History of Bhutan - Knowledge

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incurred the disapproval of the Druk Gyalpo by seeking to become sole regent of the kingdom after his brother's death, eliminating the Queen and the king's brother. Before returning to Bhutan from Switzerland, Jigme Dorji met with the Indian Secretary General and Foreign Secretary in Calcutta who offered Indian support, including paratroopers if necessary, to help the Druk Gyalpo restore order in the kingdom. Unable to regain the Druk Gyalpo's trust, Lhendup fled to London, while other supporters in the military and government fled to Nepal and Calcutta. Afterwards, in concurrence of the National Assembly, Lhendup Dorji and other family members were exiled in 1965. However, the exiles continued their attacks on the Druk Gyalpo and India, worsening relations between India and China. The tense political situation continued and in July 1965 there was an assassination attempt on the Druk Gyalpo. The Dorjis were not implicated in the attempt—which was described as a "private matter"—and the would-be assassins were pardoned by the Druk Gyalpo.

3477:). Yanki (who had four children with the Druk Gyalpo, including two sons, between 1962 and 1972) was the alleged force behind the plot, which was uncovered three months before the coronation; thirty persons were arrested, including high government and police officials. However, Lawrence Sittling, secretary to Jigme Dorji Wangchuck, later reported that the assassination plot was a fabrication by a Chinese diplomat designed to alienate Bhutan from India. But the truth was not any more politically acceptable—those arrested were Tibetan Khampas rebels, trained in India, who were traveling through Bhutan on a mission to Tibet. (Encyclopaedia of Saarc Nations, Syed) Under pressure from China, the Bhutanese government demanded that the four thousand Tibetan refugees living in Bhutan either become Bhutanese citizens or go into exile. Most chose exile. (Syed) 37: 3187:, the Penlop of Trongsa. From his power base in central Bhutan, Ugyen Wangchuck had defeated his political enemies and united the country following several civil wars and rebellions in 1882–85. His victory came at a time of crisis for the central government, however. British power was becoming more extensive to the south, and in the west Tibet had violated its border with Sikkim, incurring British disfavor. After 1,000 years of close ties with Tibet, Bhutan faced the threat of British military power and was forced to make serious geopolitical decisions. The British, seeking to offset potential Russian advances in Lhasa, wanted to open trade relations with Tibet. 3469:

the Druk Gyalpo. With his mother and two elder sisters as advisers, the new Druk Gyalpo was thrust into the affairs of state. He was often seen among the people, in the countryside, at festivals, and, as his reign progressed, meeting with foreign dignitaries in Bhutan and abroad. His formal coronation took place in June 1974, and soon thereafter the strains between the Wangchucks and Dorjis were relieved with the return that year of the exiled members of the latter family. The reconciliation, however, was preceded by reports of a plot to assassinate the new Druk Gyalpo before his coronation could take place and to set fire to the

3355:, on August 8, 1949, Thimphu signed the Treaty of Friendship Between the Government of India and the Government of Bhutan, according to which external affairs, formerly guided by Britain, were to be guided by India. Like Britain, India agreed not to interfere in Bhutan's internal affairs. India also agreed to increase the annual subsidy to 500,000 rupees per year. Important to Bhutan's national pride was the return of Dewangiri. Some historians believe that if India had been at odds with China at this time, as it was to be a decade later, it might not have acceded so easily to Bhutan's request for independent status. 3560:

Sikkim. The actual numbers were difficult to establish, as many of those in the camps were reported to be holding forged identity papers, and impoverished Nepalese citizens and started to migrate to the Nepalese community leaving their refugee camps. The reason for leaving refugee camps was to find a job, and services to those living in camps. Few of them returned to the refugee camps. As a result, the number of people living in the camps decreased exponentially. Although the Bhutanese government claimed that only about 5000 initially left the country, the number of actual migration was more than that.

3301:. The Treaty of Punakha amended two articles of the 1865 treaty: the British agreed to double their annual stipend to 100,000 rupees and "to exercise no interference in the internal administration of Bhutan." In turn, Bhutan agreed "to be guided by the advice of the British Government in regard to its external relations." The Treaty of Punakha guaranteed Bhutan's defense against China; China, in no position to contest British power, conceded the end of the millennium-long Tibetan-Chinese influence. It also assigned land in 2698: 2306: 3444:

himself, would reside with the National Assembly. The following November, the Druk Gyalpo renounced his veto power over National Assembly bills and said he would step down if two-thirds of the legislature passed a no-confidence vote. Although he did nothing to undermine the retention of the Wangchuck dynasty, the Druk Gyalpo in 1969 called for a triennial vote of confidence by the National Assembly (later abolished by his successor) to renew the Druk Gyalpo's mandate to rule.

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was now reported to be fomenting in the camps, especially as the United Nations terminated a number of educational and welfare programmes in an effort to force Bhutan and Nepal to come to terms. As the Bhutanese government was unwilling to take them into their country many developed nations offered the refugees to allow them to settle in their own countries which included USA and Australia. As many as 20,000 Bhutanese refugees have been resettled in these countries.

7620: 6885: 3427:, and for a time under the Druk Gyalpo's brother, Namgyal Wangchuck, as head of the army. According to some sources, a power struggle ensued between pro-Wangchuck loyalists and "modernist" Dorji supporters. The main issue was not an end to or lessening of the power of the monarchy but "full freedom from Indian interference." Other observers believe the 1964 crisis was not so much a policy struggle as competition for influence on the palace between the 7630: 6895: 4590: 7007: 3329:

the end of his life, Ugyen Wangchuck was concerned about the continuity of the family dynasty, and in 1924 he sought British assurance that the Wangchuck family would retain its preeminent position in Bhutan. His request led to an investigation of the legal status of Bhutan vis-à-vis the suzerainty held over Bhutan by Britain and the ambiguity of Bhutan's relationship to India. Both the suzerainty and the ambiguity were maintained.

2089: 2453: 3084:, free and unrestricted commerce between India and Bhutan, and settlement of Bhutan's debt to the British. In an attempt to protect its independence, Bhutan rejected the British offer. Despite increasing internal disorder, Bhutan had maintained its control over a portion of the Assam Duars more or less since its reduction of Cooch Behar to a dependency in the 1760s. After the British gained control of 2893:'s death in 1651 apparently was kept a carefully guarded secret for fifty-four years. Initially, Ngawang Namgyal was said to have entered into a religious retreat, a situation not unprecedented in Bhutan, Sikkim, or Tibet during that time. During the period of Ngawang Namgyal's supposed retreat, appointments of officials were issued in his name, and food was left in front of his locked door. 3384:, the overland gateway town on the southwest border with India. Dzongkha was made the national language during Jigme Dorji's reign. Additionally, development projects included establishing such institutions as a national museum in Paro and a national library, national archives, and national stadium, as well as buildings to house the National Assembly, the High Court ( 3392:, was upgraded in 1958 to lonchen (prime minister) and was still in the hands of the Dorji. Jigme Dorji Wangchuck's reforms, however, although lessening the authority of the absolute monarchy, also curbed the traditional decentralization of political authority among regional leaders and strengthened the role of the central government in economic and social programs. 3240:, in his place. When the last Zhabdrung died in 1903 and a reincarnation had not appeared by 1906, civil administration came under the control of Ugyen Wangchuck. Finally, in 1907, the fifty-fourth and last Druk Desi was forced to retire, and despite recognitions of subsequent reincarnations of Ngawang Namgyal, the Zhabdrung system came to an end. 2903:, in 1651 and 1680, respectively, succeeded him. They started their reigns as minors under the control of religious and civil regents and rarely exercised authority in their own names. For further continuity, the concept of multiple reincarnation of the first Zhabdrung—in the form of either his body, his speech, or his mind—was invoked by the 3616:, the previous King stated to his cabinet that "as long as he continued to be King, the Crown Prince would not gain the experience of dealing with issues and carrying out the responsibilities of a head of state. With parliamentary democracy to be established in 2008, there was much to be done; so he needed to gain this valuable experience." 3344:(reigned 1926–52). The second Druk Gyalpo continued his father's centralization and modernization efforts and built more schools, dispensaries, and roads. During Jigme Wangchuck's reign, monasteries and district governments were increasingly brought under royal control. However, Bhutan generally remained isolated from international affairs. 2684:, it continued to proselytize until the 17th century. The Drukpa spread throughout Bhutan and eventually became a dominant form of religious practice. Between the 12th century and the 17th century, the two Kargyupa subsects vied with one another from their respective dzong as the older form of Nyingmapa Buddhism was eclipsed. 3431:

and the Druk Gyalpo's Tibetan consort, Yanki, and her father. Lhendup Dorji had earlier threatened to kill Yanki—his sister's rival—and ordered her arrest when, fearing for her life and that of her 2-year-old son by the Druk Gyalpo, she sought refuge in India during the political crisis. Lhendup also

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The issue of Bhutan's status vis-à-vis the government of India was reexamined by London in 1932 as part of the issue of the status of India itself. It was decided to leave the decision to join an Indian federation up to Bhutan when the time came. When British rule over India ended in 1947, so too did

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words Bhota-ant (end of Bhot) or Bhu-uttan (meaning highlands) have been suggested by historians as origins of the name Bhutan, which came into common foreign use in the late 19th century and is used in Bhutan only in English-language official correspondence. The traditional name of the country since

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After years of negotiations between Nepal and Bhutan, in 2000 Bhutan agreed in principle to allow certain classes of the refugees to return to Bhutan. However the situation was at a standstill, after violence was committed on Bhutanese officials by the angered people in the camps. Significant unrest

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were reemphasized in the person of the new king, whose mother, Ashi Kesang Dorji (Ashi means Queen), was the sister of the lonchen, Jigme Palden Dorji. Jigme Singye Wangchuck, who had been educated in India and Britain, had been appointed ponlop of Tongsa in May 1972 and by July that year had become

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the year-round capital. In May 1968, the comprehensive Rules and Regulations of the National Assembly revised the legal basis of the power granted to the National Assembly. The Druk Gyalpo decreed that henceforth sovereign power, including the power to remove government ministers and the Druk Gyalpo

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Charges and countercharges of border incursions and protection of fugitives led to an unsuccessful Bhutanese mission to Calcutta in 1852. Among other demands, the mission sought increased compensation for its former Duars territories; instead the British deducted nearly 3,000 rupees from the annual

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and sometimes referred to as the Second Buddha), came to Bhutan from India at the invitation of one of the numerous local kings. After reportedly subduing eight classes of demons and converting the king, Guru Rimpoche moved on to Tibet. Upon his return from Tibet, he oversaw the construction of new

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peoples of Bhutan), possibly a part of Tibet that was then beyond the pale of Buddhist teachings. Monyul is thought to have existed between AD 100 and AD 600. The names Lhomon Tsendenjong (southern Mon sandalwood country) and Lhomon Khashi (southern Mon country of four approaches), found in ancient

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Much of Bhutan's modern development has been attributed by Bhutanese historians to the first Druk Gyalpo. Internal reforms included introducing Western-style schools, improving internal communications, encouraging trade and commerce with India, and revitalizing the Buddhist monastic system. Toward

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in India in 1857-58 and the demise of the British East India Company's rule prevented immediate British action. Bhutanese armed forces raided Sikkim and Cooch Behar in 1862, seizing people, property, and money. The British responded by withholding all compensation payments and demanding release of

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The previous King's abdication in favor of his son was initially set to occur in 2008 as well. Still, there was an apparent concern that the new King should have hands-on experience as the nation's leader before presiding over a transformation in the country's form of government. According to the

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On March 26, 2005, "an auspicious day when the stars and elements converge favourably to create an environment of harmony and success", the king and government distributed a draft of the country's first constitution, requesting that every citizen review it. A new house of parliament, the National

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In 1988, Bhutan evicted some number of Nepali-speaking residents (Bhutanese reports say about 5,000 and Refugee reports says over 100,000) from districts in southern Bhutan, creating a large refugee community that was now being detained in seven temporary United Nations refugee camps in Nepal and

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began military operations against guerrilla camps in southern Bhutan, in coordination with Indian armed forces who lined the border to the south to prevent the guerrillas from dispersing back into Assam. News sources indicated that of the 30 camps that were targeted, 13 campers were controlled by

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stock that later overran northern Bhutan. The people of Monyul practiced a shamanistic religion, which emphasized worship of nature and the existence of good and evil spirits. During the latter part of this period, historical legends relate that the mighty king of Monyul invaded a southern region

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became the ruler, and when India gained independence in 1947, the new Indian Government recognized Bhutan as an independent country. In 1949, India and Bhutan signed the Treaty of Peace and Friendship, which provided that India would not interfere in Bhutan's internal affairs, but would guide its

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Bhutan is one of the few countries which has been independent throughout its history, never conquered, occupied, or governed by an outside power (notwithstanding occasional nominal tributary status). From the time historical records are clear, Bhutan has continuously and successfully defended its

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Diplomatic overtures also were made during Jigme Dorji Wangchuck's reign. Although always seeking to be formally neutral and nonaligned in relations with China and India, Bhutan also sought more direct links internationally than had occurred previously under the foreign-policy guidance of India.

