History of Estonia

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existence as a state, Estonia showed tolerance towards all the peoples inhabiting its territories. On 12 February 1925, the Estonian government passed a law pertaining to the cultural autonomy of minority peoples. The Jewish community quickly prepared its application for cultural autonomy. Statistics on Jewish citizens were compiled. They totaled 3,045, fulfilling the minimum requirement of 3,000. In June 1926 the Jewish Cultural Council was elected and Jewish cultural autonomy was declared. Jewish cultural autonomy was of great interest to the global Jewish community. The Jewish National Endowment presented the

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Russian immigrant minority to vote, or if this decision should be reserved exclusively for citizens of Estonia. In the end all major political parties backed the referendum, considering it most important to send a strong signal to the world. To further legitimise the vote, all residents of Estonia were allowed to participate. The result vindicated these decisions, as the referendum produced a strong endorsement for independence. Turnout was 82%, and 64% of all possible voters in the country backed independence, with only 17% against.

456:. In material culture this is reflected by a few Roman coins, some jewellery and artefacts. The abundance of iron artefacts in southern Estonia speaks of closer mainland ties with southern areas, while the islands of western and northern Estonia communicated with their neighbors mainly by sea. By the end of the period three clearly defined tribal dialectical areas—northern Estonia, southern Estonia, and western Estonia including the islands—had emerged, the population of each having formed its own understanding of identity. 2987: 2458:, the last legitimate prime minister of the Republic of Estonia (according to the Constitution of the Republic of Estonia) prior to its fall to the Soviet Union in 1940, delivered a radio address that implored all able-bodied men born from 1904 through 1923 to report for military service. (Before this, Uluots had opposed Estonian mobilization.) The call drew support from all across the country: 38,000 volunteers jammed registration centers. Several thousand Estonians who had joined the Finnish army came back across the 9176: 653: 642: 2681: 724: 3297:

centre parties won 60 seats, compared to only 41 for the left wing, and so were expected to form the next government. Both the Centre and Res Publica parties said that they should get the chance to try and form the next government, while ruling out any deal between themselves. President Rüütel had to decide who he should nominate as Prime Minister and therefore be given the first chance at forming a government. On 2 April he invited the leader of the Res Publica party,

1982: 1931: 1491: 267: 9414: 7588: 190: 1058: 2395: 1499: 525: 340: 298: 1334:). In 1575 after Muscovy attacked Danish claims in Livonia, Frederick II dropped out of the competition, as did the Holy Roman Emperor. After this Johan III held off on his pursuit for more land due to Muscovy obtaining lands that Sweden controlled. He used the next two years of truce to get in a better position. In 1578, he resumed the fight for not only Livonia, but also everywhere due to an understanding he made with 2943:, recognized by the majority of Western nations. Despite the hostility of the mainstream official press and intimidation by Soviet Estonian authorities, dozens of local citizens' committees were elected by popular initiative all over the country. These quickly organized into a nationwide structure, and by the beginning of 1990 over 900,000 people had registered themselves as citizens of the Republic of Estonia. 1299: 936: 465: 2027: 1606: 3019:

compromise was hatched between the two main sides: instead of "declaring" independence, which would imply a new start, or explicitly asserting continuity, the declaration would "confirm" Estonia as a state independent of the Soviet Union, and willing to reestablish diplomatic relations of its own accord. The text of the statement was in Estonian and only a few paragraphs in length.

5529: 352: 3189:) 7, and the United People's Party's electoral cartel 6 seats. Pro Patria Union, the Reform Party, and the Moderates formed a government with Mart Laar as prime minister, whereas the Centre Party with the Coalition Party, People's Union, United People's Party, and members of parliament who were not members of factions formed the opposition in the Riigikogu. 3511:(who gathered the support of 102,460 voters, only 1,046 votes less than the winner of the election) all won one seat each. The success of independent candidates has been attributed both to general disillusionment with major parties and the use of closed lists which rendered voters incapable of casting a vote for specific candidates in party lists. 2548:. Consequently, Jews from countries outside the Baltics were shipped there to be exterminated. Out of the approximately 4,300 Jews in Estonia prior to the war, between 1,500 and 2,000 were entrapped by the Nazis, and an estimated 10,000 Jews were killed in Estonia after having been deported to camps there from Eastern Europe. 3373:

of the treaty because the Riigikogu had attached a preambule to the ratification act that referenced earlier documents that mentioned the Soviet occupation and the uninterrupted legal continuity of the Republic of Estonia during the Soviet period. The issue remains unsolved and is the focus of European-level discussions.

544:). The parish consisted of several villages. Nearly all parishes had at least one fortress. The defense of the local area was directed by the highest official, the parish elder. The county was composed of several parishes, also headed by an elder. By the 13th century the following major counties had developed in Estonia: 1273:, and his brother Johan III took his place. Johan III ascended to the throne of Sweden, and due to his friendship with Poland he began a policy against Muscovy. He would try to obtain more land in Livonia and exercise strength over Denmark. After all parties had been financially drained, Frederick II let his ally, King 3011:

20 August 1991. 20 August remains a national holiday in Estonia because of this. Russia as a republic of the U.S.S.R. formally recognized Estonia's independence on 25 August 1991 and called on the U.S.S.R. union government to follow suit. The United States intentionally delayed recognition to 2 September, and the

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and King Magnus of Livonia. Nevertheless, there is no reason to speak about any strong pro-Swedish sentiments among the residents of Reval. The citizens who had fled to the Bishopric of Dorpat or had been deported to Muscovy hailed Magnus as their saviour until 1571. The analysis indicates that during the

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in Moscow. The treaty was ratified by the Riigikogu on 20 June 2005. However, in the end of June the Russian Ministry of Foreign Affairs informed that it did not intend to become a party to the border treaty and did not consider itself bound by the circumstances concerning the object and the purposes

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In March 1991 a referendum was held on the issue of independence. This was somewhat controversial, as holding a referendum could be taken as signalling that Estonian independence would be established rather than "re"-established. There was some discussion about whether it was appropriate to allow the

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Despite the emergence of the Popular Front and the Supreme Soviet as a new lawmaking body, since 1989 the different segments of the indigenous Estonian population had been politically mobilized by different and competing actors. The Popular Front's proposal to declare the independence of Estonia as a

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By the beginning of the Gorbachev era, concern over the cultural survival of the Estonian people had reached a critical point. The ECP remained stable in the early perestroika years but waned in the late 1980s. Other political movements, groupings and parties moved to fill the power vacuum. The first

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was concluded. It is, however, more difficult to estimate the scope and magnitude of the support Magnus received in Livonian cities. Compared to the Harrien-Wierland gentry, the Reval city council, and hence probably the majority of citizens, demonstrated a much more reserved attitude towards Denmark

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was associated with the Comb Ceramic Culture. However, such a linking of archaeologically defined cultural entities with linguistic ones cannot be proven, and it has been suggested that the increase of settlement finds in the period is more likely to have been associated with an economic boom related

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as Prime Minister designate and asked him to form a new government, the eighth in twelve years. Ansip formed a government out of a coalition of his Reform Party with the People's Union and the Centre Party. Approval by the Riigikogu, which by law must decide within 14 days of his nomination, came on

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Since the debates about whether the future independent Estonia would be established as a new republic or a continuation of the first republic were not yet complete by the time of the August coup, while the members of the Supreme Soviet generally agreed that independence should be declared rapidly, a

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in the U.S.S.R., Estonia was able to maintain constant operation and control of its telecommunications facilities, thereby offering the West a clear view into the latest developments and serving as a conduit for swift Western support and recognition of Estonia's own "confirmation" of independence on

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The spring of 1990 saw two free elections and two alternative legislatures developed in Estonia. On 24 February 1990, the 464-member Congress of Estonia (including 35 delegates of refugee communities abroad) was elected by the registered citizens of the republic. The Congress of Estonia convened for

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The interwar period was one of great cultural advancement. Estonian language schools were established, and artistic life of all kinds flourished. One of the more notable cultural acts of the independence period, unique in western Europe at the time of its passage in 1925, was a guarantee of cultural

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After the formation of the new government in 2021, Estonia was the only country in the world that was led by elected women as the head of state and as the head of government: both the president, Kersti Kaljulaid, and prime minister, Kaja Kallas, were female. In the cabinet of Kaja Kallas there were

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announced that Estonia had met all criteria to join the eurozone. On 8 June 2010, the EU finance ministers agreed that Estonia would be able to join the euro on 1 January 2011. On 13 July 2010, Estonia received the final approval from the ECOFIN to adopt the euro as from 1 January 2011. On the same

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In 1996, Estonia ratified a border agreement with Latvia and completed work with Russia on a technical border agreement. President Meri was re-elected in free and fair indirect elections in August and September in 1996. During parliamentary elections in 1999, the seats in the Riigikogu were divided

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Many countries including the United States did not recognize the seizure of Estonia by the USSR. Such countries recognized Estonian diplomats and consuls who still functioned in many countries in the name of their former governments. These aging diplomats persisted in this anomalous situation until

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and other remote areas of the Soviet Union, where nearly half of them later perished. Of the 32,100 Estonian men who were forcibly relocated to Russia under the pretext of mobilisation into the Soviet army after the German invasion of the Soviet Union in 1941, nearly 40 percent died within the next

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a pro-independence wing emerged among the Livonian gentry and townspeople, forming the so-called "Peace Party". Dismissing hostilities, these forces perceived an agreement with Muscovy as a chance to escape the atrocities of war and avoid the division of Livonia. That is why Magnus, who represented

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of the Narva culture, and appear in Estonia at the beginning of the 5th millennium. The oldest finds date from around 4900 BC. The first pottery was made of thick clay mixed with pebbles, shells or plants. The Narva-type ceramics are found throughout almost the entire Estonian coastal region and on

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of the Republic of Estonia was rendered official by a communist coup d'état supported by the Soviet troops, followed by parliamentary elections where all but pro-Communist candidates were outlawed. The newly elected parliament proclaimed Estonia a Socialist Republic on 21 July 1940 and unanimously

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The Estonian government decided, given the overwhelming Soviet force both on the borders and inside the country, not to resist, to avoid bloodshed and open war. Estonia accepted the ultimatum, and the statehood of Estonia de facto ceased to exist as the Red Army exited from their military bases in

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and the nearby countryside. Moscow demanded Estonia assent to an agreement which allowed the USSR to establish military bases and station 25,000 troops on Estonian soil for the duration of the European war. The government of Estonia accepted the ultimatum, signing the corresponding agreement on 28

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was higher than expected at 58%. The results saw the Centre Party win the most votes, but they were only 0.8% ahead of the new Res Publica party. As a result, both parties won 28 seats, which was a disappointment for the Centre Party who had expected to win the most seats. Altogether the right of

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traditions; they delayed the adoption of the new church. After 1600, Swedish Lutheranism began to dominate the building, furnishing, and (modest) decoration of new churches. Church architecture was now designed to encourage congregational understanding of and involvement in the services. Pews and

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On 8 May 2004, a defection of several Centre Party members to form a new party, the Social Liberal Party, over a row concerning the Centrists' "no" stance to joining the European Union changed the allocation of the seats in the Riigikogu. Social-liberals had eight seats, but a hope to form a new

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The Soviet authorities, having gained control over Estonia, immediately imposed a regime of terror. During the first year of Soviet occupation (1940–1941) over 8,000 people, including most of the country's leading politicians and military officers, were arrested. About 2,200 of the arrested were

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Although the majority of Estonia's large Russian-speaking diaspora of Soviet-era immigrants did not support full independence, they were divided in their goals for the republic. In March 1990 some 18% of Russian speakers supported the idea of a fully independent Estonia, up from 7% the previous

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Estonia had suffered huge losses. Ports had been destroyed, and 45% of industry and 40% of the railways had become damaged. Estonia's population had decreased by one-fifth, about 200,000 people. Some 10% of the population (over 80,000 people) had fled to the West between 1940 and 1944, first to

2296:. Those who had fallen short of the "political duty" of voting Estonia into the USSR, who had failed to have their passports stamped for so voting, were allowed to be shot in the back of the head by Soviet tribunals. Estonia was formally annexed into the Soviet Union on 6 August and renamed the 2462:

to join the newly formed Territorial Defense Force, assigned to defend Estonia against the Soviet advance. It was hoped that by engaging in such a war Estonia would be able to attract Western support for the cause of Estonia's independence from the USSR and thus ultimately succeed in achieving

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but escaped after the Soviet Union attacked Poland on 17 September. Estonia's lack of will and/or inability to disarm and intern the crew caused the Soviet Union to accuse Estonia of "helping them escape" and claim that Estonia was not neutral. On 24 September 1939, the Soviet Union threatened

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was abolished, enabling an increasing number of farmers to rent or purchase land, as well as triggering a wave of internal migration of landless rural Estonians into the growing cities. These moves created the economic foundation for the coming to life of the Estonian national identity, as the

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granted them the right to enter the region. The creation of the Republic of Estonia in 1918 marked the beginning of a new era for the Jews. Approximately 200 Jews fought in combat for the creation of the Republic of Estonia, and 70 of these men were volunteers. From the very first days of its

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There were, at the time of Soviet occupation in 1940, approximately 2,000 Estonian Jews. Many Jewish people were deported to Siberia along with other Estonians by the Soviets. It is estimated that 500 Jews suffered this fate. With the invasion of the Baltics, it was the intention of the Nazi

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surrounded by enclosures in Estonia date from the Pre-Roman Iron Age. The majority of stones with man-made indents, which presumably were connected with magic designed to increase crop fertility, date from this period. A new type of grave, quadrangular burial mounds, began to develop. Burial

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Germans admired the ancient culture of the Estonians and their era of freedom before the conquests by Danes and Germans in the 13th century. The Estophile Enlightenment Period formed the transition from religious Estonian literature to newspapers printed in Estonian for the general public.

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In the late 1970s, Estonian society grew increasingly concerned about the threat of cultural Russification to the Estonian language and national identity. By 1981, Russian was taught in the first grade of Estonian-language schools and was also introduced into Estonian pre-school teaching.

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as an information operation intended to influence the decisions and actions of the Estonian government. While Russia denied any direct involvement in the attacks, hostile rhetoric in the media from the political elite influenced people to attack. Following the 2007 cyber-attacks, the

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would condemn "the fact that the occupation of these formerly independent and neutral States by the Soviet Union occurred in 1940 following the Molotov/Ribbentrop pact, and continues," and sought to help restore Estonian, Latvian and Lithuanian independence through political means.

3196:, with a 5% threshold and no electoral cartel allowed, resulted in a disaster for the Coalition Party, which achieved only seven seats together with two of its smaller allies. Estonian Ruralfolk Party, which participated the election on its own list, obtained seven seats as well. 1260:

made a treaty with Erik XIV of Sweden in August 1561. The brothers were in great disagreement, and Frederick II negotiated a treaty with Ivan IV on 7 August 1562, in order to help his brother obtain more land and stall further Swedish advance. Erik XIV did not like this and the

3204:, or the Tripartite coalition. Notwithstanding the different political orientation of the ruling parties, the coalition stayed united until Laar resigned in December 2001, after the Reform Party had broken up the same coalition in Tallinn municipality, making opposition leader 5930: 3731:

In July 2022, Prime Minister Kaja Kallas formed a new three-party coalition by her liberal Reform Party, the Social Democrats and the conservative Isamaa party. Her previous government had lost its parliamentary majority after the center-left Center Party left the coalition.

323:, pottery with corded decoration and well-polished stone axes (s.c. boat-shape axes). Evidence of agriculture is provided by charred grains of wheat on the wall of a corded-ware vessel found in Iru settlement. Osteological analysis show an attempt was made to domesticate the 2966:

In the 18 March 1990, elections for the 105-member Supreme Soviet, all residents of Estonia were eligible to participate, including all Soviet-era immigrants from the U.S.S.R. and approximately 50,000 Soviet troops stationed there. The Popular Front coalition, composed of

355: 3623:. According to the Centre for Geopolitical Studies, the Russian information campaign, which the centre characterises as a "real mud-throwing" exercise, had provoked a split in Estonian society amongst Russian speakers, inciting some to riot over the relocation of the 3140:

In February 1992, and with amendments in January 1995, the Riigikogu renewed Estonia's 1938 citizenship law, which also provides equal civil protection to resident aliens. Elected on an ambitious programme of reform, Mart Laar's cabinet took several decisive measures

354: 360: 358: 353: 3739:, taking 31,4% of the vote. Far-right Conservative People's Party came second with 16,1 % and the third was the Centre Party with 15% of the vote. In April 2023, Kallas formed her third government, which included in addition to Reform Party, also the liberal 3145:). Fast privatization was pursued and the role of the state in the economy as well as in the social affairs was reduced dramatically. After an initial steep decline in GDP, the Estonian economy started to grow again in 1995. Changes came with a social price: the 359: 1649:(Tartu), with German professors. The local German gentry controlled the local churches and rarely hired Estonian graduates, but they made their mark as intellectuals and Estonian nationalists. In the 1840s, there was a movement of Lutheran farmers into the 3223:

became the President of the Republic of Estonia, and in January 2002 Prime Minister Laar stepped down. On 28 January 2002, the new government was formed from a coalition of the centre-right Estonian Reform Party and the more left wing Centre Party, with

2677:. By the late autumn of 1944, Soviet forces had ushered in a second phase of Soviet rule on the heels of the German troops withdrawing from Estonia, and followed it up by a new wave of arrests and executions of people considered disloyal to the Soviets. 701:, the crusaders initiated raids into part of what is present-day Estonia in 1208. Estonian tribes fiercely resisted the attacks from Riga and occasionally themselves sacked territories controlled by the crusaders. In 1217 the German crusading order the 3522:

was hailed as a good sign in a period of global financial crisis. However, the government cut down public service salaries; the only opposition, in the absence of organised unions, came from Estonian teachers, whose salary cuts were therefore limited.

