Bethlehem - Knowledge

1670: 1416: 3076: 835: 198: 3037: 187: 178: 11636: 2581: 1235: 3049: 147: 3858: 1096: 3025: 2895: 599: 127: 3236: 3061: 3637: 2461:, accounting for 30.3% of the city's population. In 1997, the age distribution of Bethlehem's inhabitants was 27.4% under the age of 10, 20% from 10 to 19, 17.3% from 20 to 29, 17.7% from 30 to 44, 12.1% from 45 to 64 and 5.3% above the age of 65. There were 11,079 males and 10,594 females. In the 2007 PCBS census, Bethlehem had a population of 25,266, of which 12,753 were males and 12,513 were females. There were 6,709 housing units, of which 5,211 were households. The average household consisted of 4.8 family members. By 2017, the population was 28,591. 3509: 302: 2758: 242: 266: 2750: 158: 1845: 1872: 3101: 2778: 1678: 3702: 8851: 2010:), with hot and dry summers and mild, wetter winters. Winter temperatures (mid-December to mid-March) can be cool and rainy. January is the coldest month, with temperatures ranging from 1 to 13 degree Celsius (33–55 °F). From May through September, the weather is warm and sunny. August is the hottest month, with a high of 30 degrees Celsius (86 °F). Bethlehem receives an average of 700 millimeters (28 in) of rainfall annually, 70% between November and January. 2398: 138: 1768: 8858: 3291: 167: 2974: 11249: 2766: 4126: 3936: 3676: 378: 4079: 4066: 3988: 3663: 3541: 11490: 1584: 1611:. By the end of the 16th century, Bethlehem had become one of the largest villages in the District of Jerusalem, and was subdivided into seven quarters. The Basbus family served as the heads of Bethlehem among other leaders during this period. The Ottoman tax record and census from 1596 indicates that Bethlehem had a population of 1,435, making it the 13th largest village in Palestine at the time. Its total revenue amounted to 30,000 3472: 4092: 3923: 3793: 3780: 2556:, stated that the reason why more Christians were emigrating than Muslims is because it is easier for Arab Christians to integrate into western communities than for Arab Muslims, since many of them attend church-affiliated schools, where they are taught European languages. A higher percentage of Christians in the region are urban-dwellers, which also makes it easier for them to emigrate and assimilate into western populations. A 1810:. When the Palestinian Authority assumed control in 1995, it publicly extended the boundaries of Bethlehem, allegedly to secure a Muslim majority. This expansion incorporated over 30,000 Muslims from nearby refugee camps into the city. Yasser Arafat, then the leader of the Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO), unilaterally replaced the predominantly Christian city council with a leadership that was largely Muslim. During the 4027: 3845: 3832: 1694: 4053: 4014: 3975: 3962: 3819: 3741: 4040: 4001: 3949: 3910: 3897: 3884: 3871: 3806: 3767: 3754: 3728: 3715: 3689: 3650: 3155: 1596: 4105: 2667:. A total of 1.4 billion US dollars was secured for business investments in the Palestinian territories. Tourism is Bethlehem's main industry. Unlike other Palestinian localities prior to 2000, the majority of the employed residents did not have jobs in Israel. More than 20% of the working population is employed in the industry. Tourism accounts for approximately 65% of the city's economy and 11% of the 2476: 2589: 309: 273: 2520:, explained that "due to the stress, either physical or psychological, and the bad economic situation, many people are emigrating, either Christians or Muslims, but it is more apparent among Christians, because they already are a minority." The Palestinian Authority is officially committed to equality for Christians, although there have been incidents of violence against them by the 1571:, tolerance of Christianity declined. Members of the clergy left the city, and in 1263 the town walls were demolished. The Latin clergy returned to Bethlehem the following century, establishing themselves in the monastery adjoining the Basilica of the Nativity. The Greek Orthodox were given control of the basilica and shared control of the Milk Grotto with the Latins and the 4707:

to fit the bill; e.g., Lahmu and Lahamu mentioned in the Babylonian creation epic as offspring of Apsu and Tiamat (v. Staples, AJSL 52, 149—50). Since, however, the name as generally understood is so apt for an agricultural fertility cult centre, it is possible that the question has not been fully probed (cf. Interpreters' Bible Vol. 2, 853).

2432:, 300 were Muslim and "the remainder belonging to the Latin and Greek Churches with a few Armenians." Another report from the same year puts the Christian population at 3,000, with an additional 50 Muslims. An 1885 source put the population at approximately 6,000 of "principally Christians, Latins and Greeks" with no Jewish inhabitants. 7655:, Biblical Archaeology Review. ; see also A. Puig i Tàrrech, "The Birth of Jesus and History: The Interweaving of the Infancy Narratives in Matthew and Luke", B. Estrada, E. Manicardi, A. Puig i Tàrrech (ed.), ≤The Gospels, History and Christology. The Search of Joseph Ratzinger≥, Vatican City:LEV, 2013, 353–97. 1516:, captured Bethlehem from the Crusaders. The Latin clerics were forced to leave, allowing the Greek Orthodox clergy to return. Saladin agreed to the return of two Latin priests and two deacons in 1192. However, Bethlehem suffered from the loss of the pilgrim trade, as there was a sharp decrease of European pilgrims. 4492:"to fight," whence it would mean "house of war/fighting." That seems less likely. It has also been suggested that there is a connection with the name of the Mesopotamian goddess, Laḫmu, the mother of Anšar (sky) and Kišar (earth) in the Babylonian creation myth, Enuma Elish, but this is generally rejected. 2017:

is 60% and reaches its highest rates between January and February. Humidity levels are at their lowest in May. Night dew may occur in up to 180 days per year. The city is influenced by the Mediterranean Sea breeze that occurs around mid-day. However, Bethlehem is affected also by annual waves of hot,

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The form of the name Bethlehem certainly connotes that the latter element is not a common noun but a proper noun, the name of a god who has his temple (house) there - cf. Beth Shemesh etc. Accordingly the literal version, House of Bread, has been put down as folk etymology. Divine names can be found

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In the center of Bethlehem is its old city. The old city consists of eight quarters, laid out in a mosaic style, forming the area around the Manger Square. The quarters include the Christian an-Najajreh, al-Farahiyeh, al-Anatreh, al-Tarajmeh, al-Qawawsa and Hreizat quarters and al-Fawaghreh—the only

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as source of difficulties leading the emigration of their community. In the same year, the Palestinian Centre for Research and Cultural Dialogue conducted a poll among the city's Christians according to which 90% said they had had Muslim friends, 73.3% agreed that the PNA treated Christian heritage

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In 1948, the religious makeup of the city was 85% Christian, mostly of the Greek Orthodox and Roman Catholic denominations, and 13% Muslim. In the 1967 census taken by Israel authorities, the town of Bethlehem proper numbered 14,439 inhabitants, its 7,790 Muslim inhabitants represented 53.9% of the

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was later built had at one point been a shrine to the ancient Near Eastern fertility god Tammuz. Eusebius, however, mentions nothing about the cave having been associated with Tammuz and there are no other Patristic sources that suggest Tammuz had a shrine in Bethlehem. Peter Welten has argued that

2714:, built in 1910 near the church, is one of Bethlehem's most successful hotels and its oldest. It was closed down in 2000 due to the Israeli-Palestinian conflict, but reopened in 2005 as the Jacir Palace InterContinental at Bethlehem. The hotel is managed by world renowned international brand — the 1618:

Bethlehem paid taxes on wheat, barley and grapes. The Muslims and Christians were organized into separate communities, each having its own leader. Five leaders represented the village in the mid-16th century, three of whom were Muslims. Ottoman tax records suggest that the Christian population was

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A burial ground discovered in spring 2013, and surveyed in 2015 by a joint Italian–Palestinian team found that the necropolis covered 3 hectares (more than 7 acres) and originally contained more than 100 tombs in use between roughly 2200 BCE and 650 BCE. The archaeologists were able to identify at

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among Christians than among Muslims, but also partially due to the fact that Christians were more likely to emigrate from the region than any other religious group. The seizure of Christian land by Muslim mafias and the bias of the Palestinian Judicial system have been cited as reasons leading to

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Christian families that have lived in Bethlehem for hundreds of years are being forced to leave as land in Bethlehem is seized, and homes bulldozed, for construction of thousands of new Israeli homes. Land seizures for Israeli settlements have also prevented construction of a new hospital for the

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In Bethlehem the cave is pointed out where he was born, and the manger in the cave where he was wrapped in swaddling clothes. And the rumor is in those places, and among foreigners of the Faith, that indeed Jesus was born in this cave who is worshipped and reverenced by the Christians. (Origen,

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Taylor, 1993, pp. 96–104./ref> Many modern scholars question the idea that Jesus was born in Bethlehem, seeing the biblical stories not as historical accounts but as symbolic narratives invented to present the birth as fulfillment of prophecy and imply a connection to the lineage of King

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inhabitants of Bethlehem, as well as the barrier separating dozens of Palestinian families from their farmland and Christian communities from their places of worship. Christians have reportedly suffered persecution under the Palestinian Authority, leading to emigration. According to

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populations became equal by the middle of that century. However, there were no Muslim inhabitants counted by the end of the century, with a recorded population of 287 adult male taxpayers. Christians, like all non-Muslims throughout the Ottoman Empire, were required to pay the

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found from an official Ottoman village list from about 1870 that Bethlehem had a population of 179 Muslims in 59 houses, 979 "Latins" in 256 houses, 824 "Greeks" in 213 houses, and 41 Armenians in 11 houses, a total of 539 houses. The population count only included men.

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even though large numbers were ethnically Arabs of the Ghassanid clans. Bethlehem's two largest Arab Christian clans trace their ancestry to the Ghassanids, including al-Farahiyyah and an-Najajreh. The former have descended from the Ghassanids who migrated from

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in deviation of operational rules. No evidence was found that this caused the boy's death. The officer was found guilty of illegal use of a weapon and sentenced to 5 months imprisonment, two of them actually in prison doing public service. He was also demoted.

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are interpreted to mean "house of", with 'house' understood as 'temple' and the second part of the name indicating the deity the local temple was dedicated to. Accordingly, one longstanding suggestion in scholarship is that the name Bethlehem derives from the

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Taylor, 1993, pp. 99–100. "Joseph ... took up his quarters in a certain cave near the village; and while they were there Mary brought forth the Christ and placed him in a manger, and here the Magi who came from Arabia found him."(Justin Martyr,

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as a pagan ritual over Tammuz's death. Joan E. Taylor has countered this contention by arguing that Jerome, as an educated man, could not have been so naïve as to mistake Christian mourning over the Massacre of the Innocents as a pagan ritual for Tammuz.

958:, was "certainly accurate". Albright noted that the pronunciation of the name had remained essentially the same for 3,500 years, even if the perceived meaning had shifted over time: "'Temple of the God Lakhmu' in Canaanite, 'House of Bread' in Hebrew and 1010:

mercenaries: "Now even a town near Jerusalem, Bit-Lahmi by name, a village which once belonged to the king, has fallen to the enemy... Let the king hear the words of your servant Abdi-Heba, and send archers to restore the imperial lands of the king!"

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Selected accounts of Christians expressing feelings of intimidation/persecution due to rise in Muslim extremism: Muslims refusing to hire Christian workers or to sell property to Christians Christian women describe increasing harassment from Muslim

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Christian co-educational institution of higher learning founded in 1973 in the Lasallian tradition, open to students of all faiths. Bethlehem University is the first university established in the West Bank, and can trace its roots to 1893 when the

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mentions Bethlehem as the place of birth, and adds that King Herod was told that a 'King of the Jews' had been born in the town, prompting Herod to order the killing of all the boys who were two years old or under in the town and surrounding area.

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The women embroiderers of Bethlehem were known for their bridalwear. Bethlehem embroidery was renowned for its "strong overall effect of colors and metallic brilliance." Less formal dresses were made of indigo fabric with a sleeveless coat

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Bethlehem work was unique in its use of couched gold or silver cord, or silk cord onto the silk, wool, felt or velvet used for the garment, to create stylized floral patterns with free or rounded lines. This technique was used for "royal"

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and Palestinian refugees, hence ratifying the number of municipal members in the council to 11. In 1976, an amendment was passed to allow women to vote and become council members and later the voting age was increased from 21 to 25.

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Bethlehem has several museums: The Crib of the Nativity Theatre and Museum offers visitors 31 three-dimensional models depicting the significant stages of the life of Jesus. Its theater presents a 20-minute animated show. The

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of Alexandria, writing around the year 247, referred to a cave in the town of Bethlehem which local people believed was the birthplace of Jesus. This cave was possibly one which had previously been a site of the cult of

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that reads "From the town of Bethlehem to the King." According to the excavators, it was used to seal the string closing a shipment of grain, wine, or other goods sent as a tax payment in the 8th or 7th century BCE.

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A Zogby International poll in 2006 interviewing 1,000 Palestinians from Bethlehem showed that 79 per cent of respondents believed the difficulties of living under occupation are the reason for Christians leaving

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The percentage of Christians in the town has been in a steady decline since the mid-twentieth century. In 1947, Christians made up 85% of the population, but by 1998, the figure had declined to 40%. In 2005, the

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means "(and) he built cities into fortresses". Verse 5 is cited by at least one prominent Hebrew lexicon in illustration of this fact. See Koehler, L., Baumgartner, W., Richardson, M. E. J., & Stamm, J. J.,

3018:, and by others to the formal costumes of the Ottoman Empire's elite. As a Christian village, local women were also exposed to the detailing on church vestments with their heavy embroidery and silver brocade. 2702:— over a grotto or cave called the Holy Crypt, where Jesus is believed to have been born. Nearby is the Milk Grotto where the Holy Family took refuge on their Flight to Egypt and next door is the cave where 1014:

It is thought that the similarity of this name to its modern forms indicates that it was originally a settlement of Canaanites who shared a Semitic cultural and linguistic heritage with the later arrivals.

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in 1229, in return for a ten-year truce between the Ayyubids and the Crusaders. The treaty expired in 1239, and Bethlehem was recaptured by the Muslims in 1244. In 1250, with the coming to power of the

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recommended that those who doubted Jesus was really born in Bethlehem could go there and visit the very cave where he was supposed to have been born. The same cave is also referenced by the apocryphal

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visited Bethlehem, and referred to its church as the "Basilica of Constantine, the equal of which does not exist anywhere in the country-round." In 1009, during the reign of the sixth Fatimid Caliph,

2540:, located in the Manger Square. By 2016, the Christian population of Bethlehem had declined to only 16%. The Christian population's proportion of Bethlehem fell from 87% in the 1950s to 12% in 2016. 1837:, leaving the inhabitants squeezed between thirty-seven Jewish enclaves, where a quarter of all West Bank settlers, roughly 170,000, live; the gap between the two roads is closed by the 8-metre high 3147:

and folklore. The International Center of Bethlehem is another cultural center that concentrates primarily on the culture of Bethlehem. It provides language and guide training, woman's studies and

836: 600: 1830:, where dozens of Palestinian militants had sought refuge. The siege lasted 39 days. Several militants were killed. It ended with an agreement to exile 13 of the militants to foreign countries. 9202: 2625:, as well as olive wood statues, boxes, and crosses. Other industries include stone and marble-cutting, textiles, furniture and furnishings. Bethlehem factories also produce paints, plastics, 8136: 2872:

magazine, archaeologist Aviram Oshri points to an absence of evidence for the settlement of Bethlehem near Jerusalem at the time when Jesus was born, and postulates that Jesus was born in

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de Sivry, L: "Dictionnaire de Géographie Ecclésiastique", p. 375., 1852 ed, from ecclesiastical record of letters between the Bishops of Bethlehem 'in partibus' to the bishops of Auxerre.

1650:. An American missionary in the 1850s reported a population of under 4,000, nearly all of whom belonged to the Greek Church. He also noted that a lack of water limited the town's growth. 6807: 5799: 4922: 6763: 1682: 8822: 906:, following a proposal by Otto Schroeder in 1815 and making it a potential first historical reference to Bethlehem. This reading is, however, uncertain and has met with objections. 2572:, 10% of the Christian population have left the city. However, it is likely that there are many other factors, most of which are shared with the Palestinian population as a whole. 3587:

has affected Bethlehem politically, socially, and economically. The barrier is located along the northern side of the town's built-up area, within distance of houses in the Aida

8546: 6515: 3620: 3580:. There are also two car rental departments: Murad and 'Orabi. Buses and taxis with West Bank licenses are not allowed to enter Israel, including Jerusalem, without a permit. 3075: 6871: 6349: 3169:

has about 500 students. Its primary goals are to teach children music, train teachers for other schools, sponsor music research, and the study of Palestinian folklore music.

8230: 1470:, the Church of the Nativity was ordered to be demolished, but was spared by local Muslims, because they had been permitted to worship in the structure's southern transept. 5897: 7947: 1794:

stated that a group of reservists in an observation post had come under attack by stone throwers. The commander of the post, a senior non-commissioned officer, fired two

9195: 7759: 7135: 6390: 1285:. Current scholars are divided on the actual birthplace of Jesus: some believe he was actually born in Nazareth, while others still hold that he was born in Bethlehem. 1446:

dedicated to Umar was built upon the place in the city where he prayed, next to the church. Bethlehem then passed through the control of the Islamic caliphates of the

1642:. In 1841, Bethlehem came under Ottoman rule once again and remained so until the end of World War I. Under the Ottomans, Bethlehem's inhabitants faced unemployment, 962:, 'House of Meat' in Arabic." While Schröder's theory is not widely accepted, it continues to find favour in academic literature over the later literal translations. 5766: 11280: 9211: 8050: 3498: 3349: 794: 462: 442: 53: 3489:(PCBS), in 1997, approximately 84% of Bethlehem's population over the age of 10 was literate. Of the city's population, 10,414 were enrolled in schools (4,015 in 8467: 3373: 3367: 816:, this community has dwindled significantly, from about 86 per cent in 1950 to about 10 per cent in 2022. Presently, Bethlehem has become encircled by dozens of 10500: 9188: 7044: 6335:

Ellen Clare Miller, 'Eastern Sketches – notes of scenery, schools and tent life in Syria and Palestine'. Edinburgh: William Oliphant and Company. 1871. p. 148.

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Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs (OCHA) & Office of the Special Coordinator for the Peace Process in the Middle East (December 2004).

4619: 1863:, there are reports of Christians suffering sexual harassments, kidnappings, forced marriages, extortion and murder of converts by Muslims and PA officials. 899: 6189: 6178: 3401: 3337: 3313: 3302: 2649: 2513: 11273: 10495: 5485: 7336: 3529: 2443:

to 6,804 (5,588 Christians, 1,219 Muslims, five with no religion, and two Jews) with 506 in nearby suburbs (251 Muslims, 216 Christians, and 39 Jews).

1528:, France. As a result, the Bishop of Bethlehem duly took up residence in the hospital of Panthenor, Clamecy, in 1223. Clamecy remained the continuous ' 390: 7182: 3599:

and roadblocks. The level of access varies based on Israeli security directives. Travel for Bethlehem's Palestinian residents from the West Bank into

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On December 21, 1995, Israeli troops withdrew from Bethlehem, and three days later the city came under the administration and military control of the

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The explanation of Bet-leḥem as the "House of (the god) Lahmu" is due to Otto Schröder, OLZ, 1915, pp. 294 f. This explanation is certainly correct

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Nigro, Lorenzo; Montanari, Daria; Guari, Alessandra; Tamburrini, Maria; Izzo, Pierfrancesco; Ghayyada, Mohammed; Titi, Iman; Yasine, Jehad (2017).

