1869:. Daley said the "agreement is very good news for the taxpayers of Chicago because it will provide more than $ 1 billion in net proceeds that can be used during this very difficult economy." The agreement quadrupled rates, in the first year alone, while the hours which people have to pay for parking were broadened from 9 a.m. – 6 p.m. to 8 a.m. – 9 p.m., and from Monday through Saturday to every day of the week. Additionally, the city agreed to compensate the new owners for loss of revenue any time any road with parking meters is closed by the city for anything from maintenance work to street festivals. In three years, the proceeds from the lease were all but spent. In his annual budget address on October 21, 2009, Daley projected a deficit for 2009 of more than $ 520 million. Daley proposed a 2010 budget totaling $ 6.14 billion, including spending $ 370 million from the $ 1.15 billion proceeds from the parking meter lease. In his annual budget address on October 13, 2010, Daley projected a deficit for 2010 of $ 655 million, the largest in city history. Daley proposed a 2011 budget totaling $ 6.15 billion, including spending all but $ 76 million of what remained of the parking meter lease proceeds, and received a standing ovation from aldermen.
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discovered freedom and independence in gambling that were a world apart from their closely-supervised factory jobs and gambled to validate risk-taking aspect of masculinity, betting heavily on dice, card games, policy, and cock fights. By the 1850s, hundreds of saloons had offered gambling opportunities, including off-track betting on the horses. The historian Mark Holler argues that organized crime provided upward mobility to ambitious ethnics. The high-income, high-visibility vice lords, and racketeers built their careers and profits in ghetto neighborhoods and often branched into local politics to protect their domains. For example, in 1868 to 1888, Michael C. McDonald, "The
Gambler King of Clark Street," kept numerous Democratic machine politicians in his city on expense account to protect his gambling empire and to keep the goo-goo reformers at bay.
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industries, led to massive job losses in the city for working-class people. The city population shrank by nearly 700,000. The City
Council devised "Plan 21" to improve neighborhoods and focused on creating "Suburbs within the city" near downtown and the lakefront. It built public housing to try to improve housing standards in the city. As a result, many poor were uprooted from newly created enclaves of Black, Latino, and poor people in neighborhoods such as Near North, Wicker Park, Lakeview, Uptown, Cabrini–Green, West Town and Lincoln Park. The passage of civil rights laws in the 1960s also affected Chicago and other northern cities. In the 1960s and the 1970s, many middle- and upper-class Americans continued to move from the city for better housing and schools in the suburbs.
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than native-born people. After borrowing from friends and building associations, immigrants kept boarders, grew market gardens, and opened home-based commercial laundries, eroding home-work distinctions, while sending out women and children to work to repay loans. They sought not middle-class upward mobility but the security of home ownership. Many social workers wanted them to pursue upward job mobility (which required more education), but realtors asserted that houses were better than a bank for a poor man. With hindsight, and considering uninsured banks' precariousness, this appears to have been true. Chicago's workers made immense sacrifices for home ownership, contributing to
Chicago's sprawling suburban geography and to modern myths about the
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981:. The damage from the fire was immense since 300 people died, 18,000 buildings were destroyed, and nearly 100,000 of the city's 300,000 residents were left homeless. Several key factors exacerbated the spread of the fire. Most of Chicago's buildings and sidewalks were then constructed of wood. Also, the lack of attention to proper waste disposal practices, which was sometimes deliberate to favor certain industries, left an abundance of flammable pollutants in the Chicago River along which the fire spread from the south to the north. The fire led to the incorporation of stringent fire-safety codes, which included a strong preference for masonry construction.
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1380:(CCC) in 1919 after an investigation into a robbery at a factory showed the city's criminal justice system was deficient. The CCC initially served as a watchdog of the justice system. After its suggestion that the city's justice system begin collecting criminal records was rejected, the CCC assumed a more active role in fighting crime. The commission's role expanded further after Frank J. Loesch became president in 1928. Loesch recognized the need to eliminate the glamor that Chicago's media typically attributed to criminals. Determined to expose the violence of the crime world, Loesch drafted a list of "public enemies"; among them was
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neighborhood supporters often surrounded and attacked the wagons of nonunion teamsters who were strikebreaking. When the teamsters used their clout to engage in sympathy strikes, employers decided to coordinate their antiunion efforts, claiming that the teamsters held too much power over commerce in their control of the streets. The teamsters' strike in 1905 represented a clash both over labor issues and the public nature of the streets. To the employers, the streets were arteries for commerce, while to the teamsters, they remained public spaces integral to their neighborhoods.
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standardized. For example, in
Chicago, they ranged from $ 20 a month for a cheap brothel to $ 1000 a month for luxurious operations in Chicago. Reform elements never accepted the segregated vice districts and wanted them all destroyed, but in large cities, the political machine was powerful enough to keep the reformers at bay. Finally, around 1900 to 1910, the reformers grew politically strong enough to shut down the system of vice segregation, and the survivors went underground.
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1093:, Lasker devised a copywriting technique that appealed directly to the psychology of the consumer. Women, who seldom smoked cigarettes, were told that if they smoked Lucky Strikes, they could stay slender. Lasker's use of radio, particularly with his campaigns for Palmolive soap, Pepsodent toothpaste, Kotex products, and Lucky Strike cigarettes, not only revolutionized the advertising industry but also significantly changed popular culture.
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1176:. He envisioned a deep waterway that would dilute and divert the city's sewage by funneling water from Lake Michigan into a canal, which would drain into the Mississippi River via the Illinois River. Beyond presenting a solution for Chicago's sewage problem, Cooley's proposal appealed to the economic need to link the Midwest with America's central waterways to compete with East Coast shipping and railroad industries.
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1793:(which became the world's busiest airport, displacing Midway Airport's prior claims). Several neighborhoods near downtown and the lakefront were gentrified and transformed into "suburbs within the city". He held office during the unrest of the 1960s, some of which was provoked by the police department's discriminatory practices. In the Lincoln Park, Lakeview, Wicker Park and Humboldt Park communities, the
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new immigrants from
Eastern and Central Europe, especially Jews, Poles, and Italians, along with many smaller groups. Many businesspeople and professionals arrived from the eastern states. Relatively few new arrivals came from Chicago's rural hinterland. The exponential growth put increasing pollution on the environment, as hazards to public health impacted everyone.
389:, which was finally ratified in 1726. This was largely a political maneuver of little practicality, as the English then had no presence in the region whatsoever, the French and their Algonquian allies being the dominant force in the area. A writer in 1718 noted at the Was had a village in Chicago, but had recently fled due to concerns about approaching
651:. The roads enabled hundreds of wagons per day of farm produce to arrive and so the entrepreneurs built grain elevators and docks to load ships bound for points east through the Great Lakes. Produce was shipped through the Erie Canal and down the Hudson River to New York City; the growth of the Midwest farms expanded New York City as a port.
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In the 1950s, the postwar desire for new and improved housing, aided by new highways and commuter train lines, caused many middle and higher income
Americans to begin to move from the inner-city of Chicago to the suburbs. Changes in industry after 1950, with restructuring of the stockyards and steel
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Concentrating the family resources to achieve home ownership was a common strategy in the ethnic
European neighborhoods. It meant sacrificing current consumption, and pulling children out of school as soon as they could earn a wage. By 1900, working-class ethnic immigrants owned homes at higher rates
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enclaves of the upper middle class. In the 1910s, high-rise luxury apartments were constructed along the lakefront north of the Loop, continuing into the 21st century. They attracted wealthy residents but few families with children, as wealthier families moved to suburbs for the schools. There were
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During the late 19th and early 20th centuries, rates of domestic murder tripled in
Chicago. According to historian Jeffrey S. Adler, domestic homicide was often a manifestation of strains in gender relations induced by urban and industrial change. At the core of such family murders were male attempts
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Strong regional support for the project led the
Illinois legislature to circumvent the federal government and complete the canal with state funding. The opening in January 1900 met with controversy and a lawsuit against Chicago's appropriation of water from Lake Michigan. By the 1920s the lawsuit was
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By 1870, Chicago had grown to become the nation's second-largest city and one of the largest cities in the world. Between 1870 and 1900, Chicago grew from a city of 299,000 to nearly 1.7 million and was the fastest-growing city in world history. Chicago's flourishing economy attracted huge numbers of
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of April 1855, which erupted outside a courthouse in which eight
Germans were being tried for liquor ordinance violations. After 1865, saloons became community centers only for local ethnic men, as reformers saw them as places that incited riotous behavior and moral decay. Salons were also sources of
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The city's diversified industrial base made it second only to Detroit in the value—$ 24 billion—of war goods produced. Over 1,400 companies produced everything from field rations to parachutes to torpedoes, while new aircraft plants employed 100,000 in the construction of engines, aluminum sheeting,
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probably drove out all Miami from the Chicago area by the end of the 1720s. The Pottawatomi assumed control of the area, but probably did not have any major settlements in Chicago. French and allied use of the Chicago portage was mostly abandoned during the 1720s because of continual Native American
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not two miles south of the fort. The modern city was incorporated in 1837 by Northern businessmen and grew rapidly from real estate speculation and the realization that it had a commanding position in the emerging inland transportation network, based on lake traffic and railroads, controlling access
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The mayoral term in Chicago was one year from 1837 through 1863, when it was changed to two years. In 1907, it was changed again, this time to four years. Until 1861, municipal elections were held in March. In that year, legislation moved them to April. In 1869, however, election day was changed to
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World's Fair of 1933–1934, which celebrated the city's centennial. The flag's two blue stripes symbolize the north and south branches of the Chicago River, which flows through the city's downtown. The three white stripes represent the North, West and South sides of the city, Lake Michigan being the
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arrived as well. The near South Side of the city became the first Black residential area, as it had the oldest, less expensive housing. Although restricted by segregation and competing ethnic groups such as the Irish, gradually continued black migration caused this community to expand, as well as
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The demographics of the city were changing in the early 20th century as black southern families migrated out of the south, but while cities like Chicago empathized with the condition of impoverished white children, black children were mostly excluded from the private and religious institutions that
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Developers and citizens began immediate reconstruction on the existing Jeffersonian grid. The building boom that followed saved the city's status as the transportation and trade hub of the Midwest. Massive reconstruction using the newest materials and methods catapulted Chicago into its status as a
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From 1890 to 1914, migrations swelled, attracting to the city of mostly unskilled Catholic and Jewish immigrants from Southern and Eastern Europe, including Italians, Greeks, Czechs, Poles, Lithuanians, Ukrainians, Hungarians, and Slovaks. World War I cut off immigration from Europe, which brought
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In Chicago, like other rapidly growing industrial centers with large immigrant working-class neighborhoods, gambling was a major issue. The city's elite upper-class had private clubs and closely-supervised horse racing tracks. The middle-class reformers like Jane Addams focused on the workers, who
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arrived in 1886 and soon became a successful and celebrated landscape designer. Jensen's work was characterized by a democratic approach to landscaping, which was informed by his interest in social justice and conservation, and a rejection of antidemocratic formalism. Among Jensen's creations were
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erupted, in what became known as "Red Summer", when other major cities also suffered mass racial violence based in competition for jobs and housing as the country tried to absorb veterans in the postwar years. During the riot, thirty-eight people died (23 black and 15 white) and over five hundred
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During World War II, the steel mills in the city of Chicago alone accounted for 20% of all steel production in the United States and 10% of global production. The city produced more steel than the United Kingdom during the war, and surpassed Nazi Germany's output in 1943 (after barely missing in
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The unionized teamsters in Chicago enjoyed an unusually strong bargaining position when they contended with employers around the city, or supported another union in a specific strike. Their wagons could easily be positioned to disrupt streetcars and block traffic. In addition, their families and
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men killed family members to save a gender-based ideal of respectability that entailed patriarchal control over women and family reputation. African American men, like the Germans, often murdered in response to economic conditions but not over desperation about the future. Like the Italians, the
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International Exposition was the name of the World's Fair held on the Near South Side lakefront from 1933 to 1934 to celebrate the city's centennial. The theme of the fair was technological innovation over the century since Chicago's founding. More than 40 million people visited the fair, which
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Travelers reported Chicago was the filthiest city in America. The city created a massive sewer system. In the first phase, sewage pipes were laid across the city above ground and used gravity to move the waste. The city was built in a low-lying area subject to flooding. In 1856, the city council
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The northern and western suburbs developed some of the best public schools in the nation, which were strongly supported by their wealthier residents. The suburban trend accelerated after 1945, with the construction of highways and train lines that made commuting easier. Middle-class Chicagoans
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segregated areas (few blacks were tolerated in ethnic white neighborhoods); the Irish and ethnic groups who had been longer in the city began to move to outer areas and the suburbs. After World War II, the city built public housing for working-class families to upgrade residential quality. The
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The city became notorious worldwide for its rate of murders in the early 20th century, yet the courts failed to convict the killers. More than three-fourths of cases were not closed. Even when the police made arrests in cases where killers' identities were known, jurors typically exonerated or
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projects, which had deteriorated and were holding too many poor and dysfunctional families. Concepts for new affordable and public housing have changed to include many new features to make them more viable: smaller scale, environmental designs for public safety, mixed-rate housing, etc. New
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were injured. Much of the violence against blacks in Chicago was led by members of ethnic Irish athletic clubs, who had much political power in the city and defended their "territory" against African Americans. As was typical in these occurrences, more blacks than whites died in the violence.
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In large cities, illegal businesses like gambling and prostitution were typically contained in the geographically-segregated red light districts. The businessowners made regularly-scheduled payments to police and politicians, which they treated as licensing expenses. The informal rates became
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After 1965 and the change in US immigration laws, numerous Asian immigrants came; the largest proportion were well-educated Indians and Chinese, who generally settled directly in the suburbs. By the 1970s gentrification began in the city, in some cases with people renovating housing in old
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The prairie bog nature of the area provided a fertile ground for disease-carrying insects. In springtime, Chicago was so muddy from the high water that horses could scarcely move. Comical signs proclaiming "Fastest route to China" or "No Bottom Here" were placed to warn people of the mud.
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made Chicago a major hub and over 30 lines entered the city. The main lines from the East ended in Chicago, and those oriented to the West began in Chicago and so by 1860, the city had become the nation's trans-shipment and warehousing center. Factories were created, most famously the
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out of the rural South. With new populations competing for limited housing and jobs, especially on the South Side, social tensions rose in the city. Postwar years were more difficult. Black veterans looked for more respect for having served their nation, and some whites resented it.
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Since 1999, mayoral elections have officially been nonpartisan. A 1995 Illinois law stipulated that "candidates for mayor ... no longer would run under party labels in Chicago". However, Richard M. Daley, Rahm Emanuel, Lori Lightfoot, and Brandon Johnson are known to be Democrats.
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was a cruise ship based in Chicago and used for tours. On July 24, 1915—a calm, sunny day—the ship was taking on passengers when it rolled over while tied to a dock in the Chicago River. A total of 844 passengers and crew were killed. An investigation found that the
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reformers, created a class of dependants for orphans and other children lacking "proper parental care or guardianship" but the court's designations of "delinquency" and "dependency" were racialized so black children were far more likely to be labeled as delinquents.
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four to five feet by using a newly available jacking-up process. In one instance, the five-story Brigg's Hotel, weighing 22,000 tons, was lifted while it continued to operate. Observing that such a thing could never have happened in Europe, the British historian
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divided between the states of the Mississippi River Valley, who supported the development of deep waterways linking the Great Lakes with the Mississippi, and the Great Lakes states, which feared sinking water levels might harm shipping in the lakes. In 1929 the
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headed to the outlying areas of the city, and then into the Cook County and Dupage County suburbs. As ethnic Jews and Irish rose in economic class, they left the city and headed north. Well-educated migrants from around the country moved to the far suburbs.