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On 28 June 1992, Estonian voters approved the constitutional assembly's draft constitution and implementation act, which established a parliamentary government with a president as chief of state and with a government headed by a prime minister. The

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On 8 May 1990, the Supreme Council of the Republic of Estonia (renamed the previous day) changed the name to the Republic of Estonia. Through a strict, non-confrontational policy in pursuing independence, Estonia managed to avoid the violence which

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took place in Tallinn, as pensioners felt it was impossible to live with a pension as low as the one in effect at the time (260 EEK (around 20 EUR) a month). The meeting was aggressive and demonstrators attacked the minister of social affairs

2447:) was formed out of Estonian volunteers in Finland. With the Allied victory over Germany becoming certain in 1944, the only option to save Estonia's independence was to stave off a new Soviet invasion of Estonia until Germany's capitulation. 1644:

Protestant missionaries made an impact in the eighteenth century, and translated the complete Bible into Estonian. Some Germans complained, the imperial government banned the Moravians from 1743 to 1764. A theological faculty opened at the

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reached Estonia in July 1941, most Estonians greeted the Germans with relatively open arms and hoped to restore independence. But it soon became clear that sovereignty was out of the question. Estonia became a part of the German-occupied

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Specific burial customs were characterized by the dead being laid on their sides with their knees pressed against their breast, one hand under the head. Objects placed into the graves were made of the bones of domesticated animals.

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as the ship was crossing the Baltic Sea, en route from Tallinn, Estonia, to Stockholm, Sweden. The disaster claimed the lives of 852 people (501 of them were Swedes), being one of the worst maritime disasters of the 20th century.

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and Iru in northern Estonia, began to be built. The development of shipbuilding facilitated the spread of bronze. Changes took place in burial customs, a new type of burial ground spread from Germanic to Estonian areas, and stone

3348:, which was held on 21 March. The result was 54 pro (Social Democrats, Social Liberals, People's Union, Pro Patria Union and Reform Party) with no against or neutral MPs. 32 MPs (Res Publica and Centre Party) did not take part. 2112:

by Päts. The Vaps Movement was officially banned and finally disbanded in December 1935. On 6 May 1936, 150 members of the league went on trial and 143 of them were convicted to long-term prison sentences. They were granted an

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On 4 April 2006, Fatherland Union and Res Publica decided to form a united right-conservative party. The two parties joining was approved on 4 June by both parties in Pärnu. The joined party name is Isamaa ja Res Publica Liit

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city. He offered them goods to submit to him, as well as threatening them. By 6 June 1561, they submitted to him, contrary to the persuasions of Kettler to the burghers. The King's brother Johan married the Polish princess

57:, Estonia became a battleground for centuries where Denmark, Germany, Russia, Sweden and Poland fought their many wars over controlling the important geographical position of the country as a gateway between East and West. 2489:, the last Prime Minister of the Estonian Republic prior to Soviet occupation, assumed the responsibilities of president (as dictated in the Constitution) and appointed a new government while seeking recognition from the 4014:

Given their precarious geographical position and their history as a battleground on which larger powers such as Germany, Russia, Sweden and Poland fought their many wars, it is amazing that the Baltic countries exist at

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controversy, considered as a deliberate attempt of splitting the Estonian society by provoking the Russian minority. The lack of a concrete possibility for government alternance in Estonia has been quoted as a concern.

3109:, a unicameral legislative body, is the highest organ of state authority. It initiates and approves legislation sponsored by the prime minister. The prime minister has full responsibility and control over his cabinet. 2915:

transformed into an authentic regional lawmaking body. This relatively conservative legislature passed an early declaration of sovereignty (16 November 1988); a law on economic independence (May 1989) confirmed by the

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discouraged them when he realized they were challenging the local authorities. The German character of the Lutheran churches alienated many nationalists, who emphasized the secular in their subcultures. For example,

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The programme of Mart Laar's government was signed by Pro Patria Union, the Reform Party, the Moderates, and the People's Party. The latter two merged soon after, so Mart Laar's second government is widely known as

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One positive aspect of the post-Stalin era in Estonia was the regranting of permission in the late 1950s for citizens to make contact with foreign countries. In the 1960s, Estonians were thus able to start watching

1240:, Erik XIV forbade him to deal with any foreign countries without his consent. Shortly after that Erik XIV started acting quickly and lost any allies he was about to obtain, either from Magnus or the Archbishop of 2773:

television. This electronic "window to the West" afforded Estonians more information on current world affairs and more access to contemporary Western culture and thought than any other group in the Soviet Union.

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After more than three years of negotiations, on 31 August 1994, the armed forces of Russia withdrew from Estonia. Since fully regaining independence Estonia has had sixteen governments with ten prime ministers:

999:-speaking minority established themselves as the dominating force in the society of Estonia, both as traders and the urban middle-class in the cities, and as landowners in the countryside, through a network of 2568: 1731:

gave rise to a debate as to the future fate of the Estonian-speaking population. Although many Baltic Germans regarded the future of the Estonians as being a fusion with the Germans, many other educated and

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in charge of the Estonian legation in the United States from 1965 until reestablishment of Estonia's independence. On 25 November 1991, he presented credentials as Estonian ambassador to the United States.

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were the Estonians. The extent of their territory in early medieval times is disputed, but the nature of their religion is not. They were known to the Scandinavians as experts in wind-magic, as were the

2761:'s death, Communist Party membership vastly expanded its social base to include more ethnic Estonians. By the mid-1960s, the percentage of ethnic Estonian membership stabilized near 50%. On the eve of 3361:

12 April 2005. Ansip was backed by 53 out of 101 members of the Estonian parliament. Forty deputies voted against his candidature. The general consensus in the Estonian media seems to be that the new

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By the summer of 1919, Estonia had reached its largest territorial extent ever, having pushed the Red Army far beyond Estonia's borders on the Southern and Eastern fronts, with the assistance of the

2626: 2231: 2939:. Their emphasis was on the illegal nature of the Soviet system and that hundreds of thousands of inhabitants of Estonia had not ceased to be citizens of the Estonian Republic which still existed 3755: 1685:

country was caught in a current of national awakening that began sweeping through Europe in the mid-19th century. The general population, as well as the students and faculty of the multicultural

3441:. With 64% of the electorate turning out the referendum passed with a 66.83% margin in favor, 33.17% against. Accession to the EU took place the following year, on 1 May 2004. Estonia became 2045:

The first period of independence lasted 22 years, beginning in 1918. Estonia underwent a number of economic, social, and political reforms necessary to come to terms with its new status as a

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renounced all claims to the Swedish throne and Livonia was formally ceded to Sweden. Swedish Livonia represents the southern part of present-day Estonia and the northern part of present-day

1236:. Wanting to obtain his own land in Livonia, he loaned Poland money and then claimed the castles they had pawned as his own instead of using them to pressure Poland. After Johan returned to 226:

settlement site in northern Estonia, which dates from earlier than 8500 BC. Bone and stone artifacts similar to those found at Kunda have been discovered elsewhere in Estonia, as well as in

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minority continued to own most of the land and businesses, and dominated in all cities. The local German-speakers were Lutherans, and so were the vast majority of the Estonian population.

1795:, and for national autonomy. Estonian gains were minimal, but the tense stability that prevailed between 1905 and 1917 allowed Estonians to advance the aspiration of national statehood. 439:

from local marsh and lake ore. Settlement sites were located mostly in places that offered natural protection. Fortresses were built, although used temporarily. The appearance of square

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in Estonia in 1994 was lower than in Belarus, Ukraine and even Moldova. Among the vulnerable sectors of society, the radical reforms sparked an outrage. In January 1993, a pensioners'

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the new mayor of Tallinn. After the resignation of Laar, the Reform Party and Estonian Centre Party formed a coalition that lasted until the next parliamentary election, in 2003.

356: 6086: 2818:, sports buildings were built in Tallinn, along with other general infrastructure and broadcasting facilities. This wave of investment included Tallinn Airport, Hotell Olümpia, 5674: 3544:. Of the ten new member states, Estonia was the first to unveil its design. It originally planned to adopt the euro on 1 January 2007; however, it did not formally apply when 3312:. With 64% of the electorate turning out, the referendum passed with a 66.83% margin in favor, 33.17% against. Accession to the EU took place on 1 May of the following year. 3070:

Since the last Russian troops left in 1994, Estonia has been free to promote economic and political ties with Western Europe. Estonia opened accession negotiations with the

2431:. The initial enthusiasm that accompanied the liberation from Soviet occupation quickly waned as a result, and the Germans had limited success in recruiting volunteers. The 3782: 3781: 3780: 2710:

In March 1949, 20,722 people (2.5% of the population) were deported to Siberia. By the beginning of the 1950s, the occupying regime had suppressed the resistance movement.

3784: 3783: 2108:, who established his own authoritarian rule until a new constitution came to force in 1938. The parliament was not in session between 1934 and 1938, and the country was 4705: 2283:

accused the Baltic states of conspiracy against the Soviet Union and delivered an ultimatum to Estonia for the establishment of a government approved of by the Soviets.

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provided a powerful motive for the "enlightened" local upper class to create literature for the commoners. The abolition of serfdom on in 1816 in southern Estonia (then

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have shown an improvement in the scores of the Reform Party, gaining 12 seats and reaching 31 MPs; the Centre Party held, while the unified right-conservative

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began in Estonia about 500 BC and lasted until the middle of the 1st century AD. The oldest iron items were imported, although since the 1st century iron was

8766: 2493:. On 22 September 1944, as the last German units pulled out of Tallinn, the city was re-occupied by the Soviet Red Army. The new Estonian government fled to 1629:

church, local and town governments, secondary and higher education continued mostly in German language until the late 19th century and partially until 1918.

2717:(ECP) became the pre-eminent organization in the republic. The ethnic Estonian share in the total ECP membership decreased from 90% in 1941 to 48% in 1952. 2093:

on constitutional reform initiated by the Vaps Movement was approved by 72.7 percent. The league spearheaded replacement of the parliamentary system with a

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On 14 September 2003, following negotiations that began in 1998, the citizens of Estonia were asked in a referendum whether or not they wished to join the

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On 14 September 2003, following negotiations that began in 1998, the citizens of Estonia were asked in a referendum whether or not they wished to join the

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which lost 6. The new configuration of the Estonian Parliament shows a prevalence of centre-left parties. The Centre Party, led by the mayor of Tallinn

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Movement launched in 1989 with the objective of registering all pre-war citizens of the Republic of Estonia and their descendants in order to convene a

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as the language of instruction in schools, all-Estonian song festivals were held regularly after 1869, and a national literature in Estonian developed.

6804: 1269:, Denmark, Poland, and Sweden broke out. While only losing land and trade, Frederick II and Magnus were not faring well. But in 1568, Erik XIV became 6715:(2004), Vol. 10, pp. 13–59. Compares national culture, state formation, civil society, and elite social groups in Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania. 3540:

entered circulation on 1 January 2011. Estonia was the fifth of ten states that joined the EU in 2004, and the first ex-Soviet republic to join the

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Parliamentary and presidential elections were held on 20 September 1992. Approximately 68% of the country's 637,000 registered voters cast ballots.

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and laid the groundwork for an April 1934 presidential election, which it expected to win. However, the Vaps Movement was thwarted by a pre-emptive

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was issued on 16 November 1988. By 1989 the political spectrum had widened, and new parties were formed and re-formed almost daily. The republic's

5312: 5017:

Hääletu alistumine: Eesti, Läti ja Leedu välispoliitilise orientatsiooni kujunemine ja iseseisvuse kaotus. 1920. aastate keskpaigast anneksioonini

3706:

formed a new two-party coalition government between the Reform and Center parties. She was the first female prime minister of Estonia. Her father

2860:. Andropov introduced limited economic reforms and established an anti-corruption program. On 9 February 1984, Andropov died and was succeeded by 1154:

also began direct negotiations with Gustavus, but nothing resulted because on 29 September 1560, Gustavus I Vasa died. The chances for success of

9333: 6969: 6575: 1921: 601:

from the eastern shores of the Baltic Sea. With the rise of Christianity, centralized authority in Scandinavia and Germany eventually led to the

6516: 6415: 3777: 5335: 4932: 3557:

would be exchanged for the euro (€1 = 15.6466 krooni) was also announced. On 20 July 2010, mass production of Estonian euro coins began in the

967:). The northern part of Estonia – more exactly Harjumaa and Virumaa districts (in German: Harrien und Wierland) – was a nominal possession of 7607: 4985: 4731: 2630: 536:

In the 1st centuries AD political and administrative subdivisions began to emerge in Estonia. Two larger subdivisions appeared: the parish (

9442: 4042: 3698:(EKRE) came third. After the election prime minister Ratas formed a new three-party coalition government with far-right EKRE and rightwing 3488: 3476:

in Estonia was one of the lowest of all member countries, at only 26.8%. A similar trend was visible in most of the new member states that

3449: 3185:

18, the People's Party Moderates (election cartel between Moderates and People's Party) 17, Coalition Party 7, Country People's Party (now

2137: 2133:). Historians see the lack of any bloodshed after a nearly "700-year German rule" as indication that it must have been mild by comparison. 128: 2924:(January 1989); and local and republic election laws stipulating residency requirements for voting and candidacy (August, November 1989). 8193: 3754:

became Estonia's new prime minister to succeed Kaja Kallas, who resigned as prime minister on July 15 to become the European Union's new

1804: 1032:

seats were installed for the common people to make listening to the sermon less of a burden, and altars often featured depictions of the

4880: 2765:

the ECP claimed about 100,000 members; less than half were ethnic Estonians and they totalled less than 7% of the country's population.

1132:

in the 1580s. In 1625, mainland Estonia came entirely under Swedish rule. Estonia was administratively divided between the provinces of

7576: 5993: 3453: 6182: 6094: 5194: 8759: 5912: 3719:

also several women in other key positions, both foreign minister and finance minister were female. Never to be outdone by women, Mr.

3695: 3564:

Being a member of the eurozone, NATO and the European Union, Estonia is the most integrated in Western European organizations of all

2928:

new, so-called "third republic" whose citizens would be all those living there at the moment, found less and less support over time.

6401: 5541: 4065: 3789: 6863: 6830: 4511: 1812: 987:) against the rule of their German-speaking landlords. The uprising was put down, and four elected Estonian "kings" were killed in 308:

The burial customs of the comb pottery people included additions of figures of animals, birds, snakes and men carved from bone and

6809: 5277: 2258:

a day earlier, the Soviet military blockade of Estonia went into effect, and two Soviet bombers downed Finnish passenger airplane

6534: 6331: 3606: 1404:

in 1580 giving him the titles in Livonia. That war would last from 1577 to 1582. Muscovy recognized Polish–Lithuanian control of

73: 6651: 4446: 3491:, and slightly above the European average of 42.94%. Six seats were up for taking in this election: two of them were won by the 514:(known at the time as Finns) in the North. Cassiodorus mentions Estonia in his book V. Letters 1–2 dating from the 6th century. 6782: 5768: 3477: 3408:

lost 16. Socialdemocrats gained 4 seats, while the Greens entered the Parliaments with 7 seats, at the expense of the agrarian

2337:

had the majority of gravestones from 1918 to 1944 destroyed by the Soviet authorities, and this graveyard became reused by the

1994: 1954:(1918–1920). The Estonian army cleared the entire territory of Estonia of the Red Army by February 1919. On 5–7 April 1919 the 1874: 158:

occupied Estonia in 1941; the Soviet Army occupied Estonia in 1944. Estonia later gained its independence in the course of the

136: 65: 6552: 5391: 3702:

In January 2021, prime minister Jüri Ratas resigned over a corruption scandal in his Centre Party. The leader of Reform party

3006:

incurred in the bloody January 1991 crackdowns and in the border customs-post guard murders that summer. During the attempted

2509:, the prime minister of the Estonian government in exile acting as president, presented his credentials to incoming president 2191:

Estonia with war unless provided with military bases in the country—an ultimatum with which the Estonian government complied.

119:

in the middle of the 19th century. In the aftermath of World War I (1914–1918) and the Russian revolutions of 1917, Estonians

6455: 5432: 4850: 4715: 4456: 4429: 4007: 3130: 3122: 2537: 2381: 1972:

Estonia's greatest territorial extent ever, reached during its War of Independence, marked by the light blue line on the map.

6050: 3007: 9386: 9351: 9217: 8752: 7197: 7057: 6974: 5979: 5684: 5569: 3736: 3691: 3669: 3526: 3401: 3262: 3245: 3193: 2892: 1905: 1821: 1555: 120: 4900: 2699:

developed in the countryside, reaching its zenith in 1946–48. It is hard to tell how many people were in the ranks of the

8708: 7554: 7119: 3788: 3687:

became the new prime minister of Estonia, after Prime Minister Taavi Rõivas had lost a parliamentary vote on confidence.

3500: 3405: 3378: 2823: 2807: 2798: 1618: 1079: 983:

at the end of the 13th century. In 1343, the people of northern Estonia and Saaremaa (Oesel) Island started a rebellion (

89: 4273:

The Letters of Cassiodorus: Being a condensed translation of the Variae epistolae of Magnus Aurelius Cassiodorus Senator

3786: 3785: 3301:, to form a government, and after negotiations a coalition government composed of Res Publica, the Reform Party and the 2386: 9376: 9361: 8894: 8562: 7018: 7006: 6991: 3767: 3602: 2917: 2670: 2622: 2552: 2297: 1986: 1551: 1511: 1335: 1278: 1129: 5508: 5166: 2367:, the longest-serving foreign diplomatic representative to the United States, served as vice-consul from 1934, and as 991:

during peace negotiations in 1343. Vesse, the rebel King of Saaremaa, was hanged in 1344. Despite the rebellions, and

8824: 7529: 7488: 7344: 6876: 6762: 6734: 6627: 6593: 6483: 5948: 5147: 5118: 5087: 5024: 4816: 4787: 4615: 4584: 4481: 4379: 4344: 4313: 4284: 4231: 4143: 3778: 3744: 3668:

resigned in March 2014, after nine years in office since 2005. He wanted his successor to lead the Reform Party into

3504: 3484: 3461: 3457: 3316: 3249: 3012: 2947:

the first time in Tallinn 11–12 March 1990, passing 14 declarations and resolutions. A 70-member standing committee (

2720: 1844: 1808: 1365: 1151: 1128:

in 1561, northern Estonia submitted to Swedish control, while southern Estonia briefly came under the control of the

1105: 7377: 4832: 3779: 3680:

as the new president of Estonia. The role of president is a largely ceremonial. In November 2016, chairman of the

1950:

retook office. A military invasion by the Red Army followed a few days later, however, marking the beginning of the

1544:

lost their foothold in the Baltic provinces. Territorially it represented the northern part of present-day Estonia.