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on 25 April 1774. Bhutan agreed to return to its pre-1730 boundaries, paid a symbolic tribute of five horses to Britain, and, among other concessions, allowed the British to harvest timber in Bhutan. Subsequent missions to Bhutan were made by the British in 1776, 1777, and 1783, and commerce was

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in 1826, tension between the countries began to rise as Britain exerted its strength. Bhutanese payments of annual tribute to the British for the Assam Duars gradually fell into arrears. British demands for payment led to military incursions into Bhutan in 1834 and 1835, resulting in defeat for

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in western Tibet; these were monasteries of the Southern branch of the Drukpa sect and so fell under the authority of the Bhutanese Je Khenpo and the Zhabdrung. These enclaves persisted under Bhutanese control even after the rest of western Tibet came under the control of the Dalai Lama and his

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The fourth Druk Gyalpo further stated that: "Bhutan could not hope for a better time for such an important transition. Today, the country enjoys peace and stability, ensuring its security and sovereignty. After phenomenal development and progress, the country is closer than ever to the goal of

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and the Pacific known as the Colombo Plan, and in 1966 notified India of its desire to become a member of the United Nations (UN). In 1971, after holding observer status for three years, Bhutan was admitted to the UN. In an effort to maintain Bhutan as a stable buffer state, India continued to

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and the separation of the judiciary from the executive branch of government. Mostly funded by India after China's Tibetan uprising in 1959, the modernization program also included the construction of roads linking the Indian plains with central Bhutan. An all-weather road was completed in 1962

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religious practices that had also been prevalent in Tibet until the late 6th century. Instead, Buddhism absorbed Bon and its believers. As the country developed in its many fertile valleys, Buddhism matured and became a unifying element. It was Buddhist literature and chronicles that began the

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To further ensure its independence and international position, Bhutan gradually established diplomatic relations with other nations and joined greater numbers of regional and international organizations. Many of the countries with which Bhutan established relations provided development aid.

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it offered. Britain declared war in November 1864. Bhutan had no regular army, and what forces existed were composed of dzong guards armed with matchlocks, bows and arrows, swords, knives, and catapults. Some of these dzong guards, carrying shields and wearing chainmail armor, engaged the

3367:, was enthroned in 1952. Earlier he had married the European-educated cousin of the chogyal (king) of Sikkim and with her support made continual efforts to modernize his nation throughout his twenty-year reign. Among his first reforms was the establishment of the National Assembly — the 2435:." It recognizes that there are many dimensions to development and that economic goals alone are not sufficient. Satisfied with Bhutan's transitioning democratization process, he abdicated in December 2006 rather than wait until the promulgation of the new constitution in 2008. His son, 2962:. Internal opposition to the central government resulted in overtures by the opponents of the Druk Desi to Tibet and Sikkim. In the 1680s, Bhutan invaded Sikkim in pursuit of a rebellious local lord. In 1700, Bhutan again invaded Sikkim, and in 1714 Tibetan forces, aided by 3374:

When the Chinese communists took over Tibet in 1951, Bhutan closed its frontier with Tibet and sided with its powerful neighbor to the south. To offset the chance of Chinese encroachment, Bhutan began a modernization program. Land reform was accompanied by the abolition of

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ascended the throne at age 16. He emphasized modern education, decentralization of governance, the development of hydroelectricity and tourism and improvements in rural developments. He was perhaps best known internationally for his overarching development philosophy of

2919:, were in the early 1990s. The compulsory admission to monastic life of at least one son from any family having three or more sons was instituted in the late 17th century. In time, however, the State Council became increasingly secular as did the successive Druk Desi, 3100:

compensation and demanded an apology for alleged plundering of British-protected lands by members of the mission. Following more incidents and the prospect of an anti-Bhutan rebellion in the Bengal Duars, British troops deployed to the frontier in the mid-1850s. The

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Several guerrilla groups seeking to establish an independent Assamese state in northeast India have set up guerrilla bases in the forests of southern Bhutan, from which they launched cross-border attacks on targets in Assam. The largest guerrilla group was the ULFA

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opened between British India and Bhutan, and, for a short time, Tibet. In 1784, the British turned over to Bhutanese control Bengal Duars territory, where boundaries were poorly defined. As in its other foreign territories, Bhutan left administration of the Bengal

2744:), becoming the temporal and spiritual leader of Bhutan. Considered the first great historical figure of Bhutan, he united the leaders of powerful Bhutanese families in a land called Drukyul. He promulgated a code of law and built a network of impregnable forts ( 2639:, Bhutan's official national language) had firmly rooted their religion and culture in Bhutan, and members of joint Tibetan-Mongol military expeditions settled in fertile valleys. By the 11th century, all of Bhutan was occupied by Tibetan-Mongol military forces. 2332:

and remains obscure. Some of the structures provide evidence that the region has been settled as early as 2000 BC. According to a legend it was ruled by a Cooch-Behar king, Sangaldip, around the 7th century BC, but not much is known prior to the introduction of

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economic self-reliance. Bhutan’s relationship with its closest neighbor and friend, India, has reached new heights. International organizations and bilateral development partners are ready to support Bhutan’s development efforts and political transformation."

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Britain's association with Bhutan. India succeeded Britain as the de facto protector of the Himalayan kingdom, and Bhutan retained control over its internal government. It was two years, however, before a formal agreement recognized Bhutan's independence.

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over the use of military vehicles and the forced retirement of some fifty officers. Religious elements also were antagonized by Dorji's efforts to reduce the power of the state-supported religious institutions. In April 1964, while the Druk Gyalpo was in

3739:, p. 24: "here can be no doubt that since at least the tenth century no external power has controlled Bhutan, although there have been periods when various of its neighbors have been able to exert a strong cultural and/or political influence there." 2375:, an intricate and comprehensive system of law, and established himself as ruler over a system of ecclesiastical and civil administrators. After his death, infighting and civil war eroded the power of the Zhabdrung for the next 200 years. In 1885 3144:(1864–65) lasted only five months and, despite some battlefield victories by Bhutanese forces, resulted in Bhutan's defeat, loss of part of its sovereign territory, and forced cession of formerly occupied territories. Under the terms of the 3587:

Per the Constitution, the monarchy is given a leadership role in setting the direction for the government as long as the King shall demonstrate his commitment and ability to safeguard the interests of the kingdom and its people.

3056:, who was serving as regent for the youthful Dalai Lama. In correspondence with the British governor general of India, however, the Panchen Lama instead punished the Druk Desi and invoked Tibet's claim of suzerainty over Bhutan. 2788:. The invasions were thwarted, and the Drukpa subsect developed a strong presence in western and central Bhutan, leaving Ngawang Namgyal supreme. In recognition of the power he accrued, goodwill missions were sent to Bhutan from 2627:—manuals describing forms of devotion to natural energy—to Bhutan. Following the guru's sojourn, Indian influence played a temporary role until increasing Tibetan migrations brought new cultural and religious contributions. 2349:

school was established and remains the dominant form of Buddhism in Bhutan today. The country's political history is intimately tied to its religious history and relations among the various monastic schools and monasteries.

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as the state religion. Bhutanese rivals of Ngawang Namgyal encouraged the Mongol intrusion, but the Mongol force was easily defeated in the humid lowlands of southern Bhutan. Another Tibetan invasion in 1647 also failed.

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Council, is chartered consisting of 20 elected representatives from each of the dzonghags, persons selected by the King. The National Council would be paired with the other already existing house, the National Assembly.

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in 1730, and Bhutanese political influence was not long in following. By the mid-1760s, Thimphu considered Cooch Behar its dependency, stationing a garrison force there and directing its civil administration. When the

3503:, which had endured for more than 300 years, was ousted following a plebiscite in which the Nepalese majority outvoted the Sikkimese minority. Sikkim, long a protectorate of India, became India's twenty-second state. 3068:

territory to local officials and collected its revenues. Although major trade and political relations failed to develop between Bhutan and Britain, the British had replaced the Tibetans as the major external threat.

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or Yellow Hat school had, after a period of anarchy in Tibet, become a powerful force resulting in the flight to Bhutan of numerous monks of various minor opposing sects. Among these monks was the founder of the

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Though the invaders were unable to take control, the political system remained unstable. Regional rivalries contributed to the gradual disintegration of Bhutan at the time the first British agents arrived.

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There was no central government during this period. Instead, small independent monarchies began to develop by the early 9th century. Each was ruled by a deb (king), some of whom claimed divine origins. The

3371:— in 1953. Although the Druk Gyalpo could issue royal decrees and exercise veto power over resolutions passed by the National Assembly, its establishment was a major move toward a constitutional monarchy. 3258:

became hereditary holders of the position of Gongzim (Chief Chamberlain), the top government post. The British, wanting political stability on their northern frontier, approved of the entire development.

3520:). Negotiations aimed at removing them peacefully from these bases failed in the spring of 2003. Bhutan was faced with the prospect of having to strengthen its token army force to evict the guerrillas. 3412:

for medical care, Dorji was assassinated in Phuntsholing by an army corporal. The majority of those arrested and accused of the crime were military personnel and included the army chief of operations,

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two years later, however, the Druk Desi's nominee for the throne was opposed by a rival who invited British troops, and, in effect, Cooch Behar became a dependency of the British East India Company.

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which provided that British India would not interfere in the internal affairs of Bhutan if the country accepted external advice in its external relations. When Ugyen Wangchuck died in 1926, his son

2915:. The last person recognized as the bodily reincarnation of Ngawang Namgyal died in the mid-18th century, but speech and mind reincarnations, embodied by individuals who acceded to the position of 2676:

school, to whom is attributed the introduction of strategically built dzong. Although the Lhapa subsect had been successfully challenged in the 12th century by another Kargyupa subsect—the

3499:, and formal diplomatic relations were established in 1973. An event in 1975 may have served as a major impetus to Bhutan to speed up reform and modernization. In that year, neighboring 6872: 3538: 3105:

all captives and return of stolen property. Demands to the Druk Desi went unheeded, as he was alleged to be unaware of his frontier officials' actions against Sikkim and Cooch Behar.

2877:, which described the spiritual and civil regime and provided laws for government administration and for social and moral conduct. The duties and virtues inherent in the Buddhist 2390::འབྲུག་རྒྱལ་དང་པ་ཨོ་རྒྱན་དབང་ཕྱུག)Ugyen Wangchuck was elected as the hereditary ruler of Bhutan, crowned on 17 December 1907, and installed as the head of state, the Druk Gyalpo ( 2780:

Tibetan armies invaded Bhutan around 1629, in 1631, and again in 1639, hoping to throttle Ngawang Namgyal's popularity before it spread too far. In 1634 Ngawang Namgyal defeated

2863:. The ponlop were combination tax collectors, judges, military commanders, and procurement agents for the central government. Their major revenues came from the trade between 2748:), a system that helped bring local lords under centralized control and strengthened the country against Tibetan invasions. Many forts were extant in the late 20th century. 3247:

and to establish a new absolute monarchy. Ugyen Wangchuck was elected its first hereditary Druk Gyalpo ("Dragon King") and subsequently reigned from 1907 to 1926. Bhutan's

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Gelugpa sect, until 1959 when the Bhutanese enclaves were seized by the Chinese. In addition to these outposts in Tibet, Bhutan for a time held monastic fiefs in Ladakh,

2773:, and offered him their services in the war against Tibet, but the Zhabdrung declined the offer. After a stay of nearly eight months Cacella wrote a long letter from the 3080:

in 1815 and 1838. The 1815 mission was inconclusive. The 1838 mission offered a treaty providing for extradition of Bhutanese officials responsible for incursions into

3196: 3052:, a British expeditionary force drove the Bhutanese garrison out of Cooch Behar and invaded Bhutan in 1772–73. The Druk Desi petitioned Lhasa for assistance from the 2623:, which became for a time the dominant religion of Bhutan. Guru Rimpoche plays a great historical and religious role as the national patron saint who revealed the 4367: 36: 5088: 3608:, with a specific intention to prepare the young King for the country's transformation to a full-fledged, democratic form of government due to occur in 2008. 3195:, saw the opportunity to assist the British and in 1903-4 volunteered to accompany a British mission to Lhasa as a mediator. For his services in securing the 5542: 2836: 2518:

Bhutanese and Tibetan chronicles, may also have credence and have been used by some Bhutanese scholars when referring to their homeland. Variations of the

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In November 1907, an assembly of leading Buddhist monks, government officials, and heads of important families was held to end the moribund 300-year-old

3120:, while the legitimate Druk Desi sought the protection of the ponlop of Paro and was later deposed. The British mission dealt alternately with the rival 3236:

was obsolete and ineffective. He had removed his chief rival, the ponlop of Paro, and installed a supporter and relative, a member of the pro-British

3148:, signed on 11 November 1865, Bhutan ceded territories in the Assam Duars and Bengal Duars, as well as the eighty-three-square-kilometer territory of 6256: 3413: 2828: 1929: 1989: 6850:

Claimed in 1908; territory formed 1962; overlaps portions of Argentine and Chilean claims, borders not enforced but claim not renounced under the

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a year to Bhutan. In 1842, Bhutan gave to the British control of some of the troublesome Bengal Duars territory it had administered since 1784.

2827:—by the 19th century, usually the latter; he was elected for a three-year term, initially by a monastic council and later by the State Council ( 3507:

Modernization of daily life brought new problems to Bhutan in the late 1980s. Television broadcast was official introduced in Bhutan in 1999.

