284:
214:
450:
228:
688:'s official recognition of Mauritania, the government pursued a more radical political agenda to reduce its economic dependence on France. The first major step toward this aim was taken in 1972, when the government announced that it would review the agreements signed with France at independence and would sign new, more stringent agreements on cultural, technical, and economic cooperation in 1973. New agreements on military and monetary cooperation were pointedly eliminated, and Mauritania soon declared its intention of leaving the
42:
854:
Mauritania; and many Maures were living in the
Western Sahara. During the period from 1974 to 1975, however, after Morocco had made clear its intention of occupying the Western Sahara, Mauritania pursued policies fraught with contradictions. To please the international community, on which Mauritania depended for economic aid, Daddah continued to support policy of self-determination for the Sahrawi population. But to please the dominant Maures of Mauritania, the government reintroduced the concept of
114:
869:(the southern province of the Western Sahara) did not have much support within Mauritania. Some Mauritanians favored instead the full integration of the Western Sahara, while others, who identified themselves as Sahrawi refugees, supported independence. Adamantly opposing absorption was Mauritania's southern black population, which viewed the resultant increase in the number of Maures as a threat. To the blacks, the Western Sahara conflict was an Arab war.
1262:
778:, that Sahrawi nationalism developed. For the first time, the Spanish Sahara appeared valuable to the indigenous population as well as to the governments of Morocco, Algeria, and Mauritania. The discovery of the deposits also renewed the historic rivalry between Algeria and Morocco, both of which encouraged Sahrawi aggression against the Spanish occupiers. In 1973 a number of indigenous Spanish Sahara groups formed an organization called the
646:, an official language. Differences over linguistic and racial issues subsequently caused strikes and demonstrations by students and trade unionists in 1968, 1969, and 1971; all demonstrations were harshly repressed by the government, which in 1966 had banned discussion of racial problems. Other tensions existed among black Maures, who were still considered members of a slave class even though
979:
Polisario guerrillas in the north. Moreover, black civilians resented having to pay a tax to support a war between Arabs. In addition, many Maure soldiers sympathized with the objectives of the
Polisario, with whom they shared ethnic ties. Finally, anti-Moroccan nationalists within the PPM opposed the war on the grounds that it afforded Morocco opportunities to expand its influence.
548:. But status as an autonomous member of the French Community quickly lost its appeal as Mauritania witnessed the wave of nationalism sweeping the African continent. As soon as the Islamic Republic of Mauritania was proclaimed in October 1958, the Territorial Assembly changed its name to the Constituent Assembly and immediately initiated work to draft a
273:
1002:
In
January 1978, during a special congress of the PPM, Daddah unsuccessfully tried to seek a path out of the Western Sahara war; however, the increasingly isolated leader proved unable to undertake any diplomatic or political initiatives. In addition, relations between Daddah and senior army officers
657:
Political divisions within the trade union movement also erupted, causing the movement to split in 1969 into two factions, one favoring integration into the PPM and the other lobbying for an independent form of trade unionism. The PPM, ignoring the latter faction, integrated the trade unions in 1972.