895:. By 1857, Chicago was the largest city in what was then called the Northwest. In 20 years, Chicago grew from 4,000 people to over 90,000. Chicago surpassed St. Louis and Cincinnati as the major city in the West and gained political notice as the home of
1740:
155:. The city was a magnet for European immigrants—at first Germans, Irish and Scandinavians, then from the 1890s to 1914, Jews, Czechs, Poles and Italians. They were all absorbed in the city's powerful ward-based political machines. Many joined militant
1528:. Which lead to the formation of the Chicago Tenants Protective association, passage of the Kessenger tenant laws, and of a heat ordinance that legally required flats to be kept above 68 °F (20 °C) during winter months by landlords.
719:, was completed the same year. Chicago would go on to become the transportation hub of the United States, with its road, rail, water, and later air connections. Chicago also became home to national retailers offering catalog shopping such as
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by his control of the Cook County Democratic Central Committee, which selected party nominees, who were usually elected in the Democratic stronghold. Daley took credit for building four major expressways focused on the Loop, and city-owned
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high-rise design of such public housing proved a problem when industrial jobs left the city and poor families became concentrated in the facilities. After 1950, public housing high rises anchored poor black neighborhoods south and west of
1027:
The Exposition drew 27.5 million visitors; is considered among the most influential world's fairs in history; and affected art, architecture, and design throughout the nation. The classical architectural style contributed to a revival of
1297:- ushered in an era of news reporting that was, unlike earlier periods, in tune with the particulars of community life in specific cities. Vigorous competition between older and newer-style city papers soon broke out, centered on civic
1391:, the 1920s brought international notoriety to Chicago. Bootleggers and smugglers bringing in liquor from Canada formed powerful gangs. They competed with each other for lucrative profits, and to evade the police, to bring liquor to
1679:, which had been on pause due to the Depression, resumed at an even faster pace as the 1910 - 1930 period, as hundreds of thousands of black Americans arrived in the city to work in the steel mills, railroads, and shipping yards.
1638:
was founded in Chicago in June 1905 at a convention of 200 socialists, anarchists, and radical trade unionists from all over the United States. The Railroad brotherhoods were strong, as were the crafts unions affiliated with the
1486:(Union Daily; 1921–1939). The decision to subscribe to a particular paper reaffirmed a particular ideology or institutional network based on ethnicity and class, which lent itself to different alliances and different strategies.
918:, which drew its strength from evangelical Protestants. The new party was anti-immigration and anti-liquor and called for the purification of politics by reducing the power of the saloonkeepers. In 1855, the Know-Nothings elected
1172:—the primary source of fresh water for the city—became polluted from the rapidly growing industries in and around Chicago; a new way of procuring clean water was needed. In 1885 the civil engineer Lyman Edgar Cooley proposed the
579:
entrepreneurs saw the potential of Chicago as a transportation hub in the 1830s and engaged in land speculation to obtain the choicest lots. On August 12, 1833, the Town of Chicago was incorporated with a population of 350. The
5565:
For many years, accounts... stated... that the "entire population" of Chicago evacuated... however, this was clearly not the case and reflects a long-standing tendency to ignore women and people of mixed race in the historical
1756:
6774:"FAIL, Part One: Chicago's Parking Meter Lease Deal; How Daley and his crew hid their process from the public, ignored their own rules, railroaded the City Council, and screwed the taxpayers on the parking meter lease deal"
1364:
to preserve masculine authority. Yet, there were nuances in the motives for the murder of family members, and study of the patterns of domestic homicide among different ethnic groups reveals basic cultural differences.
1418:
restricted populations from southern and eastern Europe, apart from refugees after World War II. The heavy annual turnover of ethnic populations ended, and the groups stabilized, each favoring specific neighborhoods.
1034:
architecture that borrowed from historical styles, but Chicago was also developing the original skyscraper and organic forms based in new technologies. The fair featured the first and until recently the largest
886:
In 1840, Chicago was the 92nd city in the United States by population. Its population grew so rapidly that 20 years later, it was the ninth city. In the pivotal year of 1848, Chicago saw the completion of the
747:
and lumber business; the Illinois hinterland provided the wheat. Hundreds of thousands of hogs and cattle were shipped to Chicago for slaughter, preserved in salt, and transported to eastern markets. By 1870,
1042:
The soft, swampy ground near the lake proved unstable ground for tall masonry buildings. That was an early constraint, but builders developed the innovative use of steel framing for support and invented the
384:
The Algonquian tribes began to retake the lost territory in the ensuing decades, and in 1701, the Iroquois formally abandoned their claim to their "hunting grounds" as far as the portage to England in the
7160:
1998:
A major environmental disaster occurred in July 1995, when a week of record high heat and humidity caused 739 heat-related deaths, mostly among isolated elderly poor and others without air conditioning.
253:
when we arrived at the said place called Chicagou which, according to what we were able to learn of it, has taken this name because of the quantity of garlic which grows in the forests in this region.
1337:. A peaceful demonstration on May 4, 1886, at Haymarket near the west side was interrupted by a bomb thrown at police; seven police officers were killed. Widespread violence broke out. A group of
830:
1284:. Chicago still operates under this act, in lieu of a charter. The Cities and Villages Act has been revised several times since, and may be found in Chapter 65 of the Illinois Compiled Statutes.
639:
After 1830, the rich farmlands of northern Illinois attracted Yankee settlers. Yankee real estate operators created a city overnight in the 1830s. To open the surrounding farmlands to trade, the
1703:) created a postwar economic boom and led to the development of huge housing tracts on Chicago's Northwest and Southwest sides. The city was extensively photographed during the postwar years by
573:
the town of Chicago, which at the time had a population of less than 100. Historians regard the August 4, 1830, filing of the plat as the official recognition of a location known as Chicago.
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1114:
1836:, son of Richard J. Daley, became mayor in 1989, and was repeatedly reelected until he declined to seek re-election in 2011. He sparked debate by demolishing many of the city's vast
419:
1448:
problems in the public school system; mostly Catholic students attended schools in the large parochial system, which was of middling quality. There were a few private schools. The
1473:
sustained diverse political cultures in the early twentieth century, each with its own newspaper. In 1920 the community had a choice of five daily papers – from the Socialist
1360:
acquitted them. A blend of gender-, race-, and class-based notions of justice trumped the rule of law, producing low homicide conviction rates during a period of soaring violence.
1991:, which was still connected to the basements of numerous buildings in the Loop. It flooded the central business district with 250 million US gallons (950,000 m) of water from the
489:, and many of the inhabitants were killed or taken prisoner. The fort had been ordered to evacuate. During the evacuation soldiers and civilians were overtaken near what is today
1373:
killers tended to be young, but family honor was not usually at stake. Instead, black men murdered to regain control of wives and lovers who resisted their patriarchal "rights".
6759:"FAIL: The Reader's Parking Meter Investigation; Ben Joravsky and Mick Dumke's report on the privatization of Chicago's parking meters, how the deal went down, and its fallout"
1643:. The AFL unions operated through the Chicago Federation of Labor to minimize jurisdictional conflicts, which caused many strikes as two unions battled to control a work site.
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5840:
1166:. Commodity resources, such as lumber, iron and coal, were brought to Chicago and Ohio for processing, with products shipped both East and West to support new growth.
914:
Many of the newcomers were Irish Catholic and German immigrants. Their neighborhood saloons, a center of male social life, were attacked in the mid-1850s by the local
83:. The area's recorded history begins with the arrival of French explorers, missionaries and fur traders in the late 17th century and their interaction with the local
1231:
847:. Later in the century, the railroads, stockyards, and other heavy industry of the late 19th century attracted a variety of skilled workers from Europe, especially
1828:, the city's first woman mayor, was elected, winning the Democratic primary due to a citywide outrage about the ineffective snow removal across the city. In 1983,
1301:
and sensationalist reporting of urban political issues and the numerous problems associated with rapid urban growth. Competition was especially fierce between the
1154:
Chicago's manufacturing and retail sectors, fostered by the expansion of railroads throughout the upper Midwest and East, grew rapidly and came to dominate the
6710:
1317:(independent), with the latter becoming the city's most popular paper by the 1880s. The city's boasting lobbyists and politicians earned Chicago the nickname "
2091:
Between 1833 and 1837, Chicago was incorporated as a town and headed by town presidents. Since 1837, it has been incorporated as a city and headed by mayors.
931:, an Irish immigrant who later became police chief, published compendiums of Irish music that were largely collected from other newcomers playing in saloons.
7077:
Christopher R. Browning et al. "Neighborhood Social Processes, Physical Conditions, and Disaster-related Mortality: the Case of the 1995 Chicago Heat Wave",
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area. The fire killed 92 students and three nuns; in response, fire safety improvements were made to public and private schools across the United States.
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November, and terms expiring in April of that year were changed. In 1875, election day was moved back to April by the city's vote to operate under the
1596:
249:, in his journal of 1688, noted that the wild garlic, called "chicagoua", grew abundantly in the area. According to his diary of late September 1687:
1439:"Old stock" Americans who relocated to Chicago after 1900 preferred the outlying areas and suburbs, with their commutes eased by train lines, making
178:. Deindustrialization after 1970 closed the stockyards and most of the steel mills and factories, but the city retained its role as a financial and
1539:
Beginning in the 1940s, waves of Hispanic immigrants began to arrive. The largest numbers were from Mexico and Puerto Rico, as well as Cuba during
769:
cites the astounding feat as a dramatic example of American determination and ingenuity based on the conviction that anything material is possible.
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Chicago Foreign Language Press Survey English translations of 120,000 pages of news articles from the foreign language press from 1855 to 1938.
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132:
1020:. The temporary pavilions, which followed a classical theme, were designed by a committee of the city's architects under the direction of
131:, the city grew exponentially, becoming the nation's rail center and the dominant Midwestern center for manufacturing, commerce, finance,
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565:
In 1829, the Illinois legislature appointed commissioners to locate a canal and lay out the surrounding town. The commissioners employed
277:
would write in 1721 that the Miami had a settlement in what is now Chicago around 1670. Chicago's location at a short canoe portage (the
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were tried for inciting the riot and convicted. Several were hanged and others were pardoned. The episode was a watershed moment in the
891:, its first steam locomotives, the introduction of steam-powered grain elevators, the arrival of the telegraph, and the founding of the
6789:"FAIL, Part Two: One BILLION Dollars! New evidence suggests Chicago leased out its parking meters for a fraction of what they're worth"
1950:
was engulfed by fire. The fire lasted less than thirty minutes; 602 people died as a result of being burned, asphyxiated, or trampled.
1841:
projects during Daley's administration have been designed to be environmentally sound, more accessible and better for their occupants.
170:
suburbs grew rapidly after 1945, but the Democratic party machine kept both the city and suburbs under control, especially under mayor
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ruled in support of Chicago's use of the canal to promote commerce, but ordered the city to discontinue its use for sewage disposal.
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1892:. The city was rated by Moody's as having the most balanced economy in the United States due to its high level of diversification.
1356:
political and legal reformers initiated far-ranging changes in the American criminal justice system, with Chicago taking the lead.
1162:
dominated the packing trade. Chicago became the world's largest rail hub, and one of its busiest ports by shipping traffic on the
6251:
Jeffrey S. Adler, "'It Is His First Offense. We Might as Well Let Him Go': Homicide and Criminal Justice in Chicago, 1875-1920."
5180:
1821:, held in Chicago, resulted in street violence, with televised broadcasts of the Chicago police's beating of unarmed protesters.
1806:
1490:
7062:
CBS, "1992 Loop Flood Brings Chaos, Billions In Losses Pilings Driven Into Chicago River Bored Into Antiquated Freight Tunnels"
7039:
1857:
In 2008, as Chicago struggled to close a growing budget deficit, the city agreed to a 75-year, $ 1.16 billion deal to lease its
1422:
While whites from rural areas arrived and generally settled in the suburban parts of the city, large numbers of blacks from the
354:
307:
tribes of New York had driven the Algonquian tribes entirely out of Lower Michigan and as far as this portage, during the later
274:
6385:
1480:
6108:
Lorien Foote, "Bring the Sea to Us: the Chicago Sanitary and Ship Canal and the Industrialization of the Midwest, 1885-1929",
5449:
1226:
provided homes for such children. Those that did take in black dependent children were overcrowded and underfunded because of
6803:
6403:
5531:
5195:
1408:
1047:
in Chicago, which became a leader in modern architecture and set the model nationwide for achieving vertical city densities.
7223:
1536:. The Jewish community, by contrast, rented apartments and maximized education and upward mobility for the next generation.
8232:
5774:
Kurt A. Carlson, "Backing the Boys in the Civil War: Chicago's Home Front Supports the Troops - and Grows in the Process,"
3171:
3079:
6773:
5603:, which included an area of about three-eighths of a square mile (1 km). See Frank Alfred Randall, John D. Randall,
5384:
1818:
1475:
900:
743:. It was a processing center for natural resource commodities extracted in the West. The Wisconsin forests supported the
370:
7458:
7448:
6009:
7103:
1973:
1501:
1453:
716:
163:
1813:
resulted in the burning down of sections of the black neighborhoods of the South and West sides. Protests against the
1634:
After 1900 Chicago was a heavily unionized city, apart from the factories (which were non-union until the 1930s). The
8028:
7333:
7156:
6197:
6048:
5823:
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413:
chief named Chicago who may have lived in the region. In the 1680s, the Illinois River was called the Chicago River.
373:
visited the settlement on behalf of the French government, seeking peace between the Miami and Iroquois. Miami chief
7219:
7215:
6714:
8181:
8107:
6554:"Progress by Degrees: A History of the Chicago Heat Ordinance - The RentConfident Blog - RentConfident, Chicago IL"
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Julius Rosenwald: The Man Who Built Sears, Roebuck and Advanced the Cause of Black Education in the American South
1584:
969:
91:, a black freeman, was the first permanent non-indigenous settler in the area, having a house at the mouth of the
7656:
7633:
7189:
For many topics the easiest way to start is with Janice L. Reiff, Ann Durkin Keating and James R. Grossman, eds.
7184:
6501:
6122:
5922:
5906:
Urban Disorder and the Shape of Belief: The Great Chicago Fire, the Haymarket Bomb, and the Model Town of Pullman
5185:
5162:
2096:
1882:
for contributions in architecture and literature, its world of politics, and the downtown's starring role in the
1635:
1281:
1195:
1173:
997:
948:
6985:
5492:
8208:
7497:
6476:"Rent Hog Gets Wallop in Bills Passed in Senate: One Measure Gives Tenants 60 Days In Which to Vacate Property"
5617:
1854:
6880:
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1731:
1414:
hundreds of thousands of southern blacks and whites into Northern cities to fill in the labor shortages. The
1230:. Between 1899 and 1945 many of the city's black children found themselves in the juvenile court system. The
654:
358:
342:
72:
1853:
to a group of private investors, but the deal fell through due to the collapse of credit markets during the
973:
A residential building in Chicago's Lincoln Park in 1885, when the city had dirt roads and wooden sidewalks.
8137:
6602:
David Witwer, "Unionized Teamsters and the Struggle over the Streets of the Early-Twentieth-century City",
6527:
6475:
6449:
5190:
1850:
1640:
1248:
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depicted as in 1831, sketched 1850s although the accuracy of the sketch was debated soon after it appeared.
175:
88:
68:
64:
7943:
7935:
6190:
The Criminalization of Black Children: Race, Gender, and Delinquency in Chicago's Juventile Justice System
162:
Large numbers of African Americans migrated from the South starting in the World War I era as part of the
8301:
8198:
8142:
5332:
Swenson, John F. (Winter 1991). "Chicagoua/Chicago: The origin, meaning, and etymology of a place name".
5200:
2148:
1934:
1727:
888:
700:
224:
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1368:
male immigrants tended to murder over declining status and the failure to achieve economic prosperity.
