471:
885:
43:
1293:
3604:
626:
1571:. The army of the closest military province was mobilized with that of the emperor. Those remaining on the spot ensured order in the three provinces; the emperor was obliged to be in front of the armed during a war of conquest. The Jinakoy ruled secondary provinces and their lieutenants in the regions of the provinces. According to Potholm, the Songhai army was dominated by heavy cavalry of "mounted knights outfitted in
1061:
912:
1037:. The Moroccan invasion of Songhai was mainly to seize and revive the trans-Saharan trade in salt, gold and slaves for their developing sugar industry. During Askia's reign, the Songhai military consisted of full-time soldiers, but the king never modernized his army. On the other hand, the invading Moroccan army included thousands of
930:. He organized the territories his predecessor conquered and extended his power to the south and the east. Under his rule, the Songhai military possessed a full-time corps of warriors. Askia is said to have cynical attitudes towards kingdoms lacking professional fighting forces. Al-Sa'di, the chronicler who wrote the
1449:
The tax was imposed on peripheral chiefdoms and provinces to ensure
Songhai's dominance; in return, these provinces were given almost complete autonomy. Songhai rulers only intervened in the affairs of these neighbouring states when a situation became volatile, usually an isolated incident. Each town
954:
to Mecca, bringing a large amount of gold. He donated some of it to charity and spent the rest on gifts for the people of Mecca to display his empire's wealth. Historians from Cairo said his pilgrimage consisted of "an escort of 500 cavalry and 1000 infantry, and with him he carried 300,000 pieces of
755:
traders crossed the Sahara and joined the
Tuaregs in their settlements. Both groups conducted business with the people living near the river. As trade in the region increased, the Songhai chiefs took control of the profitable trade around what would later become Gao. Trade goods included gold, salt,
1425:
The upper classes in society converted to Islam, while the lower classes often continued to follow traditional religions. Sermons emphasized obedience to the king. Timbuktu was the educational capital. Sonni Ali established a system of government under the royal court, later to be expanded by Askia
896:
Sonni Ali created a policy against the scholars of
Timbuktu, especially those of the Sankore region who were associated with the Tuareg. With his control of critical trade routes and cities such as Timbuktu, Sonni Ali increased the wealth of the Songhai Empire, which at its height would surpass the
779:
Then I travelled to the town of Kawkaw, which is a great town on the Nīl , one of the finest, biggest, and most fertile cities of the Sūdān. There is much rice there, milk, chickens, fish, and the cucumber, which has no like. Its people conduct their buying and selling with cowries, like the people
1324:
Overland trade was influenced by four factors: camels, Berber tribe members, Islam, and the structure of the empire. Gold was readily available in West Africa, but salt was not, so the gold-salt trade was the backbone of overland trade routes in the Sahel. Ivory, ostrich feathers, and slaves were
1401:
was noted as a necessity to settle minor disputes between immigrant merchants. Kings usually did not judge a defendant; however, under exceptional circumstances, such as acts of treason, they felt obligated to do so and thus exerted their authority. Results of a trial were announced by the "town
676:, fished and hunted from their ships, and provided water-borne transport for goods and people. Another group of people that moved into the area to live off of Niger's resources were the Gao people. The Gao were hunters and specialized in hunting river animals such as crocodiles and hippopotamus.
1453:
Under Askia
Muhammad, the Empire saw increased centralization. He encouraged learning in Timbuktu by rewarding its professors with larger pensions as an incentive. He also established an order of precedence and protocol and was noted as a nobleman who gave back generously to people experiencing
681:
The other group known to have inhabited the area were the Do people, farmers who raised crops in the fertile lands bordering the river. Before the 10th century, these early settlers were subjugated by more powerful, horse-riding
Songhai speakers, who established control over the area. All these
573:. Mali conquered Gao near the end of the 13th century. Gao remained under Malian command until the late 14th century. As the Mali Empire started disintegrating, the Songhai reasserted control of Gao. Songhai rulers subsequently took advantage of the weakened Mali Empire to expand Songhai rule.