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Bhutan's troubles were not over, however. In 1643, a joint Mongol-Tibetan force sought to destroy Nyingmapa refugees who had fled to Bhutan,

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established northeast of Thimphu in 1527. The kingdom was divided into three regions (east, central, and west), each with an appointed

2835:. In time, the Druk Desi came under the political control of the State Council's most powerful faction of regional administrators. The 2728:

political influence was established, and premodern Bhutan emerged. The theocratic government was founded by an expatriate Drukpa monk,

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were the first recorded Europeans to visit Bhutan on their way to Tibet. They met with Ngawang Namgyal, presented him with firearms,

2736:(Ocean Lama) in Lhasa. After a series of victories over rival subsect leaders and Tibetan invaders, Ngawang Namgyal took the title 7534: 4535: 2954:

During the first period of succession and further internal consolidation under the Druk Desi government, there was conflict with

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By the 10th century, Bhutan's political development was heavily influenced by its religious history. Following a period in which

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The British proceeded in 1841 to annex the formerly Bhutanese-controlled Assam Duars, paying a compensation of 10,000

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and Bhutan patronized a sequence of subsects until their own political decline in the 14th century. By that time, the

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Britain sent a peace mission to Bhutan in early 1864, in the wake of the recent conclusion of a civil war there. The

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Some scholars believe that during the early historical period the inhabitants were fierce mountain aborigines, the

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Boundary disputes plagued Bhutanese–British relations. To reconcile their differences, Bhutan sent an emissary to

2823:(regent of Bhutan, also known as Deb Raja in Western sources). The Druk Desi was either a monk or a member of the 6924: 6497: 6228: 5066: 4564: 3517: 2285: 2109: 6791: 6319: 5933: 5827: 5644: 5328: 4625: 3649: 3605: 2839:

was the head of state and the ultimate authority in religious and civil matters. The seat of government was at

2803:, and Nepal. The Mongols had seized control of religious and civil power in Tibet in the 1630s and established 2463: 2436: 2039: 288: 46: 3036:

in 1770, Cooch Behari forces joined their Bhutanese counterparts in the offensive. In a succession dispute in

7252: 7208: 6601: 6365: 6116: 5557:. After recognised independence in 1980, Zimbabwe was a member of the Commonwealth until it withdrew in 2003. 5454: 5386: 3659: 2527:, the Dragon people, or the Land of the Thunder Dragon, a reference to the country's dominant Buddhist sect. 1864: 7344: 6401: 5851: 5775: 5751: 5745: 5102: 4869: 4620: 373: 3456:

Jigme Dorji Wangchuck ruled until his death in July 1972 and was succeeded by his seventeen-year-old son,

7590: 6818: 6484: 5334: 4851: 4766: 4528: 3486: 2408: 1974: 1844: 3282:). The Dalai Lama then fled to India. China laid claim not only to Tibet but also to Bhutan, Nepal, and 2796:

in western Tibet. The ruler of Ladakh even gave a number of villages in his kingdom to Ngawang Namgyal.

7654: 7549: 7454: 7226: 6917: 6556: 6333: 6307: 6204: 5973: 4950: 4808: 4730: 4610: 4579: 3060: 2278: 2124: 2024: 2732:, who arrived in Bhutan in 1616 seeking freedom from the domination of the Gelugpa subsect led by the 7092: 6968: 6847:; Ascension Island (1922–) and Tristan da Cunha (1938–) were previously dependencies of Saint Helena. 6490: 6446: 6168: 5879: 5554: 5524: 5282: 4955: 4803: 4788: 3541:(KLO). By January, government news reports indicated the guerillas had been routed from their bases. 3244: 3233: 2948: 2912: 2721: 2358: 2264: 1994: 1954: 1944: 1419: 1013: 362: 234: 2881:(religious law) played a large role in the new legal code, which remained in force until the 1960s. 2635:

was the most prominent among these small entities. At the same time, Tibetan Buddhist monks (lam in

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A 17th-century Italian map showing a large "Kingdom of Barantola or Boutan" bordering on Nepal and

2432: 2407:, Bhutan began to slowly emerge from its isolation and began a program of planned development. The 1879: 793: 633: 19: 3199:

of 1904, Ugyen Wangchuck was knighted and thereafter continued to accrue greater power in Bhutan.

7504: 7469: 7424: 6888: 6720: 6595: 6563: 6544: 6210: 6162: 6104: 5813: 5757: 5133: 4993: 4615: 3681: 2474: 2137: 1984: 1949: 1784: 1564: 1113: 665: 594: 7394: 7389: 7284: 7172: 7146: 6359: 6340: 6216: 6180: 5952: 5940: 5839: 5719: 5707: 5595: 5550: 5538: 5169: 4975: 4771: 4756: 4521: 4444: 3601: 3578: 3457: 2843:, the site of a 13th-century dzong, in the spring, summer, and fall. The winter capital was at 2563:(reigned 627–649), a convert to Buddhism, ordered the construction of two Buddhist temples, at 2427: 2416: 2310: 2259: 1899: 1874: 1824: 1764: 1349: 1285: 1083: 299: 174: 3952: 3015:

In the early 18th century, Bhutan had successfully developed control over the principality of

7514: 7489: 7404: 7384: 7334: 7304: 7294: 7166: 6898: 6504: 5659: 5436: 5418: 5227: 5158: 4846: 4776: 3436: 3388:), and other government entities in Thimphu. The position of gongzim, held since 1907 by the 3364: 3267: 3262:

Britain's earlier entreaties in Lhasa had unexpected repercussions at this time. The Chinese

2660: 2404: 1934: 1904: 1769: 1724: 1554: 1193: 1183: 1153: 885: 865: 726: 95: 57: 4010: 3713: 3179:

In the 1870s and 1880s, renewed competition among regional rivals—primarily the pro-British

2978:, and assisted Ladakh in its 1684 war with Tibet. Ladakh had earlier granted Bhutan several 7600: 7479: 7474: 7354: 7216: 6809: 6627: 6540: 6474: 6452: 6353: 6313: 6222: 6186: 6124: 6049: 5737: 5472: 5466: 5460: 4798: 2785: 2758: 2470: 2412: 2391: 2202: 2172: 2014: 1869: 1854: 1799: 1440: 2509:

A state of Lhomon (literally, southern darkness) or Monyul (dark land, a reference to the

2314: 8: 7574: 7544: 7494: 7449: 7429: 7419: 7319: 7044: 7022: 6288: 6091: 5998: 5946: 5833: 5821: 5801: 5789: 5701: 5492: 5404: 5003: 4988: 4965: 4879: 4761: 4704: 4645: 4598: 4574: 3294: 2979: 2681: 2632: 2144: 2119: 1794: 1522: 1369: 1063: 1043: 455: 403: 4675: 7519: 7434: 7414: 7299: 7289: 7192: 7186: 6990: 6948: 6534: 6516: 6456: 6347: 6073: 6035: 6011: 5992: 5883: 5430: 5356: 5322: 5221: 5201: 5127: 5008: 4910: 4861: 4793: 4744: 4665: 4635: 3654: 3550: 3461: 3403:, the Druk Gyalpo's brother-in-law. In 1962, however, Dorji incurred disfavor with the 3400: 3224: 3173: 3145: 2916: 2366: 2318: 2158: 1999: 1859: 1839: 1484: 1093: 1003: 773: 763: 696: 645: 351: 267: 3116:—who had emerged victorious—had broken with the central government and set up a rival 7629: 7564: 7499: 7464: 7399: 7379: 7369: 7329: 7314: 7120: 7052: 6983: 6894: 6480: 6098: 6063: 5795: 5683: 5625: 5609: 5448: 5442: 5392: 5362: 5292: 5032: 4920: 4893: 4874: 4834: 4688: 4660: 4476: 4429: 4408: 4264: 4237: 4160: 4091: 4063: 3956: 3945: 3917: 3884: 3857: 3826: 3774: 3687: 3529: 3404: 3376: 3352: 3298: 3251: 3180: 3133: 3129: 2752: 2620: 2395: 2369:, defeated three Tibetan invasions, subjugated rival religious schools, codified the 2151: 2079: 2009: 1979: 1889: 1884: 1829: 1604: 1494: 1473: 1429: 1399: 1103: 1033: 1023: 993: 475: 437: 317: 69: 4033:, "Administrative Integration and Conflict with Tibet, 1651–1728" (pp. 257–258) 3059:

Failing to receive help from Tibet, the Druk Desi signed a Treaty of Peace with the

2560: 7605: 7524: 7484: 7459: 7439: 7374: 7349: 7339: 7324: 7087: 7082: 7077: 7067: 7062: 6851: 6784: 6776: 6768: 6696: 6607: 6575: 6462: 6262: 6174: 5959: 5485: 5478: 5380: 5265: 5210: 4998: 4960: 4930: 4915: 4856: 4720: 4589: 3637: 3113: 2944: 2940: 2928: 2774: 2334: 2207: 2004: 1939: 1909: 1894: 1849: 1834: 1819: 1789: 1684: 1379: 1163: 1073: 952: 942: 895: 824: 803: 393: 383: 222: 157: 5096: 4379: 3132:(the latter acting on behalf of the Druk Desi), but Bhutan rejected the peace and 2815:'s rule, administration comprised a state monastic body with an elected head, the 7444: 7409: 7364: 7359: 7268: 7160: 7154: 7136: 6804: 6581: 6510: 6301: 6240: 6079: 5763: 5665: 5368: 5055: 5013: 4983: 4945: 4940: 4640: 4484: 4402: 4258: 4231: 4186: 4154: 3911: 3878: 3820: 3768: 3720: 3630: 3470: 3341: 3337: 3310: 3229: 3188: 3184: 3101: 2896: 2890: 2870: 2812: 2729: 2612: 2564: 2399: 2376: 2218: 2197: 2189: 2179: 2070: 1462: 1451: 1409: 1389: 1307: 1274: 855: 783: 743: 655: 615: 577: 495: 4502:

Formation of the State of Bhutan in the 17th Century and its Tibetan Antecedents

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and the anti-British, pro-Tibetan ponlop of Paro—resulted in the ascendancy of

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were established, along with a new code of law. Bhutan became a member of the

7648: 7623: 7198: 7072: 7057: 6730: 6550: 5731: 5615: 4905: 4480: 4456: 3999:, "Consolidation and Defeat of Tibetan Invasions, 1616–51" (pp. 256–257) 3523: 3424: 3165: 3125: 3024: 2983: 2932: 2844: 2603: 2599: 2580: 2514: 2305: 2165: 1594: 1534: 1359: 753: 706: 686: 560: 543: 505: 485: 420: 204: 194: 184: 127: 4488: 3395:

Modernization efforts moved forward in the 1960s under the direction of the

3232:'s emergence as the national leader coincided with the realization that the 2792:

in the Duars (present-day northeastern West Bengal), Nepal to the west, and

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was able to consolidate power, and began cultivating closer ties with the

7633: 7178: 7141: 6877: 6373: 6274: 6085: 5689: 5589: 5304: 5298: 4783: 3409: 3200: 3192: 3085: 3037: 3016: 2996: 2900: 2855:, or governor, holding a seat in a major dzong. Districts were headed by 2789: 2714: 2692: 2608: 2572: 2559:

Buddhism was first introduced to Bhutan in the 7th century. Tibetan king

2544: 1734: 1694: 1654: 1053: 915: 905: 3495:

in 1971, Bhutan was the first nation to recognize the new government of

2777:

reporting the travel. This is a rare report of the Zhabdrung remaining.

2655:

in the 11th century, contention among a number of subsects emerged. The

7221: 6150: 6131: 5874: 5653: 5272: 5189: 4569: 3554: 3496: 3279: 2911:, both of whom wanted to retain the power they had accrued through the 2733: 2114: 1644: 1544: 1254: 3450:

Colombo Plan for Cooperative, Economic, and Social Development in Asia

3416:, the Druk Gyalpo's uncle, who was executed for his part in the plot. 6956: 6796: 5649: 5398: 5182: 4699: 3318: 3302: 3212: 3207:, went on to maintain British favor on behalf of the government from 3149: 3117: 3029: 2908: 2904: 2832: 2820: 2816: 2770: 2766: 2616: 2329: 1614: 6909: 3023:

of Cooch Behar had sought assistance from Bhutan against the Indian

2575:. Buddhism was propagated in earnest in 746 under King Sindhu Rāja ( 2481:. Statements consisting only of original research should be removed. 6973: 6724: 6639: 5918: 5870: 5619: 5546: 5532: 5528: 5498: 5286: 4710: 4473:

Polity, Kingship, and Democracy: A biography of the Bhutaneae state

4260:

Himalayan kingdom Bhutan: tradition, transition, and transformation

3680:

Fraser, Neil; Bhattacharya, Anima; Bhattacharya, Bimalendu (2001).

3492: 3419:

The unstable situation continued under Dorji's successor as acting

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In 1966, to increase the efficiency of government administration,

3152:

in southeastern Bhutan, in return for an annual subsidy of 50,000

6995: 6633: 5966: 5926: 5519: 5276: 5235: 4455:

This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the

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During the 17th century Bhutan maintained close relations with

2959: 2920: 2878: 2852: 2800: 2793: 2706: 2624: 2535: 2387: 2325: 973: 4380:"Home - South Asia Human Rights Documentation Centre (SAHRDC)" 3679: 3473:(Fortress of the Glorious Religion, the seat of government in 2819:(lord abbot), and a theocratic civil government headed by the 6144: 5866: 5338: 4090:. Warminster, England: Aris & Phillips Ltd. p. 249. 3153: 3093: 3081: 3065: 3000: 2992: 2955: 2885:

Administrative integration and conflict with Tibet, 1651–1728

2864: 2860: 2859:, or district officers, who had their headquarters in lesser 2848: 2824: 2725: 2702: 2652: 2584: 2548: 2540: 2338: 4191:. Vol. 17. Arts of Asia Publications. 1987. p. 107 5695: 4060:

The Raven Crown: The Origins of Buddhist Monarchy in Bhutan

3597: 3020: 2524: 2362: 2342: 1634: 3524:

Military action against Assamese separatists December 2003

3910:

Padma-gliṅ-pa, (Gter-ston) (2003). Harding, Sarah (ed.).