557:
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8053:
7975:
2755:
2682:
2498:
2360:
2314:
2215:
2069:
1917:
1862:
1089:, known as the "father of modern advertising", made Chicago his base from 1898 to 1942. As head of the
876:
805:
724:
494:
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6346:
1543:'s rise. During the 1980s, Hispanic immigrants were more likely to be from Central and South America.
8247:
8171:
8149:
7991:
7527:
1509:
1199:
872:
801:
678:
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179:
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The Multiracial Promise. Harold Washington's Chicago and the Democratic Struggle in Reagan's America
5109:
8191:
5596:
5172:
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3263:
2433:
1377:
1329:
Polarized attitudes of labor and business in Chicago prompted a strike by workers' lobbying for an
617:
425:
Retrospective map showing how Chicago may have appeared in 1812 (right is north, published in 1884)
76:
6578:
Elaine Lewinnek, "Better than a Bank for a Poor Man? Home Financing Strategies in Early Chicago".
6040:
The Gambler King of Clark Street: Michael C. McDonald and the Rise of Chicago's Democratic Machine
5580:
477:, some Native Americans ceded the area of Chicago to the United States for a military post in the
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During the election of April 23, 1875, the voters of Chicago chose to operate under the Illinois
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city on par with New York and became the birthplace of modern architecture in the United States.
1030:
990:
978:
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108:
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Office building resumed in the 1960s. When completed in 1974, the Sears Tower, now known as the
1557:
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6995:
5600:
5157:
3707:
1988:
1977:
1563:
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1005:
993:. His work also included garden design for some of the region's most influential millionaires.
892:
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643:
commissioners built roads south and west. The latter crossed the "dismal Nine-mile Swamp," the
605:
262:
211:
At its first appearance in records by explorers, the Chicago area was inhabited by a number of
27:
5867:
5813:
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mayor, who banned Sunday sales of liquor and beer. His aggressive law enforcement sparked the
485:
in 1803 on the Chicago River. It was destroyed by Indian forces during the War of 1812 in the
8122:
8021:
7125:
6619:
6123:"Century of Progress World's Fair, 1933-1934 (University of Illinois at Chicago) : Home"
5880:
5662:
4326:
4234:
2036:
1947:
1660:
1294:
1017:
907:. The city's government and voluntary societies gave generous support to soldiers during the
766:
640:
633:
7486:
7485:(Greenwood Press, 1981) short scholarly biographies each of the city's mayors 1820 to 1980.
7295:
Medicine in Chicago, 1850-1950: A Chapter in the Social and Scientific Development of a City
6078:
6038:
5989:
822:
of Chicago in 1898. It became the second American city to reach a population of 1.6 million.
241:. The first known reference to the site of the current city of Chicago as "Checagou" was by
8117:
6827:"Mayor Richard Daley: It's more responsible to tap parking meter reserves than raise taxes"
6688:
6588:
From Cottage to Bungalow: Houses and the Working Classes in Metropolitan Chicago, 1869-1929
6502:"Love Flees Cold Flats, Tenants' Leader Argues: Heated Charges Fly in Heat Ordinance Fight"
5450:
http://www.museum.state.il.us/publications/epub/indian_villages_il_country_wayne_temple.pdf
5167:
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1965:
had become too heavy with rescue gear that had been ordered by Congress in the wake of the
1798:
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1516:
1227:
880:
740:
648:
498:
493:. After the end of the war, the Potawatomi ceded the land to the United States in the 1816
478:
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299:
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4890:
1876:
was elected mayor of Chicago. Chicago earned the title of "City of the Year" in 2008 from
1687:
1253:
431:
159:, and Chicago became notorious for its violent strikes, but respected for its high wages.
95:
by at least 1790, though possibly as early as 1784. The small settlement was defended by
8:
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4050:
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3753:
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3125:
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791:
136:
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1626:
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8085:
8058:
7883:
7745:
Women of Faith: The Chicago Sisters of Mercy and the Evolution of a Religious Community
7523:
7501:
7468:
7378:
7204:
6450:"U.S. Lists Rent War Flats; Tax Dodgers Hunted: Some Landlords Admit "Error" in Income"
6429:
6409:
5744:
5727:
Reed, Christopher R. (2001). "African American Life in Antebellum Chicago, 1833-1860".
4546:
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1940:
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1810:
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1457:
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1440:
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761:
212:
191:
187:
183:
152:
124:
7207:
Compares the three cities in terms of geography, economics and race from 1800 to 1990.
6903:
6280:
Bill Barnhart, "Public Enemies: Chicago Origins of Personalized Anticrime Campaigns",
5800:
3994:
3856:
3697:
1987:, when a hole was accidentally drilled into the long-abandoned (and mostly forgotten)
1134:
Merchants' Hotel on left, looking North from State and Washington Streets, before 1868
1016:
neighborhood. The land was reclaimed according to a design by the landscape architect
8266:
8237:
7951:
7811:
7329:
7317:
Clavel, Pierre, and Robert Giloth, "Planning for Manufacturing: Chicago After 1983,"
7082:
6952:
6399:
6370:
Jon Bekken, "Negotiating Class and Ethnicity: the Polish-language Press in Chicago",
6193:
6044:
6020:
Mark H. Haller, "Organized Crime in Urban Society: Chicago in the Twentieth Century"
5819:
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294:
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258:
144:
117:
6413:
6269:"We've Got a Right to Fight; We're Married": Domestic Homicide in Chicago, 1875–1920
5761:
Goebel-Bain, Angela, 2009, "From Humble Beginnings: Lincoln's Illinois 1830-1861,"
5249:
4415:
4178:
4040:
1085:
Chicago became the center of the nation's advertising industry after New York City.
839:
Although originally settled by Yankees in the 1830s, the city in the 1840s had many
814:
691:
462:, a Frenchman of European and African descent, who built a farm at the mouth of the
447:
223:. The name "Chicago" is generally believed to derive from a French rendering of the
8280:
8203:
8186:
8159:
8078:
8073:
8014:
7999:
7538:
7505:
7195:(2004), with thorough coverage by scholars in 1120 pages of text, maps and photos.
6391:
5176:
4970:
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2847:
2617:
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2249:
2073:
2008:
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1334:
1219:
1203:
1188:
868:
848:
666:
662:
233:
171:
140:
7518:
Keating, Ann Durkin. "In the Shadow of Chicago: Postwar Illinois Historiography."
7474:
Hogan, David. "Education and the making of the Chicago working class, 1880–1930."
7445:
Chicago's Greatest Year, 1893: The White City and the Birth of a Modern Metropolis
5933:
5586:, Chicago: 1929; Kessinger Publishing, LLC, reprint 2009, accessed August 24, 2010
4316:
4224:
2032:
1272:
466:
in 1788 to 1790. He left Chicago in 1800. In 1968, Point du Sable was honored at
182:. Increasingly it emphasized its service roles in medicine, higher education, and
8112:
7947:
7692:
6583:
6387:
Middle Class Union: Organizing the 'Consuming Public' in Post-World War I America
5500:
5119:
3309:
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1901:
1888:
1763:
1365:
1353:
1309:
953:
923:
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864:
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782:
720:
683:
278:
266:
38:
7326:
American Pharaoh: Mayor Richard J. Daley - His Battle for Chicago and the Nation
628:
trade that would benefit both Chicago and New York state. Chicago was granted a
521:
Thompson's plat, the first official map of what would become the City of Chicago
517:
8270:
8127:
7610:
6908:
6808:
6793:
6778:
6763:
6144:
5073:
3541:
3450:
3422:
2387:
2194:
2084:
1866:
1849:
In September 2008, Chicago accepted a $ 2.52 billion bid on a 99-year lease of
1837:
1708:
1700:
1533:
1342:
1330:
1021:
712:
541:
533:
490:
322:
318:
270:
7856:
Polish Immigrants and Industrial Chicago: Workers on the South Side, 1880–1920
7190:
6345:
Hana Layson with Kenneth Warren, "Chicago and the Great Migration, 1915–1950"
4536:
1218:
symbolized for many hope for Chicago and the nation, then in the midst of the
8295:
7842:
7542:
6804:"FAIL, Part Three: The Insiders; Who benefited from the parking meter fiasco"
5740:
5345:
4900:
4421:
4142:
3661:
3508:
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3161:
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2801:
2709:
2571:
2017:
1992:
1984:
1909:
1905:
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1858:
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549:
482:
467:
463:
451:
386:
366:
290:
220:
96:
92:
49:
7671:
The Pullman Strike and the Crisis of the 1890s: Essays on Labor and Politics
7549:
Building Chicago: Suburban Developers and the Creation of Divided Metropolis
7420:
Urban Green: Nature, Recreation, and the Working Class in Industrial Chicago
7099:
6659:
Battleground Chicago: The Police and the 1968 Democratic National Convention
5353:
4640:
4270:
34:
7264:
Work and Community in the Jungle: Chicago's Packinghouse Workers, 1894—1922
6845:
6607:
6256:
5315:
5027:
4582:
4372:
4362:
3569:
3004:
1873:
1723:
1712:
1540:
1433:
1207:
1036:
749:
246:
195:
166:. Mexicans started arriving after 1910, and Puerto Ricans after 1945. The
128:
84:
75:. Since the 1850s Chicago has been one of the dominant metropolises in the
53:
7801:
German Workers in Industrial Chicago, 1850-1910: A Comparative Perspective
7609:(2011), 472pp; detailed history by a scholar, based on secondary sources.
7413:
The Souls of the Skyscraper: Female Clerical Workers in Chicago, 1870-1930
5465:
1695:
Returning World War II veterans and immigrants from Europe (in particular
1257:
Nicely dressed Jewish men and boys standing on a sidewalk in Chicago, 1903
1073:
509:
7873:
Fire on the Prairie: Chicago's Harold Washington and the Politics of Race
6943:
6736:
6395:
3033:
2028:
John Patrick Hopkins (#35) was the youngest and the first Catholic mayor.
1954:
1920:
of 1893, by which Chicago celebrated its recovery from the fire; and the
1814:
1794:
1768:
1525:
1392:
1187:
New construction boomed in the 1920s, with notable landmarks such as the
1163:
808:
were among the most prominent early African-American citizens of Chicago.
704:
625:
394:
308:
282:
167:
156:
113:
100:
52:; a notable spike is visible in the Prohibition era, a sharp drop around
7930:
7859:
7703:
7674:
7580:
7556:
Chicago: An Intimate Portrait of People, Pleasures, and Power, 1860–1919
7437:
7367:
7346:
7336:
7312:
7267:
7243:
7233:
6591:
6384:
Robbins, Mark W. (2017). "5. Rent War! Middle-Class Tenant Organizing".
5748:
44:
7818:
The Promised Land: The Great Black Migration and How It Changed America
7789:. (4th ed. 1995). 648 pp. essays by scholars on each major ethnic group
6025:
4717:
3924:
2985:
2184:
2051:
2024:
1825:
1747:
1548:
1338:
1044:
919:
589:
410:
338:
104:
7961:
7766:
Brown in the Windy City: Mexicans and Puerto Ricans in Postwar Chicago
5660:
3743:
3440:
1024:. It was called the "White City" for the appearance of its buildings.
525:
7274:
Big City Boss in Depression and War: Mayor Edward J. Kelly of Chicago
6740:
4960:
4832:
2929:
2285:
1396:
1381:
1242:
731:
632:
by the State of Illinois on March 4, 1837; it was part of the larger
597:
216:
7666:(2nd ed. Northwestern University Press, 2012), 250 short biographies
7533:
Keating, Ann Durkin. "Chicagoland: More than the Sum of its Parts."
5366:
4707:
2047:
1146:
7940:
7931:
History of Chicago from its founding to the World's Fair at PBS.org
7880:
The education of an urban minority: Catholics in Chicago, 1833-1965
7669:
Schneirov, Richard; Stromquist, Shelton; and Salvatore, Nick, eds.
7598:
American Apocalypse: The Great Chicago Fire and the Myth of Chicago
6964:
6359:
The education of an urban minority: Catholics in Chicago, 1833-1965
2607:
2515:
1321:" in the New York press. The city adopted the nickname as its own.
1298:
1192:
1138:
1090:
1001:
727:, which used the transportation lines to ship all over the nation.
621:
601:
593:
581:
403:
398:
378:
346:
304:
7688:
The Colonel: The Life and Legend of Robert R. McCormick, 1880-1955
7577:
City of the Century: The Epic of Chicago and the Making of America
7399:
Catalogues and Counters: A History of Sears, Roebuck & Company
7300:
Brosnan, Kathleen A., William C. Barnett, and Ann Durkin Keating.
7288:
The World's Columbian Exposition: The Chicago World's Fair of 1893
6192:. Chapel Hill: The University of North Carolina Press. p. 8.
6006:
Chicago by Gaslight: A History of Chicago's Netherworld: 1880-1920
5919:
The World's Columbian Exposition: The Chicago World's Fair of 1893
3253:
3023:
2745:
2423:
1775:
refused the $ 100,000 fee and donated it to the people of Chicago.
1578:
International Ballooning Contest, Aero Park, Chicago, July 4, 1908
56:, another increase during the 1970s–90s, and a decline since then.
8037:
7780:
Land of Hope: Chicago, Black Southerners, and the Great Migration
6825:
Mihalopoulos, Dan; Dardick, Hal; Byrne, John (October 21, 2009).
5618:"Potawatomi Treaties and Treaty Rights | Milwaukee Public Museum"
1900:
Four historical events are commemorated by the four red stars on
1802:
1496:
As the First World War cut off immigration, tens of thousands of
1346:
1155:
60:
7925:
7429:(1995); essays by scholars covering important mayors before 1980
7375:
A City and Its Universities: Public Policy in Chicago, 1892–1919
7212:
History of Chicago. From the earliest period to the present time
5267:
The Encyclopedia Americana: A Library of Universal Knowledge ...
3389:
3345:
3207:
2561:
2377:
2013:
1983:
April 13, 1992, billions of dollars in damage was caused by the
1946:
On December 30, 1903, the "absolutely fireproof", five-week-old
1402:
1118:
All Star Tournament, 18 Inch Balke Line, Chicago, May 7–14, 1906
18:
7773:
Bitter Fruit: Black Politics and the Chicago Machine, 1931-1991
5433:
The Time of the French in the Heart of North America, 1673-1818
4753:
4479:
3559:
2883:
2791:
2699:
2058:
1883:
1524:
From 1920 to 1921, the city was affected by a series of tenant
899:, the 1860 presidential nominee of the Northern Democrats. The
752:
cars allowed the shipping of fresh meat to cities in the East.
576:
390:
350:
99:
after its completion in 1804, but was abandoned as part of the
7922:, comprehensive coverage of city and suburbs, past and present
7849:
The Italians in Chicago: A Study in Ethnic Mobility, 1880–1930
7731:
A House For All Peoples: Ethnic Politics In Chicago, 1890-1936
7281:
Richard J. Daley: Politics, Race, and the Governing of Chicago
5605:
History of the Development of Building Construction in Chicago
5595:
The first boundaries of the new town were Kinzie, Desplaines,
2653:
1460:, all centrally located served those who could afford to pay.
1130:
1126:
Detail of lobby columns at the Ford Center for Performing Arts
329:
as the western boundary of the Miami. In 1683, La Salle built
5975:
Arthur W. Schultz, "Albert Lasker's Advertising Revolution,"
5815:
Northeast and Midwest United States: An Environmental History
3651:
3115:
2975:
772:
585:
238:
7956:
7794:
Corporation Sole: Cardinal Mundelein and Chicago Catholicism
7385:
The Saloon: Public Drinking in Chicago and Boston, 1880-1920
6979:"Moody's: Chicago's Economy Most Balanced in US (1/23/2003)"
6065:
The Saloon: Public Drinking in Chicago and Boston, 1880-1920
5789:
The Saloon: Public Drinking in Chicago and Boston, 1880-1920
5493:"Jean Baptiste Point de Sable—The Founder of Modern Chicago"
2469:
2331:
2087:(#56) was the first African American woman mayor of Chicago.