587:
A series of plots and coups by Askia's successors forced the empire into a period of decline and instability. Askia's relatives attempted to govern the kingdom, but political chaos and several civil wars within the empire ensured the empire's continued decline, particularly during the rule of
1426:
Muhammad, which appointed governors and mayors to preside over local tributary states around the Niger Valley. These local chiefs were still granted authority over their respective domains if they did not undermine
Songhai policy. Departmental positions existed in the central government. The
644:
The
Songhai Empire has been variously translated in texts as Zagha, Zaghai, Zaghaya, Sughai, Zaghay, Zaggan, Izghan, Zaghawa, Zuwagha, Zawagha, Zauge, Azuagha, Azwagha, Sungee, Sanghee, Songhai, Songhay, Sughai, Zanghi, Zingani, Zanj, Zahn, Zaan, Zarai, Dyagha, and possibly Znaga.
1320:
and river trade along the Niger were the primary sources of
Songhai wealth. Trade along the West African coast was only possible in the late 1400s. Several dikes were constructed during the reign of Sonni Ali, which enhanced the irrigation and agricultural yield of the empire.
1413:, or "enforcers", worked like a police commissioner whose sole duty was to execute sentencing. Jurists were mainly composed of representatives of the academic community; professors were often noted as taking administrative positions within the Empire, and many aspired to be
1053:, Songhai forces, despite vastly superior numbers, were routed by a cattle stampede triggered by the Saadi's gunpowder weapons. Judar proceeded to sack Gao, Timbuktu and Djenné, destroying the Songhai as a regional power. Governing so vast an empire proved too much for the
976:
He centralized the administration of the empire and established a bureaucracy responsible for tax collection and the administration of justice. He demanded the building of canals to enhance agriculture, eventually increasing trade. He introduced a system of
1044:
Judar Pasha was a
Spaniard by birth but had been captured as an infant and educated at the Saadi court. After a march across the Sahara desert, Judar's forces captured, plundered, and razed the salt mines at Taghaza and moved on to Gao. When Emperor
1359:
mainly consisted of immigrants, who, at times, were provided special privileges and held high positions in society. At the top were noblemen and descendants of the original
Songhai people, followed by freemen and traders. At the bottom were
1128:
The original Songhai Empire only included the area from the region of Timbuktu to the east of Gao. Provinces were created after a military expansion under Sonni Ali and Askiya, whose territory was divided into three military zones:
1212:
The Songhai Empire at its zenith extended over the current territories of Mali, Niger, Nigeria, Mauritania, Senegal, most other Guinean Coast countries and Algeria. Its influence stretched as far as Cameroon over a vast contiguous
1408:
worked locally in important trading towns like Timbuktu and Djenné. The king appointed the Qadi and dealt with common-law misdemeanours according to Sharia law. The Qadi also had the power to grant a pardon or offer refuge. The
1340:
The Niger River was essential to trade for the empire. Goods were offloaded from camels onto either donkeys or boats at Timbuktu. From there, they were moved along a 500-mile corridor upstream to Djenné or downstream to Gao.
946:, and opened his court to scholars and poets from throughout the Muslim world. His children went to an Islamic school, and he enforced Islamic practices but did not force religion on his people. Askia completed one of the
1575:
and helmets", similar to medieval European armies. The infantry included a force made up primarily of freemen and captives. Swords, arrows and copper or leather shields made up the arsenal of the Songhai infantry. At the
1166:
of the empire stationed at the port of Gao with more than a thousand ships at its height. It was wheremost large-scale military campaigns started. The emperor was assisted in his military province in the south by the
845:
to the north. He annexed Timbuktu in 1468 after the leaders of the town asked him to help overthrow the Tuaregs, who had taken the city following the decline of Mali. When he attempted to conquer the trading town of
867:
Sunni Ali entered Timbuktu, committed gross iniquity, burned and destroyed the town, and brutally tortured many people there. When Akilu heard of the coming of Sonni Ali, he brought a thousand camels to carry the
1364:
and enslaved people who mainly worked in agriculture. The Songhai used slaves more consistently than their predecessors, the Ghana and Mali empires. James Olson described the Songhai labour system as resembling
1283:
At its peak, Timbuktu became a thriving cultural and commercial centre. Arab, Italian, and Jewish merchants all gathered for trade. A revival of Islamic scholarship took place at the university in Timbuktu.
