 8002: 7998: 7992: 7988: 7984: 7980: 7974: 7972: 7963: 7957: 7953: 7952: 7944: 7936: 7929: 7921: 7915: 7900: 7896: 7890: 7882: 7876: 7872: 7871: 7863: 7857: 7855: 7854:0-387-72263-7 7851: 7848: 7846: 7840: 7824: 7820: 7814: 7798: 7794: 7788: 7772: 7768: 7761: 7753: 7746: 7739: 7737: 7728: 7722: 7718: 7711: 7709: 7707: 7698: 7691: 7683: 7677: 7673: 7666: 7657: 7650: 7641: 7635: 7631: 7626: 7625: 7616: 7608: 7606:9780802016379 7602: 7598: 7593: 7592: 7583: 7581: 7566:on 2016-05-02 7562: 7558: 7554: 7550: 7546: 7542: 7538: 7531: 7524: 7508: 7504: 7497: 7481: 7477: 7471: 7464: 7460: 7455: 7448: 7444: 7440: 7436: 7432: 7429: 7424: 7417: 7413: 7410: 7406: 7403: 7399: 7395: 7390: 7384: 7383:0-292-78149-0 7380: 7376: 7372: 7366: 7353: 7349: 7348: 7343: 7337: 7330: 7326: 7320: 7312: 7308: 7303: 7298: 7294: 7290: 7286: 7285: 7280: 7273: 7265: 7261: 7257: 7253: 7246: 7239: 7236: 7230: 7222: 7216: 7212: 7211: 7206: 7200: 7193: 7192: 7187: 7181: 7174: 7168: 7164: 7160: 7159: 7151: 7144: 7142:90-277-0833-9 7138: 7134: 7130: 7126: 7122: 7116: 7109: 7105: 7103:9789004251793 7099: 7095: 7094: 7086: 7078: 7073: 7072: 7063: 7056: 7052: 7048: 7045: 7041: 7036: 7029: 7025: 7021: 7018: 7014: 7009: 7000: 6993: 6991:3-7861-1748-9 6987: 6983: 6979: 6978:Lindgren, Uta 6972: 6966: 6962: 6958: 6954: 6948: 6941: 6938: 6932: 6925: 6921: 6918: 6914: 6908: 6900: 6894: 6890: 6883: 6875: 6873:0-442-26134-9 6869: 6865: 6861: 6860: 6859:Wind Machines 6852: 6845: 6843:90-04-14649-0 6839: 6835: 6828: 6821: 6820:0-521-42239-6 6817: 6813: 6809: 6805: 6801: 6796: 6789: 6786: 6780: 6774: 6770: 6767: 6763: 6758: 6751: 6748: 6742: 6740: 6732: 6727: 6720: 6716: 6712: 6707: 6699: 6695: 6691: 6687: 6683: 6679: 6675: 6671: 6664: 6656: 6654:0-8129-7233-3 6650: 6645: 6644: 6635: 6633: 6624: 6620: 6614: 6606: 6602: 6598: 6592: 6586: 6582: 6578: 6574: 6570: 6565: 6557: 6551: 6543: 6537: 6533: 6529: 6525: 6519: 6512: 6511:0-691-00659-8 6508: 6504: 6500: 6494: 6487: 6481: 6472: 6465: 6457: 6455:9780955448256 6451: 6447: 6440: 6432: 6426: 6422: 6415: 6407: 6405:0-684-83718-8 6401: 6397: 6393: 6392: 6387: 6381: 6373: 6371:0-521-45257-0 6367: 6363: 6356: 6342: 6338: 6331: 6317: 6316: 6311: 6304: 6296: 6294:0-8225-2996-3 6290: 6286: 6282: 6281: 6273: 6265: 6263:9789401714167 6259: 6255: 6251: 6250: 6242: 6235: 6234:0-8018-7248-0 6231: 6227: 6221: 6214: 6208: 6201: 6195: 6187: 6185:0-8225-2994-7 6181: 6177: 6176: 6168: 6160: 6158:9781575060422 6154: 6150: 6146: 6141: 6140: 6131: 6129: 6120: 6118:9781404205604 6114: 6110: 6106: 6105: 6097: 6089: 6087:9789048190911 6083: 6079: 6075: 6068: 6061:: 10–28 (11). 6060: 6056: 6048: 6040: 6033: 6025: 6023:9781575060422 6019: 6015: 6011: 6004: 5997: 5991: 5989: 5982: 5978: 5972: 5965: 5962:JN Postgate, 5959: 5951: 5944: 5936: 5930: 5926: 5919: 5917: 5915: 5913: 5896: 5892: 5888: 5881: 5873: 5866: 5858: 5852: 5848: 5844: 5837: 5829: 5825: 5820: 5815: 5811: 5807: 5803: 5796: 5780: 5776: 5772: 5771:"Archaeology" 5765: 5763: 5746: 5742: 5736: 5728: 5724: 5720: 5716: 5712: 5708: 5704: 5700: 5699: 5691: 5676:on 1 May 2009 5675: 5671: 5667: 5661: 5654: 5648: 5640: 5634: 5630: 5626: 5625: 5617: 5601: 5597: 5593: 5586: 5571: 5565: 5561: 5550: 5547: 5545: 5542: 5540: 5537: 5534: 5531: 5530: 5519: 5516: 5513: 5510: 5508: 5505: 5503: 5500: 5497: 5494: 5491: 5488: 5486: 5483: 5482: 5472: 5469: 5467: 5464: 5462: 5459: 5457: 5454: 5452: 5449: 5447: 5444: 5443: 5433: 5427: 5422: 5419: 5413: 5408: 5405: 