3604:, abdicated all of his powers as King to his son, Prince 2740:(At Whose Feet One Submits, or, in many Western sources, 2591: 2442: 3480: 4368:

Timeline of the introduction of television in countries

3822:

Peoples of the Buddhist world: a Christian prayer diary

3770:

Tigers in red weather: a quest for the last wild tigers

2317:

on the northern edge of the city, has been the seat of

4156:

Syamukapu: The Lhasa Newars of Kalimpong and Kathmandu

3278:

in 1720 but placed it under the administration of the

2927:, and intense rivalries developed among the ponlop of 2693:

Consolidation and defeat of Tibetan invasions, 1616–51

6749: 5882:. Iraq's mandate was not enacted and replaced by the 2619:

sect—also known as the "old sect" or Red Hat sect—of

2583:

king who had established a government in Bumthang at

4143:, "British Intrusion, 1772–1907" (pp. 259–261) 3089:Bhutan's forces and a temporary loss of territory. 2969: 2687: 2539:known as the Duars, subduing the regions of modern 4297:, "Development of Centralized Government, 1926–52" 4220:, "Establishment of the Hereditary Monarchy, 1907" 3947:Columbia Chronologies of Asian History and Culture 3944: 2966:, invaded Bhutan but were unable to gain control. 2394:). In 1910, King Ugyen and the British signed the 2357:The consolidation of Bhutan occurred in 1616 when 3591: 3289:On January 8, 1910, Sikkim Political Officer and 3254:took photographs of the coronation ceremony. The 2523:the 17th century has been Drukyul—country of the 7646: 4088:Bhutan: The Early History of a Himalayan Kingdom 3951:. New York: Columbia University Press. pp. 3453:provide substantial amounts of development aid. 3333:Development of centralized government, 1926–1952 3043: 2873:'s regime was bound by a legal code called the 4233:Encyclopedia of Nineteenth-Century Photography 4116:, "Civil Conflict, 1728–72" (pp. 258–259) 4062:. Chicago: Serindia Publications. p. 42. 3773:. Bloomsbury Publishing USA. pp. 139–40. 3219:Establishment of the hereditary monarchy, 1907 2579:Künjom; Sendha Gyab; Jakar Gyalpo), an exiled 18:"Drukyul" redirects here. For other uses, see 7253: 6925: 6409: 5082: 4529: 4341:Indo-Bhutan Relations and China Interventions 3909: 3754:, "Origins and Early Settlement, AD 600–1600" 3359:Modernization under King Jigme Dorji, 1952–72 2403:foreign policy. Succeeded in 1952 by his son 2286: 2047: 6844:Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha 6827:South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands 6705:South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands 4358:, "Entering the Outside World, 1972–present" 4320:, "Modernization under Jigme Dorji, 1952–72" 3006: 2590:Buddhism replaced but did not eliminate the 2345:to flee to Bhutan. In the 12th century, the 3851: 3340:died in 1926 and was succeeded by his son, 7260: 7246: 6932: 6918: 6416: 6402: 5089: 5075: 4536: 4522: 3076:in 1787, and the British sent missions to 3048:Under the Cooch Behari agreement with the 2751:During the first war with Tibet, c. 1627, 2293: 2279: 2054: 2040: 4146: 3274:in 1910 (the Qing dynasty had previously 2615:. According to tradition, he founded the 2497:Learn how and when to remove this message 5888:Legitimacy of territorial establishment 4420: 4334: 4332: 4330: 4328: 4326: 3818: 3683:Geography of a Himalayan Kingdom: Bhutan 3448:Consequently, in 1962 Bhutan joined the 2696: 2304: 4229: 4026: 4024: 4022: 3992: 3990: 3988: 3986: 3984: 3913:The life and revelations of Pema Lingpa 3903: 3812: 3762: 3760: 3567: 3510: 3317:to the British, assigning a portion of 3191:, on the advice of his closest adviser 7647: 6873:Historical flags of the British Empire 6857:Claimed in 1908; territory formed 1985 4442: 4355: 4351: 4349: 4317: 4313: 4311: 4309: 4307: 4305: 4303: 4294: 4290: 4288: 4286: 4217: 4213: 4211: 4209: 4207: 4205: 4152: 4140: 4113: 4030: 3996: 3975: 3942: 3806: 3751: 2567:in central Bhutan and at Kyichu (near 2554: 2443:Origins and early settlement, 600–1600 7241: 6939: 6913: 6748: 6660: 6397: 5906: 5578: 5253: 5146: 5070: 4517: 4470: 4323: 4256: 4136: 4134: 4132: 4130: 4128: 4126: 4124: 4122: 4109: 4107: 3876: 3845: 3825:. William Carey Library. p. 30. 3766: 3747: 3745: 3535:National Democratic Front of Bodoland 3481:International relations, 1972–present 3266:, concerned that Britain would seize 2534:, who were of neither the Tibetan or 2313:, Thimphu. The 17th-century fortress- 4400: 4082: 4054: 4042: 4019: 3981: 3883:. Sangay Xam, Prominent Publishers. 3852:Rennie, Frank; Mason, Robin (2008). 3802: 3800: 3798: 3796: 3757: 3736: 3709: 3707: 3705: 3703: 3544: 2889:To keep Bhutan from disintegrating, 2642: 2446: 2337:in the 9th century, when turmoil in 7267: 6684:Saint Andrew and Providence Islands 5527:. British Cameroons is now part of 4543: 4346: 4300: 4283: 4202: 4153:Hilker, Deb Shova Kansakar (2005). 3969: 3880:History of Bhutan based on Buddhism 3351:Following the precedent set by the 2995:(now part of India), as well as in 2439:, became King upon his abdication. 13: 5543:unilaterally declared independence 5238:1708–1757, 1763–1782 and 1798–1802 4475:, Thimphu: Ministry of Education, 4464: 4447:, in Savada, Andrea Matles (ed.), 4119: 4104: 3870: 3742: 14: 7666: 6750:Antarctica and the South Atlantic 6729:Occupied by Argentina during the 6661: 5907: 4495: 4449:Nepal and Bhutan: Country Studies 4338: 3793: 3700: 3686:. Concept Publishing. p. 1. 3596:On December 15, 2006, the fourth 3539:Kamatapur Liberation Organisation 7628: 7619: 7618: 7005: 6893: 6884: 6883: 6296:Saint Vincent and the Grenadines 4588: 3272:established direct rule in Tibet 2970:Bhutan exclaves in western Tibet 2688:Theocratic government, 1616–1907 2451: 2365:from western Tibet known as the 2087: 35: 4565:Second Battle of Simtokha Dzong 4394: 4372: 4361: 4257:Sinha, Awadhesh Coomar (2001). 4250: 4223: 4179: 4076: 4048: 4036: 4002: 3936: 3572: 3518:United Liberation Front of Asom 2867:and India and from land taxes. 2611:and set up his headquarters in 2328:'s early history is steeped in 2110:Second Battle of Simtokha Dzong 7586:British Indian Ocean Territory 6792:Australian Antarctic Territory 5648:since 1965 (before as part of 5645:British Indian Ocean Territory 5531:, while Tanganyika is part of 5162:since 1960 (before as part of 3730: 3673: 3650:Outline of South Asian history 3606:Jigme Khesar Namgyel Wangchuck 3592:Jigme Khesar Namgyel Wangchuck 3297:engaged Bhutan and signed the 3168:in 1865 at the conclusion the 3156:. The land that was to become 3137:well-equipped British forces. 2437:Jigme Khesar Namgyel Wangchuck 289:Ochre Coloured Pottery culture 1: 4428:. Nodia: Random House India. 3943:Bowman, John S., ed. (2000). 3666: 3660:Timeline of Bhutanese history 3309:) and a hill station between 1219: 958: 931: 830: 809: 732: 671: 600: 583: 566: 549: 532: 511: 426: 409: 163: 7152:Druk Gyalpo (King of Bhutan) 5103:British Overseas Territories 4407:, Cornell University Press, 3491:When civil war broke out in 3044:British intrusion, 1772–1907 2705:, as well as, surprisingly, 2598:In 810AD, a Buddhist saint, 2595:recorded history of Bhutan. 374:Northern Black Polished Ware 7: 6819:British Antarctic Territory 6529:Western Pacific Territories 6423: 4236:. Routledge. p. 1496. 3978:, "Rivalry among the Sects" 3623: 3537:(NDFB), and 5 camps by the 3487:Foreign relations of Bhutan 2477:the claims made and adding 2409:National Assembly of Bhutan 1970:Influence on Southeast Asia 10: 7671: 6557:Gilbert and Ellice Islands 5974:British Arctic Territories 5254: 5147: 4508:Profile of Bhutanese Kings 4504:(archived 31 October 2008) 4443:Worden, Robert L. (1991), 3916:. Snow Lion Publications. 3576: 3548: 3484: 3222: 3172:and as a condition of the 3061:British East India Company 352:Black and Red ware culture 17: 7614: 7573: 7533: 7275: 7207: 7129: 7101: 7043: 7015: 7002: 6969:Dual system of government 6947: 6868: 6837: 6797:Commonwealth of Australia 6755: 6744: 6715: 6667: 6656: 6622: 6429: 6393: 6199:Newfoundland and Labrador 5913: 5902: 5880:League of Nations mandate 5861: 5585: 5574: 5555:Lancaster House Agreement 5525:League of Nations mandate 5514: 5260: 5249: 5153: 5142: 5109: 5026: 4974: 4901: 4892: 4842: 4833: 4752: 4743: 4674: 4606: 4597: 4586: 4555: 4510:(archived 11 August 2002) 3714:"Background Note: Bhutan" 3245:dual system of government 3007:Civil conflict, 1728–1772 2913:dual system of government 363:Painted Grey Ware culture 235:Indus Valley Civilisation 7335:East Timor (Timor-Leste) 6327:Turks and Caicos Islands 5634:(protectorate) 1907–1949 5579: 5206:(integrated into the UK) 3856:. IAP. pp. 18, 58. 3725:U.S. Department of State 3645:List of rulers of Bhutan 3612:national newspaper, the 3528:On 15 December 2003 the 3460:. The close ties of the 3197:Anglo-Tibetan Convention 2433:gross national happiness 1014:Gurjara-Pratihara Empire 994:Eastern Chalukya Kingdom 595:Maha-Megha-Vahana Empire 20:Drukyul (disambiguation) 7596:Cocos (Keeling) Islands 6610:1919–1942 and 1945–1968 6435:18th and 19th centuries 6251:Queen Charlotte Islands 6211:North-Western Territory 6183:1665–1674 and 1702–1776 5786:1781–1784 and 1795–1819 5451:1923–1965 and 1979–1980 5134:Commonwealth of Nations 3854:Bhutan: ways of knowing 3819:Hattaway, Paul (2004). 3809:, "Arrival of Buddhism" 3363:The third Druk Gyalpo, 2720:In the 17th century, a 1114:Western Chalukya Empire 257:Mature Harappan culture 7173:Jigme Singye Wangchuck 6360:West Indies Federation 5549:) and continued as an 5132:Current member of the 4404:The Politics of Bhutan 4230:Hannavy, John (2013). 