972:
against the neighbouring Mossi. He did not force them to convert to Islam after subduing them. His army consisted of war canoes, a cavalry, protective armour, iron-tipped weapons, and an organized militia.
767:'s attention. Mali conquered the city, profited from Gao's trade, and collected taxes from its kings until about the 1430s. Conflict in the Malian homeland made it impossible to maintain control of Gao.
3443:
763:
By the 10th century, the Songhai chiefs had established Gao as a small kingdom, taking control of the people living along the trade routes. Around 1300, Gao had become prosperous enough to attract the
1355:
The Songhai economy was based on a clan system. The clan a person belonged to ultimately decided one's occupation. The most common occupations were metalworkers, fishermen, and carpenters. The lower
664:
In ancient times somewhere surmised between the 9th and 3rd centuries BCE several different groups of people collectively formed the Songhai identity, centered around the developing hub of ancient
804:
and attempted to quell the Songhai rebellion in Gao. While he succeeded in Takedda, he did not re-subjugate Gao. In the 1430s, Songhai, previously a Mali dependency, gained independence under the
834:. This earned him the reputation of a tyrant by Islamic Scholars.In the late 1460s, he conquered many of the Songhai Empire's neighbouring states, including what remained of the Mali Empire.
704:, close to Gao. Inscriptions on a few of the tombstones in the cemetery indicate that this dynasty ruled in the late 11th and early 12th centuries and that its rulers were given the title of
958:
Islam was so important to him that, upon his return, he established more learning centres throughout his empire and recruited Muslim scholars from Egypt and Morocco to teach at the
1402:
crier", and punishment for most trivial crimes usually consisted of confiscation of merchandise or even imprisonment since various prisons existed throughout the Empire.
499:
485:
446:
432:
1454:
poverty. Under his policies, Muhammad brought much stability to Songhai, and great attestations of this registered organization are still preserved in the works of
576:
Under the rule of Sonni Ali, the Songhai surpassed the Malian Empire in area, wealth, and power, absorbing vast regions of the Mali Empire. His son and successor,
569:
During the second half of the 13th century, Gao and the surrounding region had grown into an important trading centre and attracted the interest of the expanding
830:
reigned from 1464 to 1492. Unlike the previous Songhai kings, Ali sought to honour the traditional religion of his people, taught to him by his mother of the
850:, the townspeople resisted his efforts. After a seven-year siege, he was able to starve them into surrender, incorporating the town into his empire in 1473.
1200:
led the eastern province of Dendi. This provincial governor has stationed a garrison in charge of the surveillance of the eastern provinces, including the
6279:
1498:. They trained herds of long-horned bulls in the imperial stables to charge at the enemy in battle. Vultures were also used to harass opposing camps.
728:), written in Arabic around 1655, provides an early history of the Songhai as handed down through oral tradition. It reports that the founder of the
543:
as the empire's capital, although a Songhai state had existed in and around Gao since the 11th century. Other important cities in the kingdom were
1141:, the minister of defence of the empire and general-in-chief of the armies in charge of military surveillance of the western provinces, including
1325:
sent north in exchange for salt, horses, camels, cloth, and art. While many trade routes were used, the Songhai heavily used the way through the
6239:
1025:, but were left on the verge of economic depletion and bankruptcy, as they needed to pay for the defences used to hold off the siege. This led
584:, one of his father's generals. Ture, more commonly known as Askia the Great, instituted political and economic reforms throughout the empire.