1734:, which designed many of the city's other famous buildings.
1630:
Chicago skyline from Northerly Island Taken sometime in 1941
1376:
Progressive reformers in the business community created the
333:
on the Illinois River. Almost two thousand Miami, including
273:
to the Miami villages near the site of present-day Chicago.
7936:
The Northwest Chicago Historical Society's official website
7866:
Polish Catholics in Chicago, 1850-1920: A Religious History
7587:
American Apocalypse: The Great Fire and the Myth of Chicago
7343:
Making a New Deal: Industrial Workers in Chicago, 1919-1939
1384:, whom he made a scapegoat for widespread social problems.
647:, and went southwest to Walker's Grove, now the Village of
570:
148:
8006:
7890:
Chicago's Catholics: The Evolution of an American Identity
7759:
Black Metropolis: A Study of Negro Life in a Northern City
7406:
The Grain Traders: The Story of the Chicago Board of Trade
7357:
Chicago, 1930-70: Building, Planning, and Urban Technology
7353:
Chicago, 1910-29: Building, Planning, and Urban Technology
5553:. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. pp. 153–155.
5327:
5325:
1520:
Chicago tenants picket against rent increases (March 1920)
1427:
the black neighborhoods on the near West Side. These were
501:.) Fort Dearborn was rebuilt in 1818 and used until 1837.
325:
south of Chicago in the winter of 1681–82, identified the
289:
attracted the attention of many French explorers, notably
269:. In 1671, Potawatomi guides first took the French trader
186:. The city formed the political base for leaders such as
7926:
In the Vicinity of Maxwell and Halsted Streets, 1890–1930
7653:
As Others See Chicago: Impressions of Visitors, 1673-1933
7563:
Insull: The Rise and Fall of a Billionaire Utility Tycoon
7392:
Challenging Chicago: Coping with Everyday Life, 1837–1920
7302:
City of Lake and Prairie: Chicago's Environmental History
7250:
The Great Chicago Fire and the Myth of Mrs. O'Leary's Cow
4132:
3299:
2199:
2153:
362:
334:
79:, and has been the largest city in the Midwest since the
7681:
Chicago and the American Literary Imagination, 1880-1920
6824:
5446:
Indian Villages of the Illinois Country: Historic Tribes
5382:
1801:
marched and held sit ins to protest the displacement of
636:. By 1840 the boom town had a population of over 4,000.
7201:
New York, Chicago, Los Angeles: America's global cities
5322:
5228:
The party sited as "Citizens" was created in the 1970s.
1493:, a major event for the Catholic community of Chicago.
7897:
Black Chicago: The Making of a Negro Ghetto, 1890–1920
7203:(U of Minnesota Press, 1999). ISBN 978-0-8166-3336-4.
5308:
Checagou: From Indian Wigwam to Modern City, 1673–1835
5270:
Encyclopedia Americana Corporation. 1924. p. 498.
1551:
neighborhoods, and attracting singles and gay people.
7483:
Biographical Dictionary of American Mayors, 1820-1980
7309:
Big Bill Thompson, Chicago, and the Politics of Image
1210:
led to the suspension for years of new construction.
537:
Chicago in 1831, as depicted in 1893 by Rudolf Cronau
5640:"Act of Incorporation for the City of Chicago, 1837"
672:
109:
caught up with the retreating soldiers and civilians
7465:
The Chicago schools: a social and political history
7455:
Chicago Transformed: World War I and the Windy City
6036:
1691:
PCC streetcar, Chicago, 1950 - the last ran in 1958
6083:The Economic Rivalry between St. Louis and Chicago
5460:
5458:
1655:On December 2, 1942, the world's first controlled
1287:Late-19th-century big city newspapers such as the
1243:Politics in the late 19th and early 20th centuries
7257:"Eagle Forgotten": The Life of John Peter Altgeld
6713:. Huffington Post. April 20, 2009. Archived from
6528:"Fine Landlord $ 25 In Test Case on New Heat Law"
5776:Journal of the Illinois State Historical Society,
1345:, and its history was commemorated in the annual
8293:
7520:Journal of the Illinois State Historical Society
7513:Rally 'Round the Flag: Chicago and the Civil War
6434:: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (
5729:Journal of the Illinois State Historical Society
5331:
4434:
1730:. It was designed by the famous Chicago firm of
1158:and greatly influence the nation's economy. The
1054:
470:as the city's founder and featured as a symbol.
7364:Nature's Metropolis: Chicago and the Great West
6582:2006 32(2): 274-301. ISSN 0096-1442 Full text:
6229:(University of Chicago Press, 2009). pp 84-110.
6097:Nature's Metropolis: Chicago and the Great West
5811:
5689:Nature's Metropolis: Chicago and the Great West
5455:
4858:
4845:
4447:
2076:(#54) was the longest-serving mayor (22 years).
1916:of 1871, which destroyed much of the city; the
1150:Loop street scene in 1900; colorized photograph
961:, one of the few surviving buildings after the
871:community formed, led by activist leaders like
442:
7481:Holli, Melvin G., and Jones, Peter d'A., eds.
7100:"Chicago Mayors | Chicago Public Library"
6877:"Daley's Budget Guts Parking Meter Deal Funds"
6606:2000 24(1): 183-222. ISSN 0145-5532 Fulltext:
5484:
5247:
1746:House in Chicago's inner city, 1974. Photo by
903:in Chicago nominated the home-state candidate
8022:
7785:Holli, Melvin G. and Jones, Peter d'A., eds.
7036:To Sleep with the Angels: The Story of a Fire
7008:Anthony P. Hatch, "Inferno at the Iroquois."
6801:
6786:
6771:
6711:"Midway Airport Privatization Deal Collapses"
6416:. Archived from the original on April 4, 2024
5661:Melvin G. Holli; Peter d'Alroy Jones (1995).
5576:
5574:
5310:. Chicago, Ill: University of Chicago Press.
4911:
4776:
4661:
3430:
1939:The most famous and serious disaster was the
1403:Immigration and migration in the 20th century
7963:Digital Research Library of Illinois History
7904:Race Riot: Chicago in the Red Summer of 1919
7808:Chicago Divided: The Making of a Black Mayor
7723:
7710:Illinois: A Descriptive and Historical Guide
6942:
6931:First son: the biography of Richard M. Daley
6874:
6802:Joravsky, Ben; Dumke, Mick (June 18, 2009).
6772:Joravsky, Ben; Dumke, Mick (April 9, 2009).
4924:
4790:
4675:
4605:
3958:
3892:
3879:
3811:
3463:
2174:
2141:
1395:and private clients. The most notorious was
7700:City of Big Shoulders: A History of Chicago
7427:The Mayors: The Chicago Political Tradition
6901:
6846:"Daley talks legacy in 2011 budget address"
6787:Joravsky, Ben; Dumke, Mick (May 21, 2009).
6482:. Belleville Daily Advocate. March 30, 1921
6332:Melvin G. Holli and Peter d'A. Jones, eds.
6255:2006 40(1): 5-24. ISSN 0022-4529 Fulltext:
5526:. University of Chicago Press. p. 12.
5175:; the larger groups have articles such as
5099:
5053:
5007:
4982:
4950:
4880:
4812:
4743:
4697:
4630:
4572:
4526:
4501:
4469:
4409:
4384:
4352:
4306:
4260:
4214:
4168:
4122:
4076:
4030:
3984:
3945:
3914:
3846:
3824:
3779:
3733:
3687:
3641:
3595:
3549:
3498:
3476:
3379:
3335:
3289:
3243:
3197:
3151:
3105:
3059:
3013:
2965:
2919:
2873:
2827:
2781:
2735:
2689:
2643:
2597:
2551:
2505:
2459:
2413:
2367:
2321:
2275:
2229:
2065:(#51) was the first African American mayor.
879:, who established Chicago as a stop on the
206:
8029:
8015:
7761:(4th ed. 1945), classic sociological study
7752:The Jews of Chicago: From Shtetl to Suburb
7425:Green, Paul M. and Holli, Melvin G., eds.
6879:. Chicago News Cooperative. Archived from
6687:. NY Times. April 20, 2009. Archived from
5571:
835:Chicago - State St at Madison Street, 1897
773:Immigration and population in 19th century
497:. (Today, this treaty is commemorated in
7489:; see index at pp. 406–411 for list.
6685:"Deal to Privatize Chicago Airport Fails"
6644:On the Daley years see Domnic A. Pacyga,
5713:Melvin Holli, and Peter d'A. Jones, eds.
5704:, Harper Perennial, U.S.A., 1999, p. 570.
5420:The Catholic Church in Chicago, 1673-1871
1832:became the first black mayor of Chicago.
1081:in Chicago, the world's first skyscraper.
341:, left the Chicago area to gather at the
7974:. Chicago Public Library. Archived from
7837:Melody, John. "Archdiocese of Chicago."
7799:Keil, Hartmut and Jentz, John B., eds.
7787:Ethnic Chicago: A Multicultural Portrait
7757:Drake, St. Clair, and Horace R. Cayton.
7619:The Politics of School Reform, 1870–1940
7568:Mayer, Harold M., and Richard C. Wade.
6334:Ethnic Chicago: A Multicultural Portrait
6187:
5715:Ethnic Chicago: A multicultural portrait
5664:Ethnic Chicago: A Multicultural Portrait
5391:. Vol. 1. Nabu Press. p. 111.
5378:
5376:
5374:
2221:
2133:
2079:
2068:
2057:
2046:
2031:
2023:
2012:
1784:served 1955–1976, dominating the city's
1686:
1625:
1515:
1271:
1260:
1252:
1145:
1137:
1129:
1121:
1113:
1072:
1064:
968:
952:
825:
813:
690:
682:
556:
548:
540:
532:
524:
516:
508:
446:
43:
33:
17:
7717:Chicago Transit: An Illustrated History
7286:Bolotin, Norman and Laing, Christine.
7157:"Gov. Edgar To End City Partisan Votes"
6456:. Chicago Daily Tribune. March 24, 1921
6383:
5546:
5490:
5181:History of African Americans in Chicago
2020:(#26) was the first foreign-born mayor.
1807:assassination of Martin Luther King Jr.
1491:28th International Eucharistic Congress
989:four Chicago city parks, most famously
315:René-Robert Cavelier, Sieur de La Salle
8294:
7492:Jentz, John B. and Richard Schneirov.
7401:(1965), the standard corporate history
6895:
6875:Mihalopoulos, Dan (October 13, 2010).
6843:
6212:David Paul Nord, "Read All about It""
5962:Harold M. Mayer, and Richard C. Wade.
5583:Chicago: The History of Its Reputation
5521:
5305:
1675:bombsights, and other components. The
715:. The first rail line to Chicago, the
561:Extensions to city limits through 1884
63:has played a central role in American
8010:
7528:10.5406/jillistathistsoc.111.1-2.0120
7432:Green, Paul M., and Melvin G. Holli.
7154:
6856:from the original on October 20, 2010
5938:Chicago Convention and Tourism Bureau
5371:
5196:Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Chicago
1409:Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Chicago
1324:
504:
345:, seeking French protection from the
7642:The Rise of a Modern City, 1871–1893
7496:(2012) covers politics 1860 to 1880
7163:from the original on October 7, 2012
6948:"Chicago is GQ's 'City of the Year'"
6933:(University of Chicago Press, 2013).
6868:
6844:Thomas, Charles (October 13, 2011).
6749:
6661:(University of Chicago Press, 2008).
6508:. Chicago Tribune. December 28, 1921
5917:Norman Bolotin and Christine Laing,
5726:
5581:Lloyd Lewis and Henry Justin Smith,
5499:. Early Chicago, Inc. Archived from
608:and were forced to move west of the
545:Chicago in 1832, as depicted in 1892
529:Chicago in 1830, as depicted in 1884
355:Jean-François Buisson de Saint-Cosme
275:Pierre François Xavier de Charlevoix
7324:Cohen, Adam, and Elizabeth Taylor.
7130:www.encyclopedia.chicagohistory.org
7106:from the original on March 22, 2019
6534:. Chicago Tribune. December 7, 1922
5610:
1819:1968 Democratic National Convention
1479:(People's Daily; 1907–1925) to the
901:1860 Republican National Convention
739:factory that was opened in 1847 by
717:Galena & Chicago Union Railroad
624:to enter the harbor, a sign of the
371:Augustin le Gardeur de Courtemanche
103:in expectation of an attack by the
13:
7178:
6735:
6284:2001 4(4): 258-270. ISSN 1522-0532
6076:
5838:
1974:Our Lady of the Angels School Fire
1928:
1908:, established at the mouth of the
1590:Bird's eye view of Chicago in 1938
1000:of 1893 was constructed on former
730:By the 1850s, the construction of
14:
8313:
7950:and other overlooked elements at
7910:
7839:The Catholic Encyclopedia. Vol. 3
7834:(U of North Carolina Press, 2023)
7655:. (1937, reprinted 2004). 548 pp
7630:The Beginning of a City 1673–1848
7397:Emmet, Boris, and John E. Jeuck.
7136:from the original on July 7, 2012
6374:2000 57(2): 5-29. ISSN 0032-2806.
6216:2002 31(1): 26-57. ISSN 0272-8540
6169:. Encyclopedia.chicagohistory.org
5878:
5422:, p. 13. Loyola University Press.
5383:Andreas, Alfred Theodore (1884).
2054:(#50) was the first female mayor.
2002:
1142:Birds-eye view of Chicago in 1916
673:Emergence as a transportation hub
458:The first settler in Chicago was
8276:
8275:
8265:
7012:2003 32(2): 4–31. ISSN 0272-8540
6902:Dumke, Mick (October 30, 2010).
6670:for recent politics see Pacyga,
6556:. April 30, 2021. Archived from
6390:. University of Michigan Press.
6361:(Oxford University Press, 1977).
6347:online From the Newberry Library
6167:"Century of Progress Exposition"
6145:"Century of Progress Exposition"
6125:. Collections.carli.illinois.edu
6112:1999 2(1): 39-56. ISSN 1522-0532
5108:
5062:
5016:
4959:
4889:
4821:
4752:
4706:
4639:
4581:
4535:
4478:
4414:
4361:
4315:
4269:
4223:
4177:
4131:
4085:
4039:
3993:
3923:
3855:
3788:
3742:
3696:
3650:
3604:
3558:
3507:
3439:
3388:
3344:
3298:
3252:
3206:
3160:
3114:
3068:
3022:
2974:
2928:
2882:
2836:
2790:
2744:
2698:
2652:
2606:
2560:
2514:
2468:
2422:
2376:
2330:
2284:
2238:
2183:
1755:
1739:
1595:
1583:
1571:
1556:
1276:Map of downtown Chicago in 1917.
1206:and diversion of resources into
790:
781:
612:by 1838. On July 12, 1834, the
430:
418:
303:indicate that by this time, the
7823:McCaffrey, Lawrence J. et al.
7747:(Oxford University Press, 2014)
7690:. (1997). 597 pp. publisher of
7570:Chicago: Growth of a Metropolis
7440:; short and heavily illustrated
7370:, influential regional history.
7297:. (1957, 2nd ed. 1991). 335 pp.