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had promised the Christian bishops of Bethlehem that if Bethlehem should fall under Muslim control, he would welcome them in the small town of

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as well as the destruction of the Muslim quarter in 1834 by Egyptian troops, apparently as a reprisal for the murder of a favored loyalist of

1033:. Some time in the third millennium BCE, Canaanites erected a temple on the hill now known as the Hill of the Nativity, probably dedicated to 12326: 6129: 5126:. London, England, New York City, New York, Ringwood, Australia, Toronto, Ontario, and Auckland, New Zealand: Penguin Books. pp. 85–88. 4914: 3361: 3267: 7892: 7889: 6937: 6751: 6025: 3246:

Throughout, Bethlehem's rule by the British and Jordan, the Syriac Quarter was allowed to participate in the election, as were the Ta'amrah

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on one side, and the Jerusalem municipality on the other. Most entrances and exits from the Bethlehem agglomeration to the rest of the

3279: 8043: 7310: 4253: 2876:. However, other archaeologists argue that there is evidence that Bethlehem of Judea was inhabited at that time. In a 2011 article in 8109: 8013: 7818: 6424: 3493:, 3,578 in secondary and 2,821 in high school). About 14.1% of high school students received diplomas. There were 135 schools in the 2536:

in the city with respect and 78% attributed the exodus of Christians to the Israeli blockade. The only mosque in the Old City is the

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Bethlehem celebrates festivals related to saints and prophets associated with Palestinian folklore. One such festival is the annual

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of 529, Bethlehem was sacked and its walls and the Church of the Nativity destroyed; they were rebuilt on the orders of the Emperor

8765: 8017: 7969: 6688: 6655: 6451: 6428: 3486: 8566: 8222: 4812:", Trudy Ring, K.A Berney, Robert M. Salkin, Sharon La Boda, Noelle Watson, Paul Schellinger, p. 133, Taylor & Francis, 1996, 4370: 2986:) from locally woven wool worn over top. Dresses for special occasions were made of striped silk with winged sleeves with a short 10431: 8939: 8472: 6353: 2553: 301: 7939: 7393: 7291: 5962: 5932: 3177:, located in the Old City of Bethlehem, dates back to the 18th century and is primarily dedicated to the history and process of 3048: 7836: 6154: 6104: 3112:

The art of mother-of-pearl carving is said to have been a Bethlehem tradition since the 15th century when it was introduced by

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and the Gospel of John do not include a nativity narrative, but refer to him only as being from Nazareth. In a 2005 article in

1277:(Beit Lachma) in Aramaic, meaning "House of Bread". Modern scholars, however, regard the two accounts as contradictory and the 8170: 4292: 2902:

Christmas rites are held in Bethlehem on three different dates: December 25 is the traditional date by the Roman Catholic and

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and captured Bethlehem. A story recounted in later sources holds that they refrained from destroying the church on seeing the

11950: 11757: 10826: 10633: 8633: 8594: 8540: 8481: 8359: 8326: 8307: 7743: 7139: 6617: 6387: 5378: 5310: 5283: 5256: 5229: 5168: 5131: 5086: 4856: 4817: 4797: 4594: 4555: 4465: 766: 8639: 7367: 4520:"Early-Ottoman Palestinian Toponymy: A Linguistic Analysis of the (Micro-)Toponyms in Haseki Sultan's Endowment Deed (1552)" 2671:. The city has more than two million visitors every year. Tourism in Bethlehem ground to a halt for over a decade after the 1458:

geographer recorded in the mid-9th century that a well preserved and much venerated church existed in the town. In 985, the

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Nonetheless, the tradition that Jesus was born in Bethlehem was prominent in the early church. In around 155, the apologist

10707: 9100: 9085: 8867: 3105: 3095: 2947: 2923: 2907: 228: 17: 5763: 3024: 10436: 10151: 9496: 8798: 8447:"Die Ortschaftenliste des Liwa Jerusalem in dem türkischen Staatskalender für Syrien auf das Jahr 1288 der Flucht (1871)" 6902: 6406: 3190: 2942:) on May 5–6. During the celebrations, Greek Orthodox Christians from the city march in procession to the nearby town of 2532: 1686: 1178: 624: 8079: 2531:

poll that interviewed more than 1,000 Palestinian Christians from Bethlehem found that 79% of the respondents cited the

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Socio-Political and Community Dynamics of Arab Christians in Jordan, Israel, and the Autonomous Palestinian Territories

4337:, p. 139. Def. 3 reads as follows: "—3. with לְ to develop buildings: עָרִים לְמָצוֹר cities into fortresses 2C 11:5".) 265: 3548:

Bethlehem has three bus stations owned by private companies which offer service to Jerusalem, Beit Jala, Beit Sahour,

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tax. In 1867, an American visitor describes the town as having a population of 3,000 to 4,000, of whom about 100 were

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clerics. Up until that point the official Christian presence in the region was Greek Orthodox. On Christmas Day 1100,

953: 11893: 10767: 10682: 9080: 7074: 5659: 5032: 3263: 1104: 640: 6311: 12306: 11943: 10907: 10702: 10597: 7229: 6997: 6759: 6637: 4884: 1639: 1555: 1189:. It was from the well of Bethlehem that three of his warriors brought him water when he was hiding in the cave of 702:, who commissioned the Church of the Nativity in 327 CE. In 529, the Church of the Nativity was heavily damaged by 8420: 5195: 2621:

are the item most purchased by tourists visiting Bethlehem. Religious handicrafts include ornaments handmade from

2003: 197: 11518: 6584: 6565: 3185:, established in 1972, contains displays of Bethlehem culture. The International Museum of Nativity was built by 2641: 1860: 1753:

in the south. The influx of refugees significantly transformed Bethlehem's Christian majority into a Muslim one.

1714: 1392: 1281:, the earliest gospel, mentions nothing about Jesus having been born in Bethlehem, saying only that he came from 241: 12351: 11466: 11337: 10611: 9994: 9773: 8791: 6959: 6186: 6175: 4453:

Corpus inscriptionum Iudaeae/Palaestinae: a multi-lingual corpus of the inscriptions from Alexander to Muhammad

2668: 1803: 1477:, who fortified it and built a new monastery and cloister on the north side of the Church of the Nativity. The 1274: 786: 247: 2560:

of the Christian exodus cited lack of economic and educational opportunity, especially due to the Christians'

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forces in 1947–48 fled to the Bethlehem area, primarily settling in what became the official refugee camps of

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in the city to openly access their land and livelihoods, which has contributed to the exodus of Palestinians.

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The olive leaf: a pilgrimage to Rome, Jerusalem, and Constantinople, in 1867, for the reunion of the faithful

5489: 3271: 2633:, founded in 1885, is a winery run by monks in the Monastery of Cremisan. The grapes are grown mainly in the 2484: 2446:

The 1938 village statistics list the population as 7,520 with 499 in nearby suburbs (including 42 Jews). The

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was lamented." Many scholars have taken this letter as evidence that the cave of the nativity over which the

1100: 7344: 5712: 2710:, the dominant Latin version of the Bible until the Reformation. There are over thirty hotels in Bethlehem. 12132: 12119: 12106: 12093: 12080: 11635: 10687: 10391: 9937: 9464: 7186: 6724:

Bethlehem, The Holy Land's Collective Cultural National Identity: A Palestinian Arab Historical Perspective

5206: 5020: 4987: 2715: 2580: 1722: 1234: 974:"to fight", leading to the meaning of "house of war" or "house of fighting", but this is thought unlikely. 6898: 5472: 5009: 2547:

concluded that the decline in the Arab Christian population of the area was partially a result of a lower

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First Census of Population and Housing. Volume I: Final Tables; General Characteristics of the Population

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The name Bethlehem (Hebr. Bet Leḥem; LXX Βηθλέεμ; Βαιθλέεμ; Aramaic Bêt leḥem) combines the Hebrew words

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describes it as the "City of David". It is first mentioned in the Bible as the place where the matriarch

8739: 8729: 4973: 4669: 1375:, made a pilgrimage to Syria-Palaestina, in the course of which she visited the ruins of Bethlehem. The 186: 11616: 11511: 9599: 9095: 8850: 8501: 6234: 5684: 4998: 4504: 4149: 4031: 2918:

Christians on January 19. Most Christmas processions pass through Manger Square, the plaza outside the

2537: 2439:

lists Bethlehem as having 6,658 residents (5,838 Christians, 818 Muslims, and two Jews), increasing in

2401: 1819: 1631: 1443: 220: 31: 8761: 7157: 6899:"The Beleaguered Christians of the Palestinian-Controlled Areas: Official PA Domination of Christians" 5616: 2679:

operates a facility in the Multidisciplinary Industrial Park of Bethlehem, which was developed by the

2419:, Christians made up roughly 60% of the population in the early 16th century, while the Christian and 1619:

slightly more prosperous or grew more grain than grapes (the former being a more valuable commodity).

146: 10843: 10832: 10752: 10604: 10525: 10344: 10101: 9989: 9703: 9664: 9130: 9075: 8615:, Bethlehem 2000. A Guide to Bethlehem and it Surroundings. Waldbrol, Flamm Druck Wagener GMBH, 1997. 7594:"New archaeological features in Bethlehem (Palestine): the Italian-Palestinian rescue season of 2016" 6000: 5834: 4943: 4789: 4456:. Vol. IV: Iudaea / Idumaea. Eran Lupu, Marfa Heimbach, Naomi Schneider, Hannah Cotton. Berlin: 3584: 3182: 2915: 2883: 2521: 1838: 1771: 1734: 1572: 1352: 798: 774: 216: 212: 7669: 7212: 6723: 5628: 4947: 4194: 3220:) made the decision to elect a local council of seven members to represent each clan in the town. A 1142: 12336: 11839: 11816: 11342: 10859: 10645: 10567: 10485: 10478: 10381: 10264: 9984: 9686: 9518: 8625:

Palestinian Peasants and Ottoman Officials: Rural Administration Around Sixteenth-Century Jerusalem

8391: 6293: 6257: 5221:

The Birth of the Messiah: A Commentary on the Infancy Narratives in the Gospels of Matthew and Luke

2821:, decided to flee to Egypt with his family and then later settled in Nazareth after Herod's death. 2659:

to convince more than a thousand businessmen, bankers and government officials from throughout the

2447: 2440: 2436: 2346: 1427: 1197: 1095: 1078: 6222: 3127:

generated a demand for these items, which also provided jobs for women. The industry was noted by

1379:

was built at her initiative over the cave where Jesus was purported to have been born. During the

1351:

the cave was never dedicated to Tammuz and that Jerome misinterpreted Christian mourning over the

1026: 177: 11966: 10807: 10792: 10727: 10677: 10672: 10581: 10562: 10446: 10166: 9715: 9489: 9000: 8691: 8345: 8137:"Impact of Israel's separation barrier on affected West Bank communities – OCHA update report #2" 6929: 6375: 4962: 4951: 4488:"bread" and thus means "house of bread/food." Some claim that it is connected with the verb root 4429:

Philp, Catherine (December 24, 2013). "Settlements choke peace in the little town of Bethlehem".

4144: 3301:

In the October 2012 municipal elections, Fatah member Vera Baboun won, becoming the first female

2645: 2606: 1608: 1213: 1205: 1170: 1162: 9180: 6022: 5803: 3603:

is regulated by a permit-system. Palestinians require a permit to enter the Jewish holy site of

11919: 10737: 10361: 10304: 9849: 9553: 9090: 8619: 7991: 7690: 6033: 5906: 4719: 3862: 2919: 2911: 2894: 2868: 2785: 2740: 2691: 2680: 2470: 1884: 1635: 1497:, was crowned in Bethlehem, and that year a Latin episcopate was also established in the town. 1490: 1376: 1347: 1154: 1022: 875: 813: 652: 208: 8671: 6692: 6484: 5158: 5074: 12321: 11811: 11753: 11567: 11265: 10639: 10411: 10309: 10056: 9659: 9592: 8947: 8814: 7424: 6078: 5864: 5639: 5579: 5551: 5532: 5368: 4846: 4545: 3494: 3239: 3229: 3206: 2954:

is commemorated by a procession to Mar Elias, a Greek Orthodox monastery north of Bethlehem.

2935: 2837: 2629:, pharmaceuticals, construction materials and food products, mainly pasta and confectionery. 2409: 1999: 1823: 1478: 1467: 1372: 1209: 1088: 738: 699: 636: 395: 8458: 8349: 4261: 4254:"In the West Bank, Politics and Tourism Remain Bound Together Inextricably – New York Times" 2637:

district. In 2007, the monastery's wine production was around 700,000 liters per year.

12311: 12182: 12001: 10822: 10777: 10426: 10401: 10366: 10356: 10351: 10329: 10116: 10086: 10041: 10016: 8497:

Palestine Under the Moslems: A Description of Syria and the Holy Land from A.D. 650 to 1500

8083: 8054: 7100:

Marsh, Leonard (July 2005). "Palestinian Christianity – A Study in Religion and Politics".

6838:"Little Palestinian town of Bethlehem wants its tourists, Christian residents to come back" 6727: 6205: 6048: 4139: 3636: 3520: 3512: 3174: 2968: 2873: 2845: 2458: 2457:

In the PCBS's 1997 census, the city had a population of 21,670, including a total of 6,570

1848: 1623: 1548: 1494: 1242: 790: 418: 8113: 8021: 7822: 6269: 6162: 3797: 3235: 8: 11494: 11420: 10797: 10772: 10712: 10618: 10584: 10552: 10441: 10421: 10416: 10406: 10396: 10386: 10376: 10334: 10324: 9808: 9624: 9105: 8987: 8495: 7913: 7555: 7314: 6802: 6659: 5450: 3706: 2698:

and a magnet for Christian pilgrims. It stands in the center of the city — a part of the

2544: 1947: 1710: 1698: 1368: 1229: 944: 762: 126: 8014:"Palestinian Population (10 Years and Over) by Locality, Sex and Educational Attainment" 7973: 7762:. Palestine-Family.net. January 23, 2007. Archived from the original on December 6, 2013 7566: 2450:

list Bethlehem's population as 8,820 (6,430 Christians, 2,370 Muslims, and 20 "other").

12296: 12236: 12123: 11252: 10757: 10371: 10254: 10193: 10188: 10171: 10131: 9639: 9546: 9482: 9215: 9164: 8857: 8558: 8286: 8258: 7340: 7117: 6455: 4697: 4640: 4498: 4374: 3608: 3596: 3143:, established in 1991. The center aims to preserve and promote Palestinian embroidery, 2719: 2695: 2676: 1834: 1420: 1334:

wrote in a letter: "Bethlehem... belonging now to us... was overshadowed by a grove of

1058: 1046: 924: 920: 817: 628: 383: 322: 7712: 6425:

Palestinian Population by Locality, Sex and Age Groups in Years: Bethlehem Governorate

6350:"Village Statistics of 1945: A Classification of Land and Area ownership in Palestine" 4333:(electronic edition; Leiden: E.J. Brill, 1994–2000), entry for the pertinent root בנה 3508: 1607:

control, custody of the Basilica was bitterly disputed between the Catholic and Greek

1521: 11854: 11821: 11806: 11695: 11600: 11534: 11456: 11451: 11446: 10902: 10762: 10667: 10573: 10518: 10215: 10081: 10061: 9783: 9710: 9681: 9669: 9532: 9169: 9005: 8992: 8659: 8629: 8590: 8536: 8521: 8477: 8355: 8322: 8303: 8290: 8278: 7840: 7775: 7739: 7625: 7403: 7281: 7121: 6613: 5970: 5940: 5730: 5374: 5279: 5252: 5225: 5164: 5127: 5082: 4852: 4813: 4793: 4701: 4689: 4632: 4590: 4551: 4471: 4461: 4154: 4044: 3914: 3490: 3389: 2886:

argues for the traditional position that Jesus was born in Bethlehem near Jerusalem.

2818: 2809: 2744: 1903: 1892: 1552: 1533: 1451: 1447: 1380: 1343: 1301: 1262: 1246: 1042: 753:

in the 16th century when it came to control the region. After the dissolution of the

707: 656: 481: 9974: 6798:"Christians Worry 'Silent Night' May Soon Refer to their own Community in Bethlehem" 3572:. There are two taxi stations that make trips to Beit Sahour, Beit Jala, Jerusalem, 1983: 1149:, the traditional grave site, stands at the entrance to Bethlehem. According to the 12262: 11886: 11869: 11660: 11590: 11380: 11085: 10943: 10912: 10872: 10817: 10802: 10587: 10274: 10146: 10136: 10071: 9887: 9788: 9404: 9120: 8952: 8612: 8554: 8270: 8162: 7615: 7605: 7109: 6993: 6551: 6444: 4765: 4681: 4624: 4296: 4227: 4131: 4057: 3604: 2753:

Silver star marking the place where Jesus was born according to Christian tradition

2626: 2592: 2565: 2508:. Another Bethlehem clan, al-Anatreh, also trace their ancestry to the Ghassanids. 2454:

population, while the Christians of various denominations numbered 6,231 or 46.1%.

1939: 1702: 1442:, promised that the Church of the Nativity would be preserved for Christian use. A 1396: 1360: 1146: 1110: 1074: 959: 902:

makes reference to a town bīt-ninurta which has been read as Bit-Lachmi by scholar

781:, Bethlehem was occupied by Israel along with the rest of the West Bank. Since the 746: 711: 545: 11859: 10244: 8695: 8446: 7803: 6130:"Palestinian Crimes against Christian Arabs and Their Manipulation against Israel" 5300: 5163:. New York City, New York and London, England: T & T Clark. pp. 145–158. 2853:

had taken refuge in a cave outside of the town and then placed Jesus in a manger.

2757: 1922:

and 10 kilometers (6 mi) south of Jerusalem. Nearby cities and towns include

1099:

David, pouring out water drawn from the well of Bethlehem in this 1860 woodcut by

948: 639:, and as of 2017 had a population of 28,591 people. The city's economy is largely 11621: 11425: 11332: 11200: 11080: 11038: 11018: 11003: 10882: 10722: 10717: 10697: 10473: 10463: 10249: 10181: 10141: 10076: 10026: 9959: 9644: 8746: 8623: 8582: 8442: 8418: 8319:

A very political economy: peacebuilding and foreign aid in the West Bank and Gaza

8087: 7896: 7652: 7562: 7432: 7295: 7025: 6735: 6537: 6394: 6241: 6193: 6182: 6029: 5770: 5691: 5647: 5586: 5558: 5539: 5273: 5246: 5219: 3524: 3437: 3225: 3144: 3128: 2672: 2630: 2569: 2517: 1975: 1967: 1811: 1795: 1658: 1513: 1486: 1388: 1293: 1166: 1037:. The temple, and subsequently the town that formed around it, was then known as 867: 851: 805: 742: 609: 581: 516: 103: 10121: 9813: 8770: 7021:"Christians worry 'Silent Night' may soon refer to their community in Bethlehem" 4228:"Preliminary Results of the Population, Housing and Establishments: Census 2017" 2749: 12331: 12172: 11864: 11768: 11595: 11357: 11131: 10993: 10938: 10812: 10742: 10692: 10539: 10259: 10227: 10111: 10051: 9917: 9892: 9860: 9798: 9768: 9698: 9043: 8957: 8679: 8491: 7610: 7593: 7443: 5782: 5742: 3857: 3413: 3325: 2863: 2859: 2797: 2781: 2023: 1871: 1844: 1807: 1779: 1726: 1604: 1588: 1455: 1328: 1313: 1278: 1266: 1250: 1130: 988: 903: 891: 886: 754: 750: 663: 10221: 8705: 8389: 7113: 6445:

Preliminary Results of the Population, Housing and Establishments Census, 2017

5160:

Jesus of Nazareth: An Independent Historian's Account of His Life and Teaching

4685: 3927: 3849: 3607:. Israeli citizens are barred from entering Bethlehem and the nearby biblical 3100: 1677: 12290: 11924: 11876: 11582: 11195: 11116: 11054: 10161: 10156: 10036: 10031: 9954: 9676: 9634: 9587: 9539: 9424: 9386: 9241: 9236: 8977: 8604: 8282: 7629: 7491: 7045:"Middle East's Christian population in flux as Pope Francis visits Holy Land" 5778: 5154: 5119: 4693: 4636: 4475: 4324:

the city, the Hebrew phrase in v. 5, just prior, וַיִּ֧בֶן עָרִ֛ים לְמָצ֖וֹר

4096: 3771: 3701: 3295: 3003: 2903: 2840: 2829: 2793: 2770: 2699: 2605:

season. The city's main streets and old markets are lined with shops selling

2429: 1647: 1482: 1474: 1431: 1364: 1312:

converted the Christian site above the Grotto into a shrine dedicated to the

1289: 1134: 1122: 726: 683: 667: 355: 342: 224: 67: 7863:"Biodiversity and hope flourish at Palestine's first natural history museum" 7260: 5081:. New York City, New York and London, England: Routledge. pp. 121–123. 4519: 3189:(UNESCO) to exhibit "high artistic quality in an evocative atmosphere". The 2777: 1002:, the Egyptian-appointed governor of Jerusalem, appeals for aid in retaking 12021: 11748: 11743: 11738: 11733: 11728: 11723: 11718: 11713: 11708: 11673: 11572: 11557: 11190: 11138: 10973: 10732: 10232: 10106: 9763: 9654: 9614: 9560: 9409: 9366: 9281: 9276: 9038: 9033: 8655: 6245: 4610: 3875: 3680: 3588: 3449: 3431: 3419: 3407: 3395: 2814: 2711: 2656: 2618: 2595: 2561: 2397: 1791: 1783: 1760:

in 1967, when Bethlehem was captured by Israel, along with the rest of the

1653: 1643: 1463: 1150: 1126: 1083: 821: 809: 782: 691: 671: 429: 157: 85: 11935: 11220: 10897: 5663: 5344:

Maier, Paul L., "The First Christmas: The True and Unfamiliar Story." 2001

5036: 4810:

International Dictionary of Historic Places: Vol 4, Middle East and Africa

4451: 3254:

There are several branches of political parties on the council, including

1767: 839: 590: 12252: 12027: 11549: 11230: 11205: 11126: 11106: 11101: 11075: 11028: 11008: 10958: 10892: 10339: 10126: 10066: 10046: 10006: 10001: 9922: 9872: 9414: 9286: 9246: 9023: 8929: 8924: 8880: 8835: 7620: 6345: 5774: 5759: 4018: 4005: 3810: 3626: 3569: 3565: 3479: 3443: 3425: 3290: 2973: 2850: 2660: 2610: 2488: 2405: 1943: 1923: 1883:

Bethlehem is located at an elevation of about 775 meters (2,543 ft)

1757: 1529: 1404: 1384: 1050: 874:), literally "house of bread" or "house of food." The city was called in 778: 758: 715: 8783: 5756:

The Use of Firearms - By the Security Forces in the Occupied Territories

4320:(Note: Though v. 6 is frequently translated to say simply that Rehoboam 1962:

Muslim quarter. Most of the Christian quarters are named after the Arab

745:

ones. In the mid-13th century, Bethlehem's walls were demolished by the

12222: 11441: 11410: 10933: 10782: 10269: 10210: 10176: 9969: 9949: 9902: 9897: 9793: 9758: 9748: 9525: 9449: 9439: 9419: 9396: 9256: 9048: 5660:"IMEU: Maps: 2.7 – Jerusalem and the Corpus Separatum proposed in 1947" 5488:. Bethlehem, West Bank, Israel: Sacred-destinations.com. Archived from 4644: 4614: 4457: 3148: 3113: 2995: 2765: 2664: 2557: 2548: 2528: 1963: 722: 703: 675: 648: 10968: 3193:

is the first of its kind and is based on Bethlehem University campus.