560:
society did not lend itself to the establishment of administrative agencies; consequently, numerous political parties formed around those leaders who already exercised tribal authority. Most of the population, who observed democratic nomadic traditions—in which influence did not always pass directly
939:
For their part, Polisario strategists sought first to remove
Mauritania from the conflict and then to direct their efforts against the far stronger Moroccan forces. In mid-1977 the Polisario launched a general offensive against Mauritania to cripple its economy and incite internal opposition to the
906:
from only 3,000 at the beginning of 1976 to about 12,000 at the beginning of 1977; by mid-1978 the
Mauritanian armed forces numbered between 15,000 and 17,000. Between 1975 and 1977, the government's expenditures increased by 64 percent, most of which was allotted for defense. This military buildup
974:
In spite of the military aid it received, Mauritania was not able to prevent the
Polisario from bombarding Nouakchott for a second time, in July 1977. The rocket attack against the capital stunned Daddah, who immediately reorganized both the army and the government, appointing for the first time a
839:
Even after
Morocco finally had recognized Mauritanian independence in 1969—nine years after it had been granted by France—and had withdrawn its claim to Mauritanian territory, the Daddah government remained suspicious of Moroccan intentions. Thus, Mauritania favored using the Western Sahara as a
564:
With the advent of independence, party leaders recognized the need to consolidate to ensure the establishment of a strong and independent government that also represented
Mauritania's regional and ethnic diversity. Consequently, there was a tendency on the part of some to try to put aside their
886:
with Spain under which
Morocco acquired the northern two-thirds of the territory, while Mauritania acquired the southern third. The agreement also included the proviso that Spain would retain shares in the Bu Craa mining enterprise. Mauritania acquiesced to the agreements under the assumption,
802:
to continued
Spanish occupation. The Spanish government finally terminated its claim to the Spanish Sahara in February 1976 and bequeathed the territory—renamed the Western Sahara—jointly to Morocco and Mauritania, both of which consented to allow Spain to exploit the Bu Craa phosphates. Spain
978:
By the end of 1977, Daddah faced growing opposition to the war and to his administration. In the military, black recruits from the south, who had joined the army because they lacked other employment opportunities and who formed a majority of the ground troops, had little interest in fighting
901:
In 1976, when Mauritanian troops occupied the Western Sahara province of Tiris al Gharbiyya, as per terms of the Madrid Agreements, they were immediately challenged in fierce fighting with Polisario guerrillas. The fighting would drag on for two years, draining an already improvised economy,
853:
for the Western Sahara, to be exercised by means of a referendum, under the assumption that the Sahrawis would choose to join with Mauritania. This assumption was reasonable: there were close ethnic ties between the Sahrawis and the Maures; a large number of Sahrawi nomads had migrated into
907:
placed a heavy burden on the weak economy and diverted funds badly needed for development projects. Further alienating the population was a special defense tax, which the government levied against the entire population; despite the tax, the country was on the verge of
737:
outside the cities, increasing urban population from 8 percent of the total population to 25 percent between 1962 and 1975. But other problems forced Mauritania's leaders to shift their focus from internal to external events: the decolonization of the neighboring
585:. The new government formed in September 1961 included representatives of both Nahda and the Mauritanian National Union in important ministries. This electoral, then governmental, coalition was formalized in October 1961 with the consolidation of the
797:
had strengthened the determination of the Polisario to shake off Spanish colonial rule, and attacks on Spanish settlements and forts had become more intense. Morocco, Mauritania, and Algeria also orchestrated international opposition in the
274:
956:, the Mauritanian government reversed an earlier position and requested—and received—military aid from France. In December 1977, French aircraft, in their first action, attacked Polisario guerrillas returning from raids into Mauritania.
881:
on the status of the Spanish Sahara, but when the court ruled in October 1975 that neither country was entitled to claim sovereignty over the territory, both governments chose to ignore the decision. In November 1975, they concluded the
742:
at the end of 1975; the subsequent occupation of that former Spanish territory by Morocco and Mauritania; and the liberation struggle of the indigenous people of the Western Sahara, which embroiled Mauritania in a long and costly war.
272:
848:
From independence until the mid-1970s, Mauritania's policy on the Western Sahara vacillated as the government sought to balance its own interests against those of a more powerful Morocco. Until 1974 the Daddah government supported
803:
excluded Algeria from the withdrawal agreement, largely because Algeria intended to prevent Spain from exploiting the Bu Craa deposits, a decision which contributed considerably to the growing discord in an already troubled area.
971:, also provided Mauritania with significant aid to contain the revolutionary fervor advocated by the Polisario. Between 1976 and 1978, Saudi Arabia, in particular, provided funds amounting to twice Mauritania's annual budget.
621:
in 1964, and the National Assembly passed a constitutional amendment in 1965 that institutionalized the PPM as the single legal party in the state. Organized opposition was henceforth restricted to channels within the party.
664:
858:, asserting the country's rights over all of the Western Sahara. A third policy, acknowledging the reality of Moroccan power, called for a partition of the Western Sahara, which led Mauritania into a long and costly
710:
1010:
to be Army commander. In the late 1960s, Daddah had relegated Salek, who was suspected of pro-French leanings, to the reserve corps. (Salek had reentered active duty only in 1977, when he was made commander of the
569:
was able gradually to gain the support of numerous opposition parties because of his demonstrated willingness to include in his government those who previously had opposed him. Thus, even after Daddah charged the
940:
war, hoping thereby that the government either would withdraw from the conflict or would be overthrown by one more sympathetic to the Polisario cause. In May Polisario guerrillas attacked the SNIM operations at
555:
The molding of a new political entity was a challenge in a country in which the gradual breakdown of a well-entrenched tribal hierarchy and its authority was still under way. Also, Mauritania's predominantly
612:
In accordance with the new government's objective of acquiring support from blacks, Daddah included two blacks in his cabinet. Also, the National Assembly, headed by a black, comprised ten blacks and twenty
911:
by late 1977. Moreover, as the war progressed, the power of the Mauritanian military grew, contributing to internal disunity and a weak civilian government unable to solve the problems of nation building.