4159:. Vajra Publications. 3602:Jigme Singye Wangchuck 3579:Constitution of Bhutan 3533:ULFA, 12 camps by the 3458:Jigme Singye Wangchuck 2717: 2428:Jigme Singye Wangchuck 2417:Royal Court of Justice 2322: 2020:Science and technology 404:Three Crowned Kingdoms 246:Early Harappan culture 61:(2,500,000–250,000 BC) 7167:Jigme Dorji Wangchuck 6282:Saint Kitts and Nevis 5553:state until the 1979 5159:Akrotiri and Dhekelia 4693:(electoral precincts) 4570:Bhutan War (Duar War) 4471:Kinga, Sonam (2009), 4451:, Library of Congress 4426:The History of Bhutan 4401:Rose, Leo E. (1977), 3877:Dorji, C. T. (1994). 3437:Jigme Dorji Wangchuck 3365:Jigme Dorji Wangchuck 3234:dual political system 3223:Further information: 3003:(now part of Nepal). 2722:theocratic government 2700: 2680:—led by Tibetan monk 2405:Jigme Dorji Wangchuck 2383:in the subcontinent. 2308: 2115:Bhutan War (Duar War) 1923:Specialised histories 1194:Kalachuris of Kalyani 1184:Kalachuris of Tripuri 866:Western Ganga Kingdom 794:Indo-Sassanid Kingdom 744:Western Satrap Empire 727:Indo-Parthian Kingdom 717:Indo-Scythian Kingdom 268:Late Harappan culture 29:History of South Asia 7510:United Arab Emirates 7217:Battle of Five Lamas 6810:Realm of New Zealand 6808:(transferred to the 6795:(transferred to the 6628:Realm of New Zealand 6229:Prince Edward Island 6107:1671–1816, 1833–1960 4263:. Indus Publishing. 3767:Padel, Ruth (2006). 3600:Gyalpo, His Majesty 3568:Formalized democracy 3511:Assamese separatists 3380:between Thimphu and 2786:Battle of Five Lamas 2602:(known in Bhutan as 2413:Royal Bhutanese Army 2235:World Heritage Sites 1441:Ahmadnagar Sultanate 1243:Late medieval period 1154:Eastern Ganga Empire 886:Vishnukundina Empire 7537:limited recognition 6841:Since 2009 part of 6733:of April–June 1982. 6320:Trinidad and Tobago 5934:Antigua and Barbuda 5834:Straits Settlements 4575:Operation All Clear 4009:"Stephen Cacella", 3377:slavery and serfdom 3295:Charles Alfred Bell 2682:Phajo Drugom Shigpo 2633:kingdom of Bumthang 2607:monasteries in the 2555:Arrival of Buddhism 2319:Bhutan's government 2120:Operation All Clear 1523:Early modern period 1370:Vijayanagara Empire 1350:Chitradurga Kingdom 1044:Bhauma-Kara Kingdom 456:Shaishunaga dynasty 7193:Sonam Topgay Dorji 7187:Jigme Palden Dorji 7130:Historical figures 6991:Zhabdrung Rinpoche 5993:Cape Breton Island 5884:Anglo-Iraqi Treaty 5726:Unfederated States 5541:Southern Rhodesia 5128:Commonwealth realm 4870:Telecommunications 3719:2021-11-12 at the 3655:Politics of Bhutan 3551:Bhutanese refugees 3401:Jigme Palden Dorji 3276:incorporated Tibet 3225:House of Wangchuck 3174:Treaty of Sinchula 3146:Treaty of Sinchula 2917:Zhabdrung Rinpoche 2718: 2715:Kingdom of Tanguts 2651:was in decline in 2462:possibly contains 2367:Zhabdrung Rinpoche 2323: 2000:Partition of India 1865:Khyber Pakhtunkhwa 1813:Regional histories 1758:National histories 1645:Travancore Kingdom 1615:Thondaiman Kingdom 1485:Golkonda Sultanate 1094:Somavamshi Kingdom 1064:Rashtrakuta Empire 1004:Rashidun Caliphate 926:Kabul Shahi Empire 774:Nagas of Padmavati 697:Indo-Greek Kingdom 637:(230 BC – AD 1206) 330:Vedic Civilisation 278:Vedic Civilisation 175:Ahar-Banas culture 7655:History of Bhutan 7642: 7641: 7579:other territories 7235: 7234: 7209:Historical events 7121:Wangchuck dynasty 7117: 6987: 6984:Penlop of Trongsa 6965: 6941:History of Bhutan 6907: 6906: 6864: 6863: 6740: 6739: 6672:Providence Island 6652: 6651: 6617: 6616: 6485:Western Australia 6453:Van Diemen's Land 6389: 6388: 6366:Associated States 6064:Columbia District 5898: 5897: 5752:Manila and Cavite 5570: 5569: 5449:Southern Rhodesia 5443:South-West Africa 5393:Northern Rhodesia 5305:Cape of Good Hope 5245: 5244: 5122:Current territory 5064: 5063: 5022: 5021: 4888: 4887: 4829: 4828: 4816:Political parties 4809:National Assembly 4767:Foreign relations 4739: 4738: 4414:978-0-8014-0909-7 4243:978-1-135-87327-1 4045:, pp. 70, 80 3863:978-1-59311-734-4 3545:Refugee community 3530:Royal Bhutan Army 3501:Sikkim's monarchy 3405:Royal Bhutan Army 3386:Thrimkhang Gongma 3353:Treaty of Punakha 3299:Treaty of Punakha 3252:John Claude White 3249:Political Officer 3203:, as well as his 3181:Penlop of Trongsa 3134:friendship treaty 3130:Penlop of Trongsa 2643:Sectarian rivalry 2621:Mahayana Buddhism 2507: 2506: 2499: 2464:original research 2396:Treaty of Punakha 2303: 2302: 2080:Culture of Bhutan 2064: 2063: 1749: 1748: 1743: 1742: 1663: 1662: 1565:Thanjavur Kingdom 1513: 1512: 1474:Bijapur Sultanate 1430:Deccan sultanates 1308:Tughlaq Sultanate 1255:Ghaznavid Dynasty 1233: 1232: 1104:Chaulukya Kingdom 1034:Mallabhum kingdom 1024:Umayyad Caliphate 764:Bharshiva Dynasty 660:(200 BC – AD 300) 650:(230 BC – AD 220) 646:Satavahana Empire 624: 623: 620:(247 BC – AD 224) 476:Macedonian Empire 450:(450 BC – AD 489) 438:Achaemenid Empire 308: 307: 213: 212: 136: 135: 86: 85: 70:Madrasian culture 7662: 7632: 7622: 7621: 7591:Christmas Island 7277:Sovereign states 7262: 7255: 7248: 7239: 7238: 7227:Military history 7111: 7093:Wangdue Phodrang 7010: 7009: 6981: 6959: 6934: 6927: 6920: 6911: 6910: 6897: 6887: 6886: 6852:Antarctic Treaty 6813: 6800: 6785:Falkland Islands 6777:Tristan da Cunha 6769:Ascension Island 6746: 6745: 6697:Falkland Islands 6658: 6657: 6626:Now part of the 6498:Pitcairn Islands 6463:Auckland Islands 6432: 6431: 6418: 6411: 6404: 6395: 6394: 6380:Windward Islands 6334:Vancouver Island 6111:MassachusettsBay 5980:British Columbia 5904: 5903: 5720:Federated States 5576: 5575: 5486:Tristan da Cunha 5455:Southern Nigeria 5387:Northern Nigeria 5266:Ascension Island 5251: 5250: 5207: 5144: 5143: 5118:Former territory 5115: 5091: 5084: 5077: 5068: 5067: 5049: 5042: 5035: 4951:National symbols 4899: 4898: 4865: 4840: 4839: 4804:National Council 4750: 4749: 4726: 4725:(village groups) 4716: 4694: 4604: 4603: 4592: 4580:Military history 4538: 4531: 4524: 4515: 4514: 4491: 4452: 4439: 4417: 4388: 4387: 4376: 4370: 4365: 4359: 4353: 4344: 4343: 4336: 4321: 4315: 4298: 4292: 4281: 4280: 4278: 4277: 4254: 4248: 4247: 4227: 4221: 4215: 4200: 4199: 4197: 4196: 4183: 4177: 4176: 4174: 4173: 4150: 4144: 4138: 4117: 4111: 4102: 4101: 4080: 4074: 4073: 4052: 4046: 4040: 4034: 4028: 4017: 4015: 4006: 4000: 3994: 3979: 3973: 3967: 3966: 3950: 3940: 3934: 3933: 3931: 3930: 3907: 3901: 3900: 3898: 3897: 3874: 3868: 3867: 3849: 3843: 3842: 3840: 3839: 3816: 3810: 3804: 3791: 3790: 3788: 3787: 3764: 3755: 3749: 3740: 3734: 3728: 3711: 3698: 3697: 3677: 3638:History of India 2949:Wangdue Phodrang 2775:Chagri Monastery 2502: 2495: 2491: 2488: 2482: 2479:inline citations 2455: 2454: 2447: 2359:Ngawanag Namgyal 2335:Tibetan Buddhism 2295: 2288: 2281: 2125:Military history 2091: 2082: 2066: 2065: 2056: 2049: 2042: 2005:Pakistan studies 1845:Himachal Pradesh 1685:Portuguese India 1681: 1680: 1677: 1635:Sikh Confederacy 1531: 1530: 1527: 1380:Bengal Sultanate 1319:Sayyid Sultanate 1297:Khalji Sultanate 1286:Mamluk Sultanate 1251: 1250: 1247: 1228: 1224: 1221: 1164:Kakatiya Kingdom 1074:Paramara Kingdom 967: 963: 960: 936: 933: 876:Kamarupa Kingdom 839: 835: 832: 825:Kalabhras Empire 818: 814: 811: 737: 734: 721:(50 BC – AD 400) 701:(180 BC – AD 10) 680: 676: 673: 642: 641: 638: 609: 605: 602: 588: 585: 571: 568: 554: 551: 537: 534: 520: 516: 513: 431: 428: 414: 411: 394:Haryanka dynasty 384:Pradyota dynasty 326: 325: 322: 231: 230: 227: 168: 165: 158:Anarta tradition 154: 153: 150: 118:Mehrgarh culture 108:Bhirrana culture 104: 103: 100: 99:(10,800–3300 BC) 66: 65: 62: 52: 51: 39: 25: 24: 7670: 7669: 7665: 7664: 7663: 7661: 7660: 7659: 7645: 7644: 7643: 7638: 7610: 7578: 7569: 7550:Northern Cyprus 7536: 7529: 7271: 7269:History of Asia 7266: 7236: 7231: 7203: 7161:Jigme Wangchuck 7155:Ugyen Wangchuck 7137:Ngawang Namgyal 7125: 7097: 7039: 7011: 7004: 7000: 6943: 6938: 6908: 6903: 6860: 6833: 6807: 6805:Ross Dependency 6794: 6751: 6736: 6711: 6663: 6648: 6618: 6613: 6569: 6564:Solomon Islands 6511:North Australia 6491:South Australia 6447:New South Wales 6425: 6422: 6385: 6105:Leeward Islands 5909: 5894: 5857: 5764:Muscat and Oman 5581: 5566: 5510: 5256: 5241: 5205: 5149: 5138: 5113: 5105: 5095: 5065: 5060: 5052: 5045: 5038: 5031: 5018: 4970: 4956:Public holidays 4884: 4863: 4825: 4789:Law enforcement 4735: 4724: 4714: 4692: 4670: 4651:Protected areas 4593: 4584: 4551: 4542: 4498: 4467: 4465:Further reading 4436: 4422:Phuntsho, Karma 4415: 4397: 4392: 4391: 4378: 4377: 4373: 4366: 4362: 4354: 4347: 4337: 4324: 4316: 4301: 4293: 4284: 4275: 4273: 4271: 4255: 4251: 4244: 4228: 4224: 4216: 4203: 4194: 4192: 4185: 4184: 4180: 4171: 4169: 4167: 4151: 4147: 4139: 4120: 4112: 4105: 4098: 4081: 4077: 4070: 4053: 4049: 4041: 4037: 4029: 4020: 4008: 4007: 4003: 3995: 3982: 3974: 3970: 3963: 3941: 3937: 3928: 3926: 3924: 3908: 3904: 3895: 3893: 3891: 3875: 3871: 3864: 3850: 3846: 3837: 3835: 3833: 3817: 3813: 3805: 3794: 3785: 3783: 3781: 3765: 3758: 3750: 3743: 3735: 3731: 3721:Wayback Machine 3712: 3701: 3694: 3678: 3674: 3669: 3664: 3631:History of Asia 3626: 3594: 3581: 3575: 3570: 3557: 3549:Main articles: 3547: 3526: 3513: 3489: 3483: 3471:Tashichho Dzong 3414:Namgyal Bahadur 3361: 3342:Jigme Wangchuck 3338:Ugyen Wangchuck 3335: 3230:Ugyen Wangchuck 3227: 3221: 3189:Ugyen Wangchuck 3185:Ugyen Wangchuck 3160:was ceded from 3102:Sepoy Rebellion 3046: 3009: 2972: 2897:Ngawang Namgyal 2891:Ngawang Namgyal 2887: 2871:Ngawang Namgyal 2829:Lhengye Tshokdu 2813:Ngawang Namgyal 2784:'s army in the 2759:Estêvão Cacella 2730:Ngawang Namgyal 2724:independent of 2695: 2690: 2672:subsect of the 2645: 2587:Gutho Palace. 