7185:Bibliography of Chicago history
7148:
7118:
7092:
7071:
7056:
7044:
7034:David Cowan and John Kuenster,
7028:
7023:Eastland: Legacy of the Titanic
7015:
7002:
6971:
6936:
6923:
6837:
6818:
6729:
6703:
6677:
6664:
6651:
6638:
6612:
6596:
6572:
6546:
6520:
6494:
6468:
6442:
6377:
6364:
6351:
6339:
6326:
6313:
6300:
6287:
6274:
6261:
6245:
6232:
6219:
6206:
6181:
6159:
6137:
6115:
6102:
6089:
6070:
6057:
6030:
6014:
5998:
5990:Christopher Thale, "Gambling"
5982:
5969:
5964:Chicago: Growth of a Metropolis
5956:
5943:
5927:
5911:
5898:
5872:
5861:
5832:
5805:
5794:
5781:
5768:
5755:
5720:
5707:
5694:
5681:
5667:. Wm. B. Eerdmans. p. 49.
5654:
5632:
5589:
5540:
5515:
5438:
5418:Garraghan, Gilbert J. (1921).
5222:
5213:
5186:History of education in Chicago
5163:Bibliography of Chicago history
2097:Cities and Villages Act of 1872
1844:
1650:
1636:Industrial Workers of the World
1621:
1282:Cities and Villages Act of 1872
1196:Chicago Board of Trade Building
1174:Chicago Sanitary and Ship Canal
1109:
1069:1893 Bird's eye view of Chicago
977:Most of the city burned in the
949:Chicago railroad strike of 1877
695:1857 Bird's eye view of Chicago
687:1853 Bird's eye view of Chicago
377:accompanied de Courtemanche to
7648:); the major scholarly history
7476:History of Education Quarterly
7155:Hardy, Thomas (July 7, 1995).
6904:"Parking Matter Still Festers"
5702:History of the American People
5425:
5412:
5360:
5299:
5274:
5258:
5241:
1732:Skidmore, Owings & Merrill
1:
7646:excerpt and text search vol 3
7634:excerpt and text search vol 1
7494:Chicago in the Age of Capital
7321:, 14#1 (Feb. 2015) pp: 19–37.
7304:(U of Pittsburgh Press, 2020)
6586:; see also Joseph C. Bigott,
5550:Rising Up from Indian Country
1489:In 1926, the city hosted the
1481:Polish Roman Catholic Union's
1055:Rise of industry and commerce
938:
359:Mission of the Guardian Angel
343:Grand Village of the Illinois
7743:Connolly, Mary Beth Fraser.
7651:Pierce, Bessie Louise, ed.
7471:the major scholarly history.
7079:American Sociological Review
6532:wikipedialibrary.wmflabs.org
6506:wikipedialibrary.wmflabs.org
6480:wikipedialibrary.wmflabs.org
6454:wikipedialibrary.wmflabs.org
6037:Richard C. Lindberg (2009).
5979:Nov 2002, Vol. 31#2 pp 36-53
5470:DuSable Heritage Association
5235:
5206:
5191:Political history of Chicago
5129:
5098:
5086:
5083:
5052:
5040:
5037:
5006:
4994:
4980:
4949:
4923:
4910:
4879:
4857:
4844:
4811:
4788:
4774:
4742:
4730:
4727:
4696:
4673:
4660:
4629:
4617:
4603:
4571:
4559:
4556:
4525:
4513:
4499:
4468:
4446:
4433:
4408:
4396:
4383:
4351:
4339:
4336:
4305:
4293:
4290:
4259:
4247:
4244:
4213:
4201:
4198:
4167:
4155:
4152:
4121:
4109:
4106:
4075:
4063:
4060:
4029:
4017:
4014:
3983:
3957:
3944:
3913:
3891:
3878:
3845:
3823:
3810:
3778:
3766:
3763:
3732:
3720:
3717:
3686:
3674:
3671:
3640:
3628:
3625:
3594:
3582:
3579:
3548:
3531:
3528:
3497:
3475:
3462:
3429:
3412:
3409:
3378:
3368:
3365:
3334:
3322:
3319:
3288:
3276:
3273:
3242:
3230:
3227:
3196:
3184:
3181:
3150:
3138:
3135:
3104:
3092:
3089:
3058:
3046:
3043:
3012:
2998:
2995:
2964:
2952:
2949:
2918:
2906:
2903:
2872:
2860:
2857:
2826:
2814:
2811:
2780:
2768:
2765:
2734:
2722:
2719:
2688:
2676:
2673:
2642:
2630:
2627:
2596:
2584:
2581:
2550:
2538:
2535:
2504:
2492:
2489:
2458:
2446:
2443:
2412:
2400:
2397:
2366:
2354:
2351:
2320:
2308:
2305:
2274:
2262:
2259:
2228:
2209:
2206:
2173:
2163:
2160:
2140:
1851:Midway International Airport
1641:American Federation of Labor
1249:Political history of Chicago
998:World's Columbian Exposition
699:In 1848, the opening of the
460:Jean Baptiste Point du Sable
443:First non-native settlements
369:people. Shortly thereafter,
176:Cook County Democratic Party
89:Jean Baptiste Point du Sable
7:
8036:
7638:From Town to City 1848–1871
7394:(U of Illinois Press, 1998)
7319:Journal of Planning History
7192:The Encyclopedia of Chicago
7126:"Chicago Mayors, 1837-2007"
6310:(Simon and Schuster, 1996).
6308:Capone: The man and the era
6282:Journal of Illinois History
6188:Agyepong, Tera Eva (2018).
6110:Journal of Illinois History
6043:. SIU Press. pp. 2–7.
5522:Pacyga, Dominic A. (2009).
5385:"Chicago From 1816 To 1830"
5334:Illinois Historical Journal
5201:Timeline of Chicago history
5151:
2149:Thomas Jefferson Vance Owen
1935:Timeline of Chicago history
1096:
1004:at the present location of
889:Illinois and Michigan Canal
701:Illinois and Michigan Canal
620:, was the first commercial
201:
10:
8318:
7558:. (1973). 547 pp. popular
7182:
6085:. Encyclopedia of Chicago.
5778:(2011) 104#1/2, pp 140-165
5765:, 71(1&2): 5-25; p. 21
5251:John Askin Papers Volume 1
2006:
1932:
1918:World Columbian Exposition
1855:2008–2012 global recession
1682:
1663:as part of the top secret
1614:
1406:
1246:
1058:
963:Great Chicago Fire of 1871
942:
725:Sears, Roebuck and Company
703:allowed shipping from the
676:
361:to Christianize the local
257:The tribe was part of the
174:, who was chairman of the
8261:
8064:Colleges and universities
8044:
7946:January 11, 2012, at the
7902:Tuttle, William M., Jr.
7724:Race, religion, ethnicity
7522:111.1-2 (2018): 120-136.
7511:Karamanski, Theodore J.
7293:Bonner, Thomas Neville.
6253:Journal of Social History
6022:Journal of Social History
5818:. ABC-CLIO. p. 139.
5620:. Milwaukee Public Museum
1972:On December 1, 1958, the
1200:Wall Street Crash of 1929
1160:Chicago Union Stock Yards
679:Transportation in Chicago
657:, Chicago held its first
245:around 1679 in a memoir.
231:, referring to the plant
129:Central Business District
7686:Smith, Richard Norton.
7543:10.1177/0096144203258353
7535:Journal of Urban History
6626:. Chicago History Museum
6580:Journal of Urban History
5841:"The Great Chicago Fire"
5812:John T. Cumbler (2005).
5491:Swenson, John F (1999).
5306:Quaife, Milo M. (1933).
5173:Ethnic groups in Chicago
5145:Died/murdered in office.
2166:
1805:and the poor. After the
1797:under the leadership of
1728:world's tallest building
1610:
1378:Chicago Crime Commission
1198:completed in 1930. The
843:come as a result of the
760:decided that the entire
618:Sackets Harbor, New York
287:Mississippi River system
237:, as well as the animal
207:Early native settlements
77:Midwestern United States
7918:Encyclopedia of Chicago
7860:excerpt and text search
7704:excerpt and text search
7675:excerpt and text search
7662:Sawyers, June Skinner.
7657:excerpt and text search
7624:Pierce, Bessie Louise.
7611:excerpt and text search
7581:excerpt and text search
7498:excerpt and text search
7438:excerpt and text search
7368:excerpt and text search
7347:excerpt and text search
7337:excerpt and text search
7313:excerpt and text search
7268:excerpt and text search
7244:excerpt and text search
7234:excerpt and text search
6624:Encyclopedia of Chicago
6592:excerpt and text search
6372:Polish American Studies
6024:(1971) 5#2 pp. 210-234
5992:Encyclopedia of Chicago
5923:excerpt and text search
5885:Encyclopedia of Chicago
5848:www.sandiegounified.org
5248:MILO M. QUAIFE (1928).
3519:Harvey Doolittle Colvin
1895:
1726:, was at 1451 feet the
1416:Immigration Act of 1924
1232:1899 Juvenile Court Act
1079:Home Insurance Building
979:1871 Great Chicago Fire
945:Architecture of Chicago
927:musical entertainment.
762:city should be elevated
707:through Chicago to the
487:Battle of Fort Dearborn
473:In 1795, following the
225:Miami–Illinois language
7888:Shanabruch, Charles.
7871:Rivlin, Gary (1992).
7792:Kantowicz, Edward R.
7771:Grimshaw, William J.
7702:(2000), popular epic;
7594:The Great Chicago Fire
7579:(1997), popular epic;
7554:Longstreet, Stephen.
6996:World Business Chicago
6604:Social Science History
5158:American urban history
2775:Independent Democratic
2591:Independent Democratic
2088:
2077:
2066:
2055:
2044:
2029:
2021:
1811:major riots of despair
1767:, a 1967 sculpture in
1692:
1631:
1521:
1313:(Republican), and the
1277:
1269:
1258:
1151:
1143:
1135:
1127:
1119:
1091:Lord and Thomas agency
1082:
1070:
974:
966:
893:Chicago Board of Trade
836:
823:
696:
688:
606:1833 Treaty of Chicago
562:
554:
546:
538:
530:
522:
514:
513:1821 Survey of Chicago
455:
255:
57:
41:
31:
7864:Parot, Joseph John.
7736:Candeloro, Dominic.
7547:Keating, Ann Durkin.
7537:2004 30(2): 213-230.
7478:18.3 (1978): 227–270.
7434:Chicago, World War II
7240:The Haymarket Tragedy
7199:Abu-Lughod, Janet L.
7183:Further information:
7081:2006 71(4): 661–678.
6991:on November 23, 2006.
6004:Richard C. Lindberg,
5547:Keating, Ann (2012).
5503:on September 24, 2022
2083:
2072:
2061:
2050:
2037:William Hale Thompson
2035:
2027:
2016:
1989:Chicago Tunnel system
1904:: The United States'
1690:
1661:University of Chicago
1659:was conducted at the
1629:
1519:
1484:Dziennik Zjednoczenia
1407:Further information:
1387:After the passage of
1293:- founded in 1875 by
1275:
1264:
1256:
1247:Further information:
1149:
1141:
1133:
1125:
1117:
1076:
1068:
1059:Further information:
1018:Frederick Law Olmsted
984:The Danish immigrant
972:
956:
943:Further information:
877:Mary Richardson Jones
834:
817:
694:
686:
677:Further information:
560:
552:
544:
536:
528:
520:
512:
450:
261:, which included the
251:
47:
37:
21:
7978:on February 20, 2014
7854:Pacyga, Dominic A.
7825:The Irish in Chicago
7778:Grossman, James R.
7640:(1940); Volume III:
7626:A History of Chicago
7607:Chicago: A Biography
7404:Ferris, William G.
7307:Bukowski, Douglas.
6946:(December 7, 2008).
6883:on December 19, 2017
6767:. December 10, 2009.
6414:10.3998/mpub.9343785
6396:10.3998/mpub.9343785
6227:Chicago: A biography
5951:Constructing Chicago
5879:Thale, Christopher.
5524:Chicago: A Biography
5466:"History of DuSable"
5168:Chicago in the 1930s
2894:Charles McNeill Gray
1863:an operating company
1799:Jose Cha Cha Jimenez
1705:street photographers
1617:Chicago in the 1930s
1228:institutional racism
881:Underground Railroad
741:Cyrus Hall McCormick
499:Indian Boundary Park
479:Treaty of Greenville
475:Northwest Indian War
317:, who traversed the
300:The Jesuit Relations
30:'s map (Paris, 1718)
7847:Nelli, Humbert S.
7830:Mantler, Gordon K.
7816:Lemann, Nicholas.
7810:. (1985). Electing
7738:Italians in Chicago
7698:Spinney, Robert G.
7628:(3 vol., Volume I:
7605:Pacyga, Dominic A.
7596:(2000); 1st ed was
7561:McDonald, Forrest.
7506:10.5406/j.ctt2ttbkb
7453:Gustaitis, Joseph.
7443:Gustaitis, Joseph.
7366:. (1991). 530 pp.
7355:. (1973). 354 pp.;
7345:. (1990). 526 pp.
7248:Bales, Richard F.
7228:Ascoli, Peter Max.
7159:. Chicago Tribune.
6648:(2009) pp. 323-358.
6323:(2009). pp 183-213.
6306:Laurence Bergreen,
6297:(2009). pp 240-248.
6225:Dominic A. Pacyga,
5839:Signal, Michael A.
5642:. State of Illinois
5431:Charles J. Balesi,
4651:Michael A. Bilandic
4327:William H. Thompson
4235:William H. Thompson
4189:Carter Harrison Jr.
4051:Carter Harrison Jr.
3800:Carter Harrison Sr.
3754:Hempstead Washburne
3616:Carter Harrison Sr.
2480:Benjamin W. Raymond
2342:Benjamin W. Raymond
2039:(#41) was the last
1922:Century of Progress
1331:eight-hour work day
1215:Century of Progress
959:Chicago Water Tower
495:Treaty of St. Louis
397:. The Iroquois and
127:that destroyed the
48:Historical Chicago
28:Guillaume de L'Isle
8302:History of Chicago
7882:(Oxford UP, 1977)
7878:Sanders, James W.
7858:. (1991). 322 pp.
7764:Fernandez, Lilia.
7673:. (1999). 258 pp.
7617:Peterson, Paul E.
7575:Miller, Donald L.
7362:Cronon, William.
7341:Cohen, Lizabeth.
7311:. (1998). 273 pp.
6674:(2009) pp 359-401.
6357:James W. Sanders,
6242:(2009). pp 84-110.
5949:Daniel Bluestone,
5868:Great Chicago Fire
5801:Chief O'Neill Blog
5389:History of Chicago
5367:Potawatomi history
5219:exact date unknown
4547:Martin H. Kennelly
3264:Francis C. Sherman
2756:James H. Woodworth
2434:Francis C. Sherman
2089:
2078:
2067:
2056:
2045:
2030:
2022:
1941:Great Chicago Fire
1914:Great Chicago Fire
1693:
1632:
1522:
1500:came north in the
1458:The Bateman School
1333:, later named the
1325:Violence and crime
1307:(Democratic), the
1290:Chicago Daily News
1278:
1270:
1266:Theodore Roosevelt
1259:
1182:U.S. Supreme Court
1152:
1144:
1136:
1128:
1120:
1083:
1071:
1061:Economy of Chicago
975:
967:
916:Know-Nothing Party
909:American Civil War
837:
824:
697:
689:
563:
555:
547:
539:
531:
523:
515:
505:Growth of the city
456:
349:. In 1696, French
213:Algonquian peoples
194:in the 1950s, and
188:Stephen A. Douglas
180:transportation hub
87:Native Americans.
58:
42:
32:
8289:
8288:
8172:Metropolitan area
7992:"Chicago History"
7972:"Chicago History"
7952:Forgotten Chicago
7906:. (1970). 305 pp.
7892:. (1981). 296 pp.
7851:. (1970). 300 pp.
7827:. (1987). 171 pp.
7820:. (1991). 401 pp.
7812:Harold Washington
7806:Kleppner, Paul.
7803:. (1983). 252 pp.