729:
In the early 1970s, the Daddah government made some progress toward achieving national unity and economic independence. These gains, however, were more than offset by the economic hardship caused by a
581:
In a new election, held in accordance with provisions of the new constitution in August 1961, Nahda campaigned for Daddah, who won the election with the additional support of the black party, the
705:
919:
and Algeria, Mauritania was highly vulnerable to attacks by Polisario guerrillas, who were armed and supported by Algeria. The government's inability to protect Mauritania's major towns, even
995:) fell. Drought conditions that devastated crops and herds further strained the economy. Mauritania survived only with the help of grants and loans from Saudi Arabia, France, Morocco, and
590:
561:
from father to son, land was not owned by individuals, and material wealth was widely distributed rather than concentrated in a few hands—eventually accepted a centralized government.
617:. As a final development in the emergence of a dominant single party, Daddah, the party's secretary general, further concentrated power in his hands. The PPM proclaimed Mauritania a
552:; the document was unanimously adopted by the Constituent Assembly in March 1959 in place of the French constitution, and on November 28, 1960, Mauritania declared its independence.
1175:
659:
673:
816:
Mauritania's role in the Western Sahara conflict was heavily influenced by perceived and real threats of Moroccan expansionism. In the 1950s, Morocco advanced its concept of
704:
and other Arab countries. In 1974, MIFERMA, which was controlled by French interests and provided 80 percent of national exports, was nationalized and the name changed to
689:
669:
578:
in May 1959, declared the party illegal, and placed five of its leaders under arrest, Nahda still responded to Daddah's urgent appeal to preserve unity and independence.
902:
provoking ethnic conflict, and causing large numbers of casualties. The direct cost of Mauritania's colonial venture proved exorbitant. Mauritania rapidly increased its
975:
military officer to the post of minister of defense. Daddah previously had resisted bringing the military into his civilian government for fear of a military takeover.
726:
democracy. The charter was so popular that both the Mauritanian Kadihine Party and the Party of Mauritanian Justice withdrew their opposition to the Daddah government.
425:
949:
923:, which was attacked in June 1976, raised fears that Moroccan troops would move into Mauritania, ostensibly to interdict the guerrillas but also as an expansionist
668:, MIFERMA). Soon after the integration of the trade unions, an unofficial trade union movement was formed, and in 1973 a clandestine leftist political party, the
1012:
1022:
On July 10, 1978, the newly appointed Army commander led a group of junior officers in the bloodless overthrow of the eighteen-year-old Daddah government.
829:
1429:
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at Zouîrât immediately left, and Mauritania promptly requested aid from Morocco. In June 1977, Morocco's military command merged with Mauritania's in the
770:
effectively forced the Spanish occupiers to limit their presence to several coastal enclaves. It was not until the 1950s, following the discovery of vast
785:
By the mid-1970s, the government of Spain appeared willing to relinquish the territory, which was becoming more costly to administer. In addition, the
952:, and 600 Moroccan troops arrived to protect Zouîrât. Following further attacks against the railroad linking the SNIM iron ore mines with the port at
283:
1279:
142:
1250:
759:, Spain claimed the Western Sahara. Spain historically had had an interest in the territory, primarily because it lay near the Spanish-owned
1228:
1502:
987:
Economic hardship also weighed heavily on the Daddah regime. During 1977, defense expenditures increased as international demand for
267:
1551:
102:
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were strained because the president constantly shifted senior officers from posting to posting to guard against a possible coup.
1657:
718:(Arab League). Finally, during the August 1975 congress of the PPM, Daddah presented a charter calling for an Islamic, national,
630:
Tight control of political life by the PPM reinforced the highly centralized system. The imposition of single-party rule over a
512:, even though the modern Mauritania covers a territory far to the south of the old Berber kingdom that had no relation with it.
571:
1667:
1546:
97:
840:
buffer between it and Morocco, either by controlling all or part of the Western Sahara or by creating an independent state.