2557: 2503: 2492: 2486: 2483: 2468: 2456: 2452: 2445: 2400:Jigme Wangchuck 2377:Ugyen Wangchuck 2299: 2270: 2269: 2265:National anthem 2250: 2249: 2240: 2239: 2230: 2229: 2213: 2212: 2193: 2192: 2132: 2131: 2130: 2129: 2103: 2102: 2078: 2060: 2031: 2030: 2029: 1924: 1916: 1915: 1914: 1814: 1806: 1805: 1804: 1759: 1751: 1750: 1745: 1744: 1678: 1675: 1673:Colonial states 1665: 1664: 1555:Madurai Kingdom 1528: 1525: 1515: 1514: 1463:Bidar Sultanate 1452:Berar sultanate 1420:Ladakh Kingdom 1410:Gajapati Empire 1390:Garhwal Kingdom 1275:Delhi Sultanate 1248: 1245: 1235: 1234: 1226: 1222: 1204:Chutiya Kingdom 1174:Zamorin Kingdom 965: 961: 953:Maukhari Empire 943:Chalukya Empire 934: 896:Maitraka Empire 837: 833: 816: 812: 804:Vakataka Empire 784:Sasanian Empire 735: 678: 674: 656:Kuninda Kingdom 639: 636: 634:Middle Kingdoms 626: 625: 616:Parthian Empire 607: 603: 586: 569: 552: 535: 518: 514: 429: 412: 323: 320: 310: 309: 228: 225: 215: 214: 166: 151: 148: 138: 137: 128:Edakkal culture 101: 98: 88: 87: 79:Soanian culture 63: 60: 49: 23: 12: 11: 5: 7668: 7658: 7657: 7640: 7639: 7637: 7636: 7626: 7615: 7612: 7611: 7609: 7608: 7603: 7598: 7593: 7588: 7582: 7580: 7571: 7570: 7568: 7567: 7562: 7557: 7552: 7547: 7541: 7539: 7531: 7530: 7528: 7527: 7522: 7517: 7512: 7507: 7502: 7497: 7492: 7487: 7482: 7477: 7472: 7467: 7462: 7457: 7452: 7447: 7442: 7437: 7432: 7427: 7422: 7417: 7412: 7407: 7402: 7397: 7392: 7387: 7382: 7377: 7372: 7367: 7362: 7357: 7352: 7347: 7342: 7337: 7332: 7327: 7322: 7317: 7312: 7307: 7302: 7297: 7292: 7287: 7281: 7279: 7273: 7272: 7265: 7264: 7257: 7250: 7242: 7233: 7232: 7230: 7229: 7224: 7219: 7213: 7211: 7205: 7204: 7202: 7201: 7195: 7189: 7181: 7175: 7169: 7163: 7157: 7149: 7144: 7139: 7133: 7131: 7127: 7126: 7124: 7123: 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6345: 6341:Virgin Islands 6337: 6331: 6323: 6317: 6311: 6308:South Carolina 6305: 6299: 6292: 6285: 6278: 6272: 6266: 6260: 6254: 6244: 6238: 6232: 6226: 6220: 6214: 6208: 6205:North Carolina 6202: 6196: 6190: 6184: 6178: 6172: 6166: 6160: 6154: 6148: 6142: 6139:Mosquito Coast 6136: 6128: 6122: 6121: 6120: 6108: 6102: 6095: 6089: 6083: 6077: 6071: 6068:Oregon Country 6061: 6057:Cayman Islands 6053: 6047: 6046: 6045: 6039: 6033: 6027: 6015: 6008: 6002: 5996: 5990: 5989: 5988: 5977: 5971: 5963: 5956: 5950: 5944: 5937: 5930: 5923: 5914: 5911: 5910: 5900: 5899: 5896: 5895: 5893: 5892: 5886: 5877: 5862: 5859: 5858: 5856: 5855: 5849: 5846:Trucial States 5843: 5837: 5831: 5825: 5819: 5818: 5817: 5805: 5799: 5793: 5787: 5781: 5780: 5779: 5767: 5761: 5755: 5749: 5743: 5742: 5741: 5735: 5729: 5723: 5711: 5705: 5699: 5693: 5687: 5681: 5675: 5669: 5663: 5657: 5641: 5635: 5629: 5623: 5613: 5607: 5606: 5605: 5593: 5586: 5583: 5582: 5572: 5571: 5568: 5567: 5565: 5564: 5558: 5539:Self-governing 5536: 5522: 5515: 5512: 5511: 5509: 5508: 5502: 5496: 5490: 5482: 5476: 5470: 5464: 5458: 5452: 5446: 5440: 5434: 5428: 5422: 5416: 5408: 5402: 5396: 5390: 5384: 5378: 5372: 5366: 5360: 5354: 5348: 5342: 5332: 5326: 5320: 5314: 5311:Central Africa 5308: 5302: 5296: 5290: 5280: 5270: 5261: 5258: 5257: 5247: 5246: 5243: 5242: 5240: 5239: 5233: 5232: 5231: 5225: 5216: 5215: 5214: 5199: 5196:Ionian Islands 5193: 5187: 5179: 5173: 5167: 5154: 5151: 5150: 5140: 5139: 5137: 5136: 5130: 5124: 5119: 5116: 5110: 5107: 5106: 5099:British Empire 5094: 5093: 5086: 5079: 5071: 5062: 5061: 5059: 5058: 5051: 5050: 5043: 5036: 5028: 5027: 5024: 5023: 5020: 5019: 5017: 5016: 5011: 5006: 5001: 4996: 4991: 4986: 4980: 4978: 4972: 4971: 4969: 4968: 4963: 4958: 4953: 4948: 4943: 4938: 4933: 4928: 4918: 4913: 4908: 4902: 4896: 4890: 4889: 4886: 4885: 4883: 4882: 4877: 4872: 4867: 4859: 4854: 4849: 4843: 4837: 4831: 4830: 4827: 4826: 4824: 4823: 4821:Prime Minister 4818: 4813: 4812: 4811: 4806: 4796: 4791: 4786: 4781: 4780: 4779: 4769: 4764: 4759: 4753: 4747: 4741: 4740: 4737: 4736: 4734: 4733: 4728: 4718: 4715:(subdistricts) 4708: 4696: 4686: 4680: 4678: 4672: 4671: 4669: 4668: 4663: 4658: 4653: 4648: 4643: 4638: 4633: 4631:Extreme points 4628: 4623: 4618: 4613: 4607: 4601: 4595: 4594: 4587: 4585: 4583: 4582: 4577: 4572: 4567: 4561: 4559: 4553: 4552: 4541: 4540: 4533: 4526: 4518: 4512: 4511: 4505: 4497: 4496:External links 4494: 4493: 4492: 4466: 4463: 4462: 4461: 4440: 4434: 4418: 4413: 4396: 4393: 4390: 4389: 4371: 4360: 4345: 4322: 4299: 4282: 4269: 4249: 4242: 4222: 4201: 4178: 4165: 4145: 4118: 4103: 4096: 4075: 4068: 4047: 4035: 4018: 4001: 3980: 3968: 3961: 3935: 3922: 3902: 3889: 3869: 3862: 3844: 3831: 3811: 3792: 3779: 3756: 3741: 3729: 3699: 3693:978-8170228875 3692: 3671: 3670: 3668: 3665: 3663: 3662: 3657: 3652: 3647: 3641: 3640: 3634: 3633: 3627: 3625: 3622: 3593: 3590: 3577:Main article: 3574: 3571: 3569: 3566: 3546: 3543: 3525: 3522: 3512: 3509: 3485:Main article: 3482: 3479: 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1877: 1872: 1867: 1862: 1857: 1852: 1847: 1842: 1837: 1832: 1827: 1822: 1816: 1815: 1812: 1811: 1808: 1807: 1803: 1802: 1797: 1792: 1787: 1782: 1777: 1772: 1767: 1761: 1760: 1757: 1756: 1753: 1752: 1747: 1746: 1741: 1740: 1737: 1731: 1730: 1727: 1721: 1720: 1717: 1711: 1710: 1707: 1701: 1700: 1697: 1691: 1690: 1687: 1679: 1671: 1670: 1667: 1666: 1661: 1660: 1657: 1651: 1650: 1647: 1641: 1640: 1637: 1631: 1630: 1627: 1625:Maratha Empire 1621: 1620: 1617: 1611: 1610: 1607: 1605:Sikkim Kingdom 1601: 1600: 1597: 1595:Marava Kingdom 1591: 1590: 1587: 1581: 1580: 1577: 1571: 1570: 1567: 1561: 1560: 1557: 1551: 1550: 1547: 1541: 1540: 1537: 1529: 1521: 1520: 1517: 1516: 1511: 1510: 1507: 1501: 1500: 1497: 1495:Keladi Kingdom 1491: 1490: 1487: 1480: 1479: 1476: 1469: 1468: 1465: 1458: 1457: 1454: 1447: 1446: 1443: 1436: 1435: 1432: 1426: 1425: 1422: 1416: 1415: 1412: 1406: 1405: 1402: 1400:Mysore Kingdom 1396: 1395: 1392: 1386: 1385: 1382: 1376: 1375: 1372: 1366: 1365: 1362: 1356: 1355: 1352: 1346: 1345: 1342: 1336: 1335: 1332: 1330:Lodi Sultanate 1325: 1324: 1321: 1314: 1313: 1310: 1303: 1302: 1299: 1292: 1291: 1288: 1281: 1280: 1277: 1271: 1270: 1267: 1265:Ghurid Dynasty 1261: 1260: 1257: 1249: 1241: 1240: 1237: 1236: 1231: 1230: 1216: 1210: 1209: 1206: 1200: 1199: 1196: 1190: 1189: 1186: 1180: 1179: 1176: 1170: 1169: 1166: 1160: 1159: 1156: 1150: 1149: 1146: 1140: 1139: 1136: 1134:Hoysala Empire 1130: 1129: 1126: 1124:Lohara Kingdom 1120: 1119: 1116: 1110: 1109: 1106: 1100: 1099: 1096: 1090: 1089: 1086: 1080: 1079: 1076: 1070: 1069: 1066: 1060: 1059: 1056: 1050: 1049: 1046: 1040: 1039: 1036: 1030: 1029: 1026: 1020: 1019: 1016: 1010: 1009: 1006: 1000: 999: 996: 990: 989: 986: 984:Tibetan Empire 980: 979: 976: 970: 969: 955: 949: 948: 945: 939: 938: 928: 922: 921: 918: 912: 911: 908: 902: 901: 898: 892: 891: 888: 882: 881: 878: 872: 871: 868: 862: 861: 858: 856:Kadamba Empire 852: 851: 848: 842: 841: 827: 821: 820: 806: 800: 799: 796: 790: 789: 786: 780: 779: 776: 770: 769: 766: 760: 759: 756: 750: 749: 746: 740: 739: 729: 723: 722: 719: 713: 712: 709: 703: 702: 699: 693: 692: 689: 683: 682: 668: 662: 661: 658: 652: 651: 648: 640: 632: 631: 628: 627: 622: 621: 618: 612: 611: 597: 591: 590: 580: 578:Pallava Empire 574: 573: 563: 557: 556: 546: 540: 539: 529: 523: 522: 508: 502: 501: 498: 496:Seleucid India 492: 491: 488: 482: 481: 478: 472: 471: 468: 462: 461: 458: 452: 451: 448: 444: 443: 440: 434: 433: 423: 421:Maha Janapadas 417: 416: 406: 400: 399: 396: 390: 389: 386: 380: 379: 376: 369: 368: 365: 358: 357: 356:(1300–1000 BC) 354: 347: 346: 343: 336: 335: 332: 324: 316: 315: 312: 311: 306: 305: 302: 295: 294: 293:(2000–1600 BC) 291: 284: 283: 280: 274: 273: 272:(1900–1300 BC) 270: 263: 262: 261:(2600–1900 BC) 259: 252: 251: 250:(3300–2600 BC) 248: 241: 240: 239:(3300–1300 BC) 237: 229: 226:(3300–1300 BC) 221: 220: 217: 216: 211: 210: 207: 201: 200: 199:(1600–1300 BC) 197: 191: 190: 187: 181: 180: 179:(3000–1500 BC) 177: 171: 170: 160: 152: 149:(3500–1500 BC) 144: 143: 140: 139: 134: 133: 132:(5000–3000 BC) 130: 124: 123: 122:(7000–3300 BC) 120: 114: 113: 112:(7570–6200 BC) 110: 102: 94: 93: 90: 89: 84: 83: 81: 75: 74: 72: 64: 56: 55: 50: 45: 44: 41: 40: 32: 31: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 7667: 7656: 7653: 7652: 7650: 7635: 7631: 7627: 7625: 7617: 7616: 7613: 7607: 7604: 7602: 7599: 7597: 7594: 7592: 7589: 7587: 7584: 7583: 7581: 7576: 7572: 7566: 7563: 7561: 7560:South Ossetia 7558: 7556: 7553: 7551: 7548: 7546: 7543: 7542: 7540: 7538: 7532: 7526: 7523: 7521: 7518: 7516: 7513: 7511: 7508: 7506: 7503: 7501: 7498: 7496: 7493: 7491: 7488: 7486: 7483: 7481: 7478: 7476: 7473: 7471: 7468: 7466: 7463: 7461: 7458: 7456: 7453: 7451: 7448: 7446: 7443: 7441: 7438: 7436: 7433: 7431: 7428: 7426: 7423: 7421: 7418: 7416: 7413: 7411: 7408: 7406: 7403: 7401: 7398: 7396: 7393: 7391: 7388: 7386: 7383: 7381: 7378: 7376: 7373: 7371: 7368: 7366: 7363: 7361: 7358: 7356: 7353: 7351: 7348: 7346: 7343: 7341: 7338: 7336: 7333: 7331: 7328: 7326: 7323: 7321: 7318: 7316: 7313: 7311: 7308: 7306: 7303: 7301: 7298: 7296: 7293: 7291: 7288: 7286: 7283: 7282: 7280: 7278: 7274: 7270: 7263: 7258: 7256: 7251: 7249: 7244: 7243: 7240: 7228: 7225: 7223: 7220: 7218: 7215: 7214: 7212: 7210: 7206: 7200: 7199:Lhendup Dorji 7196: 7194: 7190: 7188: 7185: 7182: 7180: 7176: 7174: 7170: 7168: 7164: 7162: 7158: 7156: 7153: 7150: 7148: 7147:Jigme Namgyal 7145: 7143: 7140: 7138: 