5399: 5394: 5384: 5381: 5379: 5376: 5374: 5371: 5369: 5366: 5364: 5361: 5359: 5356: 5354: 5351: 5349: 5346: 5344: 5341: 5339: 5336: 5334: 5331: 5329: 5326: 5325: 5322: 5318: 5305: 5302: 5300: 5297: 5295: 5292: 5290: 5287: 5285: 5282: 5280: 5277: 5275: 5272: 5270: 5267: 5266: 5263: 5251: 5248: 5246: 5243: 5241: 5238: 5236: 5233: 5232: 5230: 5217: 5214: 5212: 5209: 5208: 5206: 5195: 5183: 5180: 5178: 5175: 5174: 5172: 5160: 5157: 5155: 5152: 5151: 5149: 5136: 5133: 5131: 5128: 5126: 5123: 5121: 5118: 5116: 5113: 5111: 5108: 5106: 5103: 5101: 5098: 5095: 5094: 5091: 5079: 5076: 5075: 5073: 5060:Manufacturing 5059: 5057: 5054: 5052: 5049: 5047: 5044: 5042: 5039: 5037: 5034: 5032: 5029: 5027: 5024: 5022: 5019: 5018: 5008: 5005: 5003: 5000: 4998: 4995: 4993: 4990: 4988: 4985: 4983: 4980: 4978: 4975: 4973: 4970: 4968: 4965: 4963: 4960: 4958: 4955: 4953: 4950: 4948: 4945: 4943: 4940: 4938: 4935: 4934: 4931: 4917: 4914: 4911: 4908: 4905: 4903: 4900: 4898: 4895: 4893: 4890: 4888: 4885: 4883: 4880: 4877: 4875: 4872: 4869: 4868: 4865: 4858:Communication 4853: 4849: 4845: 4842: 4839: 4835: 4832: 4829: 4828: 4826: 4822: 4810: 4807: 4805: 4802: 4801: 4799: 4792:Biotechnology 4784: 4782: 4778: 4774: 4771:2004 saw the 4769: 4767: 4764: 4760: 4756: 4752: 4748: 4743: 4741: 4737: 4733: 4729: 4725: 4721: 4717: 4713: 4709: 4706:and SpaceX's 4705: 4701: 4697: 4692: 4690: 4685: 4683: 4679: 4675: 4671: 4667: 4663: 4659: 4655: 4653: 4649: 4645: 4641: 4637: 4633: 4629: 4625: 4621: 4617: 4613: 4609: 4605: 4601: 4597: 4593: 4589: 4585: 4581: 4580:biotechnology 4577: 4573: 4569: 4565: 4561: 4555: 4547: 4542: 4530: 4527: 4525: 4522: 4520: 4516: 4513: 4510: 4509:Petrochemical 4506: 4504: 4501: 4499: 4496: 4494: 4491: 4488: 4486: 4483: 4481: 4478: 4476: 4475:Refrigeration 4472: 4469: 4466: 4463: 4461: 4458: 4455: 4453: 4450: 4447: 4444: 4441: 4439: 4436: 4434: 4431: 4430: 4428: 4426: 4421: 4418: 4414: 4412: 4408: 4404: 4400: 4395: 4391: 4389: 4385: 4379: 4377: 4373: 4369: 4365: 4361: 4357: 4353: 4348: 4346: 4342: 4338: 4334: 4330: 4325: 4323: 4319: 4315: 4314:Birth control 4311: 4308: 4304: 4302: 4298: 4294: 4290: 4286: 4285:nuclear power 4281: 4279: 4275: 4274:mobile phones 4271: 4267: 4263: 4259: 4255: 4251: 4244: 4239: 4230: 4228: 4224: 4220: 4216: 4212: 4207: 4205: 4197: 4193: 4189: 4188:Thomas Edison 4185: 4181: 4179: 4175: 4170: 4168: 4167:Spencer Trask 4164: 4159: 4156: 4152: 4150: 4146: 4136: 4131: 4121: 4119: 4115: 4111: 4107: 4103: 4099: 4098:James Simpson 4095: 4091: 4087: 4083: 4078: 4076: 4072: 4068: 4064: 4060: 4059:Machine tools 4056: 4052: 4048: 4043: 4041: 4037: 4033: 4029: 4025: 4017: 4012: 4008: 4006: 4002: 3998: 3993: 3984: 3980: 3978: 3974: 3970: 3969:spinning mule 3966: 3962: 3958: 3954: 3946: 3941: 3937: 3935: 3934:machine tools 3931: 3927: 3923: 3917: 3907: 3905: 3901: 3895: 3893: 3884: 3875: 3873: 3869: 3865: 3860: 3856: 3852: 3848: 3847:Vasco da Gama 3844: 3843: 3838: 3837:Francis Bacon 3834: 3830: 3826: 3820: 3810: 3808: 3804: 3800: 3796: 3792: 3788: 3784: 3780: 3776: 3772: 3768: 3764: 3760: 3756: 3751: 3749: 3744: 3742: 3741:blast furnace 3730: 3723: 3718: 3715: 3708: 3703: 3702: 3701: 3700: 3697: 3695: 3691: 3687: 3686: 3680: 3678: 3670: 3665: 3660: 3650: 3648: 3644: 3640: 3636: 3634: 3630: 3626: 3622: 3618: 3614: 3609: 3607: 3603: 3599: 3595: 3591: 3587: 3583: 3579: 3576:and vertical 3575: 3571: 3567: 3559: 3554: 3549: 3539: 3537: 3533: 3529: 3525: 3524:Ottoman Egypt 3521: 