12116: 11914: 11703: 11390: 11327: 11317: 11210: 10998: 10988: 10983: 10978: 10953: 10279: 9912: 9907: 9882: 9838: 9778: 9505: 9429: 9376: 9361: 9251: 9223: 9138: 9059: 9015: 9010: 8962: 8909: 8903: 8830: 8751: 8660:"Alphabetisches Verzeichniss von Ortschaften des Paschalik Jerusalem" 6352:. Palestine Liberation Organization – Research Center. Archived from 4770: 4753: 4431: 4402: 4070: 3992: 3732: 3641: 3600: 3592: 3561: 3255: 3221: 3178: 3015: 2943: 2723: 2634: 2602: 2497: 1951: 1935: 1927: 1899: 1888: 1761: 1746: 1532:' seat of the Bishopric of Bethlehem for almost 600 years, until the 1439: 1182: 999: 670:, dated to 1350–1330 BCE, although that reading is uncertain. In the 644: 632: 286: 137: 30:

This article is about the city in the West Bank. For other uses, see

11503: 11033: 10205: 7890:

Municipal Council Elections during the British and Jordanian Periods

7233: 5370:

Christians and the Holy Places: The Myth of Jewish-Christian Origins

4885:"Ancient Burial Ground with 100 Tombs Found Near Biblical Bethlehem" 4628: 3540: 1583: 733:

continued to rule the city until 1099, when it was conquered by the

12103: 12067: 11849: 11476: 11405: 11352: 11224: 11215: 11169: 11013: 10887: 10787: 10284: 10238: 9979: 9833: 9738: 9727: 9381: 9346: 9336: 9326: 9321: 9271: 9261: 9148: 9143: 9115: 8972: 8919: 8895: 8885: 8338:

Who Is Jesus?: Answers to Your Questions About the Historical Jesus

8274: 7398: 7286: 6906: 5966: 5936: 5800:

Palestinian Academic Society for the Study of International Affairs

5699: 4109: 3966: 3935: 3901: 3888: 3758: 3745: 3675: 3577: 3573: 3471: 3259: 2805: 2014: 1971: 1955: 1915: 1750: 1742: 1559: 1540: 1525: 1342:, and in the cave where once the infant Christ cried, the lover of 1321: 1297: 1282: 734: 531: 166: 9818: 9753: 8300:

Politics and sociolinguistic reflexes: Palestinian border villages

6308:"January Climate History for Bethlehem | Local | Israel" 1978:

quarter outside of the old city, whose inhabitants originate from

1693: 12266: 12216: 12196: 12186: 12162: 12156: 12097: 12090: 12051: 12011: 11997: 11991: 11489: 11471: 11415: 11395: 11375: 11304: 11159: 11154: 11059: 11023: 10948: 10917: 9964: 9803: 9743: 9609: 9434: 9371: 9356: 9311: 9231: 9210: 8967: 8914: 8724: 5716: 4754:"Pastoral exhortations – a key to preliminary homiletic research" 4078: 3979: 3953: 3940: 3784: 3779: 3693: 3553: 3247: 3216:("heads") of the quarters of Bethlehem's Old City (excluding the 3154: 3124: 2833: 2707: 2614: 1815: 1787: 1646:, and heavy taxes, resulting in mass emigration, particularly to 1595: 1568: 1501: 1335: 1309: 1217: 1201: 1190: 1118: 940: 730: 695: 520: 491: 11312: 8734: 4851:(Illustrated ed.). Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing. p. 51. 4550:(Illustrated ed.). Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing. p. 51. 4398:"In Bethlehem, the Christian population is shrinking and afraid" 3212:

Bethlehem held its first municipal elections in 1876, after the

3187:

United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization

1818:

industry were damaged. In 2002, it was a primary combat zone in

1612: 12256: 12246: 12152: 12077: 12041: 12031: 12017: 12007: 11909: 11881: 11801: 11776: 11461: 11400: 11164: 11121: 11111: 10747: 10625: 10091: 9877: 9823: 9604: 9351: 9341: 9331: 9316: 9296: 9291: 9028: 8982: 8899: 8875: 7368:"Why Bethlehem industrial zone is struggling to find investors" 7259:. The Centre for Cultural Heritage Preservation. Archived from 6752:"Bethlehem is Struggling to Protect the Church of the Nativity" 6260:

Zeiter, Leila. Centre for Preservation of Culture and History.

4848:

The uttermost part of the earth: a guide to places in the Bible

4832:

The Uttermost Part of the Earth: A Guide to Places in the Bible

4547:

The uttermost part of the earth: a guide to places in the Bible

4065: 4052: 4026: 4013: 3987: 3974: 3961: 3844: 3818: 3740: 3667: 3662: 3654: 3557: 3549: 3475: 3186: 2991: 2990:

jacket known as the Bethlehem jacket. The taqsireh was made of

2951: 2854: 2703: 2684: 2588: 2505: 2501: 2475: 2420: 2416: 1987: 1979: 1919: 1911: 1852: 1782:, on 5 May 1989, Milad Anton Shahin, aged 12, was shot dead by 1738: 1730: 1564: 1339: 1331: 1317: 1186: 1138: 1007: 932: 770: 508: 11295: 7425:

Jacir Palace, InterContinental Bethlehem re-opens for business

7232:. Bethlehem Chamber of Commerce & Industry. Archived from 5325: 3621:

List of twin towns and sister cities in the State of Palestine

1764:. Following the Six-Day War, Israel took control of the city. 1121:, which means "fertile", as there is a reference to it in the 12242: 12226: 12212: 12206: 12202: 12176: 12146: 12142: 12136: 12110: 12071: 12061: 12057: 12047: 12037: 11987: 11981: 11977: 11678: 11561: 11367: 10963: 9649: 9444: 9306: 8890: 7591: 4104: 4091: 4083: 4039: 4000: 3948: 3922: 3909: 3896: 3883: 3870: 3836: 3823: 3805: 3792: 3766: 3753: 3727: 3719: 3714: 3688: 3649: 3502: 3275: 3120: 3116: 2939: 2825: 2801: 2622: 2493: 2425: 1931: 1907: 1627: 1544: 1509: 1505: 1459: 1270: 1254: 1174: 1114: 1034: 1017: 928: 687: 679: 448: 9474: 8756: 6374:

Government of Palestine, Department of Statistics, 1945, p.

5373:. Oxford, England: Oxford University Press. pp. 96–97. 1898:

The city is located 73 kilometers (45 mi) northeast of

557: 12192: 12166: 12129: 12084: 11668: 11347: 11322: 11185: 10849: 9567: 9301: 8302:(Illustrated ed.). John Benjamins Publishing Company. 8044:"Statistics about General Education in Palestine 2005–2006" 7738:. Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press. p. 46. 7138:. Holy Land Christian Ecumenical Foundation. Archived from 7102:

International Journal for the Study of the Christian Church

3831: 2828:

as being born in Bethlehem: in one account, a verse in the

2761:

Altar of the Magi opposite the Holy Manger, Nativity Grotto

2729: 1966:

clans that settled there. Al-Qawawsa Quarter was formed by

1841:, which cuts Bethlehem off from its sister city Jerusalem. 1435: 1400: 1158: 678:

is described; it identifies Bethlehem as the birthplace of

569: 554: 8419:

Government of Palestine, Department of Statistics (1945).

5424: 2926:

and Protestants often hold services at Shepherds' Fields.

2675:, but gradually began to pick back up in the early 2010s. 1073:

Archaeological confirmation of Bethlehem as a city in the

8559:"CHRISTIANITY i. In Pre-Islamic Persia: Literary Sources" 8263:

The American Journal of Semitic Languages and Literatures

6386:

Government of Jordan, Department of Statistics, 1964, p.

5830: 5695: 563: 8906:, Khallet al Karaneen, Al ‘Ukab, Harmala, and Abu Njeim) 8051:

Education Minister of the Palestinian National Authority

6844:. The Washington Post Company LLC. The Washington Post. 3499:

Education Ministry of the Palestinian National Authority

812:; while it is still home to a significant population of 8390:

Government of Jordan, Department of Statistics (1964).

7940:"Bethlehem Has New Female Mayor, Yet Same Old Problems" 6652:"Palestinian Population by Locality and Refugee Status" 5685:

A Jerusalem Timeline, 3,000 Years of The City's History

5248:

A Marginal Jew: The roots of the problem and the person

4735: 4733: 1990:. The total population of the old city is about 5,000. 1622:

From 1831 to 1841, Palestine was under the rule of the

1273:

as having been born in Bethlehem, known at the time as

1077:

was uncovered in 2012 at the archaeological dig at the

6499: 6105:"Muslims Continue Pushing Christians Out of Bethlehem" 4222: 4220: 3224:

was established so that if the victor for mayor was a

2601:

Shopping is a major attraction, especially during the

1877:

Congregation of the Sacred Heart of Jesus of Betharram

1833:

Today, the city is surrounded by two bypass roads for

8321:(Illustrated ed.). US Institute of Peace Press. 6990:"Americans not sure where Bethlehem is, survey shows" 6476: 3014:

worn by married women. It has been traced by some to

1808:

Interim Agreement on the West Bank and the Gaza Strip

1053:, which led the region to be known to the Greeks as " 909: 832:

The current name for Bethlehem in local languages is

6872:"Christians Disappearing in the Birthplace of Jesus" 6831: 6829: 6827: 6825: 5863:

Klein, Aaron; Daily, World Net (December 27, 2005).

5412: 4730: 4121: 1113:

believe Bethlehem, located in the "hill country" of

860: 631:, located about ten kilometres (six miles) south of 617: 560: 551: 6439: 6437: 5900:"Costs of Conflict: The Changing Face of Bethlehem" 5298: 4331:

The Hebrew and Aramaic Lexicon of the Old Testament

4217: 2718:(IHG) and is second IHG hotel in the country after 987:The earliest reference to Bethlehem appears in the 970:Another suggestion is an association with the root 572: 566: 548: 451:(10.611 km or 4.097 sq mi) 7805:A Description of the East and Some other Countries 5754:Talmor, Ronny (translated by Ralph Mandel) (1990) 4674:Zeitschrift für die Alttestamentliche Wissenschaft 4252:Kaufman, David; Katz, Marisa S. (April 16, 2006). 3278:gained the majority of the open seats in the 2005 2950:and sacrifice a sheep in ritual. The Feast of St. 1958:refugee camps are located within the city limits. 947:believed that this hypothesis, first put forth by 8775: 7933: 7931: 7910:"Bethlehem Municipality(Site Under Construction)" 7154:"Bethlehem Municipality(Site Under Construction)" 7043:Connor, Phillip; Hackett, Conrad (May 19, 2014). 6822: 5449:. Atlas Travel and Tourist Agency. Archived from 4844: 4829: 4543: 797:. Movement around the city is limited due to the 12288: 8516:Mills, Watson E.; Bullard, Roger Aubrey (1990). 7837:"The Edward Said National Conservatory of Music" 7449:Jesus: Apocalyptic Prophet of the New Millennium 6434: 5275:Jesus: Apocalyptic Prophet of the New Millennium 2914:Christians celebrate Christmas on January 6 and 1045:, the area of Bethlehem, as well as much of the 765:until 1948, and later of the West Bank that was 662:A possible first mention of Bethlehem is in the 643:; international tourism peaks around and during 7554:Mills and Bullard, 1990, pp. 445–446. See 7305: 7303: 7224: 7222: 5335:Tipografia Poliglotta Vaticana (1948) p. 276 n. 3532:opened schools throughout Palestine and Egypt. 3134: 914:Canaanite and Israelite toponyms starting with 9460:From June 2007, the Gaza Strip has been under 7928: 7290:. BBC. May 21, 2008. Retrieved on 2008-05-22. 6791: 6789: 6787: 6785: 6783: 6781: 5985: 5865:"'Muslims persecuting Bethlehem's Christians'" 5114: 5112: 5110: 4792:, pp. 198–199, Oxford University Press, 1998, 3167:the Edward Said National Conservatory of Music 2552:emigration. Amon Ramnon, a researcher at the 1946:to the east. Beit Jala and the latter form an 1756:Jordan retained control of the city until the 1068: 686:, the city is identified as the birthplace of 11951: 11519: 11281: 9490: 9196: 8799: 7582:, Volume 58 Number 6, November/December 2005. 7545:(Harper San Francisco, 1995) page 22–23. 7042: 6745: 6743: 6607: 6420: 6418: 6416: 6414: 6248:and Cultural Practice in Mediterranean Cities 5362: 5360: 5358: 5356: 5354: 5352: 5350: 3614: 3268:Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine 2946:to baptize newborns in the waters around the 1814:in 2000–2005, Bethlehem's infrastructure and 1161:gleaned the fields and returned to town with 8515: 8351:Jesus Remembered: Christianity in the Making 7300: 7219: 7201: 7177: 7175: 6835: 5827:"Muslims, Christians celebrate in Bethlehem" 5149: 5147: 5145: 5143: 5068: 5066: 5064: 5062: 5060: 5058: 5056: 5054: 3069:jacket embroidered with Palestinian patterns 2929: 2613:spices, jewelry and oriental sweets such as 1887:, 30 meters (98 ft) higher than nearby 820:, which significantly hinder the ability of 108: 72: 11965: 8664:Zeitschrift des Deutschen Palästina-Vereins 8451:Zeitschrift des Deutschen Palästina-Vereins 7711:. Palestine Costume Archive. Archived from 7136:"Report on Christian Emigration: Palestine" 6778: 5563: 5299:Murphy O'Connor, Jerome (August 24, 2015). 5107: 4524:Zeitschrift des Deutschen Palästina-Vereins 4293:"Places to Visit In & Around Bethlehem" 4251: 3274:(PPP) usually dominate the reserved seats. 3262:, and secular. The leftist factions of the 2817:, warned of Herod's impending action by an 1822:, a major military counteroffensive by the 1320:, to honour his favourite, the Greek youth 1308:132–136 CE) was crushed, the Roman emperor 965: 789:, Bethlehem has been designated as part of 11958: 11944: 11526: 11512: 11297:New Testament places associated with Jesus 11288: 11274: 9497: 9483: 9203: 9189: 8806: 8792: 8490: 7709:"Palestine costume before 1948: by region" 7038: 7036: 6869: 6836:O'Connor, Anne-Marie (December 21, 2013). 6740: 6483:. T. Bosworth. p. 116. Archived from 6411: 6225:Centre for Cultural Heritage Preservation 5862: 5347: 4786:Oxford Archeological Guides: The Holy Land 4751: 4517: 4233:. Palestinian Central Bureau of Statistics 3089: 1914:, 59 kilometers (37 mi) southeast of 858:), literally meaning "house of meat", and 8813: 8607:(1993). "The Historical Figure of Jesus". 8336:Crossan, John Dominic; Watts, Richard G. 7819:"Palestinian Heritage Center: Objectives" 7619: 7609: 7385: 7172: 6470: 6331: 6329: 5527: 5525: 5140: 5072: 5051: 4983: 4981: 4769: 2889: 998:). In one of his six letters to Pharaoh, 694:, the city of Bethlehem was destroyed by 12347:Municipalities of the State of Palestine 8532:The Towns of Palestine Under Muslim Rule 8528: 8441: 8344: 8335: 8256: 8018:Palestinian Central Bureau of Statistics 7733: 7703: 7701: 7699: 7452:, Oxford University Press 1999, page 38. 7391: 7313:. Bethlehem Municipality. Archived from 7211:. Bethlehem Municipality. Archived from 6719: 6717: 6715: 6713: 6689:Palestinian Central Bureau of Statistics 6656:Palestinian Central Bureau of Statistics 6452:Palestinian Central Bureau of Statistics 6429:Palestinian Central Bureau of Statistics 6300: 6049:"Christian Emigration Report: Palestine" 5930: 4838: 4739: 4539: 4537: 4373:. Bethlehem Municipality. Archived from 3539: 3507: 3487:Palestinian Central Bureau of Statistics 3470: 3289: 3234: 3153: 3099: 2972: 2922:. Roman Catholic services take place in 2893: 2836:would be born there. The second century 2808:to Bethlehem, where Jesus was born. The 2776: 2764: 2756: 2748: 2730:Religious significance and commemoration 2587: 2579: 2474: 2396: 1870: 1843: 1766: 1705:(or Bilal bin Rabah Mosque) in Bethlehem 1692: 1676: 1668: 1630:. During this period, the town suffered 1594: 1582: 1414: 1296:and the fourth-century church historian 1233: 1169:, Bethlehem is mentioned as the home of 1094: 793:, nominally rendering it as being under 8690: 8603: 8553: 8473:The Oxford Dictionary of Late Antiquity 8173:from the original on September 16, 2020 7885: 7883: 7578:Aviram Oshri, "Where was Jesus Born?", 7033: 6930:"Why are Christians leaving Bethlehem?" 6927: 6865: 6863: 6674: 6368: 6159:Palestinian National Information Center 5893: 5891: 5889: 5887: 5885: 5430: 5118: 4582: 2554:Jerusalem Institute for Policy Research 2487:in the 630s, the local Christians were 2464: 1737:. Many refugees from areas captured by 1473:In 1099, Bethlehem was captured by the 1200:reported that the sepulchers of David, 943:word for "fertility". Biblical scholar 14: 12342:Nativity of Jesus in the New Testament 12289: 8704: 8678: 8642:from the original on December 31, 2015 8618: 8569:from the original on November 17, 2012 8563:Encyclopaedia Iranica, Vol. V, Fasc. 5 8368:from the original on December 31, 2015 8316: 8203:from the original on February 24, 2021 7937: 7392:Patience, Martin (December 22, 2007). 7018: 6940:from the original on November 21, 2018 6795: 6766:from the original on February 29, 2020 6603: 6601: 6599: 6518:from the original on December 21, 2014 6326: 6280: 6278: 6251: 6218: 6216: 6214: 6076: 5931:Patience, Martin (December 22, 2007). 5824: 5522: 5441: 5439: 5366: 5271: 4978: 4667: 4663: 4661: 4609: 4583:Blincoe, Nicholas (November 7, 2017). 4446: 4444: 4442: 4365: 4363: 3503:United Nations Relief and Works Agency 2977:Woman in traditional Bethlehem costume 2832:is interpreted as a prophecy that the 2734: 2640:In 2008, Bethlehem hosted the largest 1719:1947 resolution to partition Palestine 1141:died and was buried "by the wayside" ( 11939: 11533: 11507: 11269: 10827:Yes, Virginia, there is a Santa Claus 9478: 9184: 8787: 8774: 8654: 8465: 8380: 8297: 7696: 7668:. Sacred Destinations. Archived from 7365: 7099: 7075:"Is Christianity dying in Bethlehem?" 7055:from the original on February 2, 2018 7019:LIDMAN, MELANIE (December 24, 2016). 6960:"Bethlehem strained under occupation" 6796:Lidman, Melanie (December 24, 2016). 6749: 6710: 6102: 6046: 5858: 5856: 5854: 5852: 5825:Kessel, Jerrold (December 24, 1995). 5796:"Palestine Facts Timeline: 1994–1995" 5418: 5244: 5217: 5153: 4865:from the original on January 22, 2021 4802: 4564:from the original on January 22, 2021 4534: 4428: 4424: 4422: 4420: 4361: 4359: 4357: 4355: 4353: 4351: 4349: 4347: 4345: 4343: 4205:from the original on October 20, 2018 3084:, a headdresses worn by married women 2479:Four Bethlehemi Christian women, 1911 2406:Evangelical Lutheran Christmas Church 1974:in the 18th century. There is also a 1906:, 75 kilometers (47 mi) west of 1661:found that Bethlehem had 520 houses. 1599:View of Bethlehem, Christmas Day 1898 885: 12327:Ancient Jewish settlements of Judaea 9086:Church of Saint Catherine, Bethlehem 8766:Applied Research Institute–Jerusalem 8735:Open Bethlehem civil society project 8581: 8233:from the original on August 26, 2017 8139:. September 30, 2003. Archived from 7880: 7366:Watch, Corporate (October 9, 2013). 6952: 6928:Shragai, Nadav (December 26, 2012). 6896: 6860: 6848:from the original on October 2, 2018 5882: 5743:Population in the Bethlehem District 5486:"Church of the Nativity – Bethlehem" 5313:from the original on August 15, 2020 4758:The Biblical and Liturgical Movement 4668:Wright, G. R. H. (January 1, 1986). 4395: 4371:"History and Mithology of Bethlehem" 4287: 4285: 4283: 4281: 4279: 3096:Mother-of-pearl carving in Bethlehem 2824:Early Christian traditions describe 2013:Bethlehem's average annual relative 1547:, was briefly ceded to the Crusader 1025:god of fertility, worshipped by the 804:While it was historically a city of 749:. However, they were rebuilt by the 8740:Photo: Christmas in Bethlehem, 2008 8476:. Oxford: Oxford University Press. 8257:Albright, W. F. (October 1, 1936). 8110:"Bethlehem Public Transport System" 7938:Kuttab, Daoud (December 23, 2012). 7343:. December 25, 2007. Archived from 6996:. December 20, 2006. Archived from 6903:Jerusalem Center for Public Affairs 6810:from the original on April 23, 2020 6596: 6407:Israel Central Bureau of Statistics 6275: 6211: 6196:Time and Date AS / Steffen Thorsen. 6176:Distance from Bethlehem to Tel Aviv 6134:Jerusalem Center for Public Affairs 5963:"Vatican outrage over church siege" 5955: 5436: 4658: 4439: 3294:Bethlehem Municipality building in 3196: 3191:Palestine Museum of Natural History 2584:High-rise construction in Bethlehem 1828:besieged the Church of the Nativity 1223: 1087:(seal impression in dried clay) in 982: 871: 855: 737:, who replaced the local Christian 613: 585: 109: 73: 24: 8535:. British Archaeological Reports. 8429:from the original on April 2, 2019 8406:from the original on April 3, 2015 8259:"The Canaanite God Ḥaurôn (Ḥôrôn)" 7950:from the original on March 3, 2016 7394:"Better times return to Bethlehem" 7254: 6874:. Voice of America. Archived from 6344: 6155:"Tourism In Bethlehem Governorate" 5933:"Better times return to Bethlehem" 5849: 4895:from the original on March 7, 2016 4778: 4417: 4340: 4195:"Members of the Municipal Council" 3205:(seat) or district capital of the 2026:, during April, May and mid-June. 1970:emigrants from the nearby town of 1723:international enclave of Jerusalem 1371:and mother of the ruling emperor, 1153:, the valley to the east is where 1117:, may be the same as the Biblical 808:, Bethlehem now has a majority of 721:Later, during the rule of several 25: 12363: 12302:Palestinian Christian communities 9101:St. George's Monastery, Al-Khader 8718: 7505:David.ref>Vermes, 2006, p. 22. 7282:Palestinians bidding for business 7209:"Handicrafts: Olive-wood carving" 6270:Short Overview of the Bato Family 6077:Meotti, Giulio (April 28, 2012). 5387:from the original on May 29, 2021 5177:from the original on May 29, 2021 5095:from the original on May 29, 2021 4925:from the original on May 27, 2012 4295:. Bethlehem Hotel. Archived from 4276: 3535: 3264:Palestine Liberation Organization 3131:, who visited Bethlehem in 1727. 2998:, usually with heavy embroidery. 2408:, and the Salesian Church of the 1539:Bethlehem, along with Jerusalem, 655:, revered as the location of the 426: • Head of Municipality 321:Location of Bethlehem within the 308: 285:Location of Bethlehem within the 272: 11634: 11488: 11248: 11247: 10703:Christmas Day (Trading) Act 2004 10598:Old Santeclaus with Much Delight 8856: 8849: 8730:Welcome To The City of Bethlehem 8710:The Nativity: History and Legend 8215: 8185: 8155: 8129: 8102: 8072: 8036: 8006: 7980: 7962: 7902: 7855: 7829: 7811: 7797: 7788: 7752: 7734:Stillman, Yedida Kalfon (1979). 7727: 7684: 7658: 7636: 7585: 7572: 7548: 7543:Meeting Jesus for the First Time 7535: 7526: 7517: 7508: 7498: 7482: 7468: 7455: 7437: 7418: 7359: 7337:"Bethlehem's struggles continue" 7329: 7275: 7248: 7146: 7128: 7093: 7067: 7012: 6982: 6921: 6890: 6870:Jim Teeple (December 24, 2005). 6760:The Newsweek Daily Beast Company 6644: 6626: 6612:. Clarendon Press. p. 282. 6577: 6310:. Myweather2.com. Archived from 5905:. United Nations. Archived from 5035:. Centuryone.com. Archived from 4615:"The Toponymics of Eretz-Israel" 4396:Swan, Melanie (August 2, 2024). 4124: 4103: 4090: 4077: 4064: 4051: 4038: 4025: 4012: 3999: 3986: 3973: 3960: 3947: 3934: 3921: 3908: 3895: 3882: 3869: 3856: 3843: 3830: 3817: 3804: 3791: 3778: 3765: 3752: 3739: 3726: 3713: 3700: 3687: 3674: 3661: 3648: 3635: 3583:The Israeli construction of the 3074: 3059: 3047: 3042:Chest panel from Bethlehem dress 3035: 3023: 2706:spent thirty years creating the 1790:in August 1990 Defence Minister 1721:, Bethlehem was included in the 1196:Writing in the 4th century, the 1041:, "House (Temple) of Lahmu". By 544: 376: 307: 300: 271: 264: 240: 196: 185: 176: 165: 156: 145: 136: 125: 39:Municipality type A in Palestine 27:City in the West Bank, Palestine 8422:Village Statistics, April, 1945 8249: 7736:Palestinian costume and jewelry 6897:Raab, David (January 5, 2003). 6558: 6544: 6530: 6458:. February 2018. pp. 64–82 6431:. Retrieved December 23, 2007. 6399: 6380: 6338: 6263: 6228: 6199: 6187:Distance from Bethlehem to Gaza 6169: 6147: 6122: 6109:International Christian Concern 6096: 6070: 6040: 6015: 5969:. April 8, 2002. Archived from 5924: 5818: 5788: 5748: 5736: 5705: 5678: 5652: 5633: 5621: 5609: 5600: 5591: 5572: 5544: 5513: 5504: 5478: 5465: 5399: 5338: 5292: 5265: 5238: 5211: 5200: 5189: 5025: 5014: 5003: 4992: 4967: 4956: 4937: 4907: 4877: 4823: 4745: 4712: 4603: 4576: 4518:Marom, Roy; Zadok, Ran (2023). 4511: 4167: 3280:Palestinian municipal elections 2663:to invest in the West Bank and 2317: 1891:. Bethlehem is situated on the 1861:International Christian Concern 1715:United Nations General Assembly 1603:From 1517, during the years of 1481:clergy were removed from their 1006:in the wake of disturbances by 710:; following the victory of the 10683:Bronner's Christmas Wonderland 10612:Christmas Day in the Workhouse 9995:Rudolph the Red-Nosed Reindeer 9774:Legend of the Christmas Spider 9081:Chapel of the Shepherds' Field 8684:Christians and the Holy Places 8628:. Cambridge University Press. 8518:Mercer Dictionary of the Bible 8470:. In Nicholson, Oliver (ed.). 8354:. Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing. 8340:. Westminster John Knox Press. 7523:Crossan and Watts, p. 19. 7427:InterContinental Hotels Group 7079:The Jerusalem Post | JPost.com 6477:William Wyndham Malet (1868). 6079:"Bethlehem's last Christians?" 5733:Preservation via Bethlehem.ps. 5409:, Grove Press (1967) pp. 35–36 5218:Brown, Raymond Edward (1999). 5124:The Historical Figure of Jesus 5079:Who's Who in the New Testament 4915:"Israel Antiquities Authority" 4834:. Wm. A. Eerdmans. p. 51. 4670:"The Mother-Maid at Bethlehem" 4586:Bethlehem: Biography of a Town 4389: 4311: 4245: 4187: 3530:De La Salle Christian Brothers 3228:, his deputy should be of the 2849:(written c. 155–161) that the 2669:Palestinian National Authority 1804:Palestinian National Authority 1578: 1410: 787:Palestinian National Authority 651:embark on a pilgrimage to the 327:Show map of State of Palestine 13: 1: 11782:Annunciation to the shepherds 10634:Christmas television specials 10533:The New Oxford Book of Carols 9620:Annunciation to the shepherds 9504: 9111:Monastery of Saint Theodosius 8776:Articles related to Bethlehem 8752:Bethlehem Fair Trade Artisans 7532:Dunn, 2003, pp. 344–345. 6750:Malek, Cate (April 4, 2017). 6691:. p. 117. Archived from 6554:– via Internet Archive. 6540:– via Internet Archive. 6206:Detailed map of the West Bank 4180: 3505:(UNRWA) and 28 were private. 2962: 2784:in Bethlehem; behind it, the 2504:and an-Najajreh descend from 2485:Muslim conquest of the Levant 2322: 2004:Köppen climate classification 1733:captured the city during the 1685:map of the area, showing the 1664: 1640:Peasants' revolt in Palestine 1493:, first king of the Frankish 1450:in the 8th century, then the 1305: 1220:were located near Bethlehem. 