766:
For the first fifty years after the occupation, intermittent Sahrawi resistance to Spanish rule in what was then called the
1843:
1662:
1515:
927:. There was also fear of a possible plan on the part of Morocco's enemy, Algeria, to replace the Daddah government with a
1888:
836:
had claimed that a union with Morocco would protect the rights of the Maures from encroachments by the black population.
601:, PPM). On December 25, 1961, the PPM was constituted as the sole legal party. Its policies included a foreign policy of
135:
658:
Their action followed a series of strikes in late 1971, including a two-month shutdown of the iron mine operated by the
887:
probably correct, that Morocco, with its superior military power, would otherwise have absorbed the entire territory.
1243:
443:
755:, had remained largely free of any central authority. But when competing European colonial powers embarked on their
227:
213:
1591:
828:, several progressive African states, and groups within Mauritania, as well, supported that position. For example,
786:
1637:
1495:
606:
575:
1730:
1576:
878:
128:
21:
1642:
594:
586:
1258:
1883:
1878:
1742:
1581:
1294:
1289:
1284:
1236:
820:, which included all Mauritanian territory, based on a historic (if currently moribund) allegiance to the
41:
1893:
1777:
1752:
1698:
1627:
1488:
631:
582:
549:
233:
1762:
1693:
1586:
1219:
574:(Nahda) with corruption, banned the party from participation in the elections to Mauritania's first
1757:
1716:
1632:
1564:
634:
caused underlying tensions to emerge, especially among the southern black population, who feared
338:
824:
as a political and religious leader. To make matters worse, most of the Arab League states, the
1802:
1797:
1652:
1647:
1615:
1601:
1531:
903:
533:
304:
51:
642:
compulsory in secondary schools and the decision in 1968 to make Hassaniya Arabic, as well as
1836:
1807:
1711:
1681:
1596:
1523:
715:
651:
529:
30:
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545:
8:
1852:
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1812:
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1747:
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430:
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1444:
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Until the late nineteenth century, the Western Sahara, a land inhabited by the nomadic
566:
344:
219:
1857:
1183:
883:
833:
315:
118:
61:
1016:
639:
638:
domination. Their fears were exacerbated by the 1966 decision to make the study of
541:
322:
877:
In early 1975, both Morocco and Mauritania agreed to abide by the decision of the
650:
had been outlawed under the French and by the Mauritanian Constitution. (See also
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521:
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170:
71:
1224:
This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
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944:, killing two French technicians and capturing another six. The remaining
945:
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drought that lasted from 1969 to 1974. Thousands of nomads migrated to
719:
693:
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505:
466:
297:
1480:
968:
779:
771:
763:. In 1884 Spain occupied the Western Sahara and remained until 1976.
723:
1164:
Warner, Rachel. "Overthrow of the Ould Daddah regime". In Handloff.
988:
730:
391:
318:
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1019:, and relations between Daddah and Salek were still strained.)
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501:
497:
489:
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473:
81:
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Warner, Rachel. "Involvement of foreign countries". In Handloff.
1006:
In February 1978, in a desperate move, Daddah appointed Colonel
964:
794:
614:
525:
1089:
Warner, Rachel. "Conflict in the Western Sahara". In Handloff.
1051:
Warner, Rachel. "Independence and civilian rule". In Handloff.
782:, the purpose of which was to secure independence from Spain.
996:
915:
Having more than 6,400 kilometers of undefended borders with
676:, was formed in 1974 and called for more political freedom.
916:
635:
493:
470:
540:
in September 1958, this new constitution provided for a
1134:
Warner, Rachel. "Fighting the Desert War". In Handloff.
469:, officially the Islamic Republic of Mauritania, is an
982:
288:
Location of Mauritania (dark green) in western Africa
991:(Mauritania's major source of foreign exchange, see
178:
1176:"Mauritanian President Overthrown in Military Coup"
1101:
Warner, Rachel. "The Moroccan Factor". In Handloff.
959:Several wealthy Arab oil-producing states, such as
934:
806:
1122:Warner, Rachel. "Madrid agreements". In Handloff.
1063:Warner, Rachel. "Emerging tensions". In Handloff.
746:
589:, Nahda, the Mauritanian National Union, and the
515:
1870:
1113:Warner, Rachel. "Internal factors". In Handloff.
536:. Also adopted by the people of Mauritania in a
500:in the southwest. It is named after the ancient
1075:Warner, Rachel. "Radicalization". In Handloff.