3517: 3516:steam turbine 3513: 3508: 3506: 3503: 3499: 3495: 3491: 3487: 3483: 3479: 3475: 3471: 3470: 3465: 3461: 3457: 3453: 3448: 3446: 3442: 3438: 3434: 3430: 3426: 3422: 3418: 3414: 3413:Islamic world 3410: 3405: 3403: 3399: 3395: 3391: 3387: 3383: 3378: 3376: 3372: 3368: 3364: 3360: 3356: 3352: 3348: 3344: 3340: 3336: 3332: 3330: 3326: 3322: 3318: 3314: 3310: 3306: 3302: 3298: 3294: 3290: 3286: 3282: 3278: 3274: 3270: 3266: 3261: 3259: 3255: 3251: 3246: 3242: 3238: 3234: 3230: 3225: 3223: 3219: 3215: 3211: 3207: 3201: 3197: 3193: 3187: 3183: 3179: 3172:Islamic world 3168: 3162: 3151: 3147: 3143: 3137: 3133: 3129: 3119: 3117: 3116:Domesday Book 3113: 3112:blast furnace 3102: 3100: 3096: 3092: 3088: 3084: 3079: 3077: 3072: 3067: 3065: 3061: 3056: 3052: 3043: 3034: 3032: 3028: 3024: 3023:steam-powered 3020: 3016: 3012: 3007: 3004: 3003:glass blowing 3000: 2996: 2992: 2988: 2984: 2980: 2979:amphitheatres 2976: 2972: 2971:Gallic reaper 2968: 2967:road-building 2964: 2959: 2957: 2953: 2949: 2945: 2941: 2937: 2936:Eastern Roman 2933: 2929: 2925: 2917: 2913: 2904: 2903:and showers. 2902: 2898: 2894: 2889: 2887: 2883: 2879: 2878:ship trackway 2875: 2871: 2867: 2863: 2859: 2855: 2850: 2848: 2844: 2840: 2836: 2831: 2829: 2825: 2821: 2817: 2813: 2808: 2806: 2802: 2798: 2794: 2789: 2787: 2783: 2779: 2775: 2771: 2767: 2763: 2757: 2755: 2751: 2747: 2743: 2739: 2735: 2731: 2727: 2723: 2719: 2714: 2712: 2708: 2704: 2700: 2696: 2692: 2688: 2684: 2680: 2676: 2672: 2668: 2664: 2660: 2656: 2646: 2644: 2640: 2636: 2632: 2628: 2624: 2620: 2615: 2612: 2608: 2604: 2600: 2596: 2592: 2588: 2584: 2580: 2576: 2572: 2568: 2564: 2560: 2550: 2548: 2544: 2540: 2536: 2526: 2522: 2518: 2516: 2511: 2509: 2505: 2501: 2497: 2493: 2489: 2485: 2481: 2471: 2469: 2465: 2461: 2457: 2453: 2449: 2445: 2437: 2432: 2428: 2426: 2421: 2419: 2415: 2411: 2407: 2403: 2398: 2396: 2392: 2388: 2384: 2380: 2376: 2372: 2368: 2365: 2361: 2357: 2353: 2349: 2345: 2341: 2336: 2333: 2328: 2326: 2322: 2318: 2314: 2310: 2306: 2302: 2293: 2290: 2285: 2282: 2280: 2274: 2271: 2270:iron smelting 2267: 2266: 2260: 2258: 2257:Meteoric iron 2251: 2247: 2242: 2237: 2227: 2225: 2221: 2217: 2213: 2209: 2204: 2202: 2198: 2194: 2192: 2191:work hardened 2188: 2184: 2180: 2172: 2167: 2162: 2151: 2141: 2139: 2135: 2131: 2127: 2121: 2119: 2115: 2111: 2107: 2103: 2099: 2095: 2090: 2088: 2084: 2080: 2076: 2072: 2068: 2064: 2059: 2057: 2053: 2049: 2045: 2040: 2038: 2034: 2030: 2026: 2022: 2017: 2015: 2011: 2007: 2002: 2000: 1996: 1992: 1988: 1984: 1980: 1976: 1971: 1969: 1968: 1963: 1959: 1955: 1951: 1947: 1946: 1940: 1938: 1934: 1930: 1929: 1919: 1914: 1903: 1891: 1884: 1877: 1874: 1860: 1858: 1842: 1841:Modern humans 1836: 1831: 1830: 1820: 1814: 1809: 1808: 1798: 1792: 1787: 1786: 1777: 1773: 1772:Earliest fire 1768: 1763: 1762: 1753: 1748: 1743: 1742: 1733: 1728: 1723: 1722: 1713: 1712: 1704: 1699: 1698: 1689: 1684: 1679: 1678: 1669: 1668: 1661: 1656: 1655: 1646: 1645: 1638: 1633: 1632: 1623: 1618: 1613: 1612: 1603: 1598: 1593: 1592: 1583: 1582:Gorilla split 1578: 1573: 1572: 1563: 1558: 1553: 1552: 1535: 1520: 1507: 1506: 1504: 1492: 1490: 1476: 1474: 1468: 1466: 1460: 1458: 1457:H. antecessor 1451: 1450: 1448: 1435: 1433: 1427: 1425: 1418: 1417: 1415: 1402: 1400: 1399:Au. anamensis 1394: 1392: 1391:Au. afarensis 1386: 1384: 1383:Au. africanus 1377: 1376: 1374: 1361: 1359: 1346: 1344: 1332: 1331: 1329: 1316: 1314: 1313:O. tugenensis 