1087: 807:. Estonian Swedes are one of the earliest known minorities in Estonia. They have also been called "Coastal Swedes" ( 263:

the islands. The stone and bone tools of the era have a notable similarity with the artifacts of the Kunda culture.

9435: 9285: 9250: 8693: 8288: 7052: 7035: 6914: 6798: 5586: 2932: 2908: 2663: 2227: 2152:

on 23 August 1939. In the agreement, the two great powers agreed to divide up the countries situated between them (

2021: 2008:

was adopted on 15 June 1920. The Republic of Estonia obtained international recognition and became a member of the

1529: 1208: 1133: 6313: 8718: 8321: 8186: 7437: 7001: 6351: 6201: 5894: 5772: 4643: 3810: 2571:. Markers were put in place for the 60th anniversary of the mass executions that were carried out at the Lagedi, 2326:" of hunger, cold and overworking. During the first Soviet occupation of 1940–41 about 500 Jews were deported to 2237: 2200: 1947: 1158:

and his supporters looked particularly good in 1560 and 1570. In the former case he had been recognised as their

1143: 220:

River. It has been dated to the beginning of the 9th millennium BC. The Kunda culture received its name from the

159: 4496:

Krista Kodres, "Church and art in the First Century of the reformation in Estonia: Towards Lutheran orthodoxy,"

3613:

for the purposes of influencing Estonia's political and economic decisions in ways considered favourable to the

3548:

did, and officially changed its target date to 1 January 2008, and later, to 1 January 2011. On 12 May 2010 the

3388:

was elected as the new president of Estonia. He defeated in the Electoral Assembly incumbent one-term president

2730: 2450:

By January 1944, the front was pushed back by the Soviet Army almost all the way to the former Estonian border.

1889:

violently usurped power from the legally constituted Maapäev in a coup d'état, forcing the Maapäev underground.

60:

After Danes and Germans conquered the area in 1227, Estonia was ruled initially by Denmark in the north, by the

8505: 8338: 8276: 7569: 6897: 6687: 6012: 5365: 3169:

The opposition won the 1995 election, but to a large extent continued with the previous governments' policies.

2526: 2130: 1840: 1625:

in 1721, and Russian rule was then imposed on what later became modern Estonia. Nonetheless, the legal system,

1541: 1319: 1083: 984: 768: 702: 389:

graves and cremation burials became increasingly common, alongside a small number of boat-shaped stone graves.

6435: 5280:. United States Commission for the Preservation of America's Heritage Abroad. 19 February 2009. Archived from 5224: 4601: 2703:; however, it is estimated that at different times there could have been about 30,000–35,000 people. Probably 9138: 9031: 8844: 8713: 8622: 7478: 7407: 7283: 6258: 6156: 3865: 3342: 2651:

countries such as Sweden and Finland and then to other western countries, often by refugee ships such as the

2440: 2001:. The terms of the treaty stated that Russia renounced in perpetuity all rights to the territory of Estonia. 1955: 6836: 5542:"В Эстонии пенсия по старости за 19 лет выросла в 15 раз :: Балтийский курс | новости и аналитика" 2082:) consisted of 100 members elected for three-year terms. Between 1920 and 1934, Estonia had 21 governments. 1772:

legal institutions were either abolished or had to do their work in Russian – a good example of this is the

1163: 9402: 9356: 9097: 8869: 8162: 7160: 7042: 6979: 6892: 6856: 3636: 3598: 3577: 3469: 3409: 3302: 3274: 3186: 2502: 2058: 1951: 1925: 1262: 124: 2317:

took place simultaneously in all three Baltic countries, about 10,000 Estonian civilians were deported to

1896:, mainland Estonia was occupied by the Germans. Bolshevik forces retreated to Russia. Between the Russian 9464: 9428: 9328: 9155: 8672: 8667: 8283: 7473: 7307: 7104: 6964: 6498: 3330:

party disappeared by 10 May 2005, because most members in the social-liberal group joined other parties.

3286: 2592: 2149: 1746: 1582: 143: 116: 23: 3211:

The Moderates joined with the People's Party on 27 November 1999, forming the People's Party Moderates.

2313:

prison camps in Russia, from where very few were later able to return alive. On 14 June 1941, when mass

452:

in Estonia is roughly dated to between 50 and 450 AD, the era that was affected by the influence of the

9273: 9112: 9064: 8956: 8951: 8728: 8723: 8179: 7483: 7109: 7094: 7089: 6944: 4707:

Political Culture under Institutional Pressure: How Institutional Change Transforms Early Socialization

4135: 3694:

the center-right opposition party Reform won the elections and ruling Centre was the second. Far-right

3086: 2976: 2963:

autumn, and by early 1990 only a small minority of ethnic Estonians were opposed to full independence.

2572: 2418: 1962: 1780: 1585:

forced the nobility to grant the rural commoners greater autonomy. During his rule, in 1632, the first

1523: 929: 5250: 4681: 3582: 112: 8698: 8452: 8413: 7562: 7207: 7114: 7084: 5836: 4555: 3900: 3870: 3787: 3624: 3362: 3233: 3162: 3142: 2576: 2334: 2213:

appeared off Estonian ports on 24 September 1939, and Soviet bombers began a threatening patrol over

2206: 553: 278: 270: 6984: 5343: 4940: 1219:

became king, he took quick actions to get involved in the war. He negotiated a continued peace with

960: 521:, as mentioned by a monk Nestor in the earliest Kyivan Rus chronicles, were the Ests or Esthonians. 9069: 8916: 7592: 7222: 7099: 6711:

Ruutsoo, Rein. "The Cultural Profile of Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania Between the Two World Wars,"

6698: 5198: 4515: 4336: 4302:

The pre- and proto-historic Finns, both eastern and western: with the magic songs of the west Finns

2739: 2724: 2522: 2102: 1358: 1282: 1068: 319:

The beginning of the Late Neolithic Period about 2200 BC is characterized by the appearance of the

5450:"Soviet turmoil; Yeltsin, Repaying a Favor, Formally Recognizes Estonian and Latvian Independence" 4993: 4741: 1715:

of rational thinking, ideas that propagated freedom of thinking and brotherhood and equality. The

1140:

in southern Estonia and northern Latvia, a division which persisted until the early 20th century.

419:, though this identification is not widely considered probable, as Saaremaa lies far south of the 9371: 9235: 9074: 9036: 8703: 8361: 7397: 7382: 7324: 7192: 7170: 7150: 7013: 6849: 6230:, Proceedings of the 7th European Conference on Information Warfare, Academic Conferences Limited 4276: 3681: 3661: 3229: 3150: 3146: 2564: 2531:

The process of Jewish settlement in Estonia began in the 19th century, when in 1865 Russian Tsar

2005: 1650: 1338:. In 1578 Magnus retired to Rzeczpospolita, and his brother all but gave up the land in Livonia. 1257: 1197: 1193:

conditionally recognised his right of ownership of the principality of Estonia. Then, along with

1072: 6615: 9323: 9318: 9016: 8527: 8356: 7412: 7258: 7248: 7175: 6959: 6954: 5255: 5171: 3530: 2884: 2532: 2490: 2479: 1856: 1848: 1724: 1720: 1012: 735: 139:(February 1920) marked the end of fighting and recognised Estonian independence in perpetuity. 77: 5629: 5418: 5110: 5104: 2287:

Estonia on 17 June. The following day, some 90,000 additional troops entered the country. The

1266: 916:

In 1227 the Sword Brethren conquered the last indigenous stronghold on the Estonian island of

9240: 9212: 8986: 8946: 8926: 8906: 8809: 8607: 8472: 7498: 7453: 7349: 7165: 6744: 6724: 6607: 6032: 5139: 5040: 4884: 4570: 4371: 4361: 4330: 4217: 4129: 3676:

of the Reform party became new prime minister. In October 2016, Estonia's parliament elected

3496: 3492: 3268: 3256: 3182: 3174: 1728: 1533: 1405: 1331: 1274: 1201: 1167: 992: 928:

was established. The conquerors exercised control through a network of strategically located

872:

Island near Tallinn. The towns with a significant percentage of Swedish population have been

445: 202: 46: 6332:"Surprise candidate elected as Estonia's first female president | DW | 03.10.2016" 2065:, the United Kingdom, and western Europe, with some exports to the United States and to the 205:, about 9,000 BC. The earliest traces of human settlement in Estonia are connected with the 9102: 8921: 8662: 8657: 8597: 8532: 8437: 7427: 7329: 7293: 7268: 7202: 7155: 7067: 5202: 5077: 3890: 3850: 3657: 3385: 3126: 3099: 2861: 2843: 2815: 2273: 1784: 1712: 1646: 1377: 1205: 757: 660: 373: 282: 151: 132: 7584: 3735:

In March 2023, the Reform party, led by Prime Minister Kaja Kallas, won the parliamentary

2887:, established in April 1988 with its own platform, leadership and broad constituency. The 1306:

The Peace Party, however, had its own armed forces – scattered bands of household troops (

8: 9122: 9107: 9054: 9001: 8996: 8971: 8829: 8627: 8557: 8500: 8417: 8243: 7432: 7422: 7354: 7278: 7145: 7133: 6228:

Analysis of the 2007 Cyber Attacks Against Estonia from the Information Warfare Perpectve

5545: 5482: 4676: 4576: 3946: 3910: 3885: 3805: 3610: 3549: 3537: 3095: 2936: 2783: 2470:

created in 1942 was eventually expanded to become a full-sized conscript division of the

2341:. Other cemeteries destroyed by the authorities during the Soviet era in Estonia include 2301: 2288: 2169: 2094: 1943: 1901: 1828: 1788: 1773: 1686: 1669: 1590: 1464: 1409: 1384:

from Muscovian territories. During his first offensive in 1579 with 22,000 men he retook

1327: 1253: 1233: 1171: 1155: 952: 905: 630: 582:

was one of the largest circular rampart fortresses and trading centers built in Estonia,

480:; however, it might have indicated Baltic tribes living in the area. In the Scandinavian 372:

in Estonia is dated to approximately 1800 BC. The development of the borders between the

320: 301: 9092: 8744: 5990: 5520:(Estonian Supreme Council decision) 20 August 1991, Riigi Teataja. Accessed 8 June 2013. 4519: 3664:

was the biggest party in 2011 and 2015 parliamentary elections. Estonian prime minister

3609:

form a complex system of financial, political, economic and espionage activities in the

2180: 9381: 9300: 9026: 8976: 8936: 8889: 8884: 8874: 8859: 8849: 8834: 8819: 8814: 8804: 8799: 8794: 8789: 8733: 8637: 8421: 8373: 8368: 8271: 8261: 8218: 8210: 7522: 7503: 7463: 7369: 7288: 7236: 7079: 7047: 7028: 6949: 6754: 5832: 5729: 5617: 5454: 5424: 5281: 3840: 3835: 3825: 3710:

was the founder of the Reform party and he was prime minister of Estonia in 2002–2003.

3614: 3416:, has been increasingly excluded from collaboration, since his open collaboration with 3389: 3369: 3220: 2968: 2591:

had voluntarily evacuated to Germany (in accordance with Hitler's order) following the

2435:

was introduced in 1942, resulting in some 3,400 men fleeing to Finland to fight in the

2423: 2280: 1878: 1817: 1665: 1614: 1450: 1436: 1401: 1381: 1350: 1216: 1212: 1175: 1147: 705:

and their recently converted allies won a major battle in which the Estonian commander

678: 579: 529: 432: 97: 18: 5801: 5646: 2105: 1349:

devastated southern Muscovian territories and burnt down suburb(posad) of Moscow (see

1311: 756:, the adjacent ancient Estonian county. The Danish Army defeated the Estonians at the 9117: 9059: 9021: 9011: 8991: 8981: 8966: 8961: 8941: 8911: 8879: 8864: 8839: 8775: 8612: 8587: 8567: 8547: 8537: 8427: 8409: 8378: 8311: 8228: 8202: 7417: 7392: 7339: 7263: 6769: 6758: 6730: 6676: 6648: 6623: 6589: 5428: 5143: 5114: 5083: 5020: 4812: 4783: 4711: 4611: 4580: 4477: 4452: 4425: 4375: 4340: 4309: 4280: 4227: 4209: 4139: 4028: 4003: 3860: 3855: 3845: 3830: 3465: 2986: 2921: 2689: 2354: 2259: 2009: 1939: 1752: 1716: 1654: 1416:

and Frederick II decided to sell his rights of inheritance. Except for the island of

1413: 1342: 1323: 1292: 1220: 996: 812: 686: 50: 38: 27: 6779: 5776: 5136:

The Baltic States: The national self-determination of Estonia, Latvia, and Lithuania

2735: 2350: 2173: 1968: 1040:

had disappeared. Church services were now given in the local vernacular, instead of

9290: 9245: 9006: 8931: 8901: 8602: 8517: 8462: 8432: 8383: 8343: 8326: 8316: 8251: 8223: 7538: 7493: 7458: 7402: 7359: 7319: 6939: 6909: 6684:

The Baltic States: The Years of Independence. Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, 1917–1940

6116: 5395: 4835:(in Estonian). Estonian Ministry of Foreign Affairs. 22 August 2006. Archived from 4399: 3925: 3895: 3875: 3820: 3677: 3660:

was re-elected in a vote in parliament for the second five-year term. Center-right

3587: 3280: 3178: 2819: 2323: 1882: 1677: 1659: 1622: 1485: 1429: 1215:

which he had taken possession of, but they refused to give him any more land. Once

980: 879:

In earlier times Swedes also lived on the coasts of Saaremaa, the southern part of

668: 312:. Antiquities from comb pottery culture are found from northern Finland to eastern 255: 213: 5895:"The Government of Prime Minister Juhan Parts Resigned | Eesti Vabariigi Valitsus" 5079:

Diplomats without a country: Baltic diplomacy, international law, and the Cold War

4858: 3365:, on the level of competence, is not necessarily an improvement over the old one. 2117:

and freed in 1938, by which time the league had lost most of its popular support.

2072:

The first constitution of the Republic of Estonia, adopted in 1920, established a

294:

may have been spoken in Estonia and Finland since the end of the last glaciation.

9295: 9185: 8642: 8617: 8405: 8388: 8233: 8150: 8145: 8140: 8135: 8130: 8125: 8120: 8115: 8110: 8105: 8100: 8095: 8090: 8085: 8080: 8075: 8070: 8065: 8060: 8055: 8050: 8045: 8040: 8035: 8022: 8017: 8012: 8007: 8002: 7997: 7992: 7987: 7982: 7977: 7972: 7967: 7962: 7957: 7952: 7947: 7942: 7937: 7932: 7927: 7922: 7917: 7912: 7907: 7902: 7897: 7892: 7887: 7882: 7877: 7872: 7867: 7862: 7857: 7852: 7847: 7842: 7837: 7832: 7827: 7822: 7817: 7812: 7807: 7802: 7797: 7792: 7787: 7782: 7777: 7772: 7767: 7762: 7757: 7752: 7747: 7742: 7737: 7732: 7727: 7722: 7717: 7712: 7707: 7702: 7697: 7692: 7687: 7682: 7677: 7672: 7667: 7662: 7657: 7652: 7647: 7642: 7637: 7632: 7627: 7622: 7617: 7612: 7468: 7387: 7253: 7187: 6904: 6786: 6748: 6655: 6644: 6579: 6420: 6369: 6294: 6276: 6144: 6068: 6019: 5997: 5806: 5708: 5651: 5573: 5566: 5512: 4808: 4736: 4607: 4223: 3999: 3993: 3971: 3558: 3345: 3155: 2888: 2849: 2752: 2693: 2599: 2459: 2254:

On 14 June 1940, while the world's attention was focused on the fall of Paris to

2054: 2046: 1892:

In February, after the collapse of the peace talks between Soviet Russia and the

1641: 1633: 1559: 1547: 1361: 1346: 1028: 861: 800: 656: 645: 602: 597:

In the 11th century the Scandinavians are frequently chronicled as combating the

380:

was under way. The first fortified settlements, Asva and Ridala on the island of

291: 179: 105: 9175: 5966: 5225:"Estonian International Commission for Investigation of Crimes Against Humanity" 3673: 3052: 1389: 920:. After the conquest, all the remaining local pagans of Estonia were ostensibly 9418: 9366: 9260: 8592: 8582: 8577: 8572: 8552: 8542: 8457: 8400: 8293: 8256: 7543: 7273: 7182: 7023: 6996: 6929: 6924: 6440: 6336: 4907: 4395: 3880: 3751: 3591: 3554: 3438: 3425: 3417: 3413: 3309: 3205: 3071: 3064: 2980: 2912: 2588: 2556: 2428: 2368: 2346: 2122: 2109: 1852: 1832: 1708: 1693:

programmes introduced by the imperial Russian central government in the 1890s.