5103:
2739:
Thornton, John K.. Warfare in Atlantic Africa, 1500-1800 (Warfare and History) (Kindle Locations 871-872). Taylor and Francis. Kindle Edition.
1381:
Criminal justice in Songhai was based mainly, if not entirely, on Islamic principles, especially during the rule of Askia Muhammad. The local
551:, where urban-centred trade flourished; they were conquered in 1468 and 1475, respectively. Initially, the Songhai Empire was ruled by the
3004:
672:
were the Sorko people, who established small settlements on the banks of Niger. The Sorko fashioned boats and canoes from the wood of the
4504:
3313:
A tropical dependency: an outline of the ancient history of western Sudan with an account of the modern settlement of northern Nigeria /
3054:
1077:
6234:
853:
The invasion of Sonni Ali and his forces negatively impacted Timbuktu. Many Muslim accounts described him as a tyrant, including the
2887:
6249:
1470:
The Sonni dynasty practised Islam while maintaining many aspects of the original Songhai traditions, unlike their successors, the
3495:
1001:
611:
336:
6056:
5438:
3985:
3278:
1555:
The Songhai included three military provinces, and an army was stationed in each. It was divided into several garrisons, the
700:
The earliest dynasty of kings is obscure, and most information about it comes from an ancient cemetery near a village called
602:, the last ruler of the Songhai Empire, ascended to power in a long dynastic struggle following the death of Daoud. In 1590,
1145:, was based. The western garrisons were stationed there, and the Balama resided with part of the naval fleet in the port of
6264:
5962:
3379:
3171:
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2987:
2914:
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1450:
was represented by government officials, holding positions and responsibilities similar to today's central bureaucrats.
6108:
5108:
3732:
2796:
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groups gradually began to speak the same language, and they and their country eventually became known as the Songhai.
6254:
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3370:
3339:
3320:
3297:
3255:
3193:
3156:
3068:
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The capital city of Gao, where the emperor resided with the central garrisons and part of the fleet commanded by the
42:
3778:
3768:
3742:
3564:
3559:
3554:
3458:
3351:
Social Science History, Vol. 3, No. 3/4 "Size and Duration of Empires: Growth-Decline Curves, 600 B.C. to 600 A.D."
1442:
has been described by historians such as Ki-Zerbo to be the finance minister who supervised the empire's treasury.
5734:
4497:
4256:
4163:
3737:
3649:
3576:
859:
4896:
3586:
2677:
Stride, G.T & C. Ifeka: "Peoples and Empires of West Africa: West Africa in History 1000–1800". Nelson, 1971
4457:
4338:
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king. Following Musa's overthrow in 1531, the Songhai Empire went into decline. Following the death of Emperor
6172:
3383:
UNESCO General History of Africa, Vol. IV, Abridged Edition: Africa from the Twelfth to the Sixteenth Century
120:
4109:
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1348:(merchants) would form partnerships, and the state would protect the merchants and port cities along Niger.
6167:
6051:
4153:
3290:
Timbuktu & the Songhay Empire: Al-Sa'dis Ta'rikh al-sudan down to 1613 and other Contemporary Documents
2652:
Timbuktu and the Songhay Empire: Al-Sadi's Tarikh al-Sudan down to 1613 and other contemporary documents |
2639:
Timbuktu and the Songhay Empire: Al-Sadi's Tarikh al-Sudan down to 1613 and other contemporary documents |
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1022:
6269:
6259:
4490:
4292:
4158:
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3695:
3581:
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Olson, James Stuart. The Ethnic Dimension in American History. New York: St. Martin's Press, Inc., 1979
2704:
Sonni ʿAlī.(2007). Encyclopædia Britannica. Ultimate Reference Suite. Chicago: Encyclopædia Britannica.
3438:, Dettelbach 2004 (the book has a chapter titled "The Mande factor in Gao history", pp. 409–544).