1308: 1306: 1294: 1292: 1281: 1279: 1268: 1266: 1255: 1253: 1242: 1240: 1229: 1227: 1215: 1213: 1207: 1205: 1198: 1196: 1185: 1183: 1172: 1170: 1158: 1157: 1146: 1144: 1133: 1131: 1120: 1118: 1000: 994: 989: 987: 982: 980: 975: 974: 968: 964: 957: 945: 942: 939: 936: 933: 930: 927: 924: 921: 918: 915: 912: 909: 906: 903: 900: 897: 894: 891: 888: 885: 882: 879: 876: 872: 869: 866: 863: 860: 857: 856:Domestication 854: 851: 850:Fishing hooks 848: 845: 842: 839: 836: 833: 830: 827: 824: 821: 818: 815: 812: 809: 806: 803: 799: 795: 792: 789: 786: 783: 780: 776: 773: 770: 767: 765: 761: 757: 753: 750: 747: 744: 741: 737: 734: 731: 730: 728: 720: 718: 714: 710: 706: 702: 698: 697:John Naisbitt 694: 690: 689: 684: 683:Alvin Toffler 679: 677: 668: 665: 662: 659: 656: 653: 650: 649: 644: 640: 638: 634: 630: 626: 622: 618: 614: 610: 606: 602: 597: 595: 591: 587: 583: 579: 575: 571: 566: 564: 560: 556: 552: 548: 545:. Some, like 544: 540: 537:dealing with 536: 533:have created 532: 528: 518: 516: 512: 508: 504: 500: 495: 493: 489: 484: 482: 478: 474: 470: 466: 462: 458: 446: 441: 439: 434: 432: 427: 426: 424: 423: 416: 413: 411: 408: 407: 404: 399: 398: 391: 388: 386: 383: 381: 378: 377: 371: 370: 363: 360: 358: 355: 353: 350: 348: 345: 343: 340: 338: 335: 333: 330: 328: 325: 323: 320: 318: 315: 313: 310: 308: 305: 303: 300: 299: 293: 292: 285: 282: 280: 277: 275: 272: 270: 267: 265: 262: 260: 257: 255: 252: 250: 247: 245: 244:Ancient China 242: 240: 237: 235: 234:Ancient Egypt 232: 230: 227: 226: 220: 219: 212: 209: 207: 204: 203: 199: 198: 195: 192: 190: 187: 185: 182: 180: 177: 175: 172: 170: 167: 165: 162: 160: 157: 155: 152: 150: 147: 145: 142: 140: 137: 135: 134: 130: 129: 125: 124: 121: 118: 116: 113: 111: 108: 106: 103: 101: 98: 95: 91: 88: 86: 83: 82: 79: 75: 74: 68: 67: 64: 61: 60: 54: 50: 45: 39: 35: 34:(book series) 33: 27: 19: 13631: 13443:Publications 13402:Antinatalism 13340: 13317:World3 model 13177:Major topics 13125: 13101: 13089: 13059: 12885: 12866:Food studies 12806:Area studies 12559:mathematical 12554:econometrics 12512:Anthropology 12421:Associations 12256:criticism of 12166:Leapfrogging 12149:linear model 12035:Team science 12025:Scientocracy 11948:Neo-colonial 11698:Anthropocene 11679: 11520:Neuroscience 11463: 11424:Anthropology 11406:Trigonometry 10888:wedge-shaped 10873:Funeral pyre 10866:Great dolmen 10822:Chamber tomb 10803:Round barrow 10758:Stone circle 10630:Blombos Cave 10558:Grooved ware 10482:Chalcolithic 10386:Thornborough 10304:Flush toilet 10239:Blombos Cave 10234:Rock shelter 10190:Quiggly hole 10082:Architecture 10057:illustration 9699:Buffalo jump 9520:Storage pits 9483:Aşıklı Höyük 9473:Ground stone 9325: 9309:Subdivisions 9154:Puerto Rican 9089:Indus Valley 8984:South Africa 8935:explorations 8654: 8554: 8543: 8464: 8445: 8412: 8404: 8397: 8377: 8365: 8355: 8347: 8339: 8332:18#3 (2020) 8329: 8322: 8315: 8306:Technovation 8305: 8283:. Retrieved 8279: 8270: 8258:. Retrieved 8248: 8236:. Retrieved 8232:the original 8227: 8218: 8206:. Retrieved 8202: 8193: 8172: 8160: 8151: 8142: 8133: 8124: 8115: 8109: 8100: 8091: 8081: 8072: 8063: 8051:. Retrieved 8045: 8035: 8026: 8020: 7982: 7950: 7943: 7934: 7928: 7914: 7903:. Retrieved 7901:. 2010-08-09 7898: 7889: 7869: 7862: 7844: 7839: 7827:. Retrieved 7823:the original 7813: 7801:. Retrieved 7787: 7775:. Retrieved 7770: 7760: 7751: 7716: 7696: 7690: 7671: 7665: 7655: 7649: 7623: 7615: 7590: 7568:. Retrieved 7561:the original 7543:(1): 91–93. 