1637: 1586: 1393: 1373: 1190: 1037: 948: 944: 909: 788: 772: 718: 652: 587: 449: 221: 163: 101: 93: 85: 61: 6814: 6604:

The Baltic Revolution: Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania and the Path to Independence

2569:

Estonian International Commission for Investigation of Crimes Against Humanity

2486: 2455: 2398: 1761:, Estonia's national epic, was published in 1861 in both Estonian and German. 849: 9458: 9255: 9197: 9192: 8688: 8487: 6919: 6720: 6673:

The Collapse of Liberal Democracy and the Rise of Authoritarianism in Estonia

5753: 4367: 3565: 3508: 3473: 3442: 3421: 3338: 3293: 3028: 2948: 2853: 2839: 2758: 2506: 2364: 2342: 2086: 2073: 2030: 1893: 1769: 1765: 1690: 1567: 1563: 1425: 1369: 1353:), the drought and epidemics had fatally affected the economy, the policy of 1322:; 30 weeks), and in 1574–1576 (first on Sweden's side, then came the sale of 1016: 925: 900: 880: 865: 618: 573: 569: 549: 420: 285:, the ancestors of the Estonians, Finns, and Livonians, on the shores of the 206: 194: 69: 3684: 3472:

polled poorly, not being able to gain any of the other three MEP posts. The

3056: 2567:

since the reestablishment of Estonian independence and the formation of the

2053:

in 1919 was the most important step. Large estate holdings belonging to the

976: 641: 127:(1918–1920) ensued on two fronts: the newly proclaimed state fought against 9280: 8647: 8477: 8348: 8266: 6934: 6819: 5505: 4182: 3905: 3665: 3632: 3357: 3214: 3118: 3048: 3036: 2714: 2704: 2680: 2647: 2613:

The Russian minority grew significantly in numbers during the postwar era.

2510: 2436: 2432: 2409: 2405: 2293: 2255: 2248: 2145: 2141: 2066: 1998: 1287: 1125: 1119: 921: 674: 583: 545: 453: 440: 416: 397: 155: 147: 81: 5877:"A letter from 1949 indicates Estonia wanted to be a NATO founding member" 3032: 2707:

was caught in September 1978, and killed himself during his apprehension.

738:, who arrived in 1219 on the site of the Estonian town of Lindanisse (now 8632: 8510: 8495: 8467: 8303: 5679: 4836: 3740: 3707: 3703: 3619: 3334: 3298: 3225: 3060: 3044: 3040: 2952: 2873: 2762: 2627:

Occupation and annexation of the Baltic states by the Soviet Union (1944)

2582: 2560: 2314: 2232:

Occupation and annexation of the Baltic states by the Soviet Union (1940)

2062: 2050: 1981: 1886: 1836: 1245: 1224: 1033: 1020: 1000: 784: 693:(in modern Latvia). With the help of the newly converted local tribes of 511: 502: 54: 6436:"Estonia to get first female prime minister | DW | 24.01.2021" 3756:

High Representative of the Union for Foreign Affairs and Security Policy

2467: 2057:

were redistributed among farmers and especially among volunteers in the

1930: 1764:

1889 marked the beginning of the central government-sponsored policy of

1027:. However, many peasants were traditionalists and more comfortable with 723: 605:. The east Baltic world was transformed by military conquest: first the 565: 8395: 7444: 6240: 4779: 4125: 4066:"U. S. SENATE, EUROPEAN PARLIAMENT CONDEMN OCCUPATION OF BALTIC STATES" 3984: 3915: 3720: 2658:. More than 30,000 soldiers had been killed in action. In 1944 Russian 2090: 2038: 1757: 1733: 1702: 1532:

placed itself under Swedish rule in 1561 to receive protection against

1396:. Frederick II had trouble continuing the fight against Muscovy unlike 1354: 1194: 853: 369: 286: 210: 6810:

Crimes against humanity during Soviet and German occupation of Estonia

6636:

Made, Tiit; "Estonians Liberation Way" (20 August Club, Tallinn, 2015)

6314:"Estonia's new PM says Russia sanctions would hurt, but may be needed" 6205: 4651: 4553:

Hank Johnston, "Religion and Nationalist Subcultures in the Baltics,"

2268:

carrying three diplomatic pouches from the U.S. legations in Tallinn,

1877:

obtaining a part of the vote. On 5 November 1917, two days before the

1861: 1827:

Estonia as a unified political entity first emerged after the Russian

832:

The ancient areas of Swedish settlement in Estonia were Ruhnu Island,

8442: 7334: 7212: 6664:(New York: Overlook Press, 2006); published In London with the title 6585: 6517:"Estonia's centre-right Reform Party comes first in general election" 3920: 3315:

In February 2004 the People's Party Moderates renamed themselves the

3134: 3106: 3024: 3003: 2991: 2827: 2659: 2652: 2641: 2494: 2471: 2413: 2157: 2098: 2078: 1870: 1866: 1490: 1024: 845: 841: 694: 614: 484:(9th century) the term started to be used to indicate the Estonians. 324: 266: 231: 150:

occupied Estonia and illegally annexed the country. In the course of

8171: 5606:"Estonia ferry disaster inquiry backs finding bow door was to blame" 5369: 4118: 2814:

recognized ESSR as part of the USSR. During the preparations to the

2684:

Soviet prison doors on display in the Museum of Occupations, Tallinn

2606:

in August 1944, often in their small boats to the Swedish island of

2375: 2333:

Estonian graveyards and monuments were destroyed. Among others, the

1057: 752: 633:

and sometimes extermination by groups of Germans, Danes and Swedes.

557: 290:

to the warming of climate. Some researchers have even argued that a

189: 8652: 8447: 6841: 5769:"Estonia: Two Parties Want To Form Government After Close Election" 5228: 3628: 3545: 3541: 3519: 3112: 2972: 2877: 2603: 2545: 2394: 2338: 2265: 2244: 2210: 1897: 1792: 1626: 1249: 1183: 917: 884: 873: 869: 825: 804: 698: 682: 610: 495: 436: 412: 393: 381: 259: 6416:"Estonia's first female PM sworn in as new government takes power" 6160: 4857:(in Finnish). Finnish Defence Forces. 14 June 2005. Archived from 3081: 2544:

government to use the Baltic countries as their main area of mass

2034: 1909: 524: 339: 297: 217: 9391: 8522: 8333: 7596: 6872: 5857: 5725:"World Briefing Europe: Estonia: Leftists Reeling After Election" 5604:

Henley, Jon; correspondent, Jon Henley Europe (23 January 2023).

4305: 4190: 3972:"Spirituality in Estonia - the world's 'least religious' country" 2803: 2770: 2674: 2607: 2327: 2318: 2214: 2187: 2165: 2114: 1696: 1681: 1575: 1507: 1498: 1472: 1421: 1385: 1237: 1179: 1159: 1137: 972: 968: 888: 833: 780: 739: 727: 706: 626: 598: 561: 487: 477: 404: 313: 235: 42: 6370:"Estonia general election: Opposition party beats Centre rivals" 3356:

On 4 April 2005, President Rüütel nominated Reform party leader

2205:

Following the conclusion of the Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact and the

1444: 1417: 1388:. During the second, in 1580, with a 29,000-strong army he took 3723:

was sworn in as Estonia's sixth President on October 11, 2021.

3699: 3645: 3074:

in 1998 and joined in 2004, shortly after becoming a member of

2999: 2498: 2161: 2153: 2026: 1571: 1537: 1458: 1397: 1298: 1270: 1186: 935: 857: 837: 776: 764: 734:

Northern Estonia was conquered by Danish crusaders led by king

473: 243: 227: 6706:

Russification in the Baltic Provinces & Finland, 1855–1914

3776: 3617:

and conducted under the sphere-of-influence doctrine known as

2427:

was established for internal security under the leadership of

1310:) under diverse command, which only united in action in 1565 ( 9202: 6815:

Historical maps of Estonia in the 16th, 17th and 18th century

6470:"Estonia's New Government Sworn in With First-Ever Female PM" 4650:. Estonian National Council. 24 February 1918. Archived from 3571: 3432: 2666: 2563:, Aleksander Laak and Ervin Viks – who have faced trials for 2451: 2353:) and the oldest cemetery in Tallinn, from the 16th century, 2310: 1605: 1594: 1281:, know that he was ready for peace. On 13 December 1570, the 1228: 1041: 988: 819:

Swedes, Hiiu Swedes etc. They themselves used the expression

816: 673:

Estonia was one of the last corners of medieval Europe to be

622: 518: 481: 464: 408: 377: 309: 239: 6666:

Northern shores: a history of the Baltic Sea and its peoples

6456:"Estonia becomes the only country in the world led by women" 5478:"Bush, after delay, grants Baltic states formal recognition" 3487:

scored a 43.9% turnout – about 17.1% higher than during the

2309:

executed in Estonia, while most of the others were moved to

1805:

Diplomatic history of World War I § Three Baltic states

1600: 1517: 912:, Narva, was one of the Teutonic Order's castles in Estonia. 76:. From 1418 to 1562 the whole of Estonia formed part of the 9207: 6402:"Estonia's PM resigns over corruption scandal in his party" 5949:"Pro Patria and Res Publica Union (IRL) changes party name" 5041:"Resolution on the situation in Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania" 4448:

The New Cambridge Medieval History: Volume 6, C.1300-c.1415

4029:"U.S.-Baltic Relations: Celebrating 85 Years of Friendship" 3641: 3515: 3323: 3075: 2269: 2221: 1900:'s retreat and the arrival of advancing German troops, the 1241: 1170:, and as their prospective ruler by the authorities of the 690: 606: 386: 344: 167: 6704:

Raun, Toivo U. "The Estonians" in Edward C. Thaden, ed.,

6499:"Estonia: New cabinet sworn into office | DW | 18.07.2022" 2810:, which led to controversy since many governments had not 1562:

between the Commonwealth and Sweden in 1660 following the

1047: 8774: 5061:. British Embassy in Tallinn. 30 May 2005. Archived from 4322: 3976: 2857: 2126: 1946:

and the withdrawal of German troops in November 1918, an

281:

arrived in Estonia. Until the early 1980s the arrival of

6613: 6295:"Estonia PM Ansip resigns - Europe's longest-serving PM" 4097: 3368:

On 18 May 2005, Estonia signed a border treaty with the

3215:

Rüütel presidency and Siim Kallas government (2001–2002)

2485:

As the Germans started to retreat on 18 September 1944,

1711:

in Estonia, educated at German universities, introduced

1392:, and in 1581 with a 100,000-strong army he started the 1345:

found himself in a difficult position by 1578, when the

1302:

Livonia, as shown in the map of 1573 of Joann Portantius

108:

served as the language of administration and education.

6822:, part of English version of the Estonian Manors Portal 5161: 5159: 4219:

The Uralic Language Family: Facts, myths and statistics

2898: 1632:

Under the imperial Russian rule, from the 1720s to the

979:

in 1248 and became the northernmost member city of the

775:

as a result. In 1346, the Danish dominions in Estonia (

6662:

The Baltic: A new history of the region and its people

6087:"Alcohol and tobacco tax to rise in Estonia next year" 6051:"Estonia – EU member country profile | European Union" 5106:

Resistance! Occupied Europe and Its Defiance of Hitler

4906:. American Foreign Service Association. Archived from 3351: 2583:

Fate of other minorities during and after World War II

2540:

with a certificate of gratitude for this achievement.

364:

Drone video of stone cist graves in Jõelähtme, Estonia

131:

to the east and against the Baltic German forces (the

6553:"Estonia's parliament backs Kristen Michal as new PM" 6241:"NATO Cooperative Cyber Defence Centre of Excellence" 4353: 4043:"Motion for a resolution on the Situation in Estonia" 3239: 3063:. The PMs of the interim government (1990–1992) were 1751:

A cultural movement sprang forth to adopt the use of

1672:(Universität Dorpat) in 1860, during its 'Golden Age' 6718: 5156: 4961: 4762: 3090:

Registration card for Estonian citizenship from 1989

1904:

of the Estonian National Council Maapäev issued the

1412:

died in 1583, Poland invaded his territories in the

689:

from northern Germany established the stronghold of

636: 6352:"Center-left leader nominated as Estonia's next PM" 5603: 5416: 4593: 2466:The initial formation of the volunteer SS Estonian 2279:On 16 June 1940, the Soviet Union invaded Estonia. 1798: 1357:had thoroughly disrupted the government, while the 201:The region has been populated since the end of the 49:, beginning from around 9000 BC. Starting with the 6202:"Information War: Invention or a current reality?" 5973: 5833:"Estonia: parliamentary elections Riigikogu, 2003" 5420:Dissent and Opposition in Communist Eastern Europe 4422:Gud vill det! – Nordiska korsfarare under medeltid 4270: 3248:in 2003, the seats were allocated as follows (the 2920:that November; a language law making Estonian the 1341:Having rejected peace proposals from its enemies, 1244:. Magnus was upset he had been tricked out of his 6204:. Centre for Geopolitical Studies. Archived from 6033:"Estonians Say "Jah" to the EU – DW – 09/15/2003" 5913:"Andrus Ansip named Estonia's new prime minister" 5047:. C. 42/78. European Parliament. 13 January 1983. 2376:Occupation of Estonia by Nazi Germany (1941–1944) 2361:the ultimate restoration of Baltic independence. 1479: 1295:, proved a suitable figurehead for this faction. 494:in the middle of the 2nd century CE mentions the 9456: 6726:The Baltic states: Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania 6484:"Alar Karis sworn in as Estonia's new president" 6157:"EuroHOBBY - Community of Euro Coins Collectors" 5675:"Center-left party wins popular vote in Estonia" 4703: 3816:German occupation of Estonia during World War II 3644:Cooperative Cyber Defence Centre of Excellence ( 3424:party, real estate scandals in Tallinn, and the 3113:Meri presidency and Laar premiership (1992–2001) 2243:On 12 June 1940, the order for a total military 1783:swept through Estonia, the Estonians called for 1044:, and the first books were printed in Estonian. 392:About the 7th century BC, a large meteorite hit 6183:"Estonia in the eurozone – a strategic success" 4833:"Molotovi–Ribbentropi pakt ja selle tagajärjed" 3485:European Parliament election of 2009 in Estonia 3082:Contemporary Estonian government (1992–present) 2792: 1922:German occupation of Estonia during World War I 1662:offered a secular alternative to church music. 173: 6496: 6069:"Estonia becomes 17th member of the euro zone" 4898: 4187:Hõbevalge: Reisikiri tuultest ja muinasluulest 3337:announced his resignation following a vote of 2478:. The Estonian units saw action defending the 2015: 1997:was signed by the Republic of Estonia and the 1697:The Estophile enlightenment period (1750–1840) 1680:were the first in the Russian empire in which 1376:(1576). Batory replied with a series of three 848:), the northwest coast of the Harju District ( 794: 347:graves from the Bronze Age in northern Estonia 9436: 8760: 8187: 7570: 6857: 6259:"U.S.-educated Estonian president re-elected" 6008: 6006: 2833: 2616: 2125:comprising at least 3,000 persons, including 1494:Outline of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth 1211:, Kettler gave to Magnus the portions of the 823:("island people"), and called their homeland 712: 501:According to the 5th-century Roman historian 472:The name "Estonia" occurs first in a form of 246:were used the most for making cutting tools. 6573: 5827: 5825: 5192: 5076:McHugh, James Frank; Pacy, James S. (2001). 5045:Official Journal of the European Communities 4802: 4359: 4258: 4246: 4093: 4091: 3991: 1851:in the north (corresponding to the historic 836:Island, the west coast and smaller islands ( 803:comes from 1294, in the laws of the town of 6826:Cultural treasures National Library Estonia 5796: 5794: 5641: 5639: 4925: 4568: 4264: 4215: 4175: 3450:first European Parliament elections in 2004 2516: 2194: 2085:A mass anticommunist and antiparliamentary 1855:) was united with the northern part of the 1086:. Unsourced material may be challenged and 943:The territory was then divided between the 411:island he described has been identified as 9443: 9429: 8767: 8753: 8194: 8180: 7577: 7563: 6864: 6850: 6003: 5305:"The Red Army invasion of Estonia in 1944" 5167:"The Virtual Jewish History Tour: Estonia" 5082:. Westport, Connecticut: Greenwood Press. 5075: 4889:from the State Archive of the Russian Navy 4299: 3572:Estonia–Russia relations in the late 2000s 3433:Accession of Estonia to the European Union 2808:sailing events at the 1980 Summer Olympics 2292:requested Estonia to be accepted into the 2272:and Helsinki. US Foreign Service employee 1859:. Elections for a provisional parliament, 1768:. The impact of this was that many of the 939:Livonian Confederation in the 15th century 498:among other dwellers on the Baltic shore. 277:Around the beginning of 4th millennium BC 6535:"Estonia: Kaja Kallas's third government" 6199: 5822: 5392:"A short overview of the Russian history" 4671: 4669: 4111:Background Notes, Estonia, September 1997 4088: 3969: 3713: 2713:After the war the Communist Party of the 2631:Baltic states under Soviet rule (1944–91) 2222:Incorporation in the Soviet Union (1940) 2140:, but it was of no consequence after the 2089:emerged in the 1930s. In October 1933, a 1601:Estonia in the Russian Empire (1710–1917) 1518:Estonia in the Swedish Empire (1561–1710) 1400:and Poland. He came to an agreement with 1106:Learn how and when to remove this message 1019:spread rapidly to Estonia in the 1520s. 815:), or according to their settlement area 100:of 1700–1721. Throughout this period the 84:of 1558–1583, Estonia became part of the 6805:Association Of Baltic German Knighthoods 6743: 6614:Mäesalu, Ain; Lukas, Tõnis; Laur, Mati; 6311: 5984: 5791: 5636: 5336:"35 years since Tallinn Olympic regatta" 4978: 4973: 4899:Johnson, Eric A.; Hermann, Anna (2007). 4724: 4704:Bennich-Björkman, L. (9 December 2007). 4636: 4630: 4509: 4419: 4396:"Salmonsens konversationsleksikon / 2/7" 4203: 4169: 4158: 4082: 3995:Culture and customs of the Baltic states 3581: 3525: 3085: 2985: 2729: 2719: 2679: 2476:20th Waffen Grenadier Division of the SS 2393: 2385: 2025: 1980: 1967: 1965:under the Estonian command in the east. 1929: 1816: 1813:Commune of the Working People of Estonia 1664: 1604: 1497: 1489: 1297: 1015:in Europe that was initiated in 1517 by 934: 904: 722: 651: 640: 523: 463: 350: 338: 296: 265: 188: 17: 5716: 5667: 5014: 4471: 4293: 3651: 3607:Russian influence operations in Estonia 3015:issued its recognition on 6 September. 2168:), with Estonia falling in the Soviet " 1048:Division of Estonia in the Livonian War 444:traditions show the clear beginning of 9457: 5475: 5441: 5417:Pollack, Detlef; Jan Wielgohs (2004). 4685:. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. 2009 4666: 4644:"Estonian Declaration of Independence" 4599: 4512:"Protestant Reformation in the Baltic" 4444: 3696:Conservative People's Party of Estonia 3690:In March 2019, Estonian parliamentary 3514:On 1 January 2011 Estonia adopted the 1938:After the collapse of the short-lived 1934:The Estonian Army High Command in 1920 1915: 1875:Russian Social Democratic Labour Party 1723:), and 1819 in northern Estonia (then 273:pottery at the Estonian History Museum 66:Monastic state of the Teutonic Knights 8776:History of current European countries 8748: 8201: 8175: 7558: 6845: 6837:History of Estonia: Primary Documents 6713:Acta Bibliothecae Nationalis Estoniae 5761: 5722: 5469: 5133: 5102: 4476:(in Swedish). Bonniers. p. 188. 4424:(in Swedish). Ordfront. p. 573. 4271:Cassiodorus; Hodgkin, Thomas (1886). 4124: 4063: 4026: 3945:According to the US, the EU, and the 3631:commemorating the soldiers killed in 3129:. He chose 32-year-old historian and 2538:Government of the Republic of Estonia 2382:Occupation of Estonia by Nazi Germany 2172:". After the invasion of Poland, the 2061:. Estonia's principal markets became 1740: 1707:Educated German immigrants and local 1330:and the loss of the territory to the 1291:Denmark and later struck a deal with 6871: 6723:; Purs, Aldis; Lane, Thomas (2002). 5980:Savisaar's and Kruuda's mutual gifts 5874: 5744: 5699: 5516:("Estonian National Independence"), 5497: 5447: 4851:"Kaleva-koneen tuhosta uutta tietoa" 4328: 4181: 4131:The Cambridge History of Scandinavia 3553:date the exchange rate at which the 2893:Estonian National Independence Party 2076:form of government. The parliament ( 1906:Estonian Declaration of Independence 1822:Estonian Declaration of Independence 1084:adding citations to reliable sources 1051: 771:). The province was occupied by the 459: 184: 8709:History of the Mediterranean region 6801:, an Estonian Institute publication 6138:Estonia to Join Euro 1 January 2011 5967:"Estonia elects Ilves as president" 5802:"Estonia quandary after split vote" 5706:"Election leaves hung parliament". 5333: 5309:Estonica Encyclopedia About Estonia 4542:Christianity in a Revolutionary Age 4339:, Stanford University. p. 11. 3501:Union of Pro Patria and Res Publica 3406:Union of Pro Patria and Res Publica 3379:Union of Pro Patria and Res Publica 3352:Andrus Ansip government (2005-2014) 3121:, an outstanding writer and former 2983:, gained a parliamentary majority. 2864:who in turn died on 10 March 1985. 2799:Sailing at the 1980 Summer Olympics 1689:, were largely uninterested in the 1619:capitulation of Estonia and Livonia 1380:against Muscovy, trying to cut the 249: 13: 6750:Estonia: identity and independence 6388:"Estonia joins the far-right club" 6200:Denisenko, Viktor (13 June 2007). 6119:. European Commission. 12 May 2010 4045:. European Parliament. 21 May 2007 4020: 3768:Timeline of the history of Estonia 3603:Estonian Internal Security Service 3317:Social Democratic Party of Estonia 3252:failed to meet the 5% threshold): 3240:Juhan Parts government (2003-2005) 2918:Supreme Soviet of the Soviet Union 2715:Estonian Soviet Socialist Republic 2623:Estonian Soviet Socialist Republic 2298:Estonian Soviet Socialist Republic 2240:by the Soviet Union in June 1940. 1831:of 1917. With the collapse of the 1368:and acquired an energetic leader, 1006: 304:pottery and stone axes, at the EHM 41:. Humans settled in the region of 26:(1535), the first book printed in 14: 9476: 6792: 6729:. London: Routledge. p. 24. 5518:Eesti Vabariigi Ülemnõukogu Otsus 5311:. Eesti Instituut. Archived from 4366:(2nd ed.). London, England: 3970:Esselmond, Tom (26 August 2011). 3013:State Council of the Soviet Union 2990:Toompea castle – the seat of the 2746: 2179:took place when Polish submarine 1809:Autonomous Governorate of Estonia 1613:Sweden's defeat by Russia in the 1506:During 1582–83 southern Estonia ( 799:The first written mention of the 637:Estonian Crusade: The Middle Ages 505:, the people known to Tacitus as 403:About 325 BC, the Greek explorer 9412: 9174: 8694:Bibliography of European history 8289:Fall of the Western Roman Empire 7586: 6641:The History of the Baltic States 6545: 6527: 6509: 6490: 6476: 6462: 6448: 6428: 6408: 6394: 6380: 6362: 6344: 6324: 6312:Mardiste, David (8 April 2014). 6305: 6287: 6269: 6251: 6233: 5864:(in Estonian). 21 February 2018. 5576:Eesti Päevaleht, 14. juuli 2001. 5476:Devroy, Ann (3 September 1991). 5302: 4992:. 19 August 1940. Archived from 4805:The History of the Baltic States 4740:. 9 October 1939. Archived from 4603:Historical Dictionary of Estonia 4510:Harrison, Rachelle (June 2000). 3395: 2909:Estonian Sovereignty Declaration 2867: 2345:cemeteries established in 1774 ( 2228:Soviet deportations from Estonia 2136:Estonia had pursued a policy of 1799:Road to the republic (1917–1920) 1056: 1036:, but images and statues of the 995:invasions in 1481 and 1558, the 894: 659:falling from the sky during the 8719:History of Western civilization 8322:Christianity in the Middle Ages 6776:Estonia: Return to Independence 6701:, 2002), long the standard work 6567: 6220: 6193: 6175: 6149: 6131: 6109: 6079: 6061: 6043: 6025: 5959: 5941: 5923: 5905: 5887: 5868: 5850: 5773:Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty 5723:Wines, Michael (4 March 2003). 5597: 5579: 5560: 5534: 5523: 5410: 5384: 5358: 5327: 5296: 5270: 5243: 5217: 5193:Miller-Korpi, Katy (May 1998). 5186: 5127: 5096: 5069: 5051: 5033: 5008: 4986:"Russia: Justice in the Baltic" 4967: 4955: 4892: 4873: 4843: 4825: 4796: 4768: 4756: 4697: 4624: 4562: 4547: 4534: 4503: 4498:Scandinavian Journal of History 4490: 4465: 4438: 4413: 4388: 4252: 4240: 4197: 4163: 4152: 4064:Socor, Vladimir (25 May 2005). 3811:Dissolution of the Soviet Union 3771: 3601:remain tense. According to the 3125:, won this election and became 2777: 2201:Occupation of the Baltic states 2095:presidential form of government 1948:Estonian Provisional Government 1843:granted national autonomy to a 1841:Russia's Provisional Government 1593:was established in the city of 1144:Ferdinand I, Holy Roman Emperor 160:dissolution of the Soviet Union 104:nobility enjoyed autonomy, and 8563:Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth 8506:Christianity in the modern era 8277:Christianity in late antiquity 6688:University of California Press 6539:OSW Centre for Eastern Studies 6497:Welle (www.dw.com), Deutsche. 6187:OSW Centre for Eastern Studies 5775:. 3 March 2003. Archived from 5683:. 3 March 2003. Archived from 5647:"Deadlock in Estonia election" 5506:Eesti riiklikust iseseisvusest 5448:Kamm, Henry (25 August 1991). 5195:"The Holocaust in the Baltics" 5059:"Linda Soomre Memorial Plaque" 5019:(in Estonian). Tallinn: Argo. 4939:. 24 June 1940. Archived from 4901:"The Last Flight from Tallinn" 4500:(2003) 28#3 pp 187–203. online 4451:. Cambridge University Press. 4102: 4076: 4057: 4035: 4027:Fried, Daniel (14 June 2007). 3963: 3939: 3648:) was established in Tallinn. 2527:History of the Jews in Estonia 2439:rather than join the Germans. 2131:history of the Jews in Estonia 1583:Gustavus II Adolphus of Sweden 1552:Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth 1512:Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth 1480:Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth 1279:Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth 1130:Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth 407:possibly visited Estonia. The 113:Estophile Enlightenment Period 1: 8714:History of the European Union 6093:. 25 May 2007. Archived from 5567:Kümme aastat uut Eestit, 1993 3956: 3866:History of the European Union 3726: 3507:and an independent candidate 2933:Estonian Citizens' Committees 2441:Finnish Infantry Regiment 200 2049:. Economically and socially, 1956:Estonian Constituent Assembly 1502:The Swedish Empire, 1560–1815 767:started a rebellion in 1343 ( 681:called for a crusade against 334: 197:, the Estonian History Museum 72:ecclesiastical states of the 9286:Duchy of Estonia (1561–1721) 8163:Timeline of Estonian history 6799:Estonian History in Pictures 6277:"Estonia profile - Timeline" 5935:www.juridicainternational.eu 5875:Rang, Adam (29 March 2023). 