3381:
592:. The empire experienced a period of stability and a string of military successes during the reign of
6135:
5283:
4847:
4353:
4214:
3978:
3727:
3624:
3039:
1533:
and commanded over a thousand captains, ensuring the rapid movement of troops along the Niger River.
1057:. They soon relinquished control of the region, letting it splinter into dozens of smaller kingdoms.
965:
He was interested in astronomy, which led to increased astronomers and observatories in the capital.
6244:
6093:
6068:
5918:
5577:
5572:
4316:
4241:
4131:
3904:
3717:
3380:
Unesco. International Scientific Committee for the Drafting of a General History of Africa (1998).
1431:
938:"he distinguished between the civilian and the army unlike Sunni Ali when everyone was a soldier."
863:, the Islamic historian Al-Sa'di expresses this sentiment in describing his incursion on Timbuktu:
1296:
Trade routes of the Western Sahara c. 1000–1500. Goldfields are indicated by light brown shading:
837:
During his campaigns for expansion, Ali conquered several territories, repelling attacks from the
6274:
6160:
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5582:
5535:
5478:
5177:
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4869:
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3644:
3629:
3569:
3172:
Unesco. International Scientific Committee for the Drafting of a General History of Africa (1998)
3148:
3129:
Unesco. International Scientific Committee for the Drafting of a General History of Africa (1998)
2988:
Unesco. International Scientific Committee for the Drafting of a General History of Africa (1998)
2859:
606:
took advantage of the recent civil conflict in the empire and sent an army under the command of
6182:
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5634:
5567:
5471:
5456:
5349:
5116:
5070:
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4798:
4619:
4569:
4328:
4261:
4173:
4143:
3849:
3773:
3536:
3247:
3241:
3215:"Pre-Colonial Criminal Justice In West Africa: Eurocentric Thought Versus Africentric Evidence"
3056:
Towards an Understanding of the African Experience from Historical and Contemporary Perspective
771:
visited Gao in 1353 when the town was still a part of the Mali Empire. He arrived by boat from
3308:
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5886:
5761:
4825:
4815:
4774:
4745:
3899:
3839:
3829:
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3481:
2823:
2237:
1272:
947:
884:
197:
6001:
6206:
6036:
6006:
5881:
5812:
5783:
5702:
5036:
4874:
4864:
4594:
4574:
4529:
4401:
4363:
4333:
4219:
4204:
4099:
3971:
3874:
3705:
3639:
3591:
978:
889:
710:(Arabic for "King"). Other tombstones mention a second dynasty whose rulers bore the title
478:
5986:
2624:
747:
tribes were among the early people of the Niger Bend region. These tribes rode out of the
8:
5898:
5778:
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were lieutenants in charge of a garrison. The head of the mounted archers was called the
985:
880:..... The Godless tyrant slaughtered those who remained in Timbuktu and humiliated them.
615:
5614:
5604:
6011:
5991:
5974:
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3793:
3722:
3690:
3612:
3546:
3036:"Songhay, Borno, and Hausaland in the sixteenth century," in The History of West Africa
2598:
2344:
1438:
was the minister of agriculture who administered the state's agricultural estates. The
673:
1474:. Askia Mohammed I oversaw a complete Islamic revival and made a pilgrimage to Mecca.
6120:
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5952:
5947:
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5773:
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4209:
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4019:
3909:
3894:
3879:
3673:
3659:
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3391:
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3014:
3000:
2920:
2892:
General History of Africa vol. V: Africa from the Sixteenth to the Eighteenth Century
2829:
2802:
2777:
2526:
1577:
1522:
1050:
1015:
854:
792:
left the empire in poor financial condition, but the kingdom itself passed intact to
788:
in 1360, disputes over who should succeed him weakened the Mali Empire. The reign of
619:
528:
2765:
1076:, where the Sonni dynasty had already settled. They formed smaller kingdoms such as
5969:
5756:
5751:
5707:
5694:
5624:
5592:
5587:
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5446:
5428:
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5236:
5231:
5172:
5128:
5098:
5058:
5041:
5024:
4987:
4738:
4714:
4679:
4649:
4564:
4426:
4368:
4236:
4192:
4178:
4148:
4064:
3943:
3919:
3834:
3807:
3788:
3756:
3710:
3654:
3513:
3358:
3330:
Malio, Thomas A. Hale. by The epic of Askia Mohammed / recounted by Nouhou (1990).