1101:Julius Schnorr von Karolsfeld 992: 10688:Christmas and holiday season 7899:Bethlehem Municipal Council. 7645:Bethlehem ... Of Course 7461:Freed, 2004, p. 77. (citing 7185:. TouristHub. Archived from 6103:admin (September 15, 2008). 3466: 3135:Cultural centers and museums 2716:Intercontinental Hotel Group 2694:is one of Bethlehem's major 1926:and Jerusalem to the north, 1866: 1241:(1622) by the Dutch painter 827: 97:Hebrew transcription(s) 61:Arabic transcription(s) 7: 5769:September 14, 2014, at the 5447:"Mosque of Omar, Bethlehem" 5306:Biblical Archaeology Review 5278:. Oxford University Press. 5073:Brownrigg, Ronald (2002) . 4117: 3595:are currently subjected to 3160:Palestinian Heritage Center 3141:Palestinian Heritage Center 3030:Bethlehem traditional dress 2879:Biblical Archaeology Review 2522:Preventive Security Service 2152:Mean daily minimum °C (°F) 2082:Mean daily maximum °C (°F) 2033:Climate data for Bethlehem 1812:Second Palestinian Intifada 1778:During the early months of 1644:compulsory military service 1587:A painting of Bethlehem by 1518:William IV, Count of Nevers 1125:as Bethlehem Ephratah. The 1069:Israelite and Judean period 861: 840: 725:, Bethlehem became part of 635:. It is the capital of the 618: 591: 475:2,700/km (7,000/sq mi) 10: 12368: 9600:Adoration of the Shepherds 9096:Mosque of Omar (Bethlehem) 8745:November 23, 2017, at the 8686:. Oxford University Press. 8502:Palestine Exploration Fund 8466:Klein, Konstantin (2018). 8385:. Continuum International. 8229:(in French). Montpellier. 7611:10.53131/VO2724-587X2017_2 7561:November 30, 2011, at the 6538:"Palestine Census ( 1922)" 6047:CNEWA (January 23, 2002). 5585:December 31, 2015, at the 5557:December 31, 2015, at the 5538:December 31, 2015, at the 5075:"Jesus: The Birth Stories" 4845:Losch, Richard R. (2005). 4830:Losch, Richard R. (2005). 4544:Losch, Richard R. (2005). 3618: 3615:Twin towns – sister cities 3272:Palestinian People's Party 3093: 2966: 2957: 2906:denominations, but Greek, 2738: 2650:Palestinian Prime Minister 2575: 2468: 2309: 2032: 1993: 1820:Operation Defensive Shield 1786:. Replying to a Member of 1725:to be administered by the 1713:from 1920 to 1948. In the 1265:Matthew 1:18–2:23 and the 1239:Adoration of the Shepherds 1227: 1181:, and the site of David's 977: 879: 625:Israeli-occupied West Bank 32:Bethlehem (disambiguation) 29: 11973: 11902: 11830: 11794: 11767: 11694: 11687: 11659: 11643: 11632: 11609: 11581: 11548: 11541: 11485: 11434: 11366: 11303: 11243: 11178: 11147: 11094: 11068: 11047: 10926: 10871: 10858: 10844:WWE Tribute to the Troops 10656: 10605:A Visit from St. Nicholas 10551: 10526:The Oxford Book of Carols 10462: 10293: 10102:Feast of the Seven Fishes 10015: 9936: 9847: 9724: 9665:Massacre of the Innocents 9578: 9514: 9458: 9395: 9222: 9157: 9129: 9076:Chapel of the Milk Grotto 9068: 8938: 8866: 8847: 8821: 8781: 8529:Petersen, Andrew (2005). 7780:: CS1 maint: unfit URL ( 7431:December 3, 2013, at the 7114:10.1080/14742250500220228 6734:October 19, 2013, at the 6393:January 19, 2018, at the 6286:"Bethlehem City: Climate" 6240:October 19, 2013, at the 6192:November 6, 2018, at the 6181:November 6, 2018, at the 5993:"Chronology of the Siege" 5646:October 14, 2013, at the 4686:10.1515/zatw.1986.98.1.56 3285: 3183:Baituna al-Talhami Museum 3139:Bethlehem is home to the 2930:Other religious festivals 2265: 2221: 2151: 2081: 2076: 2073: 2070: 2067: 2064: 2061: 2058: 2055: 2052: 2049: 2046: 2043: 2040: 2037: 1851:, owned and decorated by 1839:Israeli West Bank barrier 1772:Israeli West Bank barrier 1353:Massacre of the Innocents 1129:also calls it Beth-Lehem 799:Israeli West Bank barrier 527: 500: 490: 479: 471: 460: 455: 440: 435: 425: 414: 409: 401: 389: 371: 336: 291:Show map of the West Bank 258: 236: 217:Chapel of the Milk Grotto 213:Israeli West Bank barrier 207:From top, left to right: 119: 110: 101: 96: 83: 74: 65: 60: 51: 44: 11343:Mount of Transfiguration 10646:Apollo 8 Genesis reading 8381:Freed, Edwin D. (2004). 8298:Amara, Muhammad (1999). 8199:(in Spanish). Zaragoza. 8193:"Zaragoza Internacional" 7988:"Bethlehem Municipality" 7895:August 13, 2008, at the 7794:Weir, pp. 128, 280, n.30 7666:"Christmas in Bethlehem" 7643:Jerome Murphy-O'Connor, 7294:January 6, 2014, at the 6028:January 9, 2018, at the 5690:January 9, 2009, at the 5519:Paul Reed, 2000, p. 206. 5367:Taylor, Joan E. (1993). 5272:Ehrman, Bart D. (1999). 5033:"The Bordeaux Pilgrim @" 4160: 3165:The Bethlehem branch of 3151:displays, and training. 2920:Basilica of the Nativity 2898:Christmas pilgrims, 1890 2804:' parents traveled from 1359:In 326–328, the empress 910:"House of the god Lahmu" 761:, Bethlehem was part of 12307:Cities in the West Bank 11967:Arab Capital of Culture 11495:Christianity portal 10808:Small Business Saturday 10678:Black Friday (shopping) 10673:Black Friday (partying) 10167:Nine Lessons and Carols 10097:Events and celebrations 9001:Khirbet Beit Zakariyyah 8383:Stories of Jesus' Birth 8126:Bethlehem Municipality. 7651:March 10, 2009, at the 7230:"Bethlehem Information" 7051:. Pew Research Center. 6552:"Palestine Census 1931" 6512:The Jewish Intelligence 5569:Petersen, 2005, p. 141. 5245:Meier, John P. (1991). 4752:Wasilewski, E. (2016). 4145:Bethlehem, Pennsylvania 3123:. A constant stream of 3104:Craftsmen working with 3090:Mother-of-pearl carving 2948:Monastery of St. George 2769:Catholic procession on 2646:Palestinian territories 2607:Palestinian handicrafts 2524:and militant factions. 2448:1945 village statistics 2310:Source: myweather2.com 1806:in accordance with the 1389:Persian Sassanid Empire 1057:", later corrupted to " 1049:, was conquered by the 931:and his consort sister 791:Area A of the West Bank 785:between Israel and the 698:, but later rebuilt by 231:and skyline of the city 229:Church of St. Catherine 11920:Church of the Nativity 10452:Post-War United States 9091:Church of the Nativity 8762:Bethlehem aerial photo 8725:Bethlehem Municipality 7495:, book I, chapter LI). 6608:Andrea Pacini (1998). 6290:Bethlehem Municipality 6244:Mediterranean Voices: 6034:London Review of Books 5606:W. M. Thomson, p. 647. 5597:Thomson, 1860, p. 647. 5471:le Strange, 1890, pp. 4790:Jerome Murphy-O'Connor 4503:: CS1 maint: others ( 4199:Bethlehem municipality 3545: 3516: 3482: 3350:Salim Issa al-Batarseh 3298: 3243: 3162: 3109: 2978: 2924:St. Catherine's Church 2899: 2890:Christmas celebrations 2884:Jerome Murphy-O'Connor 2789: 2786:Church of the Nativity 2774: 2762: 2754: 2741:Church of the Nativity 2692:Church of the Nativity 2681:Palestinian government 2648:. It was initiated by 2598: 2585: 2480: 2471:Palestinian Christians 2412: 1942:to the southwest, and 1880: 1855: 1824:Israeli Defense Forces 1775: 1709:Bethlehem was part of 1706: 1690: 1674: 1600: 1592: 1530:in partibus infidelium 1454:in the 9th century. A 1428:Jerusalem was captured 1426:In 637, shortly after 1423: 1407:clothing in a mosaic. 1377:Church of the Nativity 1348:Church of the Nativity 1327:In around 395 CE, the 1269:Luke 2:1–39 represent 1258: 1257:was born in Bethlehem. 1107: 895: 850:/Bēt laḥm/ in Arabic ( 814:Palestinian Christians 653:Church of the Nativity 532:www.bethlehem-city.org 209:Church of the Nativity 92:Bayt Laḥm (unofficial) 12352:Christian holy places 11817:Saint Joseph's dreams 11812:Virgin birth of Jesus 11754:Adoration of the Magi 10501:Hit singles in the US 10496:Hit singles in the UK 10057:Carols by Candlelight 9985:Santa Claus' daughter 9593:Adoration of the Magi 8841:Bethlehem (Beit Lahm) 8815:Bethlehem Governorate 8697:The Land and the Book 8549:on November 11, 2012. 8080:"Mission and History" 7976:on February 21, 2007. 7970:"Municipalities Info" 7825:on November 12, 2007. 7715:on September 13, 2002 7672:on September 24, 2009 7514:Sanders, 1993, p. 85. 7402:. BBC. Archived from 7215:on November 21, 2007. 7183:"Bethlehem: Shopping" 6296:on November 28, 2007. 6165:on December 30, 2007. 5999:. PBS. Archived from 5777:to defence ministers 5696:National Public Radio 5301:"Bethlehem…Of Course" 4460:. 2010. p. 635. 4326:wayyiḇen ‘ārîm lmāṣôr 3544:A street in Bethlehem 3543: 3519:Bethlehem is home to 3511: 3497:in 2006; 100 run the 3495:Bethlehem Governorate 3474: 3374:Nicoloa Attalah Shain 3368:Hanna Ibrahim Miladah 3293: 3240:Bethlehem Governorate 3238: 3207:Bethlehem Governorate 3157: 3103: 3010:), taqsirehs and the 2976: 2936:Feast of Saint George 2897: 2780: 2768: 2760: 2752: 2739:Further information: 2591: 2583: 2478: 2410:Sacred Heart of Jesus 2400: 2000:Mediterranean climate 1874: 1847: 1770: 1735:1948 Arab–Israeli War 1696: 1680: 1672: 1598: 1586: 1468:al-Hakim bi-Amr Allah 1418: 1373:Constantine the Great 1237: 1098: 1089:ancient Hebrew script 989:Amarna correspondence 775:1948 Arab–Israeli War 700:Constantine the Great 664:Amarna correspondence 637:Bethlehem Governorate 356:31.70444°N 35.20639°E 12317:New Testament cities 12002:United Arab Emirates 10793:Santa's Candy Castle 10117:Google Santa Tracker 9214:administered by the 8757:Bethlehem University 8565:. pp. 523–528. 8317:Brynen, Rex (2000). 8116:on December 27, 2007 8084:Bethlehem University 8024:on November 13, 2010 7994:on December 27, 2007 7843:on February 14, 2008 7477:Dialogue with Trypho 7263:on November 17, 2007 7160:on February 26, 2008 6728:Bethlehem University 6698:on December 10, 2010 6223:Bethlehem's Quarters 6003:on December 27, 2013 5719:on November 13, 2007 5492:on February 16, 2014 5333:Vita di Gesù Cristo, 5331:Giuseppe Ricciotti, 5039:on February 24, 2012 4140:Bethlehem of Galilee 3521:Bethlehem University 3513:Bethlehem University 3384:Hanna Issa al-Qawwas 3356:Salah Giries Jaqaman 3332:Issa Abdullah Marcus 3175:Badd Giacaman Museum 3108:, early 20th century 2969:Palestinian costumes 2874:Bethlehem of Galilee 2846:Dialogue with Trypho 2558:statistical analysis 2500:area in present-day 2465:Christian population 2018:dry, sandy and dust 1950:with Bethlehem. The 1849:The Walled Off Hotel 1774:in Bethlehem in 2012 1697:1927 stamp from the 1624:Muhammad Ali Dynasty 1551:by a treaty between 1549:Kingdom of Jerusalem 1495:Kingdom of Jerusalem 1436:'Umar ibn al-Khattāb 1243:Gerard van Honthorst 1103:, which illustrates 996: 1400 BCE 887:[bɛːtʰle.ém] 883:Greek pronunciation: 714:, it was rebuilt by 674:, the period of the 472: • Density 90:Beit Laḥm (official) 18:History of Bethlehem 10798:Santa Claus Village 10713:Christmas Mountains 10619:Journey of the Magi 9625:Baptism of the Lord 9106:Al-Hamadiyya Mosque 8500:. Committee of the 8090:on February 7, 2014 8060:on October 14, 2006 7916:on January 18, 2008 7479:, chapter LXXVIII). 7347:on January 29, 2014 7317:on October 23, 2012 7081:. December 21, 2006 7000:on December 3, 2013 6842:The Washington Post 6803:The Times of Israel 6592:. 1945. p. 24. 6573:. 1938. p. 49. 6514:: 5. January 1885. 6487:on November 4, 2013 6314:on December 5, 2013 5627:Hartmann, 1883, p. 5433:, pp. 523–528. 4377:on January 13, 2008 4318:2 Chronicles 11:5–6 4299:on December 3, 2013 3597:Israeli checkpoints 2838:Christian apologist 2735:Birthplace of Jesus 2696:tourist attractions 2642:economic conference 2545:Pew Research Center 2417:Ottoman tax records 2266:Average snowy days 2222:Average rainy days 1711:Mandatory Palestine 1701:period, showcasing 1699:Mandatory Palestine 1569:Rukn al-Din Baibars 1558:and Ayyubid Sultan 1369:Constantius Chlorus 1245:. According to the 1230:Census of Quirinius 1198:Pilgrim of Bordeaux 945:William F. Albright 900:Amarna letter EA290 818:Israeli settlements 795:Palestinian control 763:Mandatory Palestine 623:) is a city in the 463:Municipality type A 443:Municipality type A 352: / 54:Municipality type A 12237:State of Palestine 12124:State of Palestine 10908:Twelve-dish supper 10758:Jews and Christmas 10708:Christmas Lectures 10437:American Civil War 10172:NORAD Tracks Santa 9548:Saint Nicholas Day 9216:State of Palestine 8948:'Arab al-Rashayida 8167:bethlehem-city.org 8143:on January 9, 2014 7760:"Tourist Products" 7691:St. George's Feast 7406:on January 6, 2014 7341:Al Jazeera English 7311:"The City Economy" 6909:on August 18, 2013 6682:"2007 PCBS Census" 6586:Village Statistics 6567:Village Statistics 6456:State of Palestine 6021:Nicholas Blincoe, 5973:on January 9, 2014 5943:on January 6, 2014 5785:p.81 Rabin's reply 5405:Marcello Craveri, 4919:antiquities.org.il 4258:The New York Times 3546: 3517: 3483: 3402:Afif Salm Batarseh 3338:Yaqub Khalil Elias 3314:Mikhail Abu Saadeh 3303:mayor of Bethlehem 3299: 3266:(PLO) such as the 3244: 3163: 3110: 2979: 2900: 2790: 2775: 2763: 2755: 2677:Schneider Electric 2599: 2586: 2533:Israeli occupation 2514:mayor of Bethlehem 2481: 2413: 1930:to the northwest, 1881: 1856: 1776: 1745:(Beit Jibrin) and 1707: 1691: 1687:Israeli occupation 1675: 1601: 1593: 1553:Holy Roman Emperor 1485:and replaced with 1424: 1421:Cornelis de Bruijn 1338:, that is to say, 1259: 1247:Gospels of Matthew 1108: 777:. During the 1967 629:State of Palestine 361:31.70444; 35.20639 323:State of Palestine 211:, Graffiti on the 12282: 12281: 12276: 12275: 11933: 11932: 11865:Nativity displays 11855:Christmas village 11822:Flight into Egypt 11807:Star of Bethlehem 11790: 11789: 11696:Gospel of Matthew 11661:Gifts of the Magi 11630: 11629: 11535:Nativity of Jesus 11501: 11500: 11452:Caesarea Philippi 11447:Caesarea Maritima 11263: 11262: 11239: 11238: 10903:Thirteen desserts 10823:Virginia O'Hanlon 10668:Advent Conspiracy 10582:Films (Christmas, 10574:A Christmas Carol 10519:Carols for Choirs 10062:Cavalcade of Magi 10042:Boar's Head Feast 9711:Star of Bethlehem 9682:Nativity of Jesus 9670:flight into Egypt 9555:St. Stephen's Day 9472: 9471: 9178: 9177: 8993:Khallet al-Haddad 8635:978-0-521-47679-9 8596:978-0-312-26658-5 8555:Russell, James R. 8542:978-1-84171-821-7 8522:Mercer University 8483:978-0-19-866277-8 8361:978-0-8028-3931-2 8328:978-1-929223-04-6 8309:978-90-272-4128-3 8163:"Twinning Cities" 7745:978-0-8263-0490-2 7236:on March 22, 2012 7142:on July 20, 2014. 6726:Musallam, Adnan. 6640:on July 29, 2013. 6619:978-0-19-829388-0 6454:(PCBS) (Report). 6356:on August 5, 2008 6037:, August 14, 2014 5731:Cultural Heritage 5713:"About Bethlehem" 5578:Singer, 1994, p. 5550:Singer, 1994, p. 5531:Singer, 1994, p. 5407:The Life of Jesus 5380:978-0-19-814785-5 5285:978-0-19-512474-3 5258:978-0-385-26425-9 5231:978-0-385-49447-2 5170:978-0-567-64517-3 5133:978-0-14-014499-4 5088:978-0-203-01712-8 4891:. March 4, 2016. 4858:978-0-8028-2805-7 4818:978-1-884964-03-9 4798:978-0-19-288013-0 4623:(231): 1–17 (6). 4596:978-1-56858-584-0 4589:. PublicAffairs. 4557:978-0-8028-2805-7 4467:978-3-11-022219-7 4435:. pp. 28–29. 4155:Star of Bethlehem 4045:Pratovecchio Stia 3585:West Bank barrier 3485:According to the 3464: 3463: 3390:Issa Basil Bandak 3201:Bethlehem is the 3054:Embroidery detail 2916:Armenian Orthodox 2819:angel of the Lord 2810:Gospel of Matthew 2745:Nativity of Jesus 2395: 2394: 2314: 2313: 1904:Mediterranean Sea 1875:Residence of the 1749:in the north and 1609:Orthodox churches 1534:French Revolution 1302:Bar Kokhba revolt 1263:Gospel of Matthew 1173:, father of King 1111:Biblical scholars 1105:2 Samuel 23:15–17 1081:in the form of a 708:Samaritan revolts 688:Jesus of Nazareth 657:Nativity of Jesus 537: 536: 415: • Type 16:(Redirected from 12359: 11960: 11953: 11946: 11937: 11936: 11692: 11691: 11638: 11546: 11545: 11528: 11521: 11514: 11505: 11504: 11493: 11492: 11467:Road to Damascus 11421:Jerusalem Temple 11290: 11283: 11276: 11267: 11266: 11255: 11251: 11250: 11086:Redcurrant sauce 10875: 10869: 10868: 10864: 10838:Winter festivals 10588:Christmas horror 10555: 10466: 10297: 10152:Meals and feasts 10072:Christmas jumper 10019: 9990:Santa's reindeer 9942: 9888:Father Christmas 9852: 9809:Santa's workshop 9730: 9692:in later culture 9570: 9563: 9556: 9549: 9542: 9535: 9528: 9521: 9508: 9499: 9492: 9485: 9476: 9475: 9465:Hamas governance 9405:Abasan al-Kabira 9205: 9198: 9191: 9182: 9181: 8997:Khallet al-Louza 8988:Jurat ash Sham'a 8861: 8860: 8853: 8808: 8801: 8794: 8785: 8784: 8772: 8771: 8713: 8712:. Penguin Press. 8701: 8687: 8675: 8651: 8649: 8647: 8608: 8600: 8578: 8576: 8574: 8550: 8545:. Archived from 8525: 8512: 8510: 8508: 8487: 8462: 8438: 8436: 8434: 8415: 8413: 8411: 8405: 8398: 8386: 8377: 8375: 8373: 8341: 8332: 8313: 8294: 8243: 8242: 8240: 8238: 8219: 8213: 8212: 8210: 8208: 8189: 8183: 8182: 8180: 8178: 8159: 8153: 8152: 8150: 8148: 8133: 8127: 8125: 8123: 8121: 8112:. Archived from 8106: 8100: 8099: 8097: 8095: 8086:. Archived from 8076: 8070: 8069: 8067: 8065: 8059: 8053:. Archived from 8048: 8040: 8034: 8033: 8031: 8029: 8020:. Archived from 8010: 8004: 8003: 8001: 7999: 7990:. Archived from 7984: 7978: 7977: 7972:. Archived from 7966: 7960: 7959: 7957: 7955: 7935: 7926: 7925: 7923: 7921: 7912:. Archived from 7906: 7900: 7887: 7878: 7877: 7875: 7873: 7859: 7853: 7852: 7850: 7848: 7839:. Archived from 7833: 7827: 7826: 7821:. 