7135: 7134: 7132: 7128: 7122: 7119: 7115: 7110: 7107: 7106: 7104: 7100: 7094: 7091: 7089: 7086: 7084: 7081: 7079: 7076: 7074: 7071: 7069: 7066: 7064: 7061: 7059: 7056: 7054: 7051: 7050: 7048: 7046: 7042: 7035: 7032: 7029: 7026: 7024: 7021: 7020: 7018: 7014: 7008: 6997: 6994: 6992: 6989: 6985: 6980: 6977: 6975: 6972: 6970: 6967: 6963: 6958: 6955: 6954: 6952: 6950: 6946: 6942: 6935: 6930: 6928: 6923: 6921: 6916: 6915: 6912: 6900: 6896: 6892: 6890: 6882: 6879: 6876: 6874: 6871: 6870: 6867: 6856: 6853: 6849: 6846: 6845: 6840: 6839: 6836: 6829: 6828: 6824: 6821: 6820: 6816: 6811: 6806: 6803: 6798: 6793: 6790: 6787: 6786: 6782: 6779: 6778: 6774: 6771: 6770: 6766: 6763: 6762: 6758: 6757: 6754: 6747: 6743: 6732: 6731:Falklands War 6728: 6726: 6722: 6718: 6717: 6714: 6707: 6706: 6702: 6699: 6698: 6694: 6691: 6688: 6685: 6682: 6679: 6676: 6673: 6670: 6669: 6666: 6662:South America 6659: 6655: 6645: 6641: 6637: 6635: 6631: 6629: 6625: 6624: 6621: 6609: 6606: 6603: 6600: 6597: 6593: 6590: 6586: 6583: 6580: 6577: 6574: 6573: 6571: 6565: 6561: 6558: 6555: 6552: 6551:Union Islands 6549: 6546: 6542: 6539: 6536: 6533: 6530: 6527: 6524: 6521: 6518: 6515: 6512: 6509: 6506: 6503: 6500: 6499: 6495: 6492: 6489: 6486: 6482: 6479: 6476: 6473: 6470: 6467: 6464: 6461: 6458: 6454: 6451: 6448: 6445: 6444: 6442: 6441: 6437: 6434: 6433: 6428: 6419: 6414: 6412: 6407: 6405: 6400: 6399: 6396: 6392: 6381: 6378: 6375: 6372: 6367: 6364: 6363: 6361: 6358: 6355: 6352: 6349: 6346: 6343: 6342: 6338: 6335: 6332: 6329: 6328: 6324: 6321: 6318: 6315: 6312: 6309: 6306: 6303: 6300: 6297: 6293: 6290: 6286: 6283: 6279: 6276: 6273: 6270: 6267: 6264: 6263:Rupert's Land 6261: 6258: 6255: 6252: 6248: 6245: 6242: 6239: 6236: 6233: 6230: 6227: 6224: 6223:Paulet affair 6221: 6218: 6215: 6212: 6209: 6206: 6203: 6200: 6197: 6194: 6191: 6188: 6185: 6182: 6179: 6176: 6173: 6170: 6169:New Hampshire 6167: 6164: 6161: 6158: 6157:New Brunswick 6155: 6152: 6149: 6146: 6143: 6140: 6137: 6134: 6133: 6129: 6126: 6123: 6118: 6115: 6114: 6112: 6109: 6106: 6103: 6100: 6096: 6093: 6090: 6087: 6084: 6081: 6078: 6075: 6072: 6069: 6065: 6062: 6059: 6058: 6054: 6051: 6048: 6043: 6040: 6037: 6034: 6031: 6028: 6025: 6022: 6021: 6020: 6016: 6013: 6009: 6006: 6003: 6000: 5997: 5994: 5991: 5987: 5984: 5983: 5981: 5978: 5975: 5972: 5969: 5968: 5964: 5961: 5957: 5954: 5951: 5948: 5945: 5942: 5938: 5935: 5931: 5928: 5924: 5921: 5920: 5916: 5915: 5912: 5908:North America 5905: 5901: 5891: 5887: 5885: 5881: 5878: 5876: 5872: 5868: 5864: 5863: 5860: 5853: 5850: 5847: 5844: 5841: 5838: 5835: 5832: 5829: 5828:South Vietnam 5826: 5823: 5820: 5815: 5812: 5811: 5809: 5806: 5803: 5800: 5797: 5794: 5791: 5788: 5785: 5782: 5777: 5774: 5773: 5771: 5768: 5765: 5762: 5759: 5756: 5753: 5750: 5747: 5744: 5739: 5736: 5733: 5730: 5727: 5724: 5721: 5718: 5717: 5715: 5712: 5709: 5706: 5703: 5700: 5697: 5694: 5691: 5688: 5685: 5682: 5679: 5676: 5673: 5670: 5667: 5664: 5661: 5658: 5655: 5651: 5647: 5646: 5642: 5639: 5636: 5633: 5630: 5627: 5624: 5621: 5617: 5614: 5611: 5608: 5603: 5600: 5599: 5597: 5594: 5591: 5588: 5587: 5584: 5577: 5573: 5563: 5559: 5556: 5552: 5548: 5544: 5540: 5537: 5534: 5530: 5526: 5523: 5521: 5517: 5516: 5513: 5506: 5503: 5500: 5497: 5494: 5491: 5488: 5487: 5483: 5480: 5477: 5474: 5471: 5468: 5465: 5462: 5459: 5456: 5453: 5450: 5447: 5444: 5441: 5438: 5435: 5432: 5429: 5426: 5423: 5420: 5417: 5414: 5413: 5409: 5406: 5403: 5400: 5397: 5394: 5391: 5388: 5385: 5382: 5379: 5376: 5373: 5370: 5367: 5364: 5361: 5358: 5355: 5352: 5349: 5346: 5343: 5340: 5336: 5333: 5330: 5327: 5324: 5321: 5318: 5315: 5312: 5309: 5306: 5303: 5300: 5297: 5294: 5291: 5288: 5284: 5281: 5278: 5274: 5271: 5268: 5267: 5263: 5262: 5259: 5252: 5248: 5237: 5234: 5229: 5226: 5223: 5220: 5219: 5217: 5212: 5209: 5208: 5203: 5200: 5197: 5194: 5191: 5188: 5185: 5184: 5180: 5177: 5174: 5171: 5168: 5165: 5161: 5160: 5156: 5155: 5152: 5145: 5141: 5135: 5131: 5129: 5125: 5123: 5120: 5117: 5112: 5111: 5108: 5104: 5100: 5092: 5087: 5085: 5080: 5078: 5073: 5072: 5069: 5057: 5054: 5053: 5048: 5044: 5041: 5037: 5034: 5030: 5029: 5025: 5015: 5012: 5010: 5007: 5005: 5002: 5000: 4997: 4995: 4994:Ethnic groups 4992: 4990: 4987: 4985: 4982: 4981: 4979: 4977: 4973: 4967: 4964: 4962: 4959: 4957: 4954: 4952: 4949: 4947: 4944: 4942: 4939: 4937: 4934: 4932: 4929: 4926: 4922: 4919: 4917: 4914: 4912: 4909: 4907: 4904: 4903: 4900: 4897: 4895: 4891: 4881: 4878: 4876: 4873: 4871: 4868: 4866: 4860: 4858: 4855: 4853: 4850: 4848: 4845: 4844: 4841: 4838: 4836: 4832: 4822: 4819: 4817: 4814: 4810: 4807: 4805: 4802: 4801: 4800: 4797: 4795: 4792: 4790: 4787: 4785: 4782: 4778: 4775: 4774: 4773: 4770: 4768: 4765: 4763: 4760: 4758: 4755: 4754: 4751: 4748: 4746: 4742: 4732: 4729: 4727: 4723: 4719: 4717: 4713: 4709: 4706: 4702: 4701: 4697: 4695: 4691: 4687: 4685: 4682: 4681: 4679: 4677: 4673: 4667: 4664: 4662: 4659: 4657: 4654: 4652: 4649: 4647: 4644: 4642: 4639: 4637: 4634: 4632: 4629: 4627: 4624: 4622: 4619: 4617: 4614: 4612: 4609: 4608: 4605: 4602: 4600: 4596: 4591: 4581: 4578: 4576: 4573: 4571: 4568: 4566: 4563: 4562: 4560: 4558: 4554: 4550: 4546: 4539: 4534: 4532: 4527: 4525: 4520: 4519: 4516: 4509: 4506: 4503: 4500: 4499: 4490: 4486: 4482: 4478: 4474: 4469: 4468: 4460: 4458: 4457:public domain 4450: 4446: 4441: 4437: 4435:9788184003116 4431: 4427: 4423: 4419: 4416: 4410: 4406: 4405: 4399: 4398: 4385: 4381: 4375: 4369: 4364: 4357: 4352: 4350: 4342: 4335: 4333: 4331: 4329: 4327: 4319: 4314: 4312: 4310: 4308: 4306: 4304: 4296: 4291: 4289: 4287: 4272: 4270:81-7387-119-1 4266: 4262: 4261: 4253: 4245: 4239: 4235: 4234: 4226: 4219: 4214: 4212: 4210: 4208: 4206: 4190: 4189: 4182: 4168: 4166:99946-644-6-8 4162: 4158: 4157: 4149: 4142: 4137: 4135: 4133: 4131: 4129: 4127: 4125: 4123: 4115: 4110: 4108: 4099: 4097:0-85668-082-6 4093: 4089: 4085: 4084:Aris, Michael 4079: 4071: 4069:1-932476-21-0 4065: 4061: 4057: 4056:Aris, Michael 4051: 4044: 4039: 4032: 4027: 4025: 4023: 4014: 4013: 4005: 3998: 3993: 3991: 3989: 3987: 3985: 3977: 3972: 3964: 3962:0-231-11004-9 3958: 3954: 3949: 3948: 3939: 3925: 3923:1-55939-194-4 3919: 3915: 3914: 3906: 3892: 3890:81-86239-01-4 3886: 3882: 3881: 3873: 3865: 3859: 3855: 3848: 3834: 3832:0-87808-361-8 3828: 3824: 3823: 3815: 3808: 3803: 3801: 3799: 3797: 3782: 3780:0-8027-1544-3 3776: 3772: 3771: 3763: 3761: 3753: 3748: 3746: 3738: 3733: 3727:(March 2008). 3726: 3722: 3718: 3715: 3710: 3708: 3706: 3704: 3695: 3689: 3685: 3684: 3676: 3672: 3661: 3658: 3656: 3653: 3651: 3648: 3646: 3643: 3642: 3639: 3636: 3635: 3632: 3629: 3628: 3621: 3617: 3615: 3609: 3607: 3603: 3599: 3589: 3585: 3580: 3565: 3561: 3556: 3552: 3542: 3540: 3536: 3531: 3521: 3519: 3508: 3504: 3502: 3498: 3494: 3488: 3478: 3476: 3472: 3467: 3463: 3459: 3454: 3451: 3445: 3442: 3438: 3433: 3430: 3426: 3425:Lhendup Dorji 3422: 3417: 3415: 3411: 3406: 3402: 3398: 3393: 3391: 3387: 3383: 3378: 3372: 3370: 3366: 3356: 3354: 3349: 3345: 3343: 3339: 3330: 3326: 3325:) to Bhutan. 3324: 3320: 3316: 3312: 3308: 3304: 3300: 3296: 3292: 3287: 3285: 3281: 3277: 3273: 3269: 3265: 3260: 3257: 3253: 3250: 3246: 3241: 3239: 3235: 3231: 3226: 3216: 3214: 3210: 3206: 3202: 3198: 3194: 3190: 3186: 3182: 3177: 3175: 3171: 3167: 3166:British India 3163: 3159: 3155: 3151: 3147: 3143: 3138: 3135: 3131: 3127: 3123: 3119: 3115: 3111: 3106: 3103: 3097: 3095: 3090: 3087: 3083: 3079: 3075: 3070: 3067: 3062: 3057: 3055: 3051: 3041: 3039: 3035: 3031: 3026: 3022: 3018: 3013: 3004: 3002: 2998: 2994: 2990: 2985: 2984:Mount Kailash 2981: 2977: 2967: 2965: 2961: 2957: 2952: 2950: 2946: 2942: 2938: 2934: 2930: 2926: 2922: 2918: 2914: 2910: 2906: 2902: 2898: 2894: 2892: 2882: 2880: 2876: 2872: 2868: 2866: 2862: 2858: 2854: 2850: 2846: 2845:Punakha Dzong 2842: 2838: 2834: 2830: 2826: 2822: 2818: 2814: 2809: 2806: 2802: 2797: 2795: 2791: 2787: 2783: 2778: 2776: 2772: 2768: 2764: 2760: 2757: 2754: 2749: 2747: 2743: 2739: 2735: 2731: 2727: 2723: 2716: 2712: 2708: 2704: 2699: 2685: 2683: 2679: 2675: 2671: 2666: 2662: 2659:overlords of 2658: 2654: 2650: 2640: 2638: 2634: 2628: 2626: 2622: 2618: 2614: 2610: 2605: 2604:Guru Rimpoche 2601: 2600:Padmasambhava 2596: 2593: 2588: 2586: 2582: 2578: 2574: 2570: 2566: 2562: 2552: 2550: 2546: 2542: 2537: 2533: 2528: 2526: 2521: 2516: 2515:Tibeto-Burman 2513:, one of the 2512: 2501: 2498: 2490: 2480: 2476: 2472: 2466: 2465: 2460:This section 2458: 2449: 2448: 2440: 2438: 2434: 2429: 2424: 2422: 2418: 2414: 2410: 2406: 2401: 2397: 2393: 2389: 2384: 2382: 2378: 2374: 2373: 2368: 2364: 2360: 2355: 2354:sovereignty. 