2208:
1361:
1349:
581:
363:
259:
209:
173:
74:
69:
3819:
1218:
6187:
6155:
6028:
5996:
5979:
5935:
5930:
5908:
5903:
5861:
5854:
5829:
5689:
5684:
5525:
5406:
5300:
5295:
5263:
5088:
5078:
4972:
4965:
4960:
4945:
4901:
4783:
4769:
4719:
4674:
4669:
4450:
4388:
4373:
4297:
4275:
4168:
4137:
4074:
4006:
3859:
3824:
2946:
2687:
2531:
1487:
1214:
1026:
927:
906:
793:
720:
603:
524:
84:
5609:
6130:
6125:
6088:
6063:
6046:
5957:
5942:
5913:
5871:
5719:
5679:
5674:
5629:
5555:
5515:
5495:
5310:
5189:
5083:
4950:
4832:
4699:
4664:
4644:
4639:
4599:
4396:
4348:
4054:
3952:
3924:
3889:
3884:
2964:
2506:
2311:
1501:
The emperor was the strategist and commander-in-chief of the military, and the
1471:
1242:
1201:
1069:
1046:
959:
838:
785:
659:
599:
532:
322:
245:
99:
94:
1352:
implemented a universal system of weights and measures throughout the empire.
6228:
6211:
6098:
5893:
5866:
5839:
5817:
5795:
5562:
5545:
5530:
5374:
5327:
5315:
5241:
5133:
5007:
5002:
4977:
4859:
4629:
4534:
4466:
4421:
4416:
4378:
4039:
3854:
3541:
2781:
2521:
2511:
2501:
2263:
1495:
1459:
1292:
1250:
1230:
1222:
1188:
1117:
1054:
1030:
1021:
During this period, Moroccan armies annihilated a Portuguese invasion at the
916:
805:
789:
752:
748:
589:
563:
552:
492:
464:
308:
221:
89:
5639:
5619:
1068:
After the empire's defeat, the nobles moved south to an area known today as
6103:
5844:
5834:
5800:
5729:
5724:
5651:
5441:
5423:
5384:
5379:
5359:
5354:
5226:
5219:
5209:
5204:
5199:
5093:
5031:
5012:
4997:
4933:
4709:
4604:
4584:
4554:
4406:
4069:
4014:
3526:
3444:
African Dominion: A New History of Empire in Early and Medieval West Africa
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1370:
1260:
1238:
1234:
1146:
1109:
842:
831:
737:
665:
523:
during the 15th and 16th centuries. At its peak, it was one of the largest
2766:"Gold, Islam and Camels: The Transformative Effects of Trade and Ideology"
1387:
were, in addition to this, responsible for maintaining order by following
5822:
5807:
5656:
5369:
5278:
5268:
5194:
4842:
4837:
4634:
4624:
4471:
4024:
3332:
Scribe, griot, and novelist: narrative interpreters of the Songhay Empire
2516:
2276:
1366:
1268:
1246:
1226:
1142:
1034:
1011:
768:
764:
732:
was called Za Alayaman (also spelt Dialliaman), who originally came from
607:
593:
570:
437:
397:
290:
233:
115:
2724:
2602:
2586:
981:
and appointed an inspector for each of Songhai's major trading centres.