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Archived from 5656: 5650: 5637: 5631: 5625: 5619: 5615:Socin, 1879, p. 5613: 5607: 5604: 5598: 5595: 5589: 5576: 5570: 5567: 5561: 5548: 5542: 5529: 5520: 5517: 5511: 5508: 5502: 5501: 5499: 5497: 5482: 5476: 5469: 5463: 5462: 5460: 5458: 5453:on July 29, 2013 5443: 5434: 5428: 5422: 5416: 5410: 5403: 5397: 5396: 5394: 5392: 5364: 5345: 5342: 5336: 5329: 5323: 5322: 5320: 5318: 5296: 5290: 5289: 5269: 5263: 5262: 5242: 5236: 5235: 5215: 5209: 5204: 5198: 5193: 5187: 5186: 5184: 5182: 5151: 5138: 5137: 5116: 5105: 5104: 5102: 5100: 5070: 5049: 5048: 5046: 5044: 5029: 5023: 5018: 5012: 5007: 5001: 4996: 4990: 4985: 4976: 4971: 4965: 4960: 4954: 4941: 4935: 4934: 4932: 4930: 4911: 4905: 4904: 4902: 4900: 4881: 4875: 4874: 4872: 4870: 4842: 4836: 4835: 4827: 4821: 4806: 4800: 4782: 4776: 4775: 4773: 4771:10.21906/rbl.187 4749: 4743: 4737: 4728: 4727: 4724:Etymology Online 4716: 4710: 4709: 4665: 4656: 4655: 4653: 4651: 4613:(October 1978). 4607: 4601: 4600: 4580: 4574: 4573: 4571: 4569: 4541: 4532: 4531: 4515: 4509: 4508: 4502: 4494: 4448: 4437: 4436: 4426: 4415: 4414: 4412: 4410: 4393: 4387: 4386: 4384: 4382: 4367: 4338: 4315: 4309: 4308: 4306: 4304: 4289: 4274: 4273: 4271: 4269: 4264:on June 15, 2013 4260:. Archived from 4249: 4243: 4242: 4240: 4238: 4232: 4224: 4215: 4214: 4212: 4210: 4191: 4174: 4171: 4150:Bethlehem, Wales 4134: 4132:Palestine portal 4129: 4128: 4127: 4108: 4107: 4095: 4094: 4082: 4081: 4069: 4068: 4058:Saint Petersburg 4056: 4055: 4043: 4042: 4030: 4029: 4017: 4016: 4004: 4003: 3991: 3990: 3978: 3977: 3965: 3964: 3952: 3951: 3943:, Scotland, U.K. 3939: 3938: 3926: 3925: 3913: 3912: 3900: 3899: 3887: 3886: 3874: 3873: 3865:, Western Sahara 3861: 3860: 3848: 3847: 3835: 3834: 3822: 3821: 3809: 3808: 3796: 3795: 3783: 3782: 3770: 3769: 3757: 3756: 3744: 3743: 3731: 3730: 3718: 3717: 3705: 3704: 3692: 3691: 3679: 3678: 3666: 3665: 3653: 3652: 3640: 3639: 3308: 3307: 3197:Local government 3078: 3063: 3051: 3039: 3027: 2654:Finance Minister 2627:synthetic rubber 2593:InterContinental 2566:higher education 2327: 2326: 2030: 2029: 1998:Bethlehem has a 1893:Judean Mountains 1835:Israeli settlers 1784:Israeli soldiers 1504:, the Sultan of 1381:Samaritan revolt 1307: 1224:Classical period 1075:Kingdom of Judah 1065:least 30 tombs. 997: 994: 983:Canaanite period 957: 889: 884: 881: 873: 864: 857: 849: 848: 847: 845: 843: 747:Mamluk Sultanate 712:Byzantine Empire 706:involved in the 621: 615: 607: 606: 605: 603: 594: 587: 579: 578: 575: 574: 571: 568: 565: 562: 559: 556: 553: 550: 382: 380: 379: 367: 366: 364: 363: 362: 357: 353: 350: 349: 348: 345: 328: 311: 310: 304: 292: 275: 274: 268: 246:Municipal Seal ( 244: 200: 189: 180: 169: 160: 149: 140: 129: 115: 114: 112: 79: 78: 76: 42: 41: 21: 12367: 12366: 12362: 12361: 12360: 12358: 12357: 12356: 12337:Books of Samuel 12287: 12286: 12283: 12278: 12277: 12272: 11969: 11964: 11934: 11929: 11898: 11826: 11786: 11763: 11683: 11655: 11639: 11626: 11622:Herod the Great 11605: 11577: 11537: 11532: 11502: 11497: 11487: 11481: 11430: 11426:Mount of Olives 11362: 11299: 11294: 11264: 11259: 11253: 11235: 11201:Pickled herring 11174: 11143: 11090: 11081:Cranberry sauce 11064: 11043: 11019:Red velvet cake 11004:Poppy seed roll 10922: 10873: 10862: 10860: 10854: 10833:White Christmas 10723:Christmas truce 10718:Christmas seals 10698:Christmas creep 10660: 10658: 10652: 10553: 10547: 10464: 10458: 10295: 10289: 10142:Lord of Misrule 10077:Christmas Peace 10027:Advent calendar 10017: 10011: 9960:Knecht Ruprecht 9940: 9938: 9932: 9854: 9850: 9843: 9732: 9728: 9720: 9645:Herod the Great 9580: 9574: 9568: 9561: 9554: 9547: 9540: 9533: 9526: 9519: 9510: 9506: 9503: 9473: 9468: 9454: 9391: 9218: 9209: 9179: 9174: 9165:Solomon's Pools 9153: 9125: 9064: 8934: 8862: 8855: 8854: 8845: 8817: 8812: 8777: 8747:Wayback Machine 8721: 8716: 8645: 8643: 8636: 8597: 8572: 8570: 8543: 8520:. 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7386: 7376: 7374: 7372:Corporate Watch 7364: 7360: 7350: 7348: 7335: 7334: 7330: 7320: 7318: 7309: 7308: 7301: 7296:Wayback Machine 7280: 7276: 7266: 7264: 7253: 7249: 7239: 7237: 7228: 7227: 7220: 7207: 7206: 7202: 7192: 7190: 7181: 7180: 7173: 7163: 7161: 7152: 7151: 7147: 7134: 7133: 7129: 7098: 7094: 7084: 7082: 7073: 7072: 7068: 7058: 7056: 7049:pewresearch.org 7041: 7034: 7026:Times of Israel 7017: 7013: 7003: 7001: 6988: 6987: 6983: 6969: 6967: 6958: 6957: 6953: 6943: 6941: 6926: 6922: 6912: 6910: 6895: 6891: 6881: 6879: 6868: 6861: 6851: 6849: 6834: 6823: 6813: 6811: 6794: 6779: 6769: 6767: 6748: 6741: 6736:Wayback Machine 6722: 6711: 6701: 6699: 6695: 6684: 6680: 6679: 6675: 6665: 6663: 6662:on May 16, 2012 6650: 6649: 6645: 6632: 6631: 6627: 6620: 6606: 6597: 6589: 6583: 6582: 6578: 6570: 6564: 6563: 6559: 6550: 6549: 6545: 6536: 6535: 6531: 6521: 6519: 6506: 6504: 6500: 6490: 6488: 6475: 6471: 6461: 6459: 6447: 6443: 6442: 6435: 6423: 6412: 6404: 6400: 6395:Wayback Machine 6385: 6381: 6373: 6369: 6359: 6357: 6343: 6339: 6334: 6327: 6317: 6315: 6306: 6305: 6301: 6284: 6283: 6276: 6272:BatoFamily.com 6268: 6264: 6256: 6252: 6242:Wayback Machine 6233: 6229: 6221: 6212: 6204: 6200: 6194:Wayback Machine 6183:Wayback Machine 6174: 6170: 6153: 6152: 6148: 6138: 6136: 6128: 6127: 6123: 6113: 6111: 6101: 6097: 6087: 6085: 6075: 6071: 6057: 6055: 6045: 6041: 6030:Wayback Machine 6023:'Phantom Bids,' 6020: 6016: 6006: 6004: 5991: 5990: 5986: 5976: 5974: 5961: 5960: 5956: 5946: 5944: 5929: 5925: 5915: 5913: 5909: 5902: 5896: 5883: 5873: 5871: 5861: 5850: 5840: 5838: 5823: 5819: 5809: 5807: 5794: 5793: 5789: 5771:Wayback Machine 5753: 5749: 5741: 5737: 5729:The Centre for 5722: 5720: 5711: 5710: 5706: 5692:Wayback Machine 5683: 5679: 5669: 5667: 5658: 5657: 5653: 5648:Wayback Machine 5638: 5634: 5626: 5622: 5614: 5610: 5605: 5601: 5596: 5592: 5587:Wayback Machine 5577: 5573: 5568: 5564: 5559:Wayback Machine 5549: 5545: 5540:Wayback Machine 5530: 5523: 5518: 5514: 5509: 5505: 5495: 5493: 5484: 5483: 5479: 5470: 5466: 5456: 5454: 5445: 5444: 5437: 5429: 5425: 5417: 5413: 5404: 5400: 5390: 5388: 5381: 5365: 5348: 5343: 5339: 5330: 5326: 5316: 5314: 5297: 5293: 5286: 5270: 5266: 5259: 5243: 5239: 5232: 5216: 5212: 5205: 5201: 5194: 5190: 5180: 5178: 5171: 5152: 5141: 5134: 5117: 5108: 5098: 5096: 5089: 5071: 5052: 5042: 5040: 5031: 5030: 5026: 5019: 5015: 5008: 5004: 4997: 4993: 4986: 4979: 4972: 4968: 4961: 4957: 4942: 4938: 4928: 4926: 4913: 4912: 4908: 4898: 4896: 4889:LiveScience.com 4883: 4882: 4878: 4868: 4866: 4859: 4843: 4839: 4828: 4824: 4807: 4803: 4783: 4779: 4750: 4746: 4738: 4731: 4718: 4717: 4713: 4666: 4659: 4649: 4647: 4629:10.2307/1356743 4608: 4604: 4597: 4581: 4577: 4567: 4565: 4558: 4542: 4535: 4516: 4512: 4496: 4495: 4468: 4450: 4449: 4440: 4427: 4418: 4408: 4406: 4394: 4390: 4380: 4378: 4369: 4368: 4341: 4316: 4312: 4302: 4300: 4291: 4290: 4277: 4267: 4265: 4250: 4246: 4236: 4234: 4230: 4226: 4225: 4218: 4208: 4206: 4193: 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1826:(IDF). The IDF 1796:plastic bullets 1667: 1581: 1524:in present-day 1514:Muslim Ayyubids 1419:1698 sketch by 1413: 1397:Palestina Prima 1391:, supported by 1294:Gospel of James 1232: 1226: 1185:by the prophet 1167:Books of Samuel 1071: 995: 985: 980: 968: 951: 912: 882: 837: 834: 833: 830: 806:Arab Christians 601: 598: 597: 547: 543: 405:1400 BCE (est.) 377: 375: 360: 358: 354: 351: 346: 343: 341: 339: 338: 332: 331: 330: 329: 326: 325: 319: 318: 317: 316: 312: 295: 294: 293: 290: 289: 283: 282: 281: 280: 276: 254: 253: 252: 251: 232: 205: 204: 203: 202: 201: 192: 191: 190: 182: 181: 172: 171: 170: 162: 161: 152: 151: 150: 142: 141: 132: 131: 130: 91: 56: 47: 40: 35: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 12365: 12355: 12354: 12349: 12344: 12339: 12334: 12329: 12324: 12319: 12314: 12309: 12304: 12299: 12280: 12279: 12274: 12273: 12271: 12270: 12260: 12250: 12240: 12230: 12220: 12210: 12200: 12190: 12180: 12170: 12160: 12150: 12140: 12127: 12114: 12101: 12088: 12075: 12065: 12055: 12045: 12035: 12025: 12015: 12005: 11995: 11985: 11974: 11971: 11970: 11963: 11962: 11955: 11948: 11940: 11931: 11930: 11928: 11927: 11922: 11917: 11912: 11906: 11904: 11900: 11899: 11897: 11896: 11891: 11890: 11889: 11879: 11874: 11873: 11872: 11862: 11857: 11852: 11847: 11842: 11836: 11834: 11828: 11827: 11825: 11824: 11819: 11814: 11809: 11804: 11798: 11796: 11792: 11791: 11788: 11787: 11785: 11784: 11779: 11773: 11771: 11769:Gospel of Luke 11765: 11764: 11762: 11761: 11751: 11746: 11741: 11736: 11731: 11726: 11721: 11716: 11711: 11706: 11700: 11698: 11689: 11685: 11684: 11682: 11681: 11676: 11671: 11665: 11663: 11657: 11656: 11654: 11653: 11647: 11645: 11641: 11640: 11633: 11631: 11628: 11627: 11625: 11624: 11619: 11613: 11611: 11607: 11606: 11604: 11603: 11598: 11593: 11587: 11585: 11579: 11578: 11576: 11575: 11570: 11565: 11554: 11552: 11543: 11539: 11538: 11531: 11530: 11523: 11516: 11508: 11499: 11498: 11486: 11483: 11482: 11480: 11479: 11474: 11469: 11464: 11459: 11454: 11449: 11444: 11438: 11436: 11432: 11431: 11429: 11428: 11423: 11418: 11413: 11408: 11403: 11398: 11393: 11388: 11383: 11378: 11372: 11370: 11364: 11363: 11361: 11360: 11358:Sea of Galilee 11355: 11350: 11345: 11340: 11335: 11330: 11325: 11320: 11315: 11309: 11307: 11301: 11300: 11293: 11292: 11285: 11278: 11270: 11261: 11260: 11258: 11257: 11244: 11241: 11240: 11237: 11236: 11234: 11233: 11228: 11218: 11213: 11208: 11203: 11198: 11193: 11188: 11182: 11180: 11176: 11175: 11173: 11172: 11167: 11162: 11157: 11151: 11149: 11145: 11144: 11142: 11141: 11136: 11135: 11134: 11132:Smoking Bishop 11124: 11119: 11114: 11109: 11104: 11098: 11096: 11092: 11091: 11089: 11088: 11083: 11078: 11072: 11070: 11066: 11065: 11063: 11062: 11057: 11051: 11049: 11045: 11044: 11042: 11041: 11036: 11031: 11026: 11021: 11016: 11011: 11006: 11001: 10996: 10991: 10986: 10981: 10976: 10971: 10966: 10961: 10956: 10951: 10946: 10941: 10936: 10930: 10928: 10924: 10923: 10921: 10920: 10915: 10910: 10905: 10900: 10895: 10890: 10885: 10879: 10877: 10866: 10856: 10855: 10853: 10852: 10847: 10840: 10835: 10830: 10820: 10815: 10813:Super Saturday 10810: 10805: 10800: 10795: 10790: 10785: 10780: 10775: 10770: 10765: 10760: 10755: 10750: 10745: 10743:Giving Tuesday 10740: 10735: 10730: 10725: 10720: 10715: 10710: 10705: 10700: 10695: 10693:Christmas club 10690: 10685: 10680: 10675: 10670: 10664: 10662: 10654: 10653: 10651: 10650: 10649: 10648: 10643: 10631: 10630: 10629: 10622: 10615: 10608: 10601: 10591: 10579: 10578: 10577: 10570: 10559: 10557: 10549: 10548: 10546: 10545: 10544: 10543: 10540:Piae Cantiones 10536: 10529: 10522: 10512: 10506:Music charts ( 10503: 10498: 10493: 10488: 10483: 10482: 10481: 10470: 10468: 10460: 10459: 10457: 10456: 10455: 10454: 10449: 10444: 10439: 10429: 10424: 10419: 10414: 10409: 10404: 10399: 10394: 10389: 10384: 10379: 10374: 10369: 10364: 10359: 10354: 10349: 10348: 10347: 10337: 10332: 10327: 10322: 10317: 10312: 10307: 10301: 10299: 10291: 10290: 10288: 10287: 10282: 10277: 10272: 10267: 10262: 10257: 10252: 10247: 10242: 10235: 10230: 10225: 10218: 10213: 10208: 10203: 10202: 10201: 10191: 10186: 10185: 10184: 10174: 10169: 10164: 10159: 10154: 10149: 10144: 10139: 10134: 10129: 10124: 10119: 10114: 10109: 10104: 10099: 10094: 10089: 10084: 10079: 10074: 10069: 10064: 10059: 10054: 10049: 10044: 10039: 10034: 10029: 10023: 10021: 10013: 10012: 10010: 10009: 10004: 9999: 9998: 9997: 9987: 9982: 9977: 9975:Père Fouettard 9972: 9967: 9962: 9957: 9952: 9946: 9944: 9941:Saint Nicholas 9934: 9933: 9931: 9930: 9925: 9920: 9915: 9910: 9905: 9900: 9895: 9893:Grandpa Indian 9890: 9885: 9880: 9875: 9870: 9869: 9868: 9861:Saint Nicholas 9857: 9855: 9848: 9845: 9844: 9842: 9841: 9836: 9831: 9826: 9821: 9816: 9811: 9806: 9801: 9799:Old Man Winter 9796: 9791: 9786: 9784:Miner's figure 9781: 9776: 9771: 9769:Kallikantzaros 9766: 9761: 9756: 9751: 9746: 9741: 9735: 9733: 9725: 9722: 9721: 9719: 9718: 9713: 9708: 9707: 9706: 9699:Nativity scene 9696: 9695: 9694: 9689: 9679: 9674: 9673: 9672: 9662: 9657: 9652: 9647: 9642: 9637: 9632: 9627: 9622: 9617: 9612: 9607: 9602: 9597: 9596: 9595: 9584: 9582: 9576: 9575: 9573: 9572: 9565: 9558: 9551: 9544: 9537: 9534:Children's Day 9530: 9523: 9520:Blue Christmas 9515: 9512: 9511: 9502: 9501: 9494: 9487: 9479: 9470: 9469: 9459: 9456: 9455: 9453: 9452: 9447: 9442: 9437: 9432: 9427: 9422: 9417: 9412: 9407: 9401: 9399: 9393: 9392: 9390: 9389: 9384: 9379: 9374: 9369: 9364: 9359: 9354: 9349: 9344: 9339: 9334: 9329: 9324: 9319: 9314: 9309: 9304: 9299: 9294: 9289: 9284: 9279: 9274: 9269: 9264: 9259: 9254: 9249: 9244: 9239: 9234: 9228: 9226: 9220: 9219: 9208: 9207: 9200: 9193: 9185: 9176: 9175: 9173: 9172: 9167: 9161: 9159: 9155: 9154: 9152: 9151: 9146: 9141: 9135: 9133: 9127: 9126: 9124: 9123: 9118: 9113: 9108: 9103: 9098: 9093: 9088: 9083: 9078: 9072: 9070: 9066: 9065: 9063: 9062: 9057: 9054: 9051: 9046: 9044:Wadi al-Arayis 9041: 9036: 9031: 9026: 9021: 9018: 9013: 9008: 9003: 8998: 8995: 8990: 8985: 8980: 8975: 8970: 8965: 8960: 8955: 8950: 8944: 8942: 8936: 8935: 8933: 8932: 8927: 8922: 8917: 8912: 8907: 8893: 8888: 8883: 8878: 8872: 8870: 8868:Municipalities 8864: 8863: 8848: 8846: 8844: 8843: 8838: 8833: 8827: 8825: 8819: 8818: 8811: 8810: 8803: 8796: 8788: 8782: 8779: 8778: 8769: 8768: 8759: 8754: 8749: 8737: 8732: 8727: 8720: 8719:External links 8717: 8715: 8714: 8702: 8688: 8676: 8652: 8634: 8616: 8609: 8601: 8595: 8579: 8551: 8541: 8526: 8513: 8492:Le Strange, G. 8488: 8482: 8463: 8439: 8416: 8387: 8378: 8360: 8342: 8333: 8327: 8314: 8308: 8295: 8275:10.1086/370495 8253: 8251: 8248: 8245: 8244: 8227:montpellier.fr 8214: 8184: 8154: 8128: 8101: 8071: 8035: 8005: 7979: 7961: 7927: 7901: 7879: 7854: 7828: 7810: 7796: 7787: 7751: 7744: 7726: 7695: 7683: 7657: 7635: 7598:Vicino Oriente 7584: 7571: 7547: 7534: 7525: 7516: 7507: 7497: 7481: 7467: 7454: 7444:Bart D. Ehrman 7436: 7417: 7384: 7358: 7328: 7299: 7274: 7255:Jahsan, Ruby. 7247: 7218: 7200: 7171: 7145: 7127: 7092: 7066: 7032: 7011: 6981: 6966:. May 14, 2008 6951: 6920: 6889: 6878:on May 5, 2008 6859: 6821: 6777: 6739: 6709: 6673: 6643: 6625: 6618: 6595: 6576: 6557: 6543: 6529: 6498: 6469: 6433: 6410: 6398: 6379: 6367: 6337: 6325: 6299: 6274: 6262: 6250: 6227: 6210: 6198: 6168: 6146: 6121: 6095: 6069: 6039: 6014: 5984: 5954: 5923: 5881: 5848: 5817: 5787: 5783:Yitzhak Shamir 5747: 5745:Bethlehem.ps. 5735: 5704: 5677: 5651: 5632: 5620: 5608: 5599: 5590: 5571: 5562: 5543: 5521: 5512: 5503: 5477: 5464: 5435: 5423: 5421:, p. 234. 5411: 5398: 5379: 5346: 5337: 5324: 5291: 5284: 5264: 5257: 5237: 5230: 5210: 5199: 5188: 5169: 5155:Casey, Maurice 5139: 5132: 5120:Sanders, E. P. 5106: 5087: 5050: 5024: 5013: 5002: 4991: 4977: 4966: 4955: 4936: 4906: 4876: 4857: 4837: 4822: 4801: 4777: 4764:(2): 125–142. 