5530:World Development Indicators 5278:"Holocaust Markers, Estonia" 5109:. Osceola, WI: MBI. p. 4883:(in Russian). Archived from 4472:Jokipii, Mauno, ed. (1992). 4216:Marcantonio, Angela (2002). 3637:2007 cyberattacks on Estonia 3402:2007 parliamentary elections 2793:Moscow Olympic Games of 1980 2635: 2559:, Jaan Viik, Juhan Jüriste, 2236:The Republic of Estonia was 2059:Estonian War of Independence 2022:History of Estonia (1920–39) 1952:Estonian War of Independence 1926:Estonian War of Independence 1885:, Estonian Bolshevik leader 783:) were sold for 10 000 174:Ancient Estonia: pre-history 142:In 1940, in the wake of the 125:Estonian War of Independence 64:, an autonomous part of the 7: 9387:Restoration of independence 9352:Declaration of Independence 8673:Russian invasion of Ukraine 8284:Crisis of the Third Century 7058:Restoration of independence 6975:Declaration of Independence 6622:. Tallinn, Estonia: Avita. 4803:O'Connor, Kevin J. (2003). 4776:The World Book Encyclopedia 4474:Baltisk kultur och historia 4360:Christiansen, Eric (1997). 3992:O'Connor, Kevin J. (2006). 3798: 3761: 3464:(PES), while the governing 3445:member on 21 December 2007 3333:On 24 March Prime Minister 3194:1999 Parliamentary election 3123:Minister of Foreign Affairs 2883:and most important was the 2734:Estonian Soviet politician 2673:of the residential area in 2505:from 1944 until 1992, when 2016:Interwar period (1920–1939) 1747:Estonian national awakening 985:St. George's Night Uprising 795:Swedish coastal settlements 769:St. George's Night Uprising 426: 203:Late Pleistocene glaciation 121:declared their independence 117:Estonian national awakening 10: 9481: 8729:Military history of Europe 8724:Maritime history of Europe 7053:Declaration of sovereignty 6831:A Brief History of Estonia 6820:History of Estonian Manors 5757:. 8 March 2003. p. 8. 5712:. 3 March 2003. p. 9. 4540:Kenneth Scott Latourette, 4136:Cambridge University Press 3765: 3656:In August 2011, President 3575: 3161:On 28 September 1994, the 3131:Christian Democratic Party 3093: 2977:Central Planning Committee 2871: 2852:died and was succeeded by 2837: 2834:Andropov and Chernenko era 2796: 2781: 2750: 2639: 2620: 2617:Soviet Estonia (1944–1991) 2520: 2379: 2225: 2198: 2101:on 12 March 1934, by then 2019: 1976: 1919: 1865:, was organized, with the 1802: 1781:Russian Revolution of 1905 1744: 1700: 1621:in 1710, confirmed by the 1524:Estonia under Swedish rule 1521: 1483: 1320:Siege of Reval (1570–1571) 1189:were on his side; and the 1117: 1023:spread literacy among the 924:. An ecclesiastical state 898: 716: 713:Danish Estonia (1219–1346) 666: 177: 9131: 9083: 9045: 8782: 8699:Genetic history of Europe 8681: 8486: 8302: 8242: 8209: 8159: 8031: 7603: 7516: 7368: 7315: 7306: 7244: 7235: 7141: 7132: 7075: 7066: 6883: 6695:Estonia and the Estonians 6581:A history of pagan Europe 5837:Inter-Parliamentary Union 4556:Journal of Baltic Studies 4332:Estonia and the Estonians 4300:Abercromby, John (1898). 3998:. Westport, Connecticut: 3901:Prime Minister of Estonia 3871:List of rulers of Estonia 3625:Bronze Soldier of Tallinn 3518:. The enlargement of the 3341:in the Riigikogu against 3303:People's Union of Estonia 3187:People's Union of Estonia 2856:, the former head of the 2806:was selected to host the 2598:Almost all the remaining 2579:camps in September 1944. 2412:on 22 June 1941, and the 2335:Tallinn Military Cemetery 2276:was killed in the crash. 2247:of Estonia by the Soviet 2207:Soviet invasion of Poland 1263:Northern Seven Years' War 1209:Christoph von Mecklenburg 476:in the 1st century AD by 468:Europe in the 9th century 7146:Administrative divisions 6699:Hoover Institution Press 6117:"Estonia ready for euro" 6055:european-union.europa.eu 5199:University of Washington 5103:Lande, David A. (2000). 5015:Ilmjärv, Magnus (2004). 4516:University of Washington 4445:Reuter, Timothy (1995). 4337:Hoover Institution Press 4335:. Stanford, California: 4259:Jones & Pennick 1995 4247:Jones & Pennick 1995 4070:The Jamestown Foundation 4031:. U.S. State Department. 3932: 3599:Estonia–Russia relations 3578:Estonia–Russia relations 3305:was formed on 10 April. 3287:People's Party Moderates 2740:Estonian Communist Party 2725:Flag of the Estonian SSR 2523:The Holocaust in Estonia 2517:The Holocaust in Estonia 2195:World War II (1939–1944) 1993:On 2 February 1920, the 1359:Grand Duchy of Lithuania 887:and the western part of 685:in Northern Europe. The 8704:History of Christianity 6778:(Westview Press, 1993) 6245:Estonian Defence Forces 6018:29 January 2011 at the 5751:"The World This Week". 4732:"RUSSIA: Moscow's Week" 4682:Encyclopædia Britannica 4559:(1992) 23#2 pp 133–148. 4420:Harrison, Dick (2005). 4329:Raun, Toivo U. (2001). 3745:Social Democratic (SDE) 3635:. Estonia regarded the 3590:with Russian President 3505:Social Democratic Party 3462:Social Democratic Party 3246:parliamentary elections 3230:Reform Party of Estonia 3147:average life expectancy 2705:the last Forest Brother 2593:Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact 2565:crimes against humanity 2390:Tallinn, 28 August 1941 2322:year in the so-called " 2264:flying from Tallinn to 2150:Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact 2006:Constitution of Estonia 1651:Russian Orthodox Church 1636:, in Estonia the local 1550:was conquered from the 1258:Frederick II of Denmark 1198:Wilhelm von Brandenburg 965:Saare-Lääne piiskopkond 648:until 21 September 1217 552:(Rotalia or Maritima), 396:island and created the 162:in 1991 and joined the 144:Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact 115:(1750–1840) led to the 24:Wanradt–Koell Catechism 8825:Bosnia and Herzegovina 8528:Grand Duchy of Tuscany 6785:7 January 2005 at the 6745:Subrenat, Jean-Jacques 5996:6 October 2007 at the 5256:Jewish Virtual Library 5172:Jewish Virtual Library 5134:Smith, Graham (1996). 4600:Miljan, Toivo (2004). 3714:Female leadership 2021 3595: 3534: 3531:Estonian Song Festival 3091: 2994: 2891:and the dissident-led 2885:Estonian Popular Front 2824:Pirita Yachting Centre 2743: 2727: 2692:movement known as the 2685: 2553:seven ethnic Estonians 2401: 2391: 2186:looked for shelter in 2042: 1990: 1973: 1935: 1857:Governorate of Livonia 1849:Governorate of Estonia 1824: 1725:Governorate of Estonia 1721:Governorate of Livonia 1673: 1610: 1609:Europe in 19th century 1568:Polish–Lithuanian king 1503: 1495: 1469:województwo parnawskie 1441:województwo wendeńskie 1303: 1164:Bishopric of Ösel–Wiek 1013:Protestant Reformation 975:(Reval) was given the 961:Bishopric of Ösel-Wiek 940: 913: 883:, the eastern part of 731: 664: 649: 591: 533: 469: 365: 348: 305: 274: 198: 123:in February 1918. The 78:Livonian Confederation 30: 9213:Baltic Finnic peoples 8608:Industrial Revolution 7002:Occupation of Estonia 6618:; Pajur, Ago (2004). 6608:Yale University Press 5587:"Sweden pays tribute" 4933:"Five Years of Dates" 4881:"documents published" 4363:The Northern Crusades 3585: 3529: 3497:Estonian Reform Party 3493:Estonian Centre Party 3478:joined the EU in 2004 3250:United People's Party 3183:Estonian Reform Party 3175:Estonian Centre Party 3089: 2989: 2848:On 10 November 1982, 2733: 2723: 2683: 2577:Klooga (Kalevi-Liiva) 2397: 2389: 2029: 1984: 1971: 1933: 1912:on 23 February 1918. 1820: 1729:Alexander I of Russia 1668: 1608: 1510:) became part of the 1501: 1493: 1455:województwo dorpackie 1406:Ducatus Ultradunensis 1316:Siege of Reval (1565) 1301: 1275:Sigismund II Augustus 1202:Archbishopric of Riga 1168:Bishopric of Courland 938: 908: 726: 655: 644: 527: 467: 446:social stratification 368:The beginning of the 363: 342: 300: 269: 254:The beginning of the 192: 21: 9392:Contemporary Estonia 8663:European debt crisis 8658:European integration 8598:Age of Enlightenment 8438:Republic of Florence 6719:Smith, David James; 6668:(John Murray, 2006). 6654:28 June 2008 at the 6143:11 June 2010 at the 5991:Lõhestaja number üks 5969:. 23 September 2006. 5572:4 March 2016 at the 5511:3 March 2016 at the 5366:"History of Tallinn" 5334:ERR (20 July 2015). 4996:on 30 September 2007 4943:on 30 September 2007 4744:on 30 September 2007 4569:Neil Taylor (2008). 3891:President of Estonia 3851:History of Lithuania 3658:Toomas Hendrik Ilves 3652:From 2011 to present 3386:Toomas Hendrik Ilves 3100:Elections in Estonia 2862:Konstantin Chernenko 2844:Konstantin Chernenko 2274:Henry W. Antheil Jr. 1785:freedom of the press 1647:University of Dorpat 1408:only in 1582. After 1080:improve this section 844:, Sutlepa, Riguldi, 283:Balto-Finnic peoples 279:Comb Ceramic culture 152:Operation Barbarossa 135:) to the south. The 133:Baltische Landeswehr 90:when Sweden ceded it 45:near the end of the 37:forms a part of the 9357:War of Independence 9046:States with limited 8628:Revolutions of 1848 8558:Early modern France 8339:Anglo-Saxon England 8244:Classical antiquity 7043:Government-in-exile 6980:War of Independence 6708:(1981), pp 287–354. 6358:. 20 November 2016. 6075:. 31 December 2010. 5862:Sotsiaaldemokraadid 5779:on 17 February 2009 5483:The Washington Post 5346:on 29 December 2017 5065:on 18 January 2008. 4887:on 5 February 2008. 4807:. Westport, Conn.: 4577:Bradt Travel Guides 4522:on 3 September 2009 4098:Mäesalu et al. 2004 3947:European Parliament 3911:Timeline of Tallinn 3886:Politics of Estonia 3806:Bishopric of Dorpat 3611:Republic of Estonia 3586:Estonian President 3550:European Commission 3538:Estonian euro coins 3384:In September 2006, 3343:Minister of Justice 3137:as prime minister. 3096:Politics of Estonia 2951:) was elected with 2937:Congress of Estonia 2784:Brezhnev stagnation 2697:("Forest Brothers") 2302:European Parliament 2289:military occupation 2170:sphere of influence 1944:United Baltic Duchy 1916:War of Independence 1902:Salvation Committee 1829:February Revolution 1774:University of Tartu 1713:Enlightenment ideas 1687:University of Tartu 1465:Parnawa Voivodeship 1410:Magnus von Lyffland 1372:, supported by the 1267:Free City of Lübeck 1234:Catherine Jagiellon 1172:Bishopric of Dorpat 1156:Magnus von Lyffland 953:Bishopric of Dorpat 758:Battle of Lindanise 661:Battle of Lindanise 631:military occupation 321:Corded Ware culture 302:Corded Ware culture 96:as a result of the 9465:History of Estonia 9419:Estonia portal 9382:Singing Revolution 9329:National awakening 9301:Great Northern War 8734:Crusading movement 8638:Russian Revolution 8473:Hundred Years' War 8369:Maritime republics 8272:Early Christianity 8262:Hellenistic period 8219:Paleolithic Europe 7284:Telecommunications 7048:Singing Revolution 7029:Estonian partisans 6950:Great Northern War 6682:Rauch, Georg von. 6620:History of Estonia 6486:. 12 October 2021. 6458:. 26 January 2021. 6424:. 26 January 2021. 6163:on 9 November 2010 5730:The New York Times 5628:has generic name ( 5455:The New York Times 5425:Ashgate Publishing 5372:on 27 October 2009 5315:on 22 October 2019 5140:St. Martin's Press 4579:. pp. 84–85. 4226:. pp. 21–23. 3841:History of Germany 3836:History of Finland 3826:History of Denmark 3615:Russian Federation 3596: 3535: 3533:in Tallinn in 2019 3370:Russian Federation 3326:on 29 March 2004. 3092: 2995: 2975:and led by former 2744: 2728: 2686: 2424:Sicherheitspolizei 2402: 2392: 2209:, warships of the 2043: 1991: 1974: 1936: 1879:October Revolution 1825: 1741:National awakening 1674: 1615:Great Northern War 1611: 1556:Polish–Swedish War 1504: 1496: 1451:Dorpat Voivodeship 1437:Wenden Voivodeship 1432:was divided into: 1402:John III of Sweden 1382:Kingdom of Livonia 1351:Russo-Crimean Wars 1304: 1217:Eric XIV of Sweden 1213:Kingdom of Livonia 1176:Bishopric of Reval 1148:Gustav I of Sweden 1146:asked for help of 941: 914: 732: 679:Pope Celestine III 665: 650: 625:underwent defeat, 580:Varbola Stronghold 540:) and the county ( 534: 530:Varbola Stronghold 470: 433:Pre-Roman Iron Age 366: 349: 306: 275: 238:. Among minerals, 216:is located by the 199: 137:Tartu Peace Treaty 98:Great Northern War 35:history of Estonia 31: 9453: 9452: 9377:Soviet occupation 9334:German occupation 9147: 9146: 8742: 8741: 8668:COVID-19 pandemic 8613:French Revolution 8588:Habsburg monarchy 8568:Cossack Hetmanate 8548:Portuguese Empire 8538:Absolute monarchy 8533:Thirty Years' War 8428:Holy Roman Empire 8353:Bulgarian Empire 8312:Early Middle Ages 8229:Bronze Age Europe 8203:History of Europe 8169: 8168: 7552: 7551: 7512: 7511: 7340:Estonian language 7302: 7301: 7231: 7230: 7198:Political parties 7161:Foreign relations 7128: 7127: 6970:German occupation 6920:German Bishoprics 6774:Taagepera, Rein. 6574:Jones, Prudence; 6265:. 29 August 2011. 6091:Helsingin Sanomat 6022:, 26 January 2011 5434:978-0-7546-3790-5 5284:on 23 August 2009 4962:Smith et al. 2002 4861:on 21 August 2009 4763:Smith et al. 2002 4717:978-0-230-60996-9 4458:978-0-521-36290-0 4431:978-91-7441-373-1 4134:. Cambridge, UK: 4009:978-0-313-33125-1 3861:History of Sweden 3856:History of Russia 3846:History of Latvia 3831:History of Europe 3796: 3795: 3489:previous election 3466:Res Publica Party 3177:received 28, the 2955:as its chairman. 2922:official language 2742:from 1950 to 1978 2503:operated in exile 2482:throughout 1944. 2355:Kalamaja cemetery 2324:labour battalions 2010:League of Nations 1963:Northwestern army 1940:puppet government 1717:French Revolution 1428:by 1585. In 1598 1414:Duchy of Courland 1366:Kingdom of Poland 1343:Ivan the Terrible 1318:), in 1570–1571 ( 1293:Ivan the Terrible 1283:Treaty of Stettin 1223:and spoke to the 1152:Kingdom of Poland 1136:in the north and 1116: 1115: 1108: 997:Middle Low German 957:Tartu piiskopkond 763:The Estonians of 687:Northern Crusades 460:Early Middle Ages 361: 258:is marked by the 185:Mesolithic Period 129:Bolshevist Russia 88:until 1710/1721, 74:Holy Roman Empire 51:Northern Crusades 39:history of Europe 22:Fragments of the 9472: 9445: 9438: 9431: 9417: 9416: 9415: 9246:Livonian Crusade 9230:Medieval Estonia 9218:Ancient counties 9178: 9168: 9150: 9149: 9084:Dependencies and 8783:Sovereign states 8769: 8762: 8755: 8746: 8745: 8603:Great Divergence 8518:Age of Discovery 8463:Late Middle Ages 8433:High Middle Ages 8344:Byzantine Empire 8327:Christianization 8317:Migration Period 8252:Classical Greece 8224:Neolithic Europe 8196: 8189: 8182: 8173: 8172: 7591: 7590: 7589: 7579: 7572: 7565: 7556: 7555: 7532: 7525: 7313: 7312: 7242: 7241: 7218: 7139: 7138: 7105:Populated places 7073: 7072: 6965:Age of Awakening 6910:Livonian Crusade 6866: 6859: 6852: 6843: 6842: 6768: 6740: 6671:Parming, Toenu. 