7540: 7536: 7523: 7511:. Retrieved 7507:the original 7496: 7484:. 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Retrieved 5779:the original 5749:. Retrieved 5747:. 6 May 1999 5744: 5735: 5702: 5696: 5690: 5678:. Retrieved 5674:the original 5660: 5653:Technovation 5652: 5647: 5623: 5616: 5604:. Retrieved 5600:the original 5595: 5585: 5573:. Retrieved 5564: 5432:World portal 4779:crossed the 4777:Mike Melvill 4770: 4744: 4693: 4686: 4656: 4626:devices and 4598:(along with 4564:gene therapy 4557: 4536:21st century 4519:Fiber Optics 4511:technologies 4446:Water supply 4422: 4415: 4396: 4392: 4380: 4349: 4333:Louise Brown 4326: 4312: 4305: 4282: 4268:. Radio and 4248: 4233:20th century 4208: 4201: 4171: 4160: 4153: 4141: 4090:sand filters 4079: 4044: 4020: 4015: 3992:steam engine 3989: 3949: 3919: 3896: 3889: 3868:chronometers 3842:New Atlantis 3840: 3822: 3805:spawned the 3779:Brunelleschi 3775:Ancient Rome 3752: 3745: 3738: 3689: 3683: 3681: 3674: 3637: 3633:Gothic style 3629:pointed arch 3613:plate armour 3610: 3598:lateen sails 3563: 3536:John Wilkins 3509: 3502:programmable 3494:hydropowered 3490:castle clock 3486:drum machine 3467: 3449: 3433:steam engine 3406: 3388:appeared in 3379: 3335:Wind-powered 3333: 3280: 3277:fossil fuels 3262: 3226: 3218:Muslim world 3203: 3108: 3080: 3068: 3048: 3025:device (the 3015:wind-powered 3008: 2999:book (Codex) 2987:public baths 2960: 2924:Roman Empire 2921: 2916:Pont du Gard 2907:Roman Empire 2890: 2858:gastraphetes 2851: 2837:, a kind of 2832: 2809: 2790: 2778:suction pump 2758: 2715: 2675:Near-Eastern 2652: 2643:large fleets 2639:Ming Dynasty 2616: 2556: 2532: 2529:Indus Valley 2523: 2519: 2512: 2477: 2444:water wheels 2441: 2422: 2406:Neo-Assyrian 2399: 2337: 2329: 2299: 2286: 2283: 2275: 2263: 2261: 2254: 2205: 2195: 2176: 2128:, and other 2122: 2091: 2060: 2041: 2018: 2003: 1972: 1965: 1945:Homo sapiens 1943: 1941: 1926: 1924: 1869: 1854: 1710: 1666: 1644:Ardipithecus 1643: 1562:Earlier apes 1519:Neanderthals 1503:Homo sapiens 1500: 1499: 1486: 1470: 1462: 1454: 1444: 1443: 1429: 1421: 1411: 1410: 1396: 1388: 1380: 1370: 1369: 1355: 1340: 1328:Ardipithecus 1325: 1324: 1310: 1302: 1288: 1275: 1262: 1252:Sivapithecus 1249: 1239:Oreopithecus 1236: 1223: 1209: 1201: 1192: 1179: 1166: 1154: 1140: 1127: 1112: 829:Fishing nets 762:as early as 760:Homo erectus 726: 688:Future Shock 686: 680: 675: 672: 598: 567: 563:civilization 551:Leslie White 527:sociologists 524: 510: 496: 488:technologies 485: 481:applied arts 476: 472: 468: 456: 454: 259:Roman Empire 131: 76:Premodern / 62: 31: 26: 13326:Society and 13285:Biocapacity 13127:Wikiversity 13018:Social work 12906:Linguistics 12831:Criminology 12748:criminology 12731:personality 12689:comparative 12667:Linguistics 12660:private law 12517:archaeology 12266:theories of 12251:and society 12247:Technology 12241:transitions 12231:determinism 12226:convergence 12201:Technocracy 11983:controversy 11969:Scientific 11953:post-normal 11898:Metascience 11868:Consilience 11853:Antiscience 11718:Neo-Luddism 11713:Fuzzy logic 11487:Engineering 11429:Archaeology 11396:Probability 11363:Mathematics 11229:Romanticism 11214:Renaissance 10910:unchambered 10905:Long barrow 10895:Grave goods 10851:Court cairn 10846:Clava cairn 10798:Bowl barrow 10736:Rock cupule 10679:Golden hats 10672:Hill figure 10573:Unstan ware 10553:Cord-marked 10418:Sweet Track 10340:Burnt mound 10261:Stilt house 10249:Sibudu Cave 10042:Tally stick 10010:Quern-stone 9995:Hammerstone 9985:Fire plough 9956:Pesse canoe 9914:Bannerstone 9884:Other tools 9797:Lithic core 9745:Aurignacian 9633:Bare Island 9515:Quern-stone 9201:New Zealand 9037:discoveries 9020:before 1890 9016:inventions 8994:Switzerland 8967:discoveries 8947:Philippines 8930:discoveries 8920:Netherlands 8833:discoveries 8753:discoveries 8622:Renaissance 7899:Toptenz.net 7829:17 December 7295:: 195–205. 