4744: 4729: 4711: 4657: 4602: 4595: 4575: 4556: 4533: 4510: 4466: 4438: 4416: 4388: 4339: 4310: 4275: 4244: 4216: 4185: 4184: 4182: 4179: 4176: 4175: 4165: 4164: 4162: 4159: 4158: 4157: 4152: 4147: 4142: 4136: 4135: 4119: 4116: 4114: 4113: 4100: 4087: 4074: 4061: 4048: 4035: 4022: 4009: 3996: 3983: 3970: 3957: 3944: 3931: 3918: 3905: 3892: 3879: 3866: 3853: 3840: 3827: 3814: 3801: 3788: 3775: 3762: 3749: 3736: 3723: 3710: 3697: 3684: 3671: 3658: 3645: 3631: 3616: 3613: 3537: 3536:Transportation 3534: 3491:primary school 3468: 3465: 3462: 3461: 3460: 3459: 3453: 3447: 3441: 3435: 3429: 3423: 3417: 3414:Ayyub Musallam 3411: 3405: 3399: 3393: 3387: 3379: 3378: 3377: 3371: 3365: 3359: 3353: 3347: 3341: 3335: 3329: 3326:Suleiman Jacir 3323: 3317: 3287: 3284: 3230:Greek Orthodox 3218:Syriac Quarter 3198: 3195: 3158:Inside of the 3136: 3133: 3094:Main article: 3091: 3088: 3087: 3086: 3080: 3073: 3071: 3065: 3058: 3056: 3053: 3046: 3044: 3041: 3034: 3032: 3029: 3022: 2964: 2961: 2959: 2956: 2931: 2928: 2891: 2888: 2864:Gospel of Mark 2843:stated in his 2798:Gospel of Luke 2782:Christmas tree 2736: 2733: 2731: 2728: 2611:Middle Eastern 2577: 2574: 2538:Mosque of Omar 2466: 2463: 2437:census of 1922 2402:Mosque of Omar 2393: 2392: 2389: 2385: 2384: 2381: 2377: 2376: 2373: 2369: 2368: 2365: 2361: 2360: 2357: 2353: 2352: 2349: 2343: 2342: 2339: 2335: 2334: 2331: 2324: 2321: 2319: 2316: 2312: 2311: 2307: 2306: 2303: 2300: 2297: 2294: 2291: 2288: 2285: 2282: 2279: 2276: 2273: 2270: 2267: 2263: 2262: 2259: 2256: 2253: 2250: 2247: 2244: 2241: 2238: 2235: 2232: 2229: 2226: 2223: 2219: 2218: 2213: 2208: 2203: 2198: 2193: 2188: 2183: 2178: 2173: 2168: 2163: 2158: 2153: 2149: 2148: 2143: 2138: 2133: 2128: 2123: 2118: 2113: 2108: 2103: 2098: 2093: 2088: 2083: 2079: 2078: 2075: 2072: 2069: 2066: 2063: 2060: 2057: 2054: 2051: 2048: 2045: 2042: 2039: 2035: 2034: 2028: 2024:Arabian Desert 1995: 1992: 1968:Arab Christian 1868: 1865: 1780:First Intifada 1727:United Nations 1683:United Nations 1673:Bethlehem 1937 1666: 1663: 1589:Vasily Polenov 1580: 1577: 1479:Greek Orthodox 1412: 1409: 1387:. In 614, the 1279:Gospel of Mark 1267:Gospel of Luke 1225: 1222: 1070: 1067: 984: 981: 979: 976: 967: 966:"House of war" 964: 927:fertility god 911: 908: 904:W. F. Albright 829: 826: 773:following the 757:at the end of 755:Ottoman Empire 751:Ottoman Empire 739:Greek Orthodox 641:tourist-driven 535: 534: 529: 525: 524: 513:House of Bread 502: 498: 497: 494: 488: 487: 484: 477: 476: 473: 469: 468: 465: 458: 457: 453: 452: 445: 438: 437: 433: 432: 427: 423: 422: 416: 412: 411: 407: 406: 403: 399: 398: 393: 387: 386: 373: 369: 368: 334: 333: 320: 314: 313: 306: 305: 299: 298: 297: 296: 284: 278: 277: 270: 269: 263: 262: 261: 260: 259: 256: 255: 245: 239: 238: 237: 234: 233: 221:Mosque of Omar 206: 195: 194: 193: 184: 183: 175: 174: 173: 164: 163: 155: 154: 153: 144: 143: 135: 134: 133: 124: 123: 122: 121: 120: 117: 116: 106: 99: 98: 94: 93: 88: 81: 80: 70: 63: 62: 58: 57: 52: 49: 48: 45: 38: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 12364: 12353: 12350: 12348: 12345: 12343: 12340: 12338: 12335: 12333: 12330: 12328: 12325: 12323: 12320: 12318: 12315: 12313: 12310: 12308: 12305: 12303: 12300: 12298: 12295: 12294: 12292: 12285: 12268: 12264: 12261: 12258: 12254: 12251: 12248: 12244: 12241: 12238: 12234: 12231: 12228: 12224: 12221: 12218: 12214: 12211: 12208: 12204: 12201: 12198: 12194: 12191: 12188: 12184: 12181: 12178: 12174: 12171: 12168: 12164: 12161: 12158: 12154: 12151: 12148: 12144: 12141: 12138: 12134: 12131: 12128: 12125: 12121: 12118: 12115: 12112: 12108: 12105: 12102: 12099: 12095: 12092: 12089: 12086: 12082: 12079: 12076: 12073: 12069: 12066: 12063: 12059: 12056: 12053: 12049: 12046: 12043: 12039: 12036: 12033: 12029: 12026: 12023: 12019: 12016: 12013: 12009: 12006: 12003: 11999: 11996: 11993: 11989: 11986: 11983: 11979: 11976: 11975: 11972: 11968: 11961: 11956: 11954: 11949: 11947: 11942: 11941: 11938: 11926: 11925:Nativity Fast 11923: 11921: 11918: 11916: 11913: 11911: 11908: 11907: 11905: 11901: 11895: 11892: 11888: 11885: 11884: 11883: 11880: 11878: 11877:Nativity play 11875: 11871: 11868: 11867: 11866: 11863: 11861: 11858: 11856: 11853: 11851: 11848: 11846: 11843: 11841: 11838: 11837: 11835: 11833: 11829: 11823: 11820: 11818: 11815: 11813: 11810: 11808: 11805: 11803: 11800: 11799: 11797: 11793: 11783: 11780: 11778: 11775: 11774: 11772: 11770: 11766: 11759: 11755: 11752: 11750: 11747: 11745: 11742: 11740: 11737: 11735: 11732: 11730: 11727: 11725: 11722: 11720: 11717: 11715: 11712: 11710: 11707: 11705: 11702: 11701: 11699: 11697: 11693: 11690: 11686: 11680: 11677: 11675: 11672: 11670: 11667: 11666: 11664: 11662: 11658: 11652: 11649: 11648: 11646: 11642: 11637: 11623: 11620: 11618: 11615: 11614: 11612: 11608: 11602: 11599: 11597: 11594: 11592: 11589: 11588: 11586: 11584: 11580: 11574: 11571: 11569: 11566: 11563: 11559: 11556: 11555: 11553: 11551: 11547: 11544: 11540: 11536: 11529: 11524: 11522: 11517: 11515: 11510: 11509: 11506: 11496: 11491: 11484: 11478: 11475: 11473: 11470: 11468: 11465: 11463: 11460: 11458: 11455: 11453: 11450: 11448: 11445: 11443: 11440: 11439: 11437: 11433: 11427: 11424: 11422: 11419: 11417: 11414: 11412: 11409: 11407: 11404: 11402: 11399: 11397: 11394: 11392: 11389: 11387: 11384: 11382: 11379: 11377: 11374: 11373: 11371: 11369: 11365: 11359: 11356: 11354: 11351: 11349: 11346: 11344: 11341: 11339: 11336: 11334: 11331: 11329: 11326: 11324: 11321: 11319: 11316: 11314: 11311: 11310: 11308: 11306: 11302: 11298: 11291: 11286: 11284: 11279: 11277: 11272: 11271: 11268: 11256: 11246: 11245: 11242: 11232: 11229: 11226: 11222: 11219: 11217: 11214: 11212: 11209: 11207: 11204: 11202: 11199: 11197: 11194: 11192: 11189: 11187: 11184: 11183: 11181: 11179:Meat and fish 11177: 11171: 11168: 11166: 11163: 11161: 11158: 11156: 11153: 11152: 11150: 11146: 11140: 11137: 11133: 11130: 11129: 11128: 11125: 11123: 11120: 11118: 11117:Hot chocolate 11115: 11113: 11110: 11108: 11105: 11103: 11100: 11099: 11097: 11093: 11087: 11084: 11082: 11079: 11077: 11074: 11073: 11071: 11067: 11061: 11058: 11056: 11053: 11052: 11050: 11046: 11040: 11037: 11035: 11032: 11030: 11027: 11025: 11022: 11020: 11017: 11015: 11012: 11010: 11007: 11005: 11002: 11000: 10997: 10995: 10992: 10990: 10987: 10985: 10982: 10980: 10977: 10975: 10972: 10970: 10967: 10965: 10962: 10960: 10957: 10955: 10952: 10950: 10947: 10945: 10942: 10940: 10937: 10935: 10932: 10931: 10929: 10925: 10919: 10916: 10914: 10911: 10909: 10906: 10904: 10901: 10899: 10896: 10894: 10891: 10889: 10886: 10884: 10881: 10880: 10878: 10876: 10870: 10867: 10865: 10857: 10851: 10848: 10846: 10845: 10841: 10839: 10836: 10834: 10831: 10828: 10824: 10821: 10819: 10818:Ugly sweaters 10816: 10814: 10811: 10809: 10806: 10804: 10801: 10799: 10796: 10794: 10791: 10789: 10786: 10784: 10781: 10779: 10776: 10774: 10771: 10769: 10766: 10764: 10761: 10759: 10756: 10754: 10751: 10749: 10746: 10744: 10741: 10739: 10736: 10734: 10731: 10729: 10728:Controversies 10726: 10724: 10721: 10719: 10716: 10714: 10711: 10709: 10706: 10704: 10701: 10699: 10696: 10694: 10691: 10689: 10686: 10684: 10681: 10679: 10676: 10674: 10671: 10669: 10666: 10665: 10663: 10655: 10647: 10644: 10642: 10641: 10637: 10636: 10635: 10632: 10627: 10623: 10620: 10616: 10613: 10609: 10607: 10606: 10602: 10599: 10595: 10594: 10592: 10589: 10586: 10583: 10580: 10576: 10575: 10571: 10569: 10566: 10565: 10564: 10563:In literature 10561: 10560: 10558: 10556: 10550: 10542: 10541: 10537: 10535: 10534: 10530: 10528: 10527: 10523: 10521: 10520: 10516: 10515: 10513: 10511: 10509: 10504: 10502: 10499: 10497: 10494: 10492: 10489: 10487: 10484: 10480: 10477: 10476: 10475: 10472: 10471: 10469: 10467: 10461: 10453: 10450: 10448: 10445: 10443: 10440: 10438: 10435: 10434: 10433: 10432:United States 10430: 10428: 10425: 10423: 10420: 10418: 10415: 10413: 10410: 10408: 10405: 10403: 10400: 10398: 10395: 10393: 10390: 10388: 10385: 10383: 10380: 10378: 10375: 10373: 10370: 10368: 10365: 10363: 10360: 10358: 10355: 10353: 10350: 10346: 10343: 10342: 10341: 10338: 10336: 10333: 10331: 10328: 10326: 10323: 10321: 10318: 10316: 10313: 10311: 10308: 10306: 10303: 10302: 10300: 10298: 10292: 10286: 10283: 10281: 10278: 10276: 10273: 10271: 10268: 10266: 10263: 10261: 10258: 10256: 10253: 10251: 10248: 10246: 10243: 10241: 10240: 10236: 10234: 10231: 10229: 10226: 10224: 10223: 10219: 10217: 10214: 10212: 10209: 10207: 10204: 10200: 10197: 10196: 10195: 10192: 10190: 10187: 10183: 10180: 10179: 10178: 10175: 10173: 10170: 10168: 10165: 10163: 10162:Moravian star 10160: 10158: 10157:Midnight Mass 10155: 10153: 10150: 10148: 10145: 10143: 10140: 10138: 10135: 10133: 10130: 10128: 10125: 10123: 10120: 10118: 10115: 10113: 10110: 10108: 10105: 10103: 10100: 10098: 10095: 10093: 10090: 10088: 10085: 10083: 10080: 10078: 10075: 10073: 10070: 10068: 10065: 10063: 10060: 10058: 10055: 10053: 10050: 10048: 10047:Candle arches 10045: 10043: 10040: 10038: 10037:Advent wreath 10035: 10033: 10032:Advent candle 10030: 10028: 10025: 10024: 10022: 10020: 10014: 10008: 10005: 10003: 10000: 9996: 9993: 9992: 9991: 9988: 9986: 9983: 9981: 9978: 9976: 9973: 9971: 9968: 9966: 9963: 9961: 9958: 9956: 9953: 9951: 9948: 9947: 9945: 9943: 9939:Companions of 9935: 9929: 9926: 9924: 9921: 9919: 9916: 9914: 9911: 9909: 9906: 9904: 9901: 9899: 9896: 9894: 9891: 9889: 9886: 9884: 9881: 9879: 9876: 9874: 9871: 9867: 9864: 9863: 9862: 9859: 9858: 9856: 9853: 9851:Gift-bringers 9846: 9840: 9837: 9835: 9832: 9830: 9827: 9825: 9822: 9820: 9817: 9815: 9812: 9810: 9807: 9805: 9802: 9800: 9797: 9795: 9792: 9790: 9787: 9785: 9782: 9780: 9777: 9775: 9772: 9770: 9767: 9765: 9762: 9760: 9757: 9755: 9752: 9750: 9747: 9745: 9742: 9740: 9737: 9736: 9734: 9731: 9723: 9717: 9716:Twelfth Night 9714: 9712: 9709: 9705: 9702: 9701: 9700: 9697: 9693: 9690: 9688: 9685: 9684: 9683: 9680: 9678: 9677:Nativity Fast 9675: 9671: 9668: 9667: 9666: 9663: 9661: 9658: 9656: 9653: 9651: 9648: 9646: 9643: 9641: 9638: 9636: 9635:Christmastide 9633: 9631: 9628: 9626: 9623: 9621: 9618: 9616: 9613: 9611: 9610:Angel Gabriel 9608: 9606: 9603: 9601: 9598: 9594: 9591: 9590: 9589: 9588:Biblical Magi 9586: 9585: 9583: 9577: 9571: 9566: 9564: 9559: 9557: 9552: 9550: 9545: 9543: 9541:Christmas Eve 9538: 9536: 9531: 9529: 9524: 9522: 9517: 9516: 9513: 9509: 9500: 9495: 9493: 9488: 9486: 9481: 9480: 9477: 9466: 9463: 9457: 9451: 9448: 9446: 9443: 9441: 9438: 9436: 9433: 9431: 9428: 9426: 9425:Deir al-Balah 9423: 9421: 9418: 9416: 9413: 9411: 9408: 9406: 9403: 9402: 9400: 9398: 9394: 9388: 9385: 9383: 9380: 9378: 9375: 9373: 9370: 9368: 9365: 9363: 9360: 9358: 9355: 9353: 9350: 9348: 9345: 9343: 9340: 9338: 9335: 9333: 9330: 9328: 9325: 9323: 9320: 9318: 9315: 9313: 9310: 9308: 9305: 9303: 9300: 9298: 9295: 9293: 9290: 9288: 9285: 9283: 9280: 9278: 9275: 9273: 9270: 9268: 9265: 9263: 9260: 9258: 9255: 9253: 9250: 9248: 9245: 9243: 9240: 9238: 9235: 9233: 9230: 9229: 9227: 9225: 9221: 9217: 9213: 9206: 9201: 9199: 9194: 9192: 9187: 9186: 9183: 9171: 9170:‘Ayn Fashkhah 9168: 9166: 9163: 9162: 9160: 9156: 9150: 9147: 9145: 9142: 9140: 9137: 9136: 9134: 9132: 9131:Refugee camps 9128: 9122: 9121:Rachel's Tomb 9119: 9117: 9114: 9112: 9109: 9107: 9104: 9102: 9099: 9097: 9094: 9092: 9089: 9087: 9084: 9082: 9079: 9077: 9074: 9073: 9071: 9067: 9061: 9058: 9055: 9052: 9050: 9047: 9045: 9042: 9040: 9037: 9035: 9032: 9030: 9027: 9025: 9022: 9020:Marah Ma'alla 9019: 9017: 9014: 9012: 9009: 9007: 9004: 9002: 8999: 8996: 8994: 8991: 8989: 8986: 8984: 8981: 8979: 8978:Jubbet ad-Dib 8976: 8974: 8971: 8969: 8966: 8964: 8961: 8959: 8956: 8954: 8951: 8949: 8946: 8945: 8943: 8941: 8937: 8931: 8928: 8926: 8923: 8921: 8918: 8916: 8913: 8911: 8908: 8905: 8901: 8897: 8894: 8892: 8889: 8887: 8884: 8882: 8879: 8877: 8874: 8873: 8871: 8869: 8865: 8859: 8852: 8842: 8839: 8837: 8834: 8832: 8829: 8828: 8826: 8824: 8820: 8816: 8809: 8804: 8802: 8797: 8795: 8790: 8789: 8786: 8780: 8773: 8767: 8763: 8760: 8758: 8755: 8753: 8750: 8748: 8744: 8741: 8738: 8736: 8733: 8731: 8728: 8726: 8723: 8722: 8711: 8707: 8703: 8699: 8698: 8693: 8692:Thomson, W.M. 8689: 8685: 8681: 8677: 8673: 8669: 8665: 8661: 8657: 8653: 8641: 8637: 8631: 8627: 8626: 8621: 8617: 8614: 8611:Sawsan & 8610: 8606: 8605:Sanders, E.P. 8602: 8598: 8592: 8589:. Macmillan. 8588: 8584: 8580: 8568: 8564: 8560: 8556: 8552: 8548: 8544: 8538: 8534: 8533: 8527: 8523: 8519: 8514: 8503: 8499: 8498: 8493: 8489: 8485: 8479: 8475: 8474: 8469: 8464: 8460: 8456: 8452: 8448: 8444: 8440: 8428: 8424: 8423: 8417: 8402: 8395: 8394: 8388: 8384: 8379: 8367: 8363: 8357: 8353: 8352: 8347: 8343: 8339: 8334: 8330: 8324: 8320: 8315: 8311: 8305: 8301: 8296: 8292: 8288: 8284: 8280: 8276: 8272: 8268: 8264: 8260: 8255: 8254: 8232: 8228: 8224: 8218: 8202: 8198: 8194: 8188: 8172: 8169:. Bethlehem. 8168: 8164: 8158: 8142: 8138: 8132: 8115: 8111: 8105: 8089: 8085: 8081: 8075: 8056: 8052: 8045: 8039: 8023: 8019: 8015: 8009: 7993: 7989: 7983: 7975: 7971: 7965: 7949: 7945: 7941: 7934: 7932: 7915: 7911: 7905: 7898: 7894: 7891: 7886: 7884: 7868: 7864: 7858: 7842: 7838: 7832: 7824: 7820: 7814: 7807: 7806: 7800: 7791: 7783: 7777: 7761: 7755: 7747: 7741: 7737: 7730: 7714: 7710: 7704: 7702: 7700: 7693:Bethlehem.ps. 7692: 7687: 7671: 7667: 7661: 7654: 7650: 7647: 7646: 7639: 7631: 7627: 7622: 7621:11573/1023455 7617: 7612: 7607: 7603: 7599: 7595: 7588: 7581: 7575: 7568: 7564: 7560: 7557: 7551: 7544: 7538: 7529: 7520: 7511: 7501: 7494: 7493: 7492:Contra Celsum 7485: 7478: 7471: 7464: 7458: 7451: 7450: 7445: 7440: 7434: 7430: 7426: 7421: 7405: 7401: 7400: 7395: 7388: 7373: 7369: 7362: 7346: 7342: 7338: 7332: 7316: 7312: 7306: 7304: 7297: 7293: 7289: 7288: 7283: 7278: 7262: 7258: 7251: 7235: 7231: 7225: 7223: 7214: 7210: 7204: 7188: 7184: 7178: 7176: 7159: 7155: 7149: 7141: 7137: 7131: 7123: 7119: 7115: 7111: 7108:(7): 147–66. 7107: 7103: 7096: 7080: 7076: 7070: 7054: 7050: 7046: 7039: 7037: 7028: 7027: 7022: 7015: 6999: 6995: 6991: 6985: 6978: 6965: 6961: 6955: 6939: 6935: 6934:Yisrael HaYom 6931: 6924: 6908: 6904: 6900: 6893: 6877: 6873: 6866: 6864: 6847: 6843: 6839: 6832: 6830: 6828: 6826: 6809: 6805: 6804: 6799: 6792: 6790: 6788: 6786: 6784: 6782: 6765: 6761: 6757: 6753: 6746: 6744: 6737: 6733: 6729: 6725: 6720: 6718: 6716: 6714: 6694: 6690: 6683: 6677: 6661: 6657: 6653: 6647: 6639: 6635: 6629: 6621: 6615: 6611: 6604: 6602: 6600: 6588: 6587: 6580: 6569: 6568: 6561: 6553: 6547: 6539: 6533: 6517: 6513: 6509: 6502: 6486: 6482: 6481: 6473: 6457: 6453: 6446: 6440: 6438: 6430: 6426: 6421: 6419: 6417: 6415: 6408: 6402: 6396: 6392: 6389: 6383: 6377: 6371: 6355: 6351: 6347: 6341: 6332: 6330: 6313: 6309: 6303: 6295: 6291: 6287: 6281: 6279: 6271: 6266: 6259: 6254: 6247: 6243: 6239: 6236: 6231: 6224: 6219: 6217: 6215: 6207: 6202: 6195: 6191: 6188: 6184: 6180: 6177: 6172: 6164: 6160: 6156: 6150: 6135: 6131: 6125: 6110: 6106: 6099: 6084: 6080: 6073: 6066: 6054: 6050: 6043: 6036: 6035: 6031: 6027: 6024: 6018: 6002: 5998: 5994: 5988: 5972: 5968: 5964: 5958: 5942: 5938: 5934: 5927: 5908: 5901: 5894: 5892: 5890: 5888: 5886: 5870: 5866: 5859: 5857: 5855: 5853: 5836: 5832: 5828: 5821: 5805: 5801: 5797: 5791: 5784: 5780: 5779:Yitzhak Rabin 5776: 5772: 5768: 5765: 5761: 5757: 5751: 5744: 5739: 5732: 5718: 5714: 5708: 5701: 5697: 5693: 5689: 5686: 5681: 5665: 5661: 5655: 5649: 5645: 5641: 5636: 5630: 5624: 5618: 5612: 5603: 5594: 5588: 5584: 5581: 5575: 5566: 5560: 5556: 5553: 5547: 5541: 5537: 5534: 5528: 5526: 5516: 5507: 5491: 5487: 5481: 5474: 5468: 5452: 5448: 5442: 5440: 5432: 5427: 5420: 5415: 5408: 5402: 5386: 5382: 5376: 5372: 5371: 5363: 5361: 5359: 5357: 5355: 5353: 5351: 5341: 5334: 5328: 5312: 5308: 5307: 5302: 5295: 5287: 5281: 5277: 5276: 5268: 5260: 5254: 5251:. Doubleday. 5250: 5249: 5241: 5233: 5227: 5224:. Doubleday. 5223: 5222: 5214: 5208: 5203: 5197: 5192: 5176: 5172: 5166: 5162: 5161: 5156: 5150: 5148: 5146: 5144: 5135: 5129: 5125: 5121: 5115: 5113: 5111: 5094: 5090: 5084: 5080: 5076: 5069: 5067: 5065: 5063: 5061: 5059: 5057: 5055: 5038: 5034: 5028: 5022: 5021:2Sam 23:13–17 5017: 5011: 5006: 5000: 4995: 4989: 4984: 4982: 4975: 4970: 4964: 4959: 4953: 4949: 4945: 4940: 4924: 4920: 4916: 4910: 4894: 4890: 4886: 4880: 4864: 4860: 4854: 4850: 4849: 4841: 4833: 4826: 4819: 4815: 4811: 4805: 4799: 4795: 4791: 4787: 4781: 4772: 4767: 4763: 4759: 4755: 4748: 4741: 4740:Albright 1936 4736: 4734: 4725: 4721: 4715: 4708: 4703: 4699: 4695: 4691: 4687: 4683: 4679: 4675: 4671: 4664: 4662: 4646: 4642: 4638: 4634: 4630: 4626: 4622: 4621: 4616: 4612: 4611:Rainey, A. F. 4606: 4598: 4592: 4588: 4587: 4579: 4563: 4559: 4553: 4549: 4548: 4540: 4538: 4529: 4525: 4521: 4514: 4506: 4500: 4493: 4491: 4487: 4483: 4477: 4473: 4469: 4463: 4459: 4455: 4454: 4447: 4445: 4443: 4434: 4433: 4425: 4423: 4421: 4405: 4404: 4399: 4392: 4376: 4372: 4366: 4364: 4362: 4360: 4358: 4356: 4354: 4352: 4350: 4348: 4346: 4344: 4336: 4332: 4327: 4323: 4319: 4314: 4298: 4294: 4288: 4286: 4284: 4282: 4280: 4263: 4259: 4255: 4248: 4229: 4223: 4221: 4204: 4200: 4196: 4190: 4186: 4170: 4166: 4156: 4153: 4151: 4148: 4146: 4143: 4141: 4138: 4137: 4133: 4122: 4111: 4106: 4101: 4098: 4097:Villa Alemana 4093: 4088: 4085: 4080: 4075: 4072: 4067: 4062: 4059: 4054: 4049: 4046: 4041: 4036: 4033: 4028: 4023: 4020: 4015: 4010: 4007: 4002: 3997: 3994: 3989: 3984: 3981: 3976: 3971: 3968: 3963: 3958: 3955: 3950: 3945: 3942: 3937: 3932: 3929: 3924: 3919: 3916: 3911: 3906: 3903: 3898: 3893: 3890: 3885: 3880: 3877: 3872: 3867: 3864: 3859: 3854: 3851: 3846: 3841: 3838: 3833: 3828: 3825: 3820: 3815: 3812: 3807: 3802: 3799: 3794: 3789: 3786: 3781: 3776: 3773: 3772:Civitavecchia 3768: 3763: 3760: 3755: 3750: 3747: 3742: 3737: 3734: 3729: 3724: 3721: 3716: 3711: 3708: 3703: 3698: 3695: 3690: 3685: 3682: 3677: 3672: 3669: 3664: 3659: 3656: 3651: 3646: 3643: 3638: 3633: 3632: 3630: 3628: 3625:Bethlehem is 3622: 3612: 3610: 3606: 3605:Rachel's Tomb 3602: 3598: 3594: 3590: 3586: 3581: 3579: 3575: 3571: 3567: 3563: 3559: 3555: 3551: 3542: 3533: 3531: 3526: 3522: 3515:main building 3514: 3510: 3506: 3504: 3500: 3496: 3492: 3488: 3481: 3477: 3473: 3457: 3456:Hanna Hanania 3454: 3451: 3448: 3445: 3442: 3439: 3436: 3433: 3430: 3427: 3424: 3421: 3418: 3415: 3412: 3409: 3406: 3403: 3400: 3397: 3394: 3391: 3388: 3385: 3382: 3381: 3380: 3375: 3372: 3369: 3366: 3363: 3360: 3357: 3354: 3351: 3348: 3345: 3342: 3339: 3336: 3333: 3330: 3327: 3324: 3321: 3318: 3315: 3312: 3311: 3310: 3309: 3306: 3304: 3297: 3296:Manger Square 3292: 3283: 3281: 3277: 3273: 3269: 3265: 3261: 3257: 3252: 3249: 3241: 3237: 3233: 3231: 3227: 3223: 3219: 3215: 3210: 3208: 3204: 3194: 3192: 3188: 3184: 3180: 3176: 3170: 3168: 3161: 3156: 3152: 3150: 3146: 3142: 3132: 3130: 3126: 3122: 3118: 3115: 3107: 3102: 3097: 3083: 3077: 3072: 3068: 3062: 3057: 3050: 3045: 3038: 3033: 3026: 3021: 3020: 3019: 3017: 3013: 3009: 3005: 2999: 2997: 2993: 2989: 2985: 2975: 2970: 2955: 2953: 2949: 2945: 2941: 2937: 2927: 2925: 2921: 2917: 2913: 2909: 2905: 2896: 2887: 2885: 2881: 2880: 2875: 2871: 2870: 2865: 2861: 2856: 2852: 2848: 2847: 2842: 2841:Justin Martyr 2839: 2835: 2831: 2830:Book of Micah 2827: 2822: 2820: 2816: 2811: 2807: 2803: 2799: 2795: 2794:New Testament 2787: 2783: 2779: 2772: 2771:Christmas Eve 2767: 2759: 2751: 2746: 2742: 2727: 2725: 2721: 2717: 2713: 2709: 2705: 2701: 2700:Manger Square 2697: 2693: 2688: 2686: 2682: 2678: 2674: 2670: 2666: 2662: 2658: 2655: 2651: 2647: 2643: 2638: 2636: 2632: 2631:Cremisan Wine 2628: 2624: 2620: 2619:wood carvings 2616: 2612: 2608: 2604: 2597: 2594: 2590: 2582: 2573: 2571: 2567: 2563: 2559: 2555: 2550: 2546: 2541: 2539: 2534: 2530: 2525: 2523: 2519: 2515: 2509: 2507: 2503: 2499: 2496:and from the 2495: 2490: 2486: 2477: 2472: 2462: 2460: 2455: 2451: 2449: 2444: 2442: 2438: 2433: 2431: 2427: 2422: 2418: 2415:According to 2411: 2407: 2403: 2399: 2390: 2387: 2386: 2382: 2379: 2378: 2374: 2371: 2370: 2366: 2363: 2362: 2358: 2355: 2354: 2350: 2348: 2345: 2344: 2340: 2337: 2336: 2332: 2329: 2328: 2308: 2304: 2301: 2298: 2295: 2292: 2289: 2286: 2283: 2280: 2277: 2274: 2271: 2268: 2264: 2260: 2257: 2254: 2251: 2248: 2245: 2242: 2239: 2236: 2233: 2230: 2227: 2224: 2220: 2214: 2209: 2204: 2199: 2194: 2189: 2184: 2179: 2174: 2169: 2164: 2159: 2154: 2150: 2144: 2139: 2134: 2129: 2124: 2119: 2114: 2109: 2104: 2099: 2094: 2089: 2084: 2080: 2036: 2031: 2027: 2025: 2021: 2016: 2011: 2009: 2005: 2001: 1991: 1989: 1985: 1981: 1977: 1973: 1969: 1965: 1959: 1957: 1953: 1949: 1948:agglomeration 1945: 1941: 1937: 1934:to the west, 1933: 1929: 1925: 1921: 1917: 1913: 1909: 1905: 1901: 1896: 1894: 1890: 1886: 1878: 1873: 1864: 1862: 1854: 1850: 1846: 1842: 1840: 1836: 1831: 1829: 1825: 1821: 1817: 1813: 1809: 1805: 1800: 1797: 1793: 1789: 1785: 1781: 1773: 1769: 1765: 1763: 1759: 1754: 1752: 1748: 1744: 1740: 1736: 1732: 1728: 1724: 1720: 1716: 1712: 1704: 1703:Rachel's Tomb 1700: 1695: 1689:arrangements. 