6639:O'Connor; Kevin 6633: 6602:Lieven, Anatol. 6599: 6561: 6560: 6549: 6543: 6542: 6541:. 13 April 2023. 6531: 6525: 6524: 6513: 6507: 6506: 6494: 6488: 6487: 6480: 6474: 6473: 6466: 6460: 6459: 6452: 6446: 6445: 6432: 6426: 6425: 6412: 6406: 6405: 6398: 6392: 6391: 6390:. 30 April 2019. 6384: 6378: 6377: 6366: 6360: 6359: 6348: 6342: 6341: 6328: 6322: 6321: 6309: 6303: 6302: 6291: 6285: 6284: 6273: 6267: 6266: 6255: 6249: 6248: 6237: 6231: 6224: 6218: 6217: 6215: 6213: 6197: 6191: 6190: 6179: 6173: 6172: 6170: 6168: 6159:. 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Archived from 5331: 5325: 5324: 5322: 5320: 5300: 5294: 5293: 5291: 5289: 5274: 5268: 5267: 5265: 5263: 5247: 5241: 5240: 5238: 5236: 5227:. Archived from 5221: 5215: 5214: 5212: 5210: 5201:. Archived from 5190: 5184: 5183: 5181: 5179: 5163: 5154: 5153: 5131: 5125: 5124: 5100: 5094: 5093: 5073: 5067: 5066: 5055: 5049: 5048: 5037: 5031: 5030: 5012: 5006: 5005: 5003: 5001: 4982: 4976: 4971: 4965: 4959: 4953: 4952: 4950: 4948: 4929: 4923: 4922: 4920: 4918: 4913:on 25 March 2009 4912: 4905: 4896: 4890: 4888: 4877: 4871: 4870: 4868: 4866: 4847: 4841: 4840: 4829: 4823: 4822: 4800: 4794: 4793: 4772: 4766: 4760: 4754: 4753: 4751: 4749: 4728: 4722: 4721: 4701: 4695: 4694: 4692: 4690: 4673: 4664: 4663: 4661: 4659: 4648:www.president.ee 4640: 4634: 4628: 4622: 4621: 4597: 4591: 4590: 4566: 4560: 4551: 4545: 4538: 4532: 4531: 4529: 4527: 4518:. Archived from 4507: 4501: 4494: 4488: 4487: 4469: 4463: 4462: 4442: 4436: 4435: 4417: 4411: 4410: 4408: 4406: 4400:Project Runeberg 4392: 4386: 4385: 4357: 4351: 4350: 4326: 4320: 4319: 4297: 4291: 4290: 4268: 4262: 4256: 4250: 4244: 4238: 4237: 4213: 4207: 4206:, pp. 28–31 4201: 4195: 4194: 4179: 4173: 4167: 4161: 4156: 4150: 4149: 4122: 4116: 4115: 4106: 4100: 4095: 4086: 4080: 4074: 4073: 4061: 4055: 4054: 4052: 4050: 4039: 4033: 4032: 4024: 4018: 4017: 3988: 3982: 3981: 3967: 3950: 3943: 3926:Women in Estonia 3896:President-Regent 3876:Livonian Crusade 3821:Hanseatic League 3772: 3678:Kersti Kaljulaid 3588:Kersti Kaljulaid 3281:Pro Patria Union 3179:Pro Patria Union 3173:as follows: the 2973:centrist parties 2820:Tallinn TV Tower 2595:of August 1939. 2555:– Ralf Gerrets, 2551:There have been 2218:September 1939. 1883:Saint Petersburg 1873:factions of the 1791:, for universal 1678:Baltic provinces 1670:Tartu University 1660:choral societies 1623:Treaty of Nystad 1617:resulted in the 1530:Duchy of Estonia 1486:Duchy of Livonia 1111: 1104: 1100: 1097: 1091: 1060: 1052: 981:Hanseatic League 669:Livonian Crusade 362: 256:Neolithic Period 250:Neolithic Period 214:Pulli settlement 47:last glacial era 9480: 9479: 9475: 9474: 9473: 9471: 9470: 9469: 9455: 9454: 9449: 9413: 9411: 9397: 9396: 9362:Interwar period 9347: 9339: 9338: 9324:Russian Livonia 9319:Russian Estonia 9314: 9313:Russian Estonia 9306: 9305: 9296:Swedish Livonia 9276: 9274:Swedish Estonia 9266: 9265: 9231: 9223: 9222: 9188: 9186:Ancient Estonia 9166: 9159: 9148: 9143: 9127: 9085: 9079: 9065:Northern Cyprus 9047: 9041: 8957:North Macedonia 8778: 8773: 8743: 8738: 8677: 8643:Interwar period 8618:Napoleonic Wars 8482: 8453:Mongol invasion 8406:Crown of Aragon 8298: 8238: 8234:Iron Age Europe 8205: 8200: 8170: 8165: 8155: 8027: 7599: 7587: 7585: 7583: 7553: 7548: 7535: 7528: 7521: 7508: 7484:Public holidays 7364: 7298: 7227: 7216: 7188:Law enforcement 7124: 7110:Protected areas 7062: 6992:Interwar period 6985:Battle of Võnnu 6960:Russian Livonia 6955:Russian Estonia 6945:Swedish Estonia 6905:Ancient Estonia 6879: 6870: 6795: 6787:Wayback Machine 6765: 6737: 6693:Raun, Toivo U. 6656:Wayback Machine 6645:Greenwood Press 6630: 6596: 6570: 6565: 6564: 6559:. 22 July 2024. 6551: 6550: 6546: 6533: 6532: 6528: 6523:. 6 March 2023. 6515: 6514: 6510: 6495: 6491: 6482: 6481: 6477: 6468: 6467: 6463: 6454: 6453: 6449: 6434: 6433: 6429: 6421:TheGuardian.com 6414: 6413: 6409: 6400: 6399: 6395: 6386: 6385: 6381: 6376:. 3 March 2019. 6368: 6367: 6363: 6350: 6349: 6345: 6330: 6329: 6325: 6310: 6306: 6301:. 4 March 2014. 6293: 6292: 6288: 6283:. 4 March 2019. 6275: 6274: 6270: 6257: 6256: 6252: 6239: 6238: 6234: 6225: 6221: 6211: 6209: 6208:on 22 July 2011 6198: 6194: 6189:. 20 June 2011. 6181: 6180: 6176: 6166: 6164: 6155: 6154: 6150: 6145:Wayback Machine 6136: 6132: 6122: 6120: 6115: 6114: 6110: 6100: 6098: 6097:on 15 June 2008 6085: 6084: 6080: 6067: 6066: 6062: 6049: 6048: 6044: 6031: 6030: 6026: 6020:Wayback Machine 6011: 6004: 5998:Wayback Machine 5989: 5985: 5978: 5974: 5965: 5964: 5960: 5947: 5946: 5942: 5931:"Issue article" 5929: 5928: 5924: 5911: 5910: 5906: 5899:www.valitsus.ee 5893: 5892: 5888: 5873: 5869: 5856: 5855: 5851: 5841: 5839: 5831: 5830: 5823: 5813: 5811: 5807:BBC News Online 5800: 5799: 5792: 5782: 5780: 5767: 5766: 5762: 5750: 5749: 5745: 5735: 5733: 5721: 5717: 5709:The Independent 5705: 5704: 5700: 5690: 5688: 5673: 5672: 5668: 5658: 5656: 5652:BBC News Online 5645: 5644: 5637: 5625: 5624: 5615: 5614: 5602: 5598: 5591:www.thelocal.se 5585: 5584: 5580: 5574:Wayback Machine 5565: 5561: 5551: 5549: 5548:on 5 March 2016 5540: 5539: 5535: 5528: 5524: 5513:Wayback Machine 5502: 5498: 5488: 5486: 5474: 5470: 5460: 5458: 5446: 5442: 5435: 5427:. p. 134. 5415: 5411: 5401: 5399: 5390: 5389: 5385: 5375: 5373: 5364: 5363: 5359: 5349: 5347: 5332: 5328: 5318: 5316: 5301: 5297: 5287: 5285: 5276: 5275: 5271: 5261: 5259: 5249: 5248: 5244: 5234: 5232: 5231:on 1 March 2013 5223: 5222: 5218: 5208: 5206: 5205:on 7 March 2008 5191: 5187: 5177: 5175: 5165: 5164: 5157: 5150: 5132: 5128: 5121: 5101: 5097: 5090: 5074: 5070: 5057: 5056: 5052: 5039: 5038: 5034: 5027: 5013: 5009: 4999: 4997: 4984: 4983: 4979: 4972: 4968: 4960: 4956: 4946: 4944: 4931: 4930: 4926: 4916: 4914: 4910: 4903: 4897: 4893: 4879: 4878: 4874: 4864: 4862: 4849: 4848: 4844: 4839:on 7 July 2007. 4831: 4830: 4826: 4819: 4809:Greenwood Press 4801: 4797: 4790: 4778:. Chicago, IL: 4774: 4773: 4769: 4761: 4757: 4747: 4745: 4730: 4729: 4725: 4718: 4702: 4698: 4688: 4686: 4675: 4674: 4667: 4657: 4655: 4642: 4641: 4637: 4629: 4625: 4618: 4610:. p. 313. 4608:Scarecrow Press 4598: 4594: 4587: 4567: 4563: 4552: 4548: 4539: 4535: 4525: 4523: 4508: 4504: 4495: 4491: 4484: 4470: 4466: 4459: 4443: 4439: 4432: 4418: 4414: 4404: 4402: 4394: 4393: 4389: 4382: 4358: 4354: 4347: 4327: 4323: 4316: 4308:. p. 141. 4298: 4294: 4287: 4279:. p. 265. 4269: 4265: 4257: 4253: 4245: 4241: 4234: 4214: 4210: 4202: 4198: 4193:: Eesti Raamat. 4180: 4176: 4168: 4164: 4157: 4153: 4146: 4123: 4119: 4108: 4107: 4103: 4096: 4089: 4081: 4077: 4062: 4058: 4048: 4046: 4041: 4040: 4036: 4025: 4021: 4010: 4000:Greenwood Press 3989: 3985: 3968: 3964: 3959: 3954: 3953: 3944: 3940: 3935: 3930: 3801: 3792: 3790: 3770: 3764: 3729: 3716: 3672:In April 2014, 3670:2015 elections. 3654: 3580: 3574: 3559:Mint of Finland 3435: 3398: 3354: 3346:Ken-Marti Vaher 3322:Estonia joined 3242: 3217: 3163:MS Estonia sank 3156:Marju Lauristin 3115: 3102: 3084: 3067:and Tiit Vähi. 2905: 2899:Restoration of 2895:soon followed. 2880: 2870: 2850:Leonid Brezhnev 2846: 2836: 2801: 2795: 2786: 2780: 2755: 2753:Khrushchev Thaw 2749: 2688:An anti-Soviet 2644: 2638: 2633: 2621:Main articles: 2619: 2600:Estonian Swedes 2585: 2529: 2521:Main articles: 2519: 2460:Gulf of Finland 2454:was evacuated. 2384: 2378: 2300:. In 1979, the 2234: 2224: 2203: 2197: 2164:, Estonia, and 2123:minority groups 2110:ruled by decree 2106:Konstantin Päts 2055:Baltic nobility 2047:sovereign state 2024: 2018: 1995:Treaty of Tartu 1979: 1928: 1920:Main articles: 1918: 1845:unified Estonia 1815: 1803:Main articles: 1801: 1749: 1743: 1705: 1699: 1634:First World War 1603: 1560:Treaty of Oliva 1554:by 1629 in the 1526: 1520: 1488: 1482: 1424:was out of the 1362:had united with 1347:Crimean Khanate 1312:Battle of Pärnu 1252:. After Sweden 1122: 1112: 1101: 1095: 1092: 1077: 1061: 1050: 1009: 1007:The Reformation 945:Livonian branch 903: 897: 862:Pakri Peninsula 809:Rannarootslased 801:Estonian Swedes 797: 721: 715: 671: 646:Ancient Estonia 639: 603:Baltic crusades 594:) at the time. 572:(Saccala), and 532:by L. A. Mellin 462: 429: 351: 337: 292:Uralic language 252: 187: 182: 180:Ancient Estonia 176: 12: 11: 5: 9478: 9468: 9467: 9451: 9450: 9448: 9447: 9440: 9433: 9425: 9422: 9421: 9408: 9407: 9399: 9398: 9395: 9394: 9389: 9384: 9379: 9374: 9369: 9367:Era of Silence 9364: 9359: 9354: 9348: 9346:Modern Estonia 9345: 9344: 9341: 9340: 9337: 9336: 9331: 9326: 9321: 9315: 9312: 9311: 9308: 9307: 9304: 9303: 9298: 9293: 9291:Polish Livonia 9288: 9283: 9277: 9272: 9271: 9268: 9267: 9264: 9263: 9261:Baltic Germans 9258: 9253: 9251:Danish Estonia 9248: 9243: 9238: 9232: 9229: 9228: 9225: 9224: 9221: 9220: 9215: 9210: 9205: 9200: 9195: 9189: 9184: 9183: 9180: 9179: 9171: 9170: 9161: 9160: 9153: 9145: 9144: 9142: 9141: 9139:European Union 9135: 9133: 9132:Other entities 9129: 9128: 9126: 9125: 9120: 9115: 9110: 9105: 9100: 9095: 9089: 9087: 9086:other entities 9081: 9080: 9078: 9077: 9072: 9067: 9062: 9057: 9051: 9049: 9043: 9042: 9040: 9039: 9034: 9032:United Kingdom 9029: 9024: 9019: 9014: 9009: 9004: 8999: 8994: 8989: 8984: 8979: 8974: 8969: 8964: 8959: 8954: 8949: 8944: 8939: 8934: 8929: 8924: 8919: 8914: 8909: 8904: 8899: 8897: 8892: 8887: 8882: 8877: 8872: 8867: 8862: 8857: 8852: 8847: 8845:Czech Republic 8842: 8837: 8832: 8827: 8822: 8817: 8812: 8807: 8802: 8797: 8792: 8786: 8784: 8780: 8779: 8772: 8771: 8764: 8757: 8749: 8740: 8739: 8737: 8736: 8731: 8726: 8721: 8716: 8711: 8706: 8701: 8696: 8691: 8685: 8683: 8679: 8678: 8676: 8675: 8670: 8665: 8660: 8655: 8650: 8645: 8640: 8635: 8630: 8625: 8620: 8615: 8610: 8605: 8600: 8595: 8593:Russian Empire 8590: 8585: 8583:British Empire 8580: 8578:Dutch Republic 8575: 8573:Swedish Empire 8570: 8565: 8560: 8555: 8553:Spanish Empire 8550: 8545: 8543:Ottoman Empire 8540: 8535: 8530: 8525: 8520: 8515: 8514: 8513: 8503: 8498: 8492: 8490: 8484: 8483: 8481: 8480: 8475: 8470: 8465: 8460: 8458:Serbian Empire 8455: 8450: 8445: 8440: 8435: 8430: 8425: 8403: 8398: 8393: 8392: 8391: 8386: 8381: 8376: 8366: 8365: 8364: 8359: 8351: 8346: 8341: 8336: 8331: 8330: 8329: 8319: 8314: 8308: 8306: 8300: 8299: 8297: 8296: 8294:Late antiquity 8291: 8286: 8281: 8280: 8279: 8269: 8264: 8259: 8257:Roman Republic 8254: 8248: 8246: 8240: 8239: 8237: 8236: 8231: 8226: 8221: 8215: 8213: 8207: 8206: 8199: 8198: 8191: 8184: 8176: 8167: 8166: 8160: 8157: 8156: 8154: 8153: 8148: 8143: 8138: 8133: 8128: 8123: 8118: 8113: 8108: 8103: 8098: 8093: 8088: 8083: 8078: 8073: 8068: 8063: 8058: 8053: 8048: 8043: 8038: 8032: 8029: 8028: 8026: 8025: 8020: 8015: 8010: 8005: 8000: 7995: 7990: 7985: 7980: 7975: 7970: 7965: 7960: 7955: 7950: 7945: 7940: 7935: 7930: 7925: 7920: 7915: 7910: 7905: 7900: 7895: 7890: 7885: 7880: 7875: 7870: 7865: 7860: 7855: 7850: 7845: 7840: 7835: 7830: 7825: 7820: 7815: 7810: 7805: 7800: 7795: 7790: 7785: 7780: 7775: 7770: 7765: 7760: 7755: 7750: 7745: 7740: 7735: 7730: 7725: 7720: 7715: 7710: 7705: 7700: 7695: 7690: 7685: 7680: 7675: 7670: 7665: 7660: 7655: 7650: 7645: 7640: 7635: 7630: 7625: 7620: 7615: 7610: 7604: 7601: 7600: 7582: 7581: 7574: 7567: 7559: 7550: 7549: 7547: 7546: 7541: 7534: 7533: 7526: 7518: 7517: 7514: 7513: 7510: 7509: 7507: 7506: 7501: 7496: 7491: 7486: 7481: 7476: 7471: 7466: 7461: 7456: 7451: 7450: 7449: 7442: 7430: 7425: 7420: 7415: 7410: 7408:Estonian names 7405: 7400: 7395: 7390: 7385: 7380: 7374: 7372: 7366: 7365: 7363: 7362: 7357: 7352: 7347: 7342: 7337: 7332: 7327: 7322: 7316: 7310: 7304: 7303: 7300: 7299: 7297: 7296: 7291: 7286: 7281: 7276: 7274:Stock exchange 7271: 7266: 7261: 7256: 7251: 7245: 7239: 7233: 7232: 7229: 7228: 7226: 7225: 7220: 7210: 7208:Prime Minister 7205: 7200: 7195: 7190: 7185: 7180: 7179: 7178: 7168: 7163: 7158: 7153: 7148: 7142: 7136: 7130: 7129: 7126: 7125: 7123: 7122: 7117: 7112: 7107: 7102: 7097: 7092: 7087: 7085:Extreme points 7082: 7076: 7070: 7064: 7063: 7061: 7060: 7055: 7050: 7045: 7039: 7038: 7033: 7032: 7031: 7026: 7024:Ants Kaljurand 7016: 7011: 7010: 7009: 6999: 6997:Era of Silence 6994: 6989: 6988: 6987: 6977: 6972: 6967: 6962: 6957: 6952: 6947: 6942: 6940:Polish Livonia 6937: 6932: 6930:Baltic Germans 6927: 6925:Livonian Order 6922: 6917: 6915:Danish Estonia 6912: 6907: 6902: 6901: 6900: 6889: 6887: 6881: 6880: 6869: 6868: 6861: 6854: 6846: 6840: 6839: 6834: 6833:, by Mel Huang 6828: 6823: 6817: 6812: 6807: 6802: 6794: 6793:External links 6791: 6790: 6789: 6780:online edition 6772: 6770:online edition 6763: 6741: 6735: 6721:Pabriks, Artis 6716: 6709: 6702: 6691: 6680: 6669: 6660:Palmer, Alan. 6658: 6649:online edition 6637: 6634: 6628: 6616:Tannberg, Tõnu 6611: 6600: 6594: 6576:Pennick, Nigel 6569: 6566: 6563: 6562: 6544: 6526: 6508: 6489: 6475: 6461: 6447: 6441:Deutsche Welle 6427: 6407: 6393: 6379: 6361: 6343: 6337:Deutsche Welle 6323: 6304: 6286: 6268: 6250: 6247:. 6 July 2023. 6232: 6219: 6192: 6174: 6148: 6130: 6108: 6078: 6060: 6042: 6024: 6002: 5983: 5972: 5958: 5940: 5922: 5904: 5886: 5881:Estonian World 5867: 5849: 5821: 5810:. 3 March 2003 5790: 5760: 5743: 5715: 5698: 5687:on 4 June 2011 5666: 5655:. 3 March 2003 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Oxford, UK: 4208: 4196: 4174: 4162: 4151: 4144: 4138:. p. 51. 4117: 4101: 4087: 4075: 4056: 4034: 4019: 4008: 3983: 3961: 3960: 3958: 3955: 3952: 3951: 3937: 3936: 3934: 3931: 3929: 3928: 3923: 3918: 3913: 3908: 3903: 3898: 3893: 3888: 3883: 3881:Livonian Order 3878: 3873: 3868: 3863: 3858: 3853: 3848: 3843: 3838: 3833: 3828: 3823: 3818: 3813: 3808: 3802: 3800: 3797: 3794: 3793: 3775: 3766:Main article: 3763: 3760: 3752:Kristen Michal 3750:In July 2024, 3728: 3725: 3715: 3712: 3653: 3650: 3592:Vladimir Putin 3576:Main article: 3573: 3570: 3470:People's Union 3456:elected three 3439:European Union 3434: 3431: 3426:Bronze Soldier 3414:Edgar Savisaar 3410:People's Union 3397: 3394: 3353: 3350: 3310:European Union 3291: 3290: 3284: 3278: 3275:People's Union 3272: 3266: 3260: 3241: 3238: 3234:Prime Minister 3216: 3213: 3206:Edgar Savisaar 3114: 3111: 3083: 3080: 3072:European Union 3065:Edgar Savisaar 2981:Edgar Savisaar 2913:Supreme Soviet 2904: 2897: 2869: 2866: 2835: 2832: 2797:Main article: 2794: 2791: 2779: 2776: 2748: 2747:Khrushchev era 2745: 2736:Johannes Käbin 2637: 2634: 2618: 2615: 2589:Baltic Germans 2584: 2581: 2557:Ain-Ervin Mere 2518: 2515: 2463:independence. 