5849:
5666:
5540:
5500:
5433:
4579:
3464:
2496:
2224:
2195:
1572:
1309:
1007:
775:
on his return journey from visiting the capital of the empire, writing:
729:
695:
691:
577:
451:
185:
161:
2713:
The Cambridge History of Africa, Vol 5: University Press, 1977, pp 421
1153:, who acted as governor and lived in Timbuktu, the provincial capital.
1085:
5739:
5510:
5394:
5364:
5145:
5019:
4810:
3467:
An essay about the rule of the Songhai Empire from the 15th century.
3010:
2182:
1394:
1264:
1018:
weakened the Songhai Empire and split it into two feuding factions.
827:
821:
757:
701:
625:
536:
149:
4482:
1580:, the Songhai army consisted of 30,000 infantry and 10,000 cavalry.
847:
751:
and established trading settlements near the Niger. As time passed,
548:
5140:
4923:
4881:
4820:
4089:
1521:
was second in the chain of command of the empire and served as its
1491:
1180:
1038:
772:
544:
1097:
1006:
In 1528, Askia's children revolted against him, declaring his son
869:
531:
name, derived from its largest ethnic group and ruling elite, the
5053:
4982:
4938:
4793:
3473:
3144:
Winning at War: Seven Keys to Military Victory Throughout History
1549:
1530:
1455:
1301:
1257:
1184:
1172:
1163:
1105:
1101:
1060:
989:
968:
Askia initiated multiple military campaigns, including declaring
943:
877:
873:
801:
744:
130:
4854:
3963:
1093:
809:
4886:
4761:
4689:
4659:
4609:
4524:
4049:
2325:
1389:
1356:
1334:
1326:
1297:
1205:
1113:
1089:
1081:
79:
3086:
2828:. Bloomington, Indiana: Indiana University Press. p. 69.
5520:
4704:
4654:
4614:
4589:
4544:
3504:
2659:
1330:
1317:
1305:
1073:
1033:
in 1591 to dispatch an invasion force south under the eunuch
969:
733:
706:
618:
routes. The Songhai Empire collapsed after the defeat at the
520:
349:
2729:. Boston University, African Studies Center. pp. 42–45.
4539:
3994:
1383:
951:
4730:
808:. Around thirty years later, Sonni Sulayman Dama attacked
740:. What happened to the Zuwa rulers is yet to be recorded.
1430:
was the fleet commander who performed roles likened to a
920:
669:
540:
272:
56:
3240:
Haskins, James; Benson, Kathleen; Cooper, Floyd (1998).
911:
2566:
1525:. He was assisted by two vice-admirals at the ports of
1446:
was also the "minister in charge of White foreigners."
1563:, the central province by the emperor himself and the
1256:
An elite of Songhai horsemen led this population from
1187:, in charge of the Saharan provinces and possessing a
892:, with Arabic writings about mathematics and astronomy
3417:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1997. Print.
3098:
2854:
2852:
2825:
Muslim Societies in Africa: A Historical Anthropology
3110:
1548:, or cavalry chief. The cavalry mainly consisted of
934:, compared Askiya's army to that of his predecessor:
668:. Among the first people to settle in the region of
3239:
2561:
Africa from the Sixteenth to the Eighteenth Century
1505:acted as minister of defence and army general. The
1271:to mix with the Sorko fishing population and local
714:. Only myth and legend describe the origins of the
3266:
3222:African Journal of Criminology and Justice Studies
2916:The Cinematic Griot: The Ethnography of Jean Rouch
2849:
1482:The Songhai armed forces included a navy led by a
1373:that consisted of various mechanics and artisans.
2618:
2616:
2614:
2612:
6226:
2947:"Timbuktu: History of Fabled Center of Learning"
984:During his reign, Islam became more entrenched,
3357:
2665:
2622:
1393:law under Islamic domination, according to the
995:
519:was a state located in the western part of the
3363:Corpus of Early Arabic Sources for West Africa
2609:
1540:(war elephant), and the camel cavalry, called
4746:
4498:
3979:
3489:
1536:The infantry was led by a general called the
992:were brought within the empire's boundaries.