6676:(1): 8–35. 6145:Eisenbrauns 6014:Eisenbrauns 5751:18 February 5165:Measurement 4848:cartography 4696:spaceflight 4689:epigenetics 4674:Dark matter 4640:solar cells 4568:3D printing 4452:Electronics 4417:Vaccination 4327:The first " 4266:jet engines 4254:automobiles 4211:photography 4149:World War I 4116:during the 4040:locomotives 3965:water frame 3677:millwrights 3639:Papermaking 3602:dry compass 3556:Clock from 3496:mechanical 3386:paper mills 3382:papermaking 3359:Afghanistan 3351:Sugar mills 3347:Afghanistan 3309:steel mills 3305:stamp mills 3269:tidal power 3204:The Muslim 3091:Mesoamerica 3069:Though the 3064:hydroponics 2956:Roman Egypt 2897:chain drive 2793:water organ 2782:piston pump 2762:water-wheel 2627:chain drive 2589:, the iron 2563:binary code 2464:water power 2436:water wheel 2414:screw pumps 2410:Sennacherib 2367:pictographs 2364:clay tablet 2352:Mesopotamia 2317:Babylonians 2301:Mesopotamia 2296:Mesopotamia 2224:Sentinelese 2108:across the 2083:projectiles 1983:hammerstone 1967:Paleolithic 1952:within the 1928:Paleolithic 1465:H. ergaster 1358:Ar. ramidus 1343:Ar. kadabba 1305:O. praegens 1143:Pleistocene 972:This box: 800:, possibly 794:Stone tools 756:Paleolithic 719:societies. 717:singularity 693:Daniel Bell 685:(author of 461:stone tools 154:Machine Age 85:Prehistoric 13659:Categories 13513:Events and 13328:population 13274:Population 13225:Population 13170:Population 13072:Humanities 13006:historical 12939:psychology 12911:Management 12753:demography 12711:Psychology 12694:philosophy 12655:public law 12586:integrated 12404:Technology 12356:science of 12351:history of 12236:revolution 12144:disruptive 12134:Innovation 12129:Hype cycle 12074:Technology 12045:ecological 12018:skepticism 12008:misconduct 11993:enterprise 11811:scientific 11738:Positivism 11708:Empiricism 11690:Philosophy 11464:Technology 11449:Psychology 11401:Statistics 11248:By culture 11152:Background 11049:trepanning 10942:Ring cairn 10900:Jar burial 10883:transepted 10815:U.S. sites 10716:Petroglyph 10642:Bird stone 10600:wine press 10273:Stone roof 10256:Roundhouse 10148:long house 10125:Stonehenge 10093:Ceremonial 10037:Stone tool 9864:Tool stone 9834:Metallurgy 9738:Mousterian 9715:Toolmaking 9653:Cumberland 9626:Transverse 9596:Schöningen 9488:Qesem cave 9456:Earth oven 9410:Irrigation 9321:Technology 9289:Prehistory 9030:after 1991 8962:inventions 8925:Inventions 8828:inventions 8786:Bangladesh 8781:Azerbaijan 8749:Inventions 8413:Technology 8351:AEI Press. 8285:22 January 8260:22 January 8013:1104810110 7905:2017-10-04 7777:6 February 7773:. Palgrave 7570:2010-10-23 7373:, p. 184, 7357:2008-09-06 6965:9004146490 6942:(1): 1–30 6501:, p. 7-8. 6430:094335837X 6346:2019-07-29 6321:2019-07-29 6147:. p. 5994:S Dalley, 5812:: 118–64. 