7796:. (1983). 295 pp.
7782:. (1989). 384 pp.
7775:. (1992). 248 pp.
7754:. (1996). 316 pp.
7750:Cutler, Irving.
7740:. (1999). 128 pp.
7733:. (1973). 213 pp.
7729:Allswang, John.
7683:. (1984). 232 pp.
7664:Chicago Portraits
7659:, primary sources
7621:. (1985). 241 pp.
7515:. (1993). 292 pp.
7463:Herrick, Mary J.
7415:. (1990). 249 pp.
7408:. (1988). 221 pp.
7359:. (1974). 351 pp.
7351:Condit, Carl W.
7290:. (1992). 166 pp.
7283:. (1995). 292 pp.
7276:. (1984). 219 pp.
7252:. (2002). 338 pp.
6953:Chicago Sun-Times
6717:on April 23, 2009
6691:on April 29, 2018
6560:on April 30, 2021
6405:978-0-472-13033-7
6147:. Cityclicker.net
6077:Conzen, Michael.
6067:(1983) pp 230-73.
5763:The Living Museum
5607:1999, pp. 57, 88.
5533:978-0-226-64431-8
5444:Wayne C. Temple,
5282:"ILDA Dictionary"
5143:
5142:
4764:Harold Washington
4005:George Bell Swift
3867:George Bell Swift
3708:DeWitt C. Cregier
2940:Isaac L. Milliken
2296:Buckner S. Morris
2063:Harold Washington
2043:mayor of Chicago.
1830:Harold Washington
1697:displaced persons
1665:Manhattan Project
1510:Chicago race riot
1498:African Americans
832:
800:Husband and wife
709:Mississippi River
665:as its inaugural
645:Des Plaines River
610:Mississippi River
409:There was also a
402:raids during the
327:Des Plaines River
295:Jacques Marquette
281:) connecting the
259:Miami Confederacy
243:Robert de LaSalle
198:in recent years.
118:Mississippi River
73:political history
8309:
8279:
8278:
8269:
8031:
8024:
8017:
8008:
8007:
8003:
8000:Newberry Library
7987:
7985:
7983:
7868:. (1982) 298 pp.
7715:Young, David M.
7679:Smith, Carl S.
7390:Duis, Perry R.
7383:Duis, Perry R.
7328:. (2001). 614pp
7262:Barrett, James.
7255:Barnard, Harry.
7173:
7172:
7170:
7168:
7152:
7146:
7145:
7143:
7141:
7122:
7116:
7115:
7113:
7111:
7096:
7090:
7075:
7069:
7060:
7054:
7048:
7042:
7032:
7026:
7019:
7013:
7006:
7000:
6992:
6990:
6984:. Archived from
6983:
6975:
6969:
6968:
6962:
6960:
6940:
6934:
6929:Keith Koeneman,
6927:
6921:
6920:
6918:
6916:
6899:
6893:
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6890:
6888:
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6866:
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6816:
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6798:
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6753:
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6727:
6726:
6724:
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6707:
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6698:
6696:
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6675:
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6642:
6636:
6635:
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6631:
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6594:
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6570:
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6524:
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6498:
6492:
6491:
6489:
6487:
6472:
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6463:
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6440:
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6423:
6421:
6381:
6375:
6368:
6362:
6355:
6349:
6343:
6337:
6330:
6324:
6317:
6311:
6304:
6298:
6291:
6285:
6278:
6272:
6265:
6259:
6249:
6243:
6236:
6230:
6223:
6217:
6210:
6204:
6203:
6185:
6179:
6178:
6176:
6174:
6163:
6157:
6156:
6154:
6152:
6141:
6135:
6134:
6132:
6130:
6119:
6113:
6106:
6100:
6095:William Cronon,
6093:
6087:
6086:
6079:"Global Chicago"
6074:
6068:
6061:
6055:
6054:
6034:
6028:
6018:
6012:
6002:
5996:
5986:
5980:
5977:Chicago History,
5973:
5967:
5960:
5954:
5947:
5941:
5931:
5925:
5915:
5909:
5902:
5896:
5895:
5893:
5891:
5881:"Waste Disposal"
5876:
5870:
5865:
5859:
5858:
5856:
5854:
5845:
5836:
5830:
5829:
5809:
5803:
5798:
5792:
5785:
5779:
5772:
5766:
5759:
5753:
5752:
5724:
5718:
5711:
5705:
5698:
5692:
5687:William Cronin,
5685:
5679:
5678:
5658:
5652:
5651:
5649:
5647:
5636:
5630:
5629:
5627:
5625:
5614:
5608:
5593:
5587:
5578:
5569:
5568:
5544:
5538:
5537:
5519:
5513:
5512:
5510:
5508:
5488:
5482:
5481:
5479:
5477:
5462:
5453:
5442:
5436:
5435:. 3rd ed. (2000)
5429:
5423:
5416:
5410:
5409:
5407:
5405:
5380:
5369:
5364:
5358:
5357:
5329:
5320:
5319:
5303:
5297:
5296:
5294:
5292:
5278:
5272:
5271:
5262:
5256:
5255:
5245:
5229:
5226:
5220:
5217:
5177:Poles in Chicago
5112:
5101:
5066:
5055:
5020:
5009:
4992:
4991:
4990:
4986:
4971:Richard M. Daley
4963:
4952:
4938:
4937:
4936:
4932:
4929:
4921:
4920:
4919:
4915:
4893:
4882:
4868:
4867:
4866:
4862:
4855:
4854:
4853:
4849:
4825:
4814:
4800:
4799:
4798:
4794:
4786:
4785:
4784:
4780:
4756:
4745:
4710:
4699:
4685:
4684:
4683:
4679:
4671:
4670:
4669:
4665:
4643:
4632:
4615:
4614:
4613:
4609:
4593:Richard J. Daley
4585:
4574:
4539:
4528:
4511:
4510:
4509:
4505:
4482:
4471:
4457:
4456:
4455:
4451:
4444:
4443:
4442:
4438:
4418:
4411:
4394:
4393:
4392:
4388:
4365:
4354:
4319:
4308:
4281:William E. Dever
4273:
4262:
4227:
4216:
4181:
4170:
4135:
4124:
4089:
4078:
4043:
4032:
3997:
3986:
3972:
3971:
3970:
3966:
3963:
3955:
3954:
3953:
3949:
3927:
3916:
3902:
3901:
3900:
3896:
3889:
3888:
3887:
3883:
3870:(interim mayor)
3859:
3848:
3834:
3833:
3832:
3828:
3821:
3820:
3819:
3815:
3792:
3781:
3746:
3735:
3700:
3689:
3654:
3643:
3608:
3597:
3562:
3551:
3511:
3500:
3486:
3485:
3484:
3480:
3473:
3472:
3471:
3467:
3443:
3432:
3392:
3381:
3356:Roswell B. Mason
3348:
3337:
3302:
3291:
3256:
3245:
3218:Julian S. Rumsey
3210:
3199:
3164:
3153:
3118:
3107:
3072:
3061:
3026:
3015:
2978:
2967:
2932:
2921:
2886:
2875:
2848:Walter S. Gurnee
2840:
2829:
2794:
2783:
2748:
2737:
2702:
2691:
2656:
2645:
2618:Augustus Garrett
2610:
2599:
2564:
2553:
2526:Augustus Garrett
2518:
2507:
2472:
2461:
2426:
2415:
2380:
2369:
2334:
2323:
2288:
2277:
2250:William B. Ogden
2242:
2231:
2201:
2187:
2176:
2155:
2143:
2102:
2101:
2074:Richard M. Daley
2009:Mayor of Chicago
1976:occurred in the
1948:Iroquois Theater
1834:Richard M. Daley
1786:machine politics
1782:Richard J. Daley
1759:
1743:
1657:nuclear reaction
1603:Oak Street Beach
1599:
1587:
1575:
1560:
1335:Haymarket affair
1268:in Chicago, 1915
1220:Great Depression
1204:Great Depression
1189:Merchandise Mart
869:African-American
833:
794:
785:
663:William B. Ogden
659:mayoral election
481:. The US built
434:
422:
234:Allium tricoccum
215:, including the
172:Richard J. Daley
133:higher education
26:on the lake, in
8317:
8316:
8312:
8311:
8310:
8308:
8307:
8306:
8292:
8291:
8290:
8285:
8257:
8069:Community areas
8040:
8035:
7996:Research Guides
7990:
7981:
7979:
7970:
7948:Wayback Machine
7941:Chicago History
7913:
7726:
7719:(1998). 213 pp.
7693:Chicago Tribune
7592:Miller, Ross.
7589:. 1990. 287 pp.
7585:Miller, Ross.
7418:Fisher, Colin.
7411:Fine, Lisa M.
7373:Diner, Steven.
7279:Biles, Roger.
7272:Biles, Roger.
7210:Andreas, A. T.
7187:
7181:
7179:Further reading
7176:
7166:
7164:
7153:
7149:
7139:
7137:
7124:
7123:
7119:
7109:
7107:
7098:
7097:
7093:
7076:
7072:
7061:
7057:
7049:
7045:
7033:
7029:
7021:George Hilton,
7020:
7016:
7010:Chicago History
7007:
7003:
6988:
6981:
6977:
6976:
6972:
6958:
6956:
6941:
6937:
6928:
6924:
6914:
6912:
6900:
6896:
6886:
6884:
6873:
6869:
6859:
6857:
6842:
6838:
6831:Chicago Tribune
6823:
6819:
6757:
6754:
6750:
6734:
6730:
6720:
6718:
6709:
6708:
6704:
6694:
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6683:
6682:
6678:
6669:
6665:
6656:
6652:
6643:
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6577:
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6509:
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6499:
6495:
6485:
6483:
6474:
6473:
6469:
6459:
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6448:
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6443:
6427:
6426:
6419:
6417:
6406:
6382:
6378:
6369:
6365:
6356:
6352:
6344:
6340:
6336:(4th ed. 1995).
6331:
6327:
6318:
6314:
6305:
6301:
6292:
6288:
6279:
6275:
6266:
6262:
6250:
6246:
6237:
6233:
6224:
6220:
6214:Chicago History
6211:
6207:
6200:
6186:
6182:
6172:
6170:
6165:
6164:
6160:
6150:
6148:
6143:
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6107:
6103:
6094:
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6075:
6071:
6062:
6058:
6051:
6035:
6031:
6019:
6015:
6003:
5999:
5987:
5983:
5974:
5970:
5961:
5957:
5948:
5944:
5934:Chicago History
5932:
5928:
5916:
5912:
5903:
5899:
5889:
5887:
5877:
5873:
5866:
5862:
5852:
5850:
5843:
5837:
5833:
5826:
5810:
5806:
5799:
5795:
5787:Perry R. Duis,
5786:
5782:
5773:
5769:
5760:
5756:
5725:
5721:
5712:
5708:
5699:
5695:
5686:
5682:
5675:
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5655:
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5643:
5638:
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5545:
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5516:
5506:
5504:
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5485:
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5473:
5464:
5463:
5456:
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5430:
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5399:
5381:
5372:
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5330:
5323:
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5288:
5280:
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5275:
5264:
5263:
5259:
5246:
5242:
5238:
5233:
5232:
5227:
5223:
5218:
5214:
5209:
5154:
5146:
5120:Brandon Johnson
5116:
5115:
5114:
5113:
5070:
5069:
5068:
5067:
5024:
5023:
5022:
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4913:
4912:
4897:
4896:
4895:
4894:
4864:
4860:
4859:
4851:
4847:
4846:
4836:(acting mayor)
4835:
4829:
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4826:
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4782:
4778:
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4589:
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4507:
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4490:Edward J. Kelly
4486:
4485:
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4483:
4453:
4449:
4448:
4440:
4436:
4435:
4425:(acting mayor)
4424:
4390:
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4385:
4369:
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4366:
4323:
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4321:
4320:
4277:
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4231:
4230:
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4185:
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4139:
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4136:
4097:Edward F. Dunne
4093:
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4044:
4001:
4000:
3999:
3998:
3968:
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3947:
3946:
3935:John P. Hopkins
3931:
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2292:
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2289:
2246:
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2244:
2243:
2191:
2190:
2189:
2188:
2154:August 12, 1833
2135:Town presidents
2011:
2005:
1937:
1931:
1929:Major disasters
1898:
1889:The Dark Knight
1847:
1776:
1764:Chicago Picasso
1760:
1751:
1744:
1685:
1677:Great Migration
1653:
1624:
1619:
1613:
1606:
1600:
1591:
1588:
1579:
1576:
1567:
1561:
1502:Great Migration
1476:Dziennik Ludowy
1411:
1405:
1354:Progressive Era
1327:
1310:Chicago Tribune
1251:
1245:
1234:, supported by
1112:
1099:
1063:
1057:
951:
941:
929:Francis O'Neill
924:Lager Beer Riot
905:Abraham Lincoln
897:Stephen Douglas
841:Irish Catholics
826:
820:bird's-eye view
812:
811:
810:
809:
797:
796:
795:
787:
786:
775:
721:Montgomery Ward
681:
675:
553:Chicago in 1836
507:
445:
438:
437:Chicago in 1820
435:
426:
423:
323:Illinois Rivers
279:Chicago Portage
209:
204:
192:Adlai Stevenson
164:Great Migration
39:Flag of Chicago
12:
11:
5:
8315:
8305:
8304:
8287:
8286:
8284:
8283:
8273:
8262:
8259:
8258:
8256:
8255:
8250:
8248:Transportation
8245:
8240:
8235:
8230:
8229:
8228:
8221:Public schools
8218:
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8211:
8206:
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8005:
8004:
7988:
7967:
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7959:
7954:
7938:
7933:
7928:
7923:
7912:
7911:External links
7909:
7908:
7907:
7900:
7895:Spear, Allan.
7893:
7886:
7876:
7869:
7862:
7852:
7845:
7835:
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7804:
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7590:
7583:
7573:
7572:(1969) 510pp
7566:
7559:
7552:
7545:
7531:
7516:
7509:
7500:; 330pp; also
7490:
7479:
7472:
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7409:
7402:
7395:
7388:
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7349:
7339:
7322:
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7305:
7298:
7291:
7284:
7277:
7270:
7260:
7253:
7246:
7238:Avrich, Paul.
7236:
7226:
7208:
7180:
7177:
7175:
7174:
7147:
7117:
7091:
7070:
7055:
7043:
7027:
7014:
7001:
6993:Accessed from
6970:
6935:
6922:
6909:New York Times
6894:
6867:
6836:
6817:
6815:
6814:
6809:Chicago Reader
6799:
6794:Chicago Reader
6784:
6779:Chicago Reader
6769:
6764:Chicago Reader
6748:
6728:
6702:
6676:
6663:
6650:
6637:
6620:"World War II"
6611:
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6571:
6545:
6519:
6493:
6467:
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5910:
5897:
5871:
5860:
5831:
5824:
5804:
5793:
5780:
5767:
5754:
5735:(4): 356–382.
5719:
5706:
5700:Paul Johnson,
5693:
5680:
5673:
5653:
5631:
5609:
5588:
5570:
5559:
5539:
5532:
5514:
5483:
5454:
5437:
5424:
5411:
5397:
5370:
5359:
5340:(4): 235–248.
5321:
5298:
5286:mc.miamioh.edu
5273:
5257:
5254:. p. 356.