787:sudden collapse of Portugal's empire in Africa
672:, was created. Another clandestine group, the
665:Société Anonyme des Mines de Fer de Mauritanie
1496:
1244:
714:, SNIM). Also in 1974, Mauritania joined the
136:
246:
186:
162:
1503:
1489:
1251:
1237:
890:
282:
143:
129:
711:Société Nationale Industrielle et Minière
180:al-Jumhūrīyah al-Islāmīyah al-Mūrītānīyah
1510:
1160:
1158:
1156:
508:, which later became a province of the
1871:
811:
706:National Mining and Industrial Company
696:and introducing its own currency, the
572:Mauritanian National Renaissance Party
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1232:
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1107:
1059:
1057:
872:
625:
983:Overthrow of the Ould Daddah regime
843:
247:
163:
13:
1137:
1125:
1092:
1078:
1066:
1036:
865:The Mauritanian campaign to annex
591:Mauritanian Muslim Socialist Union
496:in the east and southeast, and by
188:République islamique de Mauritanie
14:
1905:
1104:
1054:
679:
444:History of Mauritania (1978-1991)
1260:
935:Involvement of foreign countries
807:Background to Mauritanian policy
448:
423:
270:
226:
212:
112:
40:
1167:
164:الجمهورية الإسلامية الموريتانية
1203:
1116:
879:International Court of Justice
789:and the ensuing liberation of
747:Conflict in the Western Sahara
660:Mauritanian Iron Mines Company
516:Independence and civilian rule
159:Islamic Republic of Mauritania
1:
1209:Handloff, Robert E., editor.
1025:
599:Parti du Peuple Mauritanienne
587:Mauritanian Regroupment Party
268:National Anthem of Mauritania
1174:Koven, Ronald (1978-07-11).
674:Party of Mauritanian Justice
257:"Honor, Fraternity, Justice"
7:
1212:Mauritania: A Country Study
179:
10:
1910:
1889:Former socialist republics
894:
690:West Africa Monetary Union
670:Mauritanian Kadihine Party
595:Mauritanian People's Party
583:Mauritanian National Union
528:that saw the birth of the
1830:
1738:
1729:
1689:
1680:
1623:
1614:
1572:
1563:
1522:
1275:
1220:Federal Research Division
632:highly diverse population
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1030:
480:. It is bordered by the
950:Supreme Defense Council
891:Fighting the Desert War
565:differences. President
544:whose members would be
534:new French constitution
532:in 1958 necessitated a
700:, with the backing of
378:• Disestablished
187:
1013:Third Military Region
716:League of Arab States
652:Slavery in Mauritania
550:national constitution
530:French Fifth Republic
492:in the northeast, by
119:Mauritania portal
993:Mining in Mauritania
862:with the Polisario.
546:autonomous republics
1884:1970s in Mauritania
1879:1960s in Mauritania
1217:Library of Congress
1008:Mustapha Ould Salek
830:Mauritanian Entente
812:The Moroccan factor
431:Colonial Mauritania
368:• Established
897:Western Sahara War
867:Tiris al Gharbiyya
856:Greater Mauritania
851:self-determination
757:division of Africa
684:In 1969 following
605:and opposition to
567:Moktar Ould Daddah
345:Moktar Ould Daddah
1894:Islamic socialism
1866:
1865:
1826:
1825:
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1724:
1676:
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1658:Political parties
1638:Foreign relations
1610:
1609:
1478:
1477:
884:Madrid Agreements
873:Madrid Agreements
834:Horma Ould Babana
626:Emerging tensions
576:National Assembly
488:in the north, by
464:
463:
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436:
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316:Islamic socialist
275:
153:
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62:Almoravid dynasty
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844:Internal factors
640:Hassaniya Arabic
607:ties with France
542:French Community
522:political crisis
484:in the west, by
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1643:Law enforcement
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1547:1978–1984
1542:1960–1978
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1180:Washington Post
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822:Moroccan sultan
818:Greater Morocco
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619:one-party state
518:
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72:Saadi Sultanate
52:Precolonial era
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25:
12:
11:
5:
1907:
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1743:Child marriage
1739:
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1270:(1960–present)
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800:United Nations
768:Spanish Sahara
761:Canary Islands
753:Sahrawi people
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681:
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929:puppet regime
926:
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860:guerrilla war
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392:ISO 3166 code
389:
385:
381:
375:
371:
365:
361:
357:
353:
349:
346:
343:
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334:
330:
327:
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323:authoritarian
320:
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311:
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285:
280:
269:
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261:
245:
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196:
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172:
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38:
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29:
28:
23:
18:
17:
1778:Human rights
1753:Demographics
1699:Central Bank
1628:Constitution
1541:
1223:
1211:
1191:. Retrieved
1179:
1169:
1118:
1021:
1005:
1001:
986:
977:
973:
961:Saudi Arabia
958:
938:
914:
904:armed forces
900:
876:
864:
847:
838:
826:Soviet Union
815:
784:
774:deposits at
765:
750:
728:
709:
683:
663:
656:
629:
611:
603:nonalignment
598:
580:
563:
554:
519:
510:Roman Empire
465:
413:Succeeded by
412:
407:
326:dictatorship
263:
244:Motto:
243:
234:Coat of arms
177:
103:1984–present
92:
57:Ghana Empire
1694:Agriculture
1587:Departments
1552:1984–
1532:Precolonial
1204:Works cited
946:expatriates
735:shantytowns
504:Kingdom of
478:West Africa
476:country in
408:Preceded by
67:Mali Empire
31:History of
1873:Categories
1706:(currency)
1653:Parliament
1592:Ecoregions
1512:Mauritania
1268:Mauritania
1193:2024-01-26
1026:References
954:Nouadhibou
921:Nouakchott
909:bankruptcy
895:See also:
791:Mozambique
720:centralist
694:Franc Zone
538:referendum
506:Mauretania
467:Mauritania
305:Government
298:Nouakchott
33:Mauritania
1758:Education
1717:Transport
1663:President
1633:Elections
1565:Geography
1266:Years in
1188:0190-8286
969:Abu Dhabi
780:Polisario
772:phosphate
724:socialist
593:into the
339:President
321:under an
313:one-party
204:1960–1978
98:1978–1984
93:1960–1978
1853:Category
1803:Religion
1798:Polygamy
1704:Ouguiya
1648:Military
1616:Politics
1602:Wildlife
1537:Colonial
1516:articles
1280:Pre-1960
989:iron ore
925:vanguard
731:Sahelian
692:and its
319:republic
253:(Arabic)
22:a series
20:Part of
1837:Outline
1808:Slavery
1783:Leblouh
1731:Society
1712:Tourism
1682:Economy
1597:Regions
1577:Borders
1554:present
1524:History
942:Zouîrât
832:leader
776:Bu Craa
702:Algeria
698:ouguiya
686:Morocco
648:slavery
558:nomadic
498:Senegal
490:Algeria
486:Morocco
474:Maghreb
355:History
337:•
310:Unitary
294:Capital
264:Anthem:
82:Sanhaja
1858:Portal
1773:Health
1582:Cities
1514:
1186:
967:, and
965:Kuwait
795:Angola
722:, and
644:French
615:Maures
526:France
502:Berber
358:
266:
251:
195:French
191:
171:Arabic
167:
24:on the
1844:Index
1818:Women
1813:Sport
1793:Music
1788:Media
1763:Films
1748:Crime
1295:1980s
1290:1970s
1285:1960s
1031:Notes
1015:, at
997:Libya
1768:Flag
1470:2024
1465:2023
1460:2022
1455:2021
1450:2020
1445:2019
1440:2018
1435:2017
1430:2016
1425:2015
1420:2014
1415:2013
1410:2012
1405:2011
1400:2010
1395:2009
1390:2008
1385:2007
1380:2006
1375:2005
1370:2004
1365:2003
1360:2002
1355:2001
1350:2000
1345:1999
1340:1998
1335:1997
1330:1996
1325:1995
1320:1994
1315:1993
1310:1992
1305:1991
1300:1990
1184:ISSN
1017:Atar
917:Mali
793:and
636:Arab
520:The
494:Mali
471:Arab
382:1978
372:1960
220:Flag
999:.
654:.)
524:in
1875::
1215:.
1182:.
1178:.
1155:^
1139:^
1127:^
1106:^
1094:^
1080:^
1068:^
1056:^
1038:^
963:,
931:.
609:.
397:MR
1504:e
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1245:t
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1196:.
708:(
662:(
597:(
197:)
193:(
173:)
169:(
144:e
137:t
130:v
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