5680:8 December 5575:22 January 5556:References 5514:Technology 5240:Atomic Age 5159:Metallurgy 4915:Television 4700:spacecraft 4616:fuel cells 4485:Spacecraft 4438:Automobile 4386:(formerly 4376:Ciena Corp 4293:Atomic Age 4219:phonograph 4215:projection 4192:phonograph 4155:Telegraphy 4080:Until the 3977:power loom 3930:metallurgy 3872:civil code 3669:mine hoist 3574:spectacles 3566:Lynn White 3560:, ca. 1386 3532:steam jack 3425:crankshaft 3375:Al-Andalus 3329:watermills 3313:tide mills 3301:ship mills 3289:gristmills 3273:wind power 3265:hydropower 3254:irrigation 3243:and other 3206:caliphates 3190:See also: 3165:See also: 3140:See also: 2950:, and the 2944:Asia Minor 2876:, and the 2866:lighthouse 2845:, and the 2820:washstands 2805:escapement 2786:chain pump 2774:force pump 2738:Archimedes 2711:Phoenician 2705:, Jewish, 2641:also sent 2595:seed drill 2502:, and the 2448:watermills 2289:hill forts 2161:Bronze Age 2114:Madagascar 2079:greenstone 2056:microliths 2052:Mesolithic 1958:stone tool 1534:Denisovans 1473:Au. sediba 1447:H. erectus 1414:H. habilis 1204:Ou. turkae 952:Prehistory 838:Microliths 664:industrial 469:technology 159:Atomic Age 110:Bronze Age 105:Copper Age 13609:Migration 13486:6 billion 12950:Planning 12929:economics 12846:Education 12743:Sociology 12721:cognitive 12672:semiotics 12623:political 12581:technical 12566:Geography 12539:Economics 12311:Factor 10 12139:diffusion 11978:consensus 11973:community 11938:education 11778:Sociology 11753:Scientism 11632:Economics 11558:Timelines 11535:Pathology 11530:Nutrition 11454:Sociology 11434:Economics 11343:Chemistry 11333:Astronomy 11270:Byzantine 11265:Brazilian 11260:Argentine 11093:symbolism 10957:Tor cairn 10915:Grønsalen 10856:Cremation 10748:Sculpture 10726:Pictogram 10711:Petroform 10531:amber use 10499:Cosmetics 10309:Reservoir 10294:Check dam 10224:Pueblitos 10219:Pit-house 10202:Longhouse 10136:Dwellings 10005:Microlith 9936:Bow drill 9931:Bone tool 9924:prismatic 9733:Acheulean 9648:Cresswell 9621:Arrowhead 9547:Boomerang 9463:Granaries 9425:Terracing 9304:Stone Age 9186:Bulgarian 9145:American 9136:Worldwide 9062:cosmology 9057:chemistry 9025:1890–1945 8875:Indonesia 8771:Australia 8607:Byzantine 8567:Neolithic 8420:, Mainz: 7803:9 January 7557:154202306 7311:1355-7718 7121:Banu Musa 6955:, p. 65, 6810:, p. 54. 6698:154359726 6550:cite book 6057:. 47/48. 5311:Transport 4924:Computing 4844:Surveying 4836:Bridges, 4652:batteries 4608:memristor 4467:Telephone 4464:Computers 4301:space age 4270:telephony 4262:computing 4114:John Snow 4110:Rotherham 4106:water tap 4024:steamboat 3831:with the 3795:artillery 3791:cross-bow 3625:rib vault 3617:crossbows 3606:astrolabe 3582:watermark 3578:windmills 3538:in 1648. 3482:automaton 3464:Banu Musa 3429:Al-Jazari 3398:gunpowder 3339:wind pump 3237:Old World 3122:East Asia 3087:chinampas 3027:aeolipile 2983:aqueducts 2847:astrolabe 2797:clepsydra 2750:Ctesibius 2635:gunpowder 2583:cast iron 2573:, paper, 2480:Egyptians 2362:found on 2332:cuneiform 2321:true arch 2313:Assyrians 2309:Akkadians 2305:Sumerians 2106:migration 2063:Neolithic 2010:hand axes 2006:Acheulian 1913:Stone Age 1907:Stone Age 1432:Au. garhi 938:Horseshoe 932:Cast iron 749:Acheulean 613:sentience 559:barbarism 169:Space Age 90:Stone Age 13644:Category 13412:Natalism 13335:Eugenics 13091:Category 12959:regional 12954:land use 12789:business 12758:internet 12716:abnormal 12618:military 12608:economic 12598:cultural 12571:physical 12532:physical 12522:cultural 12431:Scholars 12426:Journals 12416:Category 12390:Portals 12271:transfer 12261:dynamics 