2429:Ain-Ervin Mere 2380:Main article: 2377: 2374: 2369:consul general 2351:Mõigu cemetery 2347:Kopli cemetery 2223: 2220: 2199:Main article: 2196: 2193: 2020:Main article: 2017: 2014: 1987:Victory Column 1978: 1975: 1917: 1914: 1853:Danish Estonia 1847:in April. The 1833:Russian Empire 1800: 1797: 1745:Main article: 1742: 1739: 1709:Baltic Germans 1701:Main article: 1698: 1695: 1602: 1599: 1587:printing press 1542:Livonian Order 1522:Main article: 1519: 1516: 1484:Main article: 1481: 1478: 1477: 1476: 1462: 1448: 1430:Polish Livonia 1394:Siege of Pskov 1374:Ottoman Empire 1336:Rzeczpospolita 1191:Livonian Order 1118:Main article: 1114: 1113: 1096:September 2009 1064: 1062: 1055: 1049: 1046: 1008: 1005: 963:(in Estonian: 955:(in Estonian: 949:Teutonic Order 910:Hermann Castle 899:Main article: 896: 893: 796: 793: 789:Livonian Order 773:Livonian Order 719:Danish Estonia 717:Main article: 714: 711: 703:Sword Brethren 667:Main article: 638: 635: 461: 458: 450:Roman Iron Age 428: 425: 374:Finnic peoples 336: 333: 251: 248: 193:Tools made by 186: 183: 178:Main article: 175: 172: 164:European Union 86:Swedish Empire 62:Livonian Order 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 9477: 9466: 9463: 9462: 9460: 9446: 9441: 9439: 9434: 9432: 9427: 9426: 9424: 9423: 9420: 9410: 9409: 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8094: 8092: 8089: 8087: 8084: 8082: 8079: 8077: 8074: 8072: 8069: 8067: 8064: 8062: 8059: 8057: 8054: 8052: 8049: 8047: 8044: 8042: 8039: 8037: 8034: 8033: 8030: 8024: 8021: 8019: 8016: 8014: 8011: 8009: 8006: 8004: 8001: 7999: 7996: 7994: 7991: 7989: 7986: 7984: 7981: 7979: 7976: 7974: 7971: 7969: 7966: 7964: 7961: 7959: 7956: 7954: 7951: 7949: 7946: 7944: 7941: 7939: 7936: 7934: 7931: 7929: 7926: 7924: 7921: 7919: 7916: 7914: 7911: 7909: 7906: 7904: 7901: 7899: 7896: 7894: 7891: 7889: 7886: 7884: 7881: 7879: 7876: 7874: 7871: 7869: 7866: 7864: 7861: 7859: 7856: 7854: 7851: 7849: 7846: 7844: 7841: 7839: 7836: 7834: 7831: 7829: 7826: 7824: 7821: 7819: 7816: 7814: 7811: 7809: 7806: 7804: 7801: 7799: 7796: 7794: 7791: 7789: 7786: 7784: 7781: 7779: 7776: 7774: 7771: 7769: 7766: 7764: 7761: 7759: 7756: 7754: 7751: 7749: 7746: 7744: 7741: 7739: 7736: 7734: 7731: 7729: 7726: 7724: 7721: 7719: 7716: 7714: 7711: 7709: 7706: 7704: 7701: 7699: 7696: 7694: 7691: 7689: 7686: 7684: 7681: 7679: 7676: 7674: 7671: 7669: 7666: 7664: 7661: 7659: 7656: 7654: 7651: 7649: 7646: 7644: 7641: 7639: 7636: 7634: 7631: 7629: 7626: 7624: 7621: 7619: 7616: 7614: 7611: 7609: 7606: 7605: 7602: 7598: 7594: 7580: 7575: 7573: 7568: 7566: 7561: 7560: 7557: 7545: 7542: 7540: 7537: 7536: 7531: 7527: 7524: 7520: 7519: 7515: 7505: 7502: 7500: 7497: 7495: 7492: 7490: 7487: 7485: 7482: 7480: 7477: 7475: 7472: 7470: 7467: 7465: 7462: 7460: 7457: 7455: 7452: 7448: 7447: 7443: 7441: 7440: 7436: 7435: 7434: 7431: 7429: 7426: 7424: 7421: 7419: 7416: 7414: 7411: 7409: 7406: 7404: 7401: 7399: 7396: 7394: 7391: 7389: 7386: 7384: 7381: 7379: 7376: 7375: 7373: 7371: 7367: 7361: 7358: 7356: 7353: 7351: 7348: 7346: 7345:Ethnic groups 7343: 7341: 7338: 7336: 7333: 7331: 7328: 7326: 7323: 7321: 7318: 7317: 7314: 7311: 7309: 7305: 7295: 7292: 7290: 7287: 7285: 7282: 7280: 7277: 7275: 7272: 7270: 7267: 7265: 7262: 7260: 7257: 7255: 7252: 7250: 7247: 7246: 7243: 7240: 7238: 7234: 7224: 7223:Supreme Court 7221: 7219: 7215: 7211: 7209: 7206: 7204: 7201: 7199: 7196: 7194: 7191: 7189: 7186: 7184: 7181: 7177: 7174: 7173: 7172: 7169: 7167: 7164: 7162: 7159: 7157: 7154: 7152: 7149: 7147: 7144: 7143: 7140: 7137: 7135: 7131: 7121: 7118: 7116: 7113: 7111: 7108: 7106: 7103: 7101: 7098: 7096: 7093: 7091: 7088: 7086: 7083: 7081: 7078: 7077: 7074: 7071: 7069: 7065: 7059: 7056: 7054: 7051: 7049: 7046: 7044: 7041: 7040: 7037: 7034: 7030: 7027: 7025: 7022: 7021: 7020: 7019:Guerrilla war 7017: 7015: 7012: 7008: 7005: 7004: 7003: 7000: 6998: 6995: 6993: 6990: 6986: 6983: 6982: 6981: 6978: 6976: 6973: 6971: 6968: 6966: 6963: 6961: 6958: 6956: 6953: 6951: 6948: 6946: 6943: 6941: 6938: 6936: 6933: 6931: 6928: 6926: 6923: 6921: 6918: 6916: 6913: 6911: 6908: 6906: 6903: 6899: 6896: 6895: 6894: 6891: 6890: 6888: 6886: 6882: 6878: 6874: 6867: 6862: 6860: 6855: 6853: 6848: 6847: 6844: 6838: 6835: 6832: 6829: 6827: 6824: 6821: 6818: 6816: 6813: 6811: 6808: 6806: 6803: 6800: 6797: 6796: 6788: 6784: 6781: 6777: 6773: 6771: 6766: 6764:90-420-0890-3 6760: 6756: 6752: 6751: 6746: 6742: 6738: 6736:0-415-28580-1 6732: 6728: 6727: 6722: 6717: 6714: 6710: 6707: 6703: 6700: 6696: 6692: 6689: 6685: 6681: 6678: 6674: 6670: 6667: 6663: 6659: 6657: 6653: 6650: 6646: 6642: 6638: 6635: 6631: 6629:9985-2-0606-1 6625: 6621: 6617: 6612: 6609: 6605: 6601: 6597: 6595:0-415-09136-5 6591: 6587: 6583: 6582: 6577: 6572: 6571: 6558: 6554: 6548: 6540: 6536: 6530: 6522: 6518: 6512: 6504: 6500: 6493: 6485: 6479: 6471: 6465: 6457: 6451: 6443: 6442: 6437: 6431: 6423: 6422: 6417: 6411: 6403: 6397: 6389: 6383: 6375: 6371: 6365: 6357: 6353: 6347: 6339: 6338: 6333: 6327: 6319: 6315: 6308: 6300: 6296: 6290: 6282: 6278: 6272: 6264: 6260: 6254: 6246: 6242: 6236: 6229: 6223: 6207: 6203: 6196: 6188: 6184: 6178: 6162: 6158: 6152: 6146: 6142: 6139: 6134: 6118: 6112: 6096: 6092: 6088: 6082: 6074: 6070: 6064: 6056: 6052: 6046: 6038: 6034: 6028: 6021: 6017: 6014: 6009: 6007: 5999: 5995: 5992: 5987: 5981: 5976: 5968: 5962: 5955:. 6 May 2018. 5954: 5950: 5944: 5936: 5932: 5926: 5918: 5914: 5908: 5900: 5896: 5890: 5882: 5878: 5871: 5863: 5859: 5853: 5838: 5834: 5828: 5826: 5809: 5808: 5803: 5797: 5795: 5778: 5774: 5770: 5764: 5756: 5755: 5754:The Economist 5747: 5732: 5731: 5726: 5719: 5711: 5710: 5702: 5686: 5682: 5681: 5676: 5670: 5654: 5653: 5648: 5642: 5640: 5631: 5619: 5611: 5607: 5600: 5592: 5588: 5582: 5575: 5571: 5568: 5563: 5547: 5543: 5537: 5531: 5526: 5519: 5515: 5514: 5510: 5507: 5500: 5485: 5484: 5479: 5472: 5457: 5456: 5451: 5444: 5436: 5430: 5426: 5422: 5421: 5413: 5397: 5393: 5387: 5371: 5367: 5361: 5345: 5341: 5337: 5330: 5314: 5310: 5306: 5299: 5283: 5279: 5273: 5258: 5257: 5252: 5246: 5230: 5226: 5220: 5204: 5200: 5196: 5189: 5174: 5173: 5168: 5162: 5160: 5151: 5149:0-312-16192-1 5145: 5141: 5137: 5130: 5122: 5120:0-7603-0745-8 5116: 5112: 5108: 5107: 5099: 5091: 5089:0-313-31878-6 5085: 5081: 5080: 5072: 5064: 5060: 5054: 5046: 5042: 5036: 5028: 5026:9949-415-04-7 5022: 5018: 5011: 4995: 4991: 4987: 4981: 4975: 4974:Subrenat 2004 4970: 4963: 4958: 4942: 4938: 4934: 4928: 4909: 4902: 4895: 4886: 4882: 4876: 4860: 4856: 4852: 4846: 4838: 4834: 4828: 4820: 4818:0-313-32355-0 4814: 4810: 4806: 4799: 4791: 4789:0-7166-0103-6 4785: 4781: 4777: 4771: 4764: 4759: 4743: 4739: 4738: 4733: 4727: 4719: 4713: 4709: 4708: 4700: 4684: 4683: 4678: 4672: 4670: 4653: 4649: 4645: 4639: 4632: 4631:Subrenat 2004 4627: 4619: 4617:0-8108-4904-6 4613: 4609: 4605: 4604: 4596: 4588: 4586:9781841622477 4582: 4578: 4574: 4573: 4572:Baltic Cities 4565: 4558: 4557: 4550: 4543: 4537: 4521: 4517: 4513: 4506: 4499: 4493: 4485: 4483:91-34-51207-1 4479: 4475: 4468: 4460: 4454: 4450: 4449: 4441: 4433: 4427: 4423: 4416: 4401: 4398:(in Danish). 4397: 4391: 4383: 4381:0-14-026653-4 4377: 4373: 4369: 4365: 4364: 4356: 4348: 4346:0-8179-2852-9 4342: 4338: 4334: 4333: 4325: 4317: 4315:0-404-53592-5 4311: 4307: 4303: 4296: 4288: 4286:1-152-37425-7 4282: 4278: 4274: 4267: 4261:, p. 179 4260: 4255: 4249:, p. 195 4248: 4243: 4235: 4233:0-631-23170-6 4229: 4225: 4221: 4220: 4212: 4205: 4204:Subrenat 2004 4200: 4192: 4188: 4184: 4183:Meri, Lennart 4178: 4171: 4170:Subrenat 2004 4166: 4160: 4159:Subrenat 2004 4155: 4147: 4145:0-521-47299-7 4141: 4137: 4133: 4132: 4127: 4121: 4113: 4112: 4105: 4099: 4094: 4092: 4084: 4083:Subrenat 2004 4079: 4071: 4067: 4060: 4044: 4038: 4030: 4023: 4016: 4011: 4005: 4002:. p. 4. 4001: 3997: 3996: 3987: 3979: 3978: 3973: 3966: 3962: 3948: 3942: 3938: 3927: 3924: 3922: 3919: 3917: 3914: 3912: 3909: 3907: 3904: 3902: 3899: 3897: 3894: 3892: 3889: 3887: 3884: 3882: 3879: 3877: 3874: 3872: 3869: 3867: 3864: 3862: 3859: 3857: 3854: 3852: 3849: 3847: 3844: 3842: 3839: 3837: 3834: 3832: 3829: 3827: 3824: 3822: 3819: 3817: 3814: 3812: 3809: 3807: 3804: 3803: 3774: 3773: 3769: 3759: 3757: 3753: 3748: 3746: 3742: 3738: 3733: 3724: 3722: 3711: 3709: 3705: 3701: 3697: 3693: 3688: 3686: 3683: 3679: 3675: 3671: 3667: 3663: 3659: 3649: 3647: 3643: 3638: 3634: 3630: 3626: 3622: 3621: 3616: 3612: 3608: 3604: 3600: 3594:in April 2019 3593: 3589: 3584: 3579: 3569: 3567: 3566:Nordic states 3562: 3560: 3556: 3551: 3547: 3543: 3539: 3532: 3528: 3524: 3521: 3517: 3512: 3510: 3509:Indrek Tarand 3506: 3502: 3498: 3494: 3490: 3486: 3481: 3479: 3475: 3474:voter turnout 3471: 3467: 3463: 3459: 3455: 3451: 3446: 3444: 3443:Schengen area 3440: 3430: 3427: 3423: 3422:United Russia 3419: 3415: 3411: 3407: 3403: 3396:2007 election 3393: 3391: 3390:Arnold Rüütel 3387: 3382: 3380: 3374: 3371: 3366: 3364: 3359: 3349: 3347: 3344: 3340: 3339:no confidence 3336: 3331: 3327: 3325: 3320: 3318: 3313: 3311: 3306: 3304: 3300: 3295: 3294:Voter turnout 3288: 3285: 3282: 3279: 3276: 3273: 3270: 3267: 3264: 3261: 3258: 3255: 3254: 3253: 3251: 3247: 3237: 3235: 3231: 3227: 3222: 3221:Arnold Rüütel 3219:In fall 2001 3212: 3209: 3207: 3203: 3197: 3195: 3190: 3188: 3184: 3180: 3176: 3170: 3167: 3164: 3159: 3157: 3152: 3151:demonstration 3148: 3144: 3143:shock therapy 3138: 3136: 3132: 3128: 3124: 3120: 3110: 3108: 3101: 3097: 3088: 3079: 3077: 3073: 3068: 3066: 3062: 3058: 3054: 3050: 3046: 3042: 3038: 3034: 3030: 3029:Andres Tarand 3026: 3020: 3016: 3014: 3009: 3005: 3001: 2993: 2988: 2984: 2982: 2978: 2974: 2970: 2964: 2960: 2956: 2954: 2950: 2949:Eesti Komitee 2944: 2942: 2938: 2934: 2931:A grassroots 2929: 2925: 2923: 2919: 2914: 2910: 2902: 2896: 2894: 2890: 2886: 2879: 2875: 2868:Gorbachev era 2865: 2863: 2859: 2855: 2854:Yuri Andropov 2851: 2845: 2841: 2840:Yuri Andropov 2831: 2829: 2825: 2821: 2817: 2813: 2809: 2805: 2800: 2790: 2785: 2775: 2772: 2766: 2764: 2760: 2754: 2741: 2737: 2732: 2726: 2722: 2718: 2716: 2711: 2708: 2706: 2702: 2698: 2696: 2691: 2682: 2678: 2676: 2672: 2668: 2665: 2661: 2657: 2656: 2649: 2643: 2632: 2628: 2624: 2614: 2611: 2609: 2605: 2601: 2596: 2594: 2590: 2580: 2578: 2574: 2570: 2566: 2562: 2558: 2554: 2549: 2547: 2541: 2539: 2534: 2528: 2524: 2514: 2512: 2508: 2507:Heinrich Mark 2504: 2500: 2496: 2492: 2488: 2483: 2481: 2477: 2474:in 1944, the 2473: 2469: 2464: 2461: 2457: 2453: 2448: 2446: 2442: 2438: 2434: 2430: 2426: 2425: 2420: 2415: 2411: 2407: 2400: 2396: 2388: 2383: 2373: 2370: 2366: 2365:Ernst Jaakson 2362: 2358: 2356: 2352: 2348: 2344: 2343:Baltic German 2340: 2336: 2331: 2329: 2325: 2320: 2316: 2312: 2306: 2303: 2299: 2295: 2290: 2284: 2282: 2277: 2275: 2271: 2267: 2263: 2262: 2257: 2252: 2250: 2246: 2241: 2239: 2233: 2229: 2219: 2216: 2212: 2208: 2202: 2192: 2189: 2185: 2184: 2178: 2176: 2171: 2167: 2163: 2159: 2155: 2151: 2147: 2143: 2139: 2134: 2132: 2128: 2124: 2118: 2116: 2111: 2107: 2104: 2103:Head of State 2100: 2096: 2092: 2088: 2087:Vaps Movement 2083: 2081: 2080: 2075: 2074:parliamentary 2070: 2068: 2064: 2060: 2056: 2052: 2048: 2040: 2036: 2032: 2031:Vaps Movement 2028: 2023: 2013: 2011: 2007: 2002: 2000: 1996: 1988: 1983: 1970: 1966: 1964: 1959: 1958:was elected. 1957: 1953: 1949: 1945: 1941: 1932: 1927: 1923: 1913: 1911: 1907: 1903: 1899: 1895: 1894:German Empire 1890: 1888: 1884: 1880: 1876: 1872: 1868: 1864: 1863: 1858: 1854: 1850: 1846: 1842: 1838: 1834: 1830: 1823: 1819: 1814: 1810: 1806: 1796: 1794: 1790: 1786: 1782: 1777: 1775: 1771: 1770:Baltic German 1767: 1766:Russification 1762: 1760: 1759: 1754: 1748: 1738: 1735: 1730: 1727:) by Emperor 1726: 1722: 1718: 1714: 1710: 1704: 1694: 1692: 1691:Russification 1688: 1683: 1679: 1676:By 1819, the 1671: 1667: 1663: 1661: 1656: 1652: 1648: 1643: 1639: 1638:Baltic German 1635: 1630: 1628: 1624: 1620: 1616: 1607: 1598: 1596: 1592: 1588: 1584: 1579: 1577: 1573: 1569: 1565: 1564:Northern Wars 1561: 1557: 1553: 1549: 1545: 1543: 1539: 1535: 1531: 1525: 1515: 1513: 1509: 1500: 1492: 1487: 1474: 1470: 1466: 1463: 1460: 1456: 1452: 1449: 1446: 1442: 1438: 1435: 1434: 1433: 1431: 1427: 1423: 1419: 1415: 1411: 1407: 1403: 1399: 1395: 1391: 1387: 1383: 1379: 1375: 1371: 1370:Stefan Batory 1367: 1363: 1360: 1356: 1352: 1348: 1344: 1339: 1337: 1333: 1329: 1325: 1321: 1317: 1313: 1309: 1300: 1296: 1294: 1289: 1284: 1280: 1276: 1272: 1268: 1264: 1259: 1255: 1251: 1247: 1243: 1239: 1235: 1230: 1226: 1222: 1218: 1214: 1210: 1207: 1203: 1199: 1196: 1192: 1188: 1185: 1181: 1177: 1173: 1169: 1165: 1161: 1157: 1153: 1149: 1145: 1141: 1139: 1135: 1131: 1127: 1121: 1110: 1107: 1099: 1089: 1085: 1081: 1075: 1074: 1070: 1065:This section 1063: 1059: 1054: 1053: 1045: 1043: 1039: 1035: 1030: 1026: 1022: 1018: 1017:Martin Luther 1014: 1004: 1002: 998: 994: 990: 986: 982: 978: 977:Lübeck Rights 974: 970: 966: 962: 958: 954: 950: 946: 937: 933: 931: 927: 926:Terra Mariana 923: 922:Christianized 919: 911: 907: 902: 901:Terra Mariana 895:Terra Mariana 892: 890: 886: 882: 877: 876:and Tallinn. 875: 871: 867: 866:Pakri Islands 863: 859: 855: 851: 847: 843: 839: 835: 830: 828: 827: 822: 818: 814: 810: 806: 802: 792: 790: 786: 782: 778: 774: 770: 766: 761: 759: 755: 754: 749: 745: 742:) at (Latin) 741: 737: 729: 725: 720: 710: 708: 704: 700: 696: 692: 688: 684: 680: 676: 675:Christianized 670: 662: 658: 654: 647: 643: 634: 632: 628: 624: 620: 616: 612: 608: 604: 600: 595: 593: 589: 585: 581: 577: 575: 571: 567: 563: 559: 555: 551: 547: 543: 539: 531: 526: 522: 520: 515: 513: 508: 504: 499: 497: 493: 492:Geography III 489: 485: 483: 479: 475: 466: 457: 455: 451: 447: 442: 441:Celtic fields 438: 434: 424: 422: 421:Arctic Circle 418: 414: 410: 406: 401: 399: 398:Kaali craters 395: 390: 388: 383: 379: 375: 371: 346: 341: 332: 328: 326: 322: 317: 315: 311: 303: 299: 295: 293: 288: 284: 280: 272: 268: 264: 261: 257: 247: 245: 241: 237: 234:and southern 233: 229: 225: 224: 219: 215: 212: 208: 207:Kunda culture 204: 196: 195:Kunda culture 191: 181: 171: 169: 165: 161: 157: 153: 149: 146:of 1939, the 145: 140: 138: 134: 130: 126: 122: 118: 114: 109: 107: 103: 102:Baltic-German 99: 95: 91: 87: 83: 79: 75: 71: 70:Baltic German 67: 63: 58: 56: 52: 48: 44: 40: 36: 29: 25: 20: 16: 9403: 9372:World War II 9281:Livonian War 9164: 9075:Transnistria 9037:Vatican City 8854: 8648:World War II 8501:Early modern 8478:Kalmar Union 8349:Papal States 8267:Roman Empire 7445: 7438: 7398:Coat of arms 7383:Architecture 7325:Demographics 7254:Central bank 7217:(parliament) 7213: 7171:Human rights 7151:Constitution 7036:Deportations 7014:World War II 7007:Estonian SSR 6935:Livonian War 6898:list of wars 6884: 6775: 6749: 6725: 6712: 6705: 6694: 6683: 6672: 6665: 6661: 6640: 6619: 6603: 6580: 6568:Bibliography 6556: 6547: 6538: 6529: 6520: 6511: 6502: 6492: 6478: 6464: 6450: 6439: 6430: 6419: 6410: 6396: 6382: 6373: 6364: 6355: 6346: 6335: 6326: 6317: 6307: 6298: 6289: 6280: 6271: 6262: 6253: 6244: 6235: 6227: 6226:Rain Ottis, 6222: 6210:. 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