1688: 1684: 1679: 1671: 1662: 1660: 1655: 1651: 1649: 1648:South America 1645: 1641: 1638:, during the 1637: 1636:Ibrahim Pasha 1633: 1632:an earthquake 1629: 1625: 1620: 1616: 1614: 1610: 1606: 1597: 1590: 1585: 1576: 1574: 1570: 1566: 1561: 1557: 1554: 1550: 1546: 1542: 1537: 1535: 1531: 1527: 1523: 1519: 1515: 1511: 1507: 1503: 1498: 1496: 1492: 1488: 1484: 1480: 1476: 1471: 1469: 1465: 1461: 1457: 1453: 1449: 1445: 1441: 1438:, the second 1437: 1433: 1432:Muslim armies 1429: 1422: 1417: 1408: 1406: 1402: 1398: 1394: 1393:Jewish rebels 1390: 1386: 1382: 1378: 1374: 1370: 1366: 1362: 1357: 1354: 1349: 1345: 1341: 1337: 1333: 1330: 1329:Church Father 1325: 1323: 1319: 1315: 1311: 1303: 1299: 1295: 1291: 1290:Justin Martyr 1286: 1284: 1280: 1276: 1272: 1268: 1264: 1256: 1252: 1248: 1244: 1240: 1236: 1231: 1221: 1219: 1215: 1211: 1207: 1203: 1199: 1194: 1192: 1188: 1184: 1180: 1176: 1172: 1168: 1164: 1160: 1156: 1152: 1148: 1147:Rachel's Tomb 1144: 1140: 1136: 1135:New Testament 1132: 1128: 1124: 1123:Book of Micah 1120: 1116: 1112: 1106: 1102: 1097: 1093: 1090: 1086: 1085: 1080: 1079:City of David 1076: 1066: 1062: 1060: 1056: 1052: 1048: 1044: 1040: 1036: 1032: 1028: 1024: 1020: 1019: 1012: 1009: 1005: 1001: 990: 975: 973: 963: 961: 955: 950: 949:Otto Schröder 946: 942: 938: 934: 930: 926: 922: 917: 907: 905: 901: 897: 893: 888: 877: 876:Ancient Greek 869: 865: 863: 853: 846: 844: 842: 825: 823: 819: 815: 811: 807: 802: 800: 796: 792: 788: 784: 780: 776: 772: 768: 764: 760: 756: 752: 748: 744: 740: 736: 732: 728: 727:Jund Filastin 724: 719: 717: 713: 709: 705: 701: 697: 693: 689: 685: 684:New Testament 681: 677: 673: 669: 668:ancient Egypt 665: 660: 658: 654: 650: 646: 642: 638: 634: 630: 626: 622: 620: 611: 604: 602:pronunciation 595: 593: 583: 577: 541: 533: 530: 526: 522: 518: 514: 510: 506: 505:House of Meat 503: 499: 495: 493: 489: 485: 483: 480: • 478: 474: 470: 466: 464: 461: • 459: 454: 450: 446: 444: 441: • 439: 434: 431: 428: 424: 420: 417: 413: 408: 404: 400: 397: 394: 392: 388: 385: 374: 370: 365: 337:Coordinates: 335: 324: 303: 288: 267: 257: 249: 243: 235: 230: 226: 225:Manger Square 222: 218: 214: 210: 199: 188: 179: 168: 159: 148: 139: 128: 118: 107: 105: 102: • 100: 95: 89: 87: 84: • 82: 71: 69: 66: • 64: 59: 55: 50: 43: 37: 33: 19: 12322:Torah cities 12284: 12232: 12022:Saudi Arabia 11903:Remembrances 11749:Matthew 2:11 11744:Matthew 1:25 11739:Matthew 1:24 11734:Matthew 1:23 11729:Matthew 1:22 11724:Matthew 1:21 11719:Matthew 1:20 11714:Matthew 1:19 11709:Matthew 1:18 11674:Frankincense 11650: 11558:Christ Child 11385: 11191:Gefilte fish 11139:Ponche crema 10974:Melomakarono 10842: 10733:Cyber Monday 10638: 10603: 10572: 10538: 10531: 10524: 10517: 10514:Music books 10507: 10345:Nazi Germany 10237: 10233:Secret Santa 10220: 10107:Flying Santa 9814:Tió de Nadal 9764:Korvatunturi 9629: 9615:Annunciation 9581:Christianity 9562:Sol Invictus 9461: 9410:Bani Suheila 9277:ad-Dhahiriya 9266: 9039:ash-Shawawra 9034:Umm Salamuna 8840: 8709: 8696: 8683: 8680:Taylor, J.E. 8667: 8663: 8646:November 25, 8644:. Retrieved 8624: 8587:The Templars 8586: 8571:. Retrieved 8562: 8547:the original 8531: 8517: 8505:. Retrieved 8496: 8471: 8454: 8450: 8443:Hartmann, M. 8431:. Retrieved 8421: 8410:December 10, 8408:. Retrieved 8392: 8382: 8372:November 25, 8370:. Retrieved 8350: 8337: 8318: 8299: 8266: 8262: 8250:Bibliography 8235:. Retrieved 8226: 8217: 8205:. Retrieved 8196: 8187: 8175:. Retrieved 8166: 8157: 8145:. Retrieved 8141:the original 8131: 8118:. Retrieved 8114:the original 8104: 8094:November 29, 8092:. Retrieved 8088:the original 8074: 8062:. Retrieved 8055:the original 8038: 8026:. Retrieved 8022:the original 8008: 7996:. Retrieved 7992:the original 7982: 7974:the original 7964: 7952:. Retrieved 7943: 7918:. Retrieved 7914:the original 7904: 7870:. Retrieved 7866: 7857: 7845:. Retrieved 7841:the original 7831: 7823:the original 7813: 7804: 7799: 7790: 7766:February 18, 7764:. Retrieved 7754: 7735: 7729: 7717:. Retrieved 7713:the original 7686: 7674:. 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Retrieved 5664:the original 5654: 5635: 5623: 5611: 5602: 5593: 5574: 5565: 5546: 5515: 5506: 5494:. Retrieved 5490:the original 5480: 5467: 5455:. Retrieved 5451:the original 5431:Russell 1991 5426: 5414: 5406: 5401: 5389:. Retrieved 5369: 5340: 5332: 5327: 5315:. Retrieved 5304: 5294: 5274: 5267: 5247: 5240: 5220: 5213: 5202: 5191: 5179:. Retrieved 5159: 5123: 5097:. Retrieved 5078: 5041:. Retrieved 5037:the original 5027: 5016: 5010:1Sam 16:4–13 5005: 4994: 4969: 4958: 4939: 4927:. Retrieved 4918: 4909: 4897:. Retrieved 4888: 4879: 4867:. Retrieved 4847: 4840: 4831: 4825: 4809: 4804: 4785: 4780: 4761: 4757: 4747: 4723: 4720:"Bethledhem" 4714: 4705: 4680:(1): 56–72. 4677: 4673: 4648:. Retrieved 4618: 4605: 4585: 4578: 4566:. Retrieved 4546: 4527: 4523: 4513: 4489: 4485: 4484:"house" and 4481: 4479: 4452: 4430: 4407:. Retrieved 4401: 4391: 4379:. Retrieved 4375:the original 4334: 4330: 4325: 4321: 4317: 4313: 4303:November 29, 4301:. Retrieved 4297:the original 4266:. Retrieved 4262:the original 4257: 4247: 4235:. Retrieved 4207:. Retrieved 4198: 4189: 4169: 3681:Barranquilla 3624: 3589:refugee camp 3582: 3547: 3518: 3484: 3458:2022–present 3450:Anton Salman 3432:Hanna Nasser 3420:Elias Bandak 3408:Elias Bandak 3396:Elias Bandak 3344:Hanna Mansur 3320:Khalil Yaqub 3300: 3253: 3245: 3213: 3211: 3202: 3200: 3181:production. 3171: 3164: 3138: 3111: 3081: 3066: 3011: 3007: 3000: 2987: 2983: 2980: 2933: 2901: 2877: 2867: 2844: 2823: 2791: 2712:Jacir Palace 2689: 2657:Salam Fayyad 2639: 2600: 2596:Jacir Palace 2568:. Since the 2562:middle-class 2542: 2526: 2510: 2482: 2456: 2452: 2445: 2434: 2414: 2341:3,000–4,000 2318:Demographics 2019: 2012: 2007: 1997: 1960: 1897: 1882: 1857: 1832: 1801: 1792:Yitzak Rabin 1777: 1755: 1708: 1652: 1621: 1617: 1602: 1556:Frederick II 1538: 1512:who led the 1499: 1472: 1464:al-Muqaddasi 1425: 1403:depicted in 1358: 1326: 1300:. After the 1287: 1260: 1238: 1195: 1151:Book of Ruth 1143:Genesis 48:7 1127:Hebrew Bible 1109: 1082: 1072: 1063: 1054: 1038: 1030: 1016: 1013: 1003: 986: 971: 969: 936: 921:Mesopotamian 915: 913: 859: 838: 831: 822:Palestinians 810:Arab Muslims 803: 783:Oslo Accords 741:clergy with 720: 692:Roman Empire 690:. Under the 672:Hebrew Bible 661: 616: 589: 539: 538: 512: 504: 447:10,611 430:Anton Salman 36: 12312:Holy cities 12253:Kuwait City 12183:Constantine 12028:Kuwait City 11550:Holy Family 11206:Roast goose 11127:Mulled wine 11107:Champurrado 11102:Apple cider 11076:Bread sauce 11029:Szaloncukor 11009:Pumpkin pie 10959:Gingerbread 10913:Smörgåsbord 10554:Other media 10392:Philippines 10382:New Zealand 10265:Twelve Days 10222:Räuchermann 10177:Nutcrackers 10127:Las Posadas 10087:Decorations 10067:Christingle 10007:Zwarte Piet 10002:Snegurochka 9923:Sinterklaas 9873:Santa Claus 9415:Beit Hanoun 9287:al-Eizariya 9247:Beit Sahour 9056:Wadi Rahhal 9053:Wadi an-Nis 9024:Marah Rabah 8958:Beit Ta'mir 8925:al-Ubeidiya 8881:Beit Fajjar 8836:Beit Sahour 8613:Shomali, Q. 8468:"Bethlehem" 8433:January 19, 8269:(1): 1–12. 8223:"Jumelages" 8197:zaragoza.es 8120:January 22, 8064:January 22, 8028:January 22, 7998:January 22, 7920:January 22, 7872:November 4, 7847:January 22, 7719:January 28, 7676:January 22, 7580:Archaeology 7410:January 22, 7267:January 29, 7164:January 22, 6944:October 15, 6666:January 22, 6634:"Bethlehem" 6522:October 22, 6508:"Bethlehem" 6491:November 9, 6462:October 24, 6139:December 7, 6114:December 7, 6088:December 7, 6058:December 7, 5947:January 22, 5874:December 7, 5841:January 22, 5775:Yair Tsaban 5670:January 22, 5496:October 29, 5457:January 22, 5391:October 14, 5181:October 14, 5099:October 14, 4974:1 Sam 17:12 4869:October 14, 4568:October 14, 4381:January 22, 4268:January 22, 4237:October 26, 4019:Montpellier 4006:Montevarchi 3928:Għajnsielem 3850:Częstochowa 3570:Beit Fajjar 3566:al-Ubeidiya 3480:Beit Sahour 3452:– 2017–2022 3446:– 2012–2017 3444:Vera Baboun 3434:– 1997–2005 3428:– 1972–1997 3426:Elias Freij 3422:– 1963–1972 3416:– 1958–1962 3410:– 1953–1957 3398:– 1951–1953 3392:– 1946–1951 3386:– 1936–1946 3376:– 1929–1933 3370:– 1926–1928 3364:– 1921–1925 3362:Musa Qattan 3358:– 1917–1921 3346:– 1895–1915 3232:community. 2869:Archaeology 2851:Holy Family 2661:Middle East 2652:and former 2564:status and 2543:A study by 2527:In 2006, a 2333:Population 1944:Beit Sahour 1924:Beit Safafa 1758:Six-Day War 1579:Ottoman era 1462:geographer 1411:Middle Ages 1385:Justinian I 1367:of Emperor 1051:Philistines 1039:Beit Lahama 952: [ 872:בֵּית לֶחֶם 866:in Hebrew ( 779:Six Day War 759:World War I 716:Justinian I 614:בֵּית לֶחֶם 421:(from 1995) 419:Area A City 391:Governorate 359: / 111:בֵּית לֶחֶם 12291:Categories 12223:Port Sudan 11832:In culture 11688:Narratives 11411:Gethsemane 11338:Gennesaret 10934:Candy cane 10883:Joulupöytä 10783:Pikkujoulu 10447:New Mexico 10296:By country 10270:Wassailing 10211:Poinsettia 10018:Traditions 9970:Mrs. Claus 9950:Belsnickel 9903:Julemanden 9898:Joulupukki 9829:Wenceslaus 9794:North Pole 9759:Jack Frost 9749:Christkind 9704:Neapolitan 9527:Boxing Day 9450:az-Zawayda 9440:Khan Yunis 9420:Beit Lahia 9397:Gaza Strip 9257:Beit Ummar 9242:Bani Na'im 9049:Wadi Fukin 9011:al-Ma'sara 8706:Vermes, G. 8620:Singer, A. 8583:Read, P.P. 7944:Al-Monitor 7556:Mark 6:1–4 7059:August 25, 6977:Palestine. 6964:Al Jazeera 6852:August 25, 6814:August 25, 6770:August 25, 6405:Census by 6258:Tqoa' area 5694:(2001–02) 5419:Klein 2018 5043:August 17, 4944:Gen. 35:16 4458:de Gruyter 4181:References 3798:Concepción 3707:Burlington 3683:, Colombia 3619:See also: 3114:Franciscan 3008:thob malak 2996:broadcloth 2967:See also: 2963:Embroidery 2904:Protestant 2882:magazine, 2800:says that 2704:St. Jerome 2665:Gaza Strip 2549:birth rate 2483:After the 2469:See also: 2430:Protestant 2323:Population 1665:Modern era 1395:, invaded 1363:, widowed 1228:See also: 1183:anointment 1133:, and the 1027:Canaanites 939:being the 723:Caliphates 704:Samaritans 676:Israelites 649:Christians 496:Bethlehemi 456:Population 410:Government 347:35°12′23″E 344:31°42′16″N 12297:Bethlehem 12233:Bethlehem 12117:Jerusalem 11915:Christmas 11704:Matthew 1 11651:Bethlehem 11617:Shepherds 11601:Balthazar 11442:Bethabara 11391:Bethphage 11386:Bethlehem 11328:Capernaum 11318:Bethsaida 11221:Tourtière 11211:Romeritos 11148:Dumplings 11095:Beverages 10999:Pecan pie 10989:Panettone 10984:Pampushka 10979:Mince pie 10954:Fruitcake 10898:Réveillon 10778:NFL games 10773:NBA games 10768:In August 10738:Economics 10508:Billboard 10362:Indonesia 10305:Australia 10280:Yule goat 10255:Stockings 10189:Ornaments 9918:Père Noël 9913:Olentzero 9908:Noel Baba 9883:Ded Moroz 9839:Yule Lads 9779:Mari Lwyd 9630:Bethlehem 9507:Christmas 9430:Gaza City 9362:Tarqumiya 9267:Bethlehem 9252:Beit Jala 9224:West Bank 9060:al-Walaja 9016:al-Maniya 8963:Dar Salah 8910:al-Khader 8904:al-Asakra 8831:Beit Jala 8656:Socin, A. 8573:March 10, 8507:March 17, 8291:170454212 8283:1062-0516 8237:April 20, 8207:April 20, 8177:April 20, 8147:August 4, 7954:March 17, 7630:2724-587X 7567:John 1:46 7463:Micah 5:2 7377:March 13, 7122:143729196 6702:April 16, 5997:Frontline 5977:March 29, 5810:March 29, 5773:p. 75 MK 5640:Bethlehem 5196:1:18–2:23 4999:1Sam 16:1 4963:Micah 5:2 4952:Ruth 4:11 4948:Gen. 48:7 4702:170130221 4694:1613-0103 4637:0003-097X 4499:cite book 4476:663773367 4432:The Times 4409:August 2, 4403:The Times 4209:August 2, 4086:, Austria 4071:Sarpsborg 3993:Monterrey 3915:Gallipoli 3787:, Germany 3733:Catanzaro 3642:Abu Dhabi 3601:Jerusalem 3593:West Bank 3562:al-Khader 3478:mural in 3467:Education 3440:2005–2012 3404:– 1952–53 3352:– 1916–17 3256:Communist 3222:Basic Law 3179:olive oil 3016:Byzantium 2944:al-Khader 2724:Jerusalem 2635:al-Khader 2603:Christmas 2498:Wadi Musa 2020:Khamaseen 1984:Ma'asarte 1964:Ghassanid 1928:Beit Jala 1900:Gaza City 1889:Jerusalem 1867:Geography 1762:West Bank 1573:Armenians 1536:in 1789. 1500:In 1187, 1491:Baldwin I 1475:Crusaders 1165:. In the 1059:Palestine 1055:Philistia 1004:Bit-Laḫmi 1000:Abdi-Heba 925:Canaanite 862:Bet Leḥem 841:Bayt Laḥm 828:Etymology 735:Crusaders 682:. In the 645:Christmas 633:Jerusalem 619:Bēṯ Leḥem 592:Bayt Laḥm 540:Bethlehem 501:Etymology 396:Bethlehem 384:Palestine 315:Bethlehem 287:West Bank 279:Bethlehem 46:Bethlehem 12104:Damascus 12068:Khartoum 11850:Batlejka 11591:Melchior 11477:Umm Qais 11406:Gabbatha 11381:Bethesda 11353:Nazareth 11333:Chorazin 11254:Category 11225:meat pie 11216:Stuffing 11170:Varenyky 11039:Yule log 11014:Qurabiya 10888:Julebord 10861:Food and 10788:SantaCon 10753:El Gordo 10640:Yule Log 10412:Scotland 10325:Ethiopia 10310:Colombia 10285:Yule log 10239:Spanbaum 10216:Pyramids 10082:Crackers 9980:Sack Man 9866:folklore 9834:Yule cat 9739:Badalisc 9729:folklore 9640:Epiphany 9462:de facto 9382:al-Yamun 9337:Ramallah 9327:Qalqilya 9322:Qabatiya 9272:al-Bireh 9262:Beitunia 9149:Dheisheh 9116:Mar Saba 9069:Religion 8940:Villages 8930:Za'atara 8896:Jannatah 8886:al-Dawha 8743:Archived 8708:(2006). 8694:(1860). 8682:(1993). 8658:(1879). 8640:Archived 8622:(1994). 8585:(2000). 8567:Archived 8557:(1991). 8494:(1890). 8445:(1883). 8427:Archived 8401:Archived 8366:Archived 8348:(2003). 8346:Dunn, J. 8231:Archived 8201:Archived 8171:Archived 7948:Archived 7893:Archived 7808:, p. 436 7776:cite web 7649:Archived 7604:: 5–57. 7559:Archived 7429:Archived 7399:BBC News 7292:Archived 7287:BBC News 7193:July 22, 7053:Archived 6994:Ekklesia 6938:Archived 6913:July 22, 6882:July 22, 6846:Archived 6808:Archived 6764:Archived 6756:Newsweek 6732:Archived 6516:Archived 6391:Archived 6360:June 16, 6238:Archived 6235:Clans −2 6190:Archived 6179:Archived 6083:Ynetnews 6026:Archived 5967:BBC News 5937:BBC News 5916:July 22, 5869:Ynetnews 5767:Archived 5764:download 5760:B'Tselem 5700:BBC News 5688:Archived 5644:Archived 5583:Archived 5555:Archived 5536:Archived 5385:Archived 5317:July 17, 5311:Archived 5175:Archived 5157:(2010). 5122:(1993). 5093:Archived 4988:Luke 2:4 4923:Archived 4899:March 7, 4893:Archived 4863:Archived 4562:Archived 4203:Archived 4118:See also 4110:Zaragoza 4073:, Norway 4060:, Russia 4034:, Brazil 4021:, France 3995:, Mexico 3982:, France 3969:, France 3967:Grenoble 3902:Florence 3889:Faggiano 3852:, Poland 3826:, France 3759:Chivasso 3748:, France 3746:Chartres 3670:, Greece 3644:, U.A.E. 3578:Herodium 3525:Catholic 3260:Islamist 3248:Bedouins 3242:building 3226:Catholic 3214:mukhtars 3125:pilgrims 3067:Taqsireh 3012:shatwehs 2988:taqsireh 2940:al-Khadr 2806:Nazareth 2617:. 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