12211:feminist 12013:priority 11998:literacy 11958:rhetoric 11924:Science 11888:Logology 11581:Category 11540:Pharmacy 11497:Medicine 11386:Geometry 11376:Calculus 11295:Japanese 10731:Rock art 10694:painting 10667:Geoglyph 10492:timeline 10472:Beadwork 10212:Mehrgarh 10207:Mudbrick 10115:megalith 9990:Fire-saw 9812:debitage 9807:analysis 9775:Hand axe 9755:Cupstone 9333:Glossary 9294:Timeline 9211:Romanian 9170:British 9166:Austrian 9161:Armenian 9099:Military 9048:by topic 9004:Thailand 8957:Portugal 8942:Pakistan 8910:Malaysia 8806:Scotland 8469:Archived 8442:(1855). 8053:26 March 8005:83016269 7981:(1984), 7797:Archived 7461:(1976), 7441:(1976), 7431:Archived 7412:Archived 7207:(1998). 7133:Springer 7123:(1979), 7047:Archived 7020:Archived 6920:Archived 6806:(1986). 6769:Archived 6733:, p. 36. 6713:(1976). 6599:(1899). 6571:(2007), 6388:(2002). 5828:15605391 5745:BBC News 5727:10213682 5390:See also 5199:Military 5188:Medicine 4918:Internet 4906:Printing 4852:sewerage 4708:Dragon 2 4600:railguns 4592:scramjet 4489:Internet 4480:Highways 4442:Airplane 4401:and the 4384:Vodafone 4252:brought 4100:for the 3906:(1712). 3855:Magellan 3729:da Vinci 3712:Dome of 3615:, steel 3474:automata 3445:camshaft 3297:sawmills 3258:windmill 3076:Palenque 3060:drainage 2995:harbours 2886:odometer 2884:and the 2856:and the 2854:catapult 2816:automata 2803:and the 2754:Archytas 2703:Egyptian 2607:crossbow 2539:Pakistan 2488:pyramids 2418:lost wax 2265:Iron Age 2250:Iron Age 2236:Iron Age 2230:Iron Age 2179:smelting 2087:scrapers 1991:scrapers 1987:choppers 1950:Ethiopia 1937:clothing 1156:Hominini 1130:Pliocene 926:Catapult 844:Ceramics 808:Harpoons 796:used by 772:Javelins 709:services 115:Iron Age 13633:Commons 13276:ecology 13227:biology 13103:Commons 12934:history 12924:science 12859:studies 12593:History 12505:Primary 12491:History 12486:Outline 12394:Science 12076:studies 11988:dissent 11928:citizen 11845:studies 11843:Science 11790:Social 11655:History 11515:Anatomy 11439:History 11371:Algebra 11353:Physics 11338:Biology 11315:Spanish 11310:Russian 11305:Mexican 11280:Chinese 11255:African 11088:Symbols 10699:pigment 10585:Weaving 10548:Cardium 10543:Pottery 10538:Mirrors 10526:Jewelry 10467:Baskets 10447:culture 10299:Cistern 10105:Pyramid 10047:Weapons 10025:Scraper 10015:Racloir 9975:Cleaver 9963:Chopper 9869:Uniface 9780:Grooves 9770:Hafting 9728:Oldowan 9687:Systems 9638:Cascade 9601:woomera 9591:harpoon 9564:history 9530:Hunting 9510:Pottery 9451:Cooking 9360:Farming 9326:history 9299:Outline 9231:Swedish 9226:Spanish 9221:Serbian 9216:Russian 9196:Italian 9174:English 9141:African 9072:science 9009:Vietnam 8895:Jamaica 8880:Ireland 8860:Germany 8840:Croatia 8801:England 8796:Britain 8776:Austria 8627:Ottoman 8597:Chinese 8480:. From 8370:, 2001. 8238:9 April 8208:7 April 7513:9 April 7486:9 April 6980:(ed.), 6690:2116954 6530:(ed.). 6396:351–352 6236:, p. 14 5981:Babylon 5977:Nineveh 5901:7 April 5707:Bibcode 5698:Science 5606:9 April 5223:Nuclear 4838:harbors 4787:By type 4734:plan a 4622:cars), 4614:(e.g., 4423:The US 4366:. This 4352:telecom 4243:magneto 3922:Britain 3825:carrack 3767:Taccola 3594:rudders 3584:or the 3510:In the 3394:Baghdad 3390:Abbasid 3367:almonds 3293:hullers 3287:mills, 3285:fulling 3235:of the 2954:, with 2940:Balkans 2862:dioptra 2828:gimbals 2766:turbine 2734:museion 2707:Persian 2693:. 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