2351: 2348: 2344: 2340: 2336: 2331: 2327: 2320: 2316: 2312: 2307: 2296: 2291: 2289: 2284: 2282: 2277: 2276: 2274: 2273: 2266: 2263: 2261: 2258: 2256: 2253: 2252: 2244: 2243: 2236: 2233: 2232: 2224: 2223: 2220: 2217: 2216: 2209: 2206: 2204: 2201: 2199: 2196: 2195: 2191: 2185: 2184: 2181: 2178: 2177: 2174: 2171: 2170: 2167: 2164: 2163: 2160: 2157: 2156: 2153: 2150: 2149: 2146: 2143: 2142: 2139: 2136: 2135: 2126: 2123: 2121: 2118: 2116: 2113: 2111: 2108: 2107: 2101: 2095: 2094: 2090: 2086: 2085: 2081: 2077: 2076: 2072: 2068: 2067: 2057: 2052: 2050: 2045: 2043: 2038: 2037: 2035: 2034: 2026: 2023: 2021: 2018: 2016: 2013: 2011: 2008: 2006: 2003: 2001: 1998: 1996: 1993: 1991: 1988: 1986: 1983: 1981: 1978: 1976: 1973: 1971: 1968: 1966: 1963: 1961: 1958: 1956: 1953: 1951: 1948: 1946: 1943: 1941: 1938: 1936: 1933: 1931: 1928: 1927: 1920: 1919: 1911: 1908: 1906: 1903: 1901: 1898: 1896: 1893: 1891: 1888: 1886: 1883: 1881: 1880:Uttar Pradesh 1878: 1876: 1873: 1871: 1868: 1866: 1863: 1861: 1858: 1856: 1853: 1851: 1848: 1846: 1843: 1841: 1838: 1836: 1833: 1831: 1828: 1826: 1823: 1821: 1818: 1817: 1810: 1809: 1801: 1798: 1796: 1793: 1791: 1788: 1786: 1783: 1781: 1778: 1776: 1773: 1771: 1768: 1766: 1763: 1762: 1755: 1754: 1738: 1736: 1733: 1732: 1728: 1726: 1723: 1722: 1718: 1716: 1713: 1712: 1708: 1706: 1703: 1702: 1698: 1696: 1693: 1692: 1688: 1686: 1683: 1682: 1674: 1669: 1668: 1658: 1656: 1653: 1652: 1648: 1646: 1643: 1642: 1638: 1636: 1633: 1632: 1628: 1626: 1623: 1622: 1618: 1616: 1613: 1612: 1608: 1606: 1603: 1602: 1598: 1596: 1593: 1592: 1588: 1586: 1583: 1582: 1578: 1576: 1573: 1572: 1568: 1566: 1563: 1562: 1558: 1556: 1553: 1552: 1548: 1546: 1543: 1542: 1538: 1536: 1535:Mughal Empire 1533: 1532: 1524: 1519: 1518: 1508: 1506: 1503: 1502: 1498: 1496: 1493: 1492: 1488: 1486: 1482: 1481: 1477: 1475: 1471: 1470: 1466: 1464: 1460: 1459: 1455: 1453: 1449: 1448: 1444: 1442: 1438: 1437: 1433: 1431: 1428: 1427: 1423: 1421: 1418: 1417: 1413: 1411: 1408: 1407: 1403: 1401: 1398: 1397: 1393: 1391: 1388: 1387: 1383: 1381: 1378: 1377: 1373: 1371: 1368: 1367: 1363: 1361: 1360:Reddy Kingdom 1358: 1357: 1353: 1351: 1348: 1347: 1343: 1341: 1338: 1337: 1333: 1331: 1327: 1326: 1322: 1320: 1316: 1315: 1311: 1309: 1305: 1304: 1300: 1298: 1294: 1293: 1289: 1287: 1283: 1282: 1278: 1276: 1273: 1272: 1268: 1266: 1263: 1262: 1258: 1256: 1253: 1252: 1244: 1239: 1238: 1217: 1215: 1212: 1211: 1207: 1205: 1202: 1201: 1197: 1195: 1192: 1191: 1187: 1185: 1182: 1181: 1177: 1175: 1172: 1171: 1167: 1165: 1162: 1161: 1157: 1155: 1152: 1151: 1147: 1145: 1142: 1141: 1137: 1135: 1132: 1131: 1127: 1125: 1122: 1121: 1117: 1115: 1112: 1111: 1107: 1105: 1102: 1101: 1097: 1095: 1092: 1091: 1087: 1085: 1084:Yadava Empire 1082: 1081: 1077: 1075: 1072: 1071: 1067: 1065: 1062: 1061: 1057: 1055: 1052: 1051: 1047: 1045: 1042: 1041: 1037: 1035: 1032: 1031: 1027: 1025: 1022: 1021: 1017: 1015: 1012: 1011: 1007: 1005: 1002: 1001: 997: 995: 992: 991: 987: 985: 982: 981: 977: 975: 974:Harsha Empire 972: 971: 956: 954: 951: 950: 946: 944: 941: 940: 929: 927: 924: 923: 919: 917: 914: 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BC) 480:(330–323 BC) 470:(380–321 BC) 466:Nanda Empire 460:(424–345 BC) 442:(550–330 BC) 398:(684–424 BC) 388:(799–684 BC) 378:(700–200 BC) 300:Swat culture 146:Chalcolithic 58:Palaeolithic 15: 7634:Asia portal 7535:States with 7455:Philippines 7395:South Korea 7390:North Korea 7285:Afghanistan 7179:Ugyen Dorji 7142:Pema Lingpa 6996:The Tshogdu 6878:Anglosphere 6596:New Zealand 6505:New Zealand 6374:West Jersey 6289:Saint Lucia 6275:Saint Kitts 6269:Saint Croix 6249:1763–1791* 6217:Nova Scotia 6163:New England 6119:, 1691–1776 6086:East Jersey 6074:Connecticut 5953:Bay Islands 5840:Transjordan 5758:Mesopotamia 5596:Afghanistan 5590:Aden Colony 5375:Niger Coast 5341:) 1874–1957 5317:East Africa 5299:Cape Colony 5289:) 1884–1966 5279:) 1868–1966 4999:Health care 4847:Agriculture 4626:Environment 4356:Worden 1991 4318:Worden 1991 4295:Worden 1991 4218:Worden 1991 4141:Worden 1991 4114:Worden 1991 4031:Worden 1991 3997:Worden 1991 3976:Worden 1991 3807:Worden 1991 3752:Worden 1991 3410:Switzerland 3205:descendants 3201:Ugyen Dorji 3193:Ugyen Dorji 3086:Lower Assam 3038:Cooch Behar 3017:Cooch Behar 2997:Lo Manthang 2901:stepbrother 2899:'s son and 2790:Cooch Behar 2763:João Cabral 2742:Dharma Raja 2609:Paro Valley 2573:Paro Valley 2545:West Bengal 2487:August 2022 2392:Dragon King 2321:since 1952. 1930:Agriculture 1900:South India 1875:Maharashtra 1825:Balochistan 1765:Afghanistan 1739:(1858–1947) 1735:British Raj 1729:(1757–1858) 1725:Company Raj 1719:(1759–1954) 1709:(1620–1869) 1699:(1605–1825) 1695:Dutch India 1689:(1510–1961) 1676:(1510–1961) 1659:(1799–1849) 1655:Sikh Empire 1649:(1729–1947) 1639:(1707–1799) 1629:(1674–1818) 1619:(1650–1948) 1609:(1642–1975) 1599:(1600–1750) 1589:(1576–1757) 1579:(1541–1804) 1569:(1532–1673) 1559:(1529–1736) 1549:(1540–1556) 1539:(1526–1858) 1526:(1526–1858) 1509:(1515–1947) 1499:(1499–1763) 1489:(1518–1687) 1478:(1492–1686) 1467:(1492–1619) 1456:(1490–1574) 1445:(1490–1636) 1434:(1490–1596) 1424:(1470–1842) 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6060:since 1670 5982:1858–1866 5970:since 1619 5922:since 1650 5875:Bangladesh 5810:1841–1946 5772:1882–1963 5738:Federation 5716:1819–1826 5654:Seychelles 5598:1839–1842 5489:since 1816 5473:Tanganyika 5431:Somaliland 5419:Seychelles 5415:since 1658 5335:Gold Coast 5329:The Gambia 5273:Basutoland 5269:since 1815 5211:Free State 5204:1542–1800 5190:Heligoland 5186:since 1713 4864:(currency) 4799:Parliament 4700:Dzongkhags 4621:Ecoregions 4276:2011-08-12 4195:2011-08-12 4172:2011-08-12 4012:Bhutannica 3929:2011-08-10 3896:2011-08-12 3838:2011-08-20 3786:2011-08-21 3667:References 3555:Lhotshampa 3497:Bangladesh 3280:Lifan Yuan 2753:Portuguese 2734:Dalai Lama 2713:, and the 2551:in India. 2471:improve it 2415:, and the 2386:In 1907, ( 2203:Television 2173:Literature 2010:Philosophy 1990:Metallurgy 1980:Literature 1905:Tamil Nadu 1770:Bangladesh 1545:Sur Empire 1259:(977–1186) 1225: – c. 1188:(675–1210) 1118:(973–1189) 1108:(942–1244) 1098:(882–1110) 1088:(850–1334) 1078:(800–1327) 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5178:1878–1960 5172:1794–1796 5126:*Current 5004:Languages 4989:Education 4966:Squatting 4880:Transport 4862:Ngultrum 4852:Companies 4762:Elections 4712:Dungkhags 4705:districts 4646:Mountains 4599:Geography 4489:24074384M 4481:477284586 4043:Rose 1977 3737:Rose 1977 3462:Wangchuck 3319:Kalimpong 3303:Motithang 3215:, India. 3213:Kalimpong 3150:Dewangiri 3118:Druk Desi 3030:Druk Desi 2909:Druk Desi 2905:Je Khenpo 2837:Zhabdrung 2833:Druk Desi 2821:Druk Desi 2817:Je Khenpo 2771:telescope 2767:gunpowder 2738:Zhabdrung 2617:Nyingmapa 2571:) in the 2475:verifying 2426:In 1972, 2423:in 1971. 2330:mythology 2315:monastery 2228:Monuments 2145:Languages 1960:Education 1950:Dynasties 1870:Rajasthan 1855:Karnataka 1800:Sri Lanka 1068:(753–982) 1048:(736–916) 1028:(661–750) 1008:(632–661) 988:(618–841) 978:(606–647) 947:(543–753) 920:(489–632) 910:(475–576) 900:(475–767) 890:(420–624) 860:(345–525) 850:(280–550) 798:(230–360) 788:(224–651) 778:(210–340) 768:(170–350) 731:(AD 21 – 589:– AD 800) 341:Janapadas 169:–1900 BC) 96:Neolithic 7649:Category 7624:Category 7545:Abkhazia 7495:Thailand 7450:Pakistan 7430:Mongolia 7425:Maldives 7420:Malaysia 7320:Cambodia 7102:Families 7053:Bumthang 7036:Zhemgang 7030:Lhuentse 7023:Bumthang 7016:Kingdoms 6889:Category 6725:Colombia 6640:Kiribati 6517:Victoria 6457:Tasmania 6348:Virginia 6314:Stickeen 6302:Saybrook 6241:Plymouth 6187:New York 6125:Maryland 6117:Province 6080:Delaware 6050:Carolina 6042:Dominion 6036:Province 5999:Dominica 5947:Barbados 5919:Anguilla 5890:disputed 5871:Pakistan 5746:Maldives 5620:Billiton 5547:Rhodesia 5533:Tanzania 5529:Cameroon 5505:Zululand 5499:Zanzibar 5287:Botswana 5056:Category 5009:Religion 4794:Military 4745:Politics 4731:Villages 4666:Wildlife 4636:Glaciers 4549:articles 4445:"Bhutan" 4424:(2013). 4086:(1979). 4058:(2005). 3717:Archived 3624:See also 3493:Pakistan 3170:Duar War 3142:Duar War 3128:and the 3110:dzongpon 3074:Calcutta 3032:invaded 2980:enclaves 2964:Mongolia 2937:dzongpon 2935:and the 2925:dzongpon 2907:and the 2857:dzongpon 2674:Kargyupa 2649:Buddhism 2637:Dzongkha 2613:Bumthang 2565:Bumthang 2520:Sanskrit 2309:View of 2159:Religion 2071:a series 2069:Part of 2025:Timeline 2015:Religion 1995:Military 1985:Maritime 1975:Language 1965:Indology 1795:Pakistan 1785:Maldives 1483: – 1472: – 1461: – 1450: – 1439: – 1328: – 1317: – 1306: – 1295: – 1284: – 432:–300 BC) 372: – 361: – 350: – 339: – 318:Iron Age 298: – 287: – 266: – 255: – 244: – 7520:Vietnam 7435:Myanmar 7415:Lebanon 7345:Georgia 7300:Bahrain 7290:Armenia 7088:Trongsa 7083:Thimphu 7078:Punakha 7068:Kurtoed 7063:Kurmaed 6979:Penlops 6880:culture 6634:Vanuatu 6424:Oceania 6099:Jamaica 6092:Georgia 6012:Grenada 5967:Bermuda 5941:Bahamas 5927:Antigua 5808:Sarawak 5520:Namibia 5381:Nigeria 5357:Madeira 5277:Lesotho 5236:Minorca 5202:Ireland 5170:Corsica 5097:Former 5033:Outline 4921:Cuisine 4894:Culture 4875:Tourism 4835:Economy 4690:Chiwogs 4661:Valleys 4616:Climate 4611:Borders 4557:History 4339:Yadav, 3614:Kuensel 3475:Thimphu 3441:Thimphu 3421:lonchen 3397:lonchen 3369:Tshogdu 3315:Thimphu 3307:Thimphu 3114:Punakha 3078:Thimphu 3050:British 3025:Mughals 2989:Zanskar 2945:Thimphu 2941:Punakha 2875:Tsa Yig 2841:Thimphu 2811:During 2805:Gelugpa 2756:Jesuits 2726:Tibetan 2711:Sichuan 2665:Gelugpa 2625:tantras 2469:Please 2381:British 2372:Tsa Yig 2248:Symbols 2152:Cuisine 2100:History 1955:Economy 1940:Coinage 1860:Kashmir 1840:Gujarat 937:– 1026) 47:Outline 7565:Taiwan 7500:Turkey 7465:Russia 7400:Kuwait 7380:Jordan 7370:Israel 7330:Cyprus 7315:Brunei 7310:Bhutan 6899:Portal 6719:Now a 6690:Guiana 6644:Tuvalu 6247:Quebec 6019:Canada 5960:Belize 5852:Weihai 5796:Penang 5784:Padang 5714:Malaya 5708:Labuan 5702:Kuwait 5678:Cyprus 5672:Ceylon 5666:Brunei 5638:Borneo 5632:Bhutan 5626:Bengal 5562:Zambia 5493:Uganda 5255:Africa 5228:Colony 5218:Malta 5176:Cyprus 5164:Cyprus 5148:Europe 5114:Legend 4931:Emblem 4916:Cinema 4906:Anthem 4857:Energy 4722:Gewogs 4684:Cities 4656:Rivers 4547: 4545:Bhutan 4487: 4479: 4432: 4411: 4267: 4240: 4163: 4094: 4066: 3959: 3920: 3887: 3860: 3829: 3777: 3690: 3311:Chukha 3284:Sikkim 3162:Bhutan 3154:rupees 3122:penlop 3094:rupees 3034:Sikkim 3019:. 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