5239:
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5105:
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5102:
5096:
5095:
5090:
5088:
5085:
5082:
5079:
5076:
5074:Lori Lightfoot
5071:
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3451:Lester L. Bond
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3174:
3172:John Wentworth
3169:
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3157:
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3154:
3148:
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3142:
3140:
3137:
3134:
3131:
3128:
3126:John C. Haines
3123:
3113:
3112:
3111:
3110:
3108:
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3096:
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3080:John Wentworth
3077:
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3009:
3007:(Know Nothing)
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2664:John P. Chapin
2661:
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2204:March 4, 1837
2202:
2197:
2195:John H. Kinzie
2192:
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2112:
2109:
2106:
2085:Lori Lightfoot
2007:Main article:
2004:
2003:List of mayors
2001:
1933:Main article:
1930:
1927:
1902:Chicago's flag
1897:
1894:
1867:Morgan Stanley
1846:
1843:
1838:public housing
1791:O'Hare Airport
1778:
1777:
1761:
1754:
1752:
1745:
1738:
1709:Richard Nickel
1701:Eastern Europe
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1615:Main article:
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1570:
1568:
1562:
1555:
1534:American dream
1454:Francis Parker
1404:
1401:
1349:celebrations.
1343:labor movement
1326:
1323:
1295:Melville Stone
1244:
1241:
1111:
1108:
1098:
1095:
1056:
1053:
1022:Daniel Burnham
940:
937:
799:
798:
789:
788:
780:
779:
778:
777:
776:
774:
771:
713:Gulf of Mexico
674:
671:
592:ceded land in
569:to survey and
567:James Thompson
506:
503:
491:Prairie Avenue
444:
441:
440:
439:
436:
429:
427:
424:
417:
331:Fort St. Louis
271:Nicolas Perrot
208:
205:
203:
200:
190:in the 1850s,
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
8314:
8303:
8300:
8299:
8297:
8282:
8274:
8272:
8268:
8264:
8263:
8260:
8254:
8251:
8249:
8246:
8244:
8241:
8239:
8236:
8234:
8231:
8227:
8224:
8223:
8222:
8219:
8215:
8212:
8210:
8207:
8205:
8202:
8201:
8200:
8197:
8193:
8190:
8189:
8188:
8185:
8183:
8182:Neighborhoods
8180:
8178:
8175:
8173:
8170:
8166:
8163:
8162:
8161:
8158:
8156:
8153:
8151:
8148:
8144:
8141:
8139:
8136:
8135:
8134:
8131:
8129:
8126:
8124:
8121:
8119:
8116:
8114:
8111:
8109:
8106:
8102:
8099:
8098:
8097:
8094:
8092:
8089:
8087:
8084:
8080:
8077:
8076:
8075:
8072:
8070:
8067:
8065:
8062:
8060:
8057:
8055:
8052:
8050:
8047:
8046:
8043:
8039:
8032:
8027:
8025:
8020:
8018:
8013:
8012:
8009:
8001:
7997:
7993:
7989:
7977:
7973:
7969:
7968:
7965:
7964:
7960:
7958:
7955:
7953:
7949:
7945:
7942:
7939:
7937:
7934:
7932:
7929:
7927:
7924:
7921:
7919:
7915:
7914:
7905:
7901:
7898:
7894:
7891:
7887:
7885:
7881:
7877:
7874:
7870:
7867:
7863:
7861:
7857:
7853:
7850:
7846:
7844:
7840:
7836:
7833:
7829:
7826:
7822:
7819:
7815:
7813:
7809:
7805:
7802:
7798:
7795:
7791:
7788:
7784:
7781:
7777:
7774:
7770:
7767:
7763:
7760:
7756:
7753:
7749:
7746:
7742:
7739:
7735:
7732:
7728:
7727:
7718:
7714:
7711:
7707:
7705:
7701:
7697:
7695:
7694:
7689:
7685:
7682:
7678:
7676:
7672:
7668:
7665:
7661:
7658:
7654:
7650:
7647:
7643:
7639:
7636:; Volume II:
7635:
7631:
7627:
7623:
7620:
7616:
7615:
7612:
7608:
7604:
7603:
7599:
7595:
7591:
7588:
7584:
7582:
7578:
7574:
7571:
7567:
7564:
7560:
7557:
7553:
7550:
7546:
7544:
7540:
7536:
7532:
7529:
7525:
7521:
7517:
7514:
7510:
7507:
7503:
7499:
7495:
7491:
7488:
7484:
7480:
7477:
7473:
7470:
7466:
7462:
7460:
7456:
7452:
7450:
7446:
7442:
7439:
7435:
7431:
7428:
7424:
7421:
7417:
7414:
7410:
7407:
7403:
7400:
7396:
7393:
7389:
7386:
7382:
7380:
7376:
7372:
7369:
7365:
7361:
7358:
7354:
7350:
7348:
7344:
7340:
7338:
7335:
7334:0-316-83489-0
7331:
7327:
7323:
7320:
7316:
7314:
7310:
7306:
7303:
7299:
7296:
7292:
7289:
7285:
7282:
7278:
7275:
7271:
7269:
7265:
7261:
7258:
7254:
7251:
7247:
7245:
7241:
7237:
7235:
7231:
7227:
7225:
7221:
7217:
7213:
7209:
7206:
7202:
7198:
7197:
7196:
7194:
7193:
7186:
7167:September 25,
7162:
7158:
7151:
7135:
7131:
7127:
7121:
7105:
7101:
7095:
7088:
7084:
7080:
7074:
7068:
7066:
7059:
7053:
7052:"About Kenny"
7047:
7041:
7037:
7031:
7024:
7018:
7011:
7005:
6998:
6997:
6987:
6980:
6974:
6966:
6955:
6954:
6949:
6945:
6939:
6932:
6926:
6911:
6910:
6905:
6898:
6882:
6878:
6871:
6855:
6851:
6847:
6840:
6832:
6828:
6821:
6811:
6810:
6805:
6800:
6796:
6795:
6790:
6785:
6781:
6780:
6775:
6770:
6766:
6765:
6760:
6756:
6755:
6752:
6744:
6743:
6738:
6732:
6716:
6712:
6706:
6690:
6686:
6680:
6673:
6667:
6660:
6657:Frank Kusch,
6654:
6647:
6641:
6625:
6621:
6615:
6609:
6605:
6599:
6593:
6589:
6585:
6581:
6575:
6559:
6555:
6549:
6533:
6529:
6523:
6507:
6503:
6497:
6481:
6477:
6471:
6455:
6451:
6445:
6437:
6431:
6415:
6411:
6407:
6401:
6397:
6393:
6389:
6388:
6380:
6373:
6367:
6360:
6354:
6348:
6342:
6335:
6329:
6322:
6316:
6309:
6303:
6296:
6290:
6283:
6277:
6270:
6264:
6258:
6254:
6248:
6241:
6235:
6228:
6222:
6215:
6209:
6201:
6199:9781469636443
6195:
6191:
6184:
6168:
6162:
6146:
6140:
6124:
6118:
6111:
6105:
6098:
6092:
6084:
6080:
6073:
6066:
6060:
6052:
6050:9780809386543
6046:
6042:
6041:
6033:
6027:
6023:
6017:
6011:
6007:
6001:
5995:
5993:
5985:
5978:
5972:
5965:
5959:
5952:
5946:
5939:
5935:
5930:
5924:
5920:
5914:
5907:
5901:
5886:
5882:
5875:
5869:
5864:
5849:
5842:
5835:
5827:
5825:9781576079096
5821:
5817:
5816:
5808:
5802:
5797:
5790:
5784:
5777:
5771:
5764:
5758:
5750:
5746:
5742:
5738:
5734:
5730:
5723:
5716:
5710:
5703:
5697:
5690:
5684:
5676:
5674:9780802870537
5670:
5666:
5665:
5657:
5641:
5635:
5619:
5613:
5606:
5602:
5601:State Streets
5598:
5592:
5585:
5584:
5577:
5575:
5567:
5562:
5560:9780226428987
5556:
5552:
5551:
5543:
5535:
5529:
5525:
5518:
5502:
5498:
5497:Early Chicago
5494:
5487:
5471:
5467:
5461:
5459:
5451:
5447:
5441:
5434:
5428:
5421:
5415:
5400:
5398:1-143-91396-5
5394:
5390:
5386:
5379:
5377:
5375:
5368:
5363:
5355:
5351:
5347:
5343:
5339:
5335:
5328:
5326:
5317:
5313:
5309:
5302:
5287:
5283:
5277:
5269:
5268:
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5252:
5244:
5240:
5225:
5216:
5212:
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5199:
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5189:
5187:
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5178:
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5166:
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5156:
5155:
5149:
5139:
5136:
5134:
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5118:
5111:
5103:
5097:
5094:
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5089:
5080:
5077:
5075:
5072:
5065:
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5051:
5048:
5045:
5043:
5034:
5031:
5029:
5026:
5019:
5011:
5005:
5002:
4999:
4997:
4977:
4974:
4972:
4969:
4962:
4954:
4948:
4945:
4942:
4940:
4907:
4904:
4902:
4901:Eugene Sawyer
4899:
4892:
4884:
4878:
4875:
4872:
4870:
4841:
4838:
4834:
4831:
4824:
4816:
4810:
4807:
4804:
4802:
4771:
4768:
4765:
4762:
4755:
4747:
4741:
4738:
4735:
4733:
4724:
4721:
4719:
4716:
4709:
4701:
4695:
4692:
4689:
4687:
4657:
4654:
4652:
4649:
4642:
4634:
4628:
4625:
4622:
4620:
4600:
4597:
4594:
4591:
4584:
4576:
4570:
4567:
4564:
4562:
4553:
4550:
4548:
4545:
4538:
4530:
4524:
4521:
4518:
4516:
4496:
4493:
4491:
4488:
4481:
4473:
4467:
4464:
4461:
4459:
4430:
4427:
4423:
4422:Frank J. Corr
4420:
4417:
4413:
4407:
4404:
4401:
4399:
4380:
4377:
4374:
4371:
4364:
4356:
4350:
4347:
4344:
4342:
4333:
4330:
4328:
4325:
4318:
4310:
4304:
4301:
4298:
4296:
4287:
4284:
4282:
4279:
4272:
4264:
4258:
4255:
4252:
4250:
4241:
4238:
4236:
4233:
4226:
4218:
4212:
4209:
4206:
4204:
4195:
4192:
4190:
4187:
4180:
4172:
4166:
4163:
4160:
4158:
4149:
4146:
4144:
4143:Fred A. Busse
4141:
4134:
4126:
4120:
4117:
4114:
4112:
4103:
4100:
4098:
4095:
4088:
4080:
4074:
4071:
4068:
4066:
4057:
4054:
4052:
4049:
4042:
4034:
4028:
4025:
4022:
4020:
4011:
4008:
4006:
4003:
3996:
3988:
3982:
3979:
3976:
3974:
3941:
3938:
3936:
3933:
3926:
3918:
3912:
3909:
3906:
3904:
3875:
3872:
3868:
3865:
3858:
3850:
3844:
3841:
3838:
3836:
3807:
3804:
3801:
3798:
3791:
3783:
3777:
3774:
3771:
3769:
3760:
3757:
3755:
3752:
3745:
3737:
3731:
3728:
3725:
3723:
3714:
3711:
3709:
3706:
3699:
3691:
3685:
3682:
3679:
3677:
3668:
3665:
3663:
3662:John A. Roche
3660:
3653:
3645:
3639:
3636:
3633:
3631:
3622:
3619:
3617:
3614:
3607:
3599:
3593:
3590:
3587:
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3576:
3573:
3571:
3568:
3561:
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3543:
3539:
3536:
3534:
3525:
3522:
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3517:
3510:
3502:
3496:
3493:
3490:
3488:
3459:
3456:
3452:
3449:
3442:
3434:
3428:
3424:
3420:
3417:
3415:
3406:
3403:
3401:
3400:Joseph Medill
3398:
3391:
3383:
3377:
3373:
3371:
3362:
3359:
3357:
3354:
3347:
3339:
3333:
3330:
3327:
3325:
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3311:
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3293:
3287:
3284:
3281:
3279:
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3255:
3247:
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3238:
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3224:
3221:
3219:
3216:
3209:
3201:
3195:
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3187:
3178:
3175:
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3155:
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3141:
3132:
3129:
3127:
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3117:
3109:
3103:
3100:
3097:
3095:
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3071:
3063:
3057:
3054:
3051:
3049:
3040:
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3032:
3025:
3017:
3011:
3008:
3003:
3001:
2992:
2989:
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2977:
2969:
2963:
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2946:
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2900:
2897:
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2885:
2877:
2871:
2868:
2865:
2863:
2854:
2851:
2849:
2846:
2839:
2831:
2825:
2822:
2819:
2817:
2808:
2805:
2803:
2802:James Curtiss
2800:
2793:
2785:
2779:
2776:
2773:
2771:
2762:
2759:
2757:
2754:
2747:
2739:
2733:
2730:
2727:
2725:
2716:
2713:
2711:
2710:James Curtiss
2708:
2701:
2693:
2687:
2684:
2681:
2679:
2670:
2667:
2665:
2662:
2655:
2647:
2641:
2638:
2635:
2633:
2624:
2621:
2619:
2616:
2609:
2601:
2595:
2592:
2589:
2587:
2578:
2575:
2573:
2572:Alson Sherman
2570:
2563:
2555:
2549:
2546:
2543:
2541:
2532:
2529:
2527:
2524:
2517:
2509:
2503:
2500:
2497:
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2478:
2471:
2463:
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2449:
2440:
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2432:
2425:
2417:
2411:
2408:
2405:
2403:
2394:
2391:
2389:
2386:
2379:
2371:
2365:
2362:
2359:
2357:
2348:
2345:
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2340:
2333:
2325:
2319:
2316:
2313:
2311:
2302:
2299:
2297:
2294:
2287:
2279:
2273:
2270:
2267:
2265:
2256:
2253:
2251:
2248:
2241:
2233:
2227:
2224:
2220:
2217:
2214:
2212:
2203:
2198:
2196:
2193:
2186:
2178:
2172:
2168:
2157:
2152:
2150:
2147:
2145:
2139:
2136:
2132:
2128:
2125:
2122:
2119:
2116:
2113:
2110:
2107:
2104:
2103:
2100:
2098:
2092:
2086:
2082:
2075:
2071:
2064:
2060:
2053:
2049:
2042:
2038:
2034:
2026:
2019:
2018:Joseph Medill
2015:
2010:
2000:
1996:
1994:
1993:Chicago River
1990:
1986:
1985:Chicago Flood
1981:
1979:
1978:Humboldt Park
1975:
1970:
1968:
1964:
1959:
1958:
1951:
1949:
1944:
1942:
1936:
1926:
1923:
1919:
1915:
1912:in 1803; the
1911:
1910:Chicago River
1907:
1906:Fort Dearborn
1903:
1893:
1891:
1890:
1885:
1881:
1880:
1875:
1870:
1868:
1864:
1860:
1859:parking meter
1856:
1852:
1842:
1839:
1835:
1831:
1827:
1822:
1820:
1816:
1812:
1808:
1804:
1800:
1796:
1792:
1787:
1783:
1774:
1773:Pablo Picasso
1770:
1766:
1765:
1758:
1753:
1749:
1742:
1737:
1736:
1735:
1733:
1729:
1725:
1720:
1716:
1714:
1710:
1706:
1702:
1698:
1689:
1680:
1678:
1672:
1668:
1666:
1662:
1658:
1648:
1644:
1642:
1637:
1628:
1618:
1604:
1598:
1593:
1586:
1581:
1574:
1569:
1565:
1559:
1554:
1553:
1552:
1550:
1544:
1542:
1537:
1535:
1529:
1527:
1518:
1514:
1511:
1508:In 1919, the
1506:
1503:
1499:
1494:
1492:
1487:
1485:
1482:
1478:
1477:
1472:
1471:
1465:
1461:
1459:
1455:
1451:
1446:
1442:
1437:
1435:
1430:
1425:
1420:
1417:
1410:
1400:
1398:
1394:
1390:
1385:
1383:
1379:
1374:
1371:
1367:
1361:
1357:
1355:
1350:
1348:
1344:
1340:
1336:
1332:
1322:
1320:
1316:
1312:
1311:
1306:
1305:
1304:Chicago Times
1300:
1296:
1292:
1291:
1285:
1283:
1274:
1267:
1263:
1255:
1250:
1240:
1237:
1233:
1229:
1223:
1221:
1216:
1211:
1209:
1205:
1201:
1197:
1194:
1190:
1185:
1183:
1177:
1175:
1171:
1170:Lake Michigan
1167:
1165:
1161:
1157:
1148:
1140:
1132:
1124:
1116:
1107:
1103:
1094:
1092:
1088:
1087:Albert Lasker
1080:
1075:
1067:
1062:
1052:
1048:
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1033:
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1025:
1023:
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1012:in Chicago's
1011:
1010:Lake Michigan
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1003:
999:
994:
992:
991:Columbus Park
987:
982:
980:
971:
964:
960:
955:
950:
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921:
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842:
821:
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793:
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664:
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572:
568:
559:
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543:
535:
527:
519:
511:
502:
500:
496:
492:
488:
484:
483:Fort Dearborn
480:
476:
471:
469:
468:Pioneer Court
465:
464:Chicago River
461:
453:
452:Fort Dearborn
449:
433:
428:
421:
416:
415:
414:
412:
407:
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400:
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388:
387:Nanfan Treaty
382:
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296:
292:
291:Louis Jolliet
288:
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98:
97:Fort Dearborn
94:
93:Chicago River
90:
86:
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78:
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70:
66:
62:
55:
51:
50:homicide rate
46:
40:
36:
29:
25:
20:
16:
8132:
8091:Demographics
8049:Architecture
7995:
7980:. Retrieved
7976:the original
7962:
7917:
7903:
7896:
7889:
7879:
7872:
7865:
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7848:
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7188:
7165:. Retrieved
7150:
7138:. Retrieved
7129:
7120:
7108:. Retrieved
7094:
7078:
7073:
7067:Apr 14, 2007
7064:
7058:
7046:
7035:
7030:
7022:
7017:
7009:
7004:
6994:
6986:the original
6973:
6963:– via
6959:February 22,
6957:. Retrieved
6951:
6944:Konkol, Mark
6938:
6930:
6925:
6913:. Retrieved
6907:
6897:
6887:November 27,
6885:. Retrieved
6881:the original
6870:
6858:. Retrieved
6850:WLS ABC News
6849:
6839:
6830:
6820:
6807:
6792:
6777:
6762:
6751:
6741:
6737:Taibbi, Matt
6731:
6719:. Retrieved
6715:the original
6705:
6693:. Retrieved
6689:the original
6679:
6671:
6666:
6658:
6653:
6645:
6640:
6628:. Retrieved
6623:
6614:
6608:Project MUSE
6603:
6598:
6587:
6579:
6574:
6562:. Retrieved
6558:the original
6548:
6536:. Retrieved
6531:
6522:
6510:. Retrieved
6505:
6496:
6484:. Retrieved
6479:
6470:
6458:. Retrieved
6453:
6444:
6418:. Retrieved
6386:
6379:
6371:
6366:
6358:
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6252:
6247:
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6213:
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6189:
6183:
6173:December 11,
6171:. Retrieved
6161:
6151:December 11,
6149:. Retrieved
6139:
6129:December 11,
6127:. Retrieved
6117:
6109:
6104:
6096:
6091:
6082:
6072:
6064:
6063:Perry Duis,
6059:
6039:
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5913:
5905:
5904:Carl Smith,
5900:
5888:. Retrieved
5884:
5874:
5863:
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5847:
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5634:
5624:September 3,
5622:. Retrieved
5612:
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5582:
5564:
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5501:the original
5496:
5486:
5474:. Retrieved
5469:
5445:
5440:
5432:
5427:
5419:
5414:
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5388:
5362:
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5333:
5307:
5301:
5289:. Retrieved
5285:
5276:
5266:
5260:
5250:
5243:
5224:
5215:
5144:
5028:Rahm Emanuel
4373:Anton Cermak
3570:Monroe Heath
3310:John B. Rice
2222:
2134:
2093:
2090:
1997:
1982:
1971:
1966:
1962:
1956:
1952:
1945:
1938:
1899:
1887:
1877:
1874:Rahm Emanuel
1871:
1848:
1845:21st century
1823:
1779:
1762:
1724:Willis Tower
1721:
1717:
1713:Vivian Maier
1694:
1673:
1669:
1654:
1651:World War II
1645:
1633:
1622:Labor unions
1564:State Street
1545:
1541:Fidel Castro
1538:
1530:
1526:rent strikes
1523:
1507:
1495:
1488:
1483:
1474:
1468:
1466:
1462:
1450:Latin School
1438:
1428:
1421:
1412:
1386:
1375:
1362:
1358:
1351:
1328:
1314:
1308:
1302:
1288:
1286:
1279:
1224:
1212:
1208:World War II
1186:
1178:
1168:
1153:
1110:20th century
1104:
1100:
1084:
1049:
1041:
1039:ever built.
1037:Ferris wheel
1029:
1026:
1006:Jackson Park
995:
983:
976:
933:
913:
885:
845:Great Famine
838:
767:Paul Johnson
758:
754:
750:refrigerated
729:
698:
661:and elected
653:
638:
630:city charter
613:
575:
564:
472:
457:
408:
395:Pottawatomis
383:
375:Chichikatalo
313:
298:
256:
252:
247:Henri Joutel
232:
228:
210:
196:Barack Obama
161:
157:labor unions
153:high culture
141:broadcasting
125:fire in 1871
122:
59:
54:World War II
23:
15:
8253:Visual arts
8233:Skyscrapers
8108:Expressways
7982:February 7,
7508:—full text.
7224:online v. 3
6915:December 1,
5890:January 22,
5853:January 22,
3034:Thomas Dyer
2114:Term start
1925:east side.
1865:created by
1815:Vietnam War
1795:Young Lords
1769:Daley Plaza
1393:speakeasies
1389:Prohibition
1236:Progressive
1164:Great Lakes
986:Jens Jensen
705:Great Lakes
641:Cook County
634:Cook County
626:Great Lakes
339:Piankeshaws
309:Beaver Wars
283:Great Lakes
168:Cook County
114:Great Lakes
101:War of 1812
81:1880 census
8165:Newspapers
8155:Literature
8123:Government
7220:online v 2
7216:online v 1
6860:August 31,
6695:August 12,
5138:Democratic
5093:Democratic
5047:Democratic
5001:Democratic
4944:Democratic
4874:Democratic
4806:Democratic
4737:Democratic
4718:Jane Byrne
4691:Democratic
4624:Democratic
4566:Democratic
4520:Democratic
4463:Democratic
4403:Democratic
4346:Republican
4300:Democratic
4254:Republican
4208:Democratic
4162:Republican
4116:Democratic
4070:Democratic
4024:Republican
3978:Democratic
3908:Republican
3840:Democratic
3773:Republican
3727:Democratic
3681:Republican
3635:Democratic
3589:Republican
3538:Republican
3492:Republican
3419:Republican
3329:Republican
3283:Democratic
3237:Republican
3191:Democratic
3145:Republican
3099:Republican
3053:Democratic
2986:Levi Boone
2959:Democratic
2913:Democratic
2867:Democratic
2821:Democratic
2729:Democratic
2637:Democratic
2545:Democratic
2453:Democratic
2407:Democratic
2269:Democratic
2052:Jane Byrne
2041:Republican
1969:disaster.
1861:system to
1826:Jane Byrne
1748:Danny Lyon
1549:inner city
1467:Chicago's
1456:and later
1339:anarchists
1319:Windy City
1315:Daily News
1045:skyscraper
1031:Beaux Arts
939:Gilded Age
920:Levi Boone
873:John Jones
867:. A small
861:Norwegians
806:Mary Jones
649:Plainfield
590:Potawatomi
411:Michigamea
357:built the
123:Despite a
105:Potawatomi
85:Potawatomi
8209:musicians
8150:Landmarks
8118:Geography
8101:companies
7875:. 426 pp.
7140:March 19,
7110:March 23,
7087:0003-1224
7065:The Vault
6742:Griftopia
6721:April 29,
6630:April 27,
6564:April 11,
6538:April 11,
6512:April 11,
6430:cite book
5741:1522-1067
5566:record...
5507:August 8,
5476:April 17,
5448:, p. 12:
5346:0748-8149
5236:Citations
5207:Footnotes
4833:David Orr
3454:(acting)
3374:Citizens
2117:Term end
1943:of 1871.
1872:In 2011,
1824:In 1979,
1809:in 1968,
1397:Al Capone
1382:Al Capone
1352:By 1900,
1014:Hyde Park
737:harvester
732:railroads
598:Wisconsin
297:in 1673.
285:with the
217:Mascouten
116:into the
112:from the
8296:Category
8281:Category
8143:timeline
8138:politics
7944:Archived
7457:(2016).
7377:(1980).
7266:(1987),
7161:Archived
7134:Archived
7104:Archived
6965:Newsbank
6854:Archived
6486:April 5,
6460:April 5,
6420:April 4,
6319:Pacyga,
6293:Pacyga,
6238:Pacyga,
5749:40193583
5691:. (1991)
5646:March 3,
5404:July 15,
5354:25174749
5291:June 20,
5152:See also
5127:present
3005:American
1963:Eastland
1957:Eastland
1707:such as
1445:Evanston
1441:Oak Park
1434:the Loop
1429:de facto
1299:activism
1193:art deco
1097:Gambling
1002:wetlands
745:millwork
711:and the
622:schooner
614:Illinois
602:Michigan
594:Illinois
582:Chippewa
404:Fox Wars
399:Meskwaki
379:Montreal
347:Iroquois
319:Kankakee
305:Iroquois
267:Kickapoo
229:šikaakwa
202:Pre-1830
137:religion
69:cultural
65:economic
24:Chicagou
22:Site of
8243:Tourism
8214:theater
8177:Museums
8133:History
8096:Economy
8086:Culture
8059:Climate
8054:Beaches
8038:Chicago
7899:(1967),
7841:(1908)
7644:(1957)
7632:(1937)
7600:287 pp.
7467:(1971)
7447:(2013)
7436:(2003)
7387:(1983).
7242:(1984)
7232:(2006)
7214:(1884)
7040:excerpt
7038:(1996)
6672:Chicago
6646:Chicago
6590:(2001)
6321:Chicago
6295:Chicago
6267:Adler,
6240:Chicago
6010:excerpt
6008:(2005)
5921:(2002)
5717:(1995).
5597:Madison
5316:1865758
4987:⁄
4933:⁄
4916:⁄
4863:⁄
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3950:⁄
3897:⁄
3884:⁄
3829:⁄
3816:⁄
3481:⁄
3468:⁄
2126:
1967:Titanic
1817:at the
1803:Latinos
1683:Postwar
1671:1942).
1566:c. 1907
1470:Polonia
1370:Italian
1347:May Day
1156:Midwest
853:English
849:Germans
655:In 1837
604:in the
391:Ojibwes
353:led by
351:Jesuits
184:tourism
120:basin.
61:Chicago
8271:Portal
8238:Sports
8199:People
8128:Harbor
7920:(2004)
7884:online
7843:online
7768:(2014)
7712:(1939)
7565:(2004)
7551:(2002)
7526:
7504:
7487:online
7469:online
7459:online
7449:online
7422:(2015)
7379:online
7332:
7259:(1938)
7205:online
7085:
7025:(1997)
6412:
6402:
6271:, 2003
6196:
6099:(1991)
6047:
6026:Online
5994:(2004)
5966:(1969)
5953:(1993)
5908:(1996)
5822:
5791:(1983)
5747:
5739:
5671:
5599:, and
5557:
5530:
5472:. 2020
5395:
5352:
5344:
5314:
2223:Mayors
2129:Party
2123:Years
2120:Terms
2108:Image
1886:movie
1884:Batman
1780:Mayor
1605:, 1925
1366:German
1202:, the
1008:along
863:, and
857:Swedes
577:Yankee
263:Illini
151:, and
145:sports
107:, who
8204:music
8187:Parks
8160:Media
8079:gangs
8074:Crime
7708:WPA.
7524:JSTOR
7502:JSTOR
6989:(PDF)
6982:(PDF)
6410:JSTOR
5844:(PDF)
5745:JSTOR
5124:2023
5081:2023
5078:2019
5035:2019
5032:2011
4978:2011
4975:1989
4908:1989
4905:1987
4842:1987
4839:1987
4772:1987
4769:1983
4725:1983
4722:1979
4658:1979
4655:1976
4601:1976
4598:1955
4554:1955
4551:1947
4497:1947
4494:1933
4431:1933
4428:1933
4381:1933
4378:1931
4334:1931
4331:1927
4288:1927
4285:1923
4242:1923
4239:1915
4196:1915
4193:1911
4150:1911
4147:1907
4104:1907
4101:1905
4058:1905
4055:1897
4012:1897
4009:1895
3942:1895
3939:1893
3876:1893
3873:1893
3808:1893
3805:1893
3761:1893
3758:1891
3715:1891
3712:1889
3669:1889
3666:1887
3623:1887
3620:1879
3577:1879
3574:1876
3526:1875
3523:1873
3460:1873
3457:1873
3407:1873
3404:1871
3363:1871
3360:1869
3317:1869
3314:1865
3271:1865
3268:1862
3225:1862
3222:1861
3179:1861
3176:1860
3133:1860
3130:1858
3087:1858
3084:1857
3041:1857
3038:1856
2993:1856
2990:1855
2947:1855
2944:1854
2901:1854
2898:1853
2855:1853
2852:1851
2809:1851
2806:1850
2763:1850
2760:1848
2717:1848
2714:1847
2671:1847
2668:1846
2625:1846
2622:1845
2579:1845
2576:1844
2533:1844
2530:1843
2487:1843
2484:1842
2441:1842
2438:1841
2395:1841
2392:1840
2349:1840
2346:1839
2303:1839
2300:1838
2257:1838
2254:1837
2169:None
2158:1834
2111:Name
2105:#No.
1955:S.S.
1699:from
1611:1930s
1424:South
865:Dutch
667:mayor
616:from
586:Odawa
367:Miami
239:skunk
227:word
221:Miami
8226:list
8192:list
8113:Flag
7984:2014
7330:ISBN
7169:2011
7142:2018
7112:2019
7083:ISSN
7050:See
6961:2009
6917:2012
6889:2018
6862:2019
6723:2018
6697:2023
6632:2018
6584:Sage
6566:2024
6540:2024
6514:2024
6488:2024
6462:2024
6436:link
6422:2024
6400:ISBN
6194:ISBN
6175:2011
6153:2011
6131:2011
6045:ISBN
5988:See
5892:2019
5855:2019
5820:ISBN
5737:ISSN
5669:ISBN
5648:2011
5626:2022
5555:ISBN
5528:ISBN
5509:2010
5478:2024
5406:2010
5393:ISBN
5350:OCLC
5342:ISSN
5312:OCLC
5293:2024
5179:and
4852:1461
4441:1461
2683:Whig
2499:Whig
2361:Whig
2315:Whig
2216:Whig
2200:1834
1953:The
1896:Flag
1711:and
1443:and
1213:The
1191:and
1077:The
996:The
957:The
947:and
875:and
804:and
802:John
723:and
600:and
588:and
571:plat
393:and
365:and
337:and
335:Weas
321:and
293:and
265:and
219:and
149:jazz
71:and
7539:doi
6392:doi
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4514:14
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3423:Dry
363:Wea
8298::
7998:.
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7222:;
7218:;
7132:.
7128:.
7102:.
6950:.
6906:.
6852:.
6848:.
6829:.
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6791:.
6776:.
6761:.
6739:.
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6530:.
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6478:.
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6428:{{
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6081:.
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