348:• The Nobles moved south to present-day
6203:"Empire" as a description of foreign policy
3465:Askiyah's Questions and al-Maghili's Answers
3334:. Gainesville: University of Florida Press.
3006:Encyclopedia of African History 3-Volume Set
2722:
2326:Songhai Emperors (ruled in exile from Dendi)
3306:
3092:
2999:
2919:, University of Chicago Press, p. 56,
2587:"The Origins of the "Sudanic" Civilization"
1956:
16:Empire in West Africa from c. 1430s to 1591
6280:States and territories established in 1464
4753:
4739:
4505:
4491:
3986:
3972:
3496:
3482:
2944:
2584:
1588:Names and dates taken from John Stewart's
1149:. The other important personality was the
41:
3348:
3246:. New York City: HarperCollins. pp.
3212:
3104:
2798:Medieval Islamic Civilization: L-Z, index
2572:
1204:. The fleet was stationed at the port of
942:He opened religious schools, constructed
562:–1493), but it was later replaced by the
386:800,000 km (310,000 sq mi)
2821:
2815:
2723:Daniel, McCall; Norman, Bennett (1971).
1291:
1120:which rose to prominence shortly after.
1059:
910:
883:
857:, which Mahmud Kati wrote. According to
624:
6027:
3307:Lady Lugard, Flora Louisa Shaw (1997).
3287:
3183:
3177:
3140:
3033:
2912:
2885:
2881:
2879:
2763:
1595:
1552:recruited from the northern provinces.
1064:West Africa after the Moroccan invasion
362:• French depose last Askia of the
6227:
3415:A History of African Societies to 1870
3264:
3116:
3052:
1002:Saadian invasion of the Songhai Empire
812:, the Mali province west of Timbuktu.
527:in history. The state is known by its
337:Saadian invasion of the Songhai Empire
6240:15th-century establishments in Africa
4734:
4512:
4486:
3967:
3477:
3365:. New York, NY: Marcus Weiner Press.
3329:
3292:. Leiden: BRILL. pp. 480 pages.
2759:
2757:
2755:
2753:
2751:
2749:
2747:
2745:
1275:agriculturalists of the Niger River.
1049:(r. 1588–1591) met Judar at the 1591
3269:Africans: The History of a Continent
2876:
2794:
1509:was the army corps general, and the
653:
352:and formed various smaller kingdoms
3447:. Princeton University Press, 2018.
3424:. 2nd . NY: Macmillan, 2005. Print.
3361:; Hopkins, John F.P., eds. (2000).
3053:Festus, Ugboaja Ohaegbulam (1990).
2163:
1376:
1217:, cultural, and political space of
13:
3503:
3406:
3188:. London: McFarland. p. 206.
2938:
2742:
988:flourished, and the salt mines of
900:
826:After the death of Sulayman Dama,
14:
6291:
3993:
3452:
2563:, (UNESCO Publishing, 2000), 303.
1583:
800:, put down a Tuareg rebellion in
6235:1591 disestablishments in Africa
3602:
3353:. Durham: Duke University Press.
2770:Comparative Civilizations Review
841:to the south and conquering the
497:
483:
469:
444:
430:
271:• Songhai state emerges at
6250:Countries in precolonial Africa
3436:Ancient Kingdoms of West Africa
3309:"Songhay Under Askia the Great"
3213:Dalgleish, David (April 2005).
3165:
3134:
3122:
3077:
3046:
3027:
2993:
2981:
2957:
2906:
2888:"The end of the Songhay empire"
2788:
2733:
2716:
2707:
2698:
2626:Empires of Medieval West Africa
1123:
860:The Cambridge History of Africa
685:
47:Territory of the Songhai Empire
3429:Timbouctou et l'empire songhay
3388:University of California Press
3273:. Cambridge University Press.
3141:Potholm, Christian P. (2010).
2945:Owen Jarus (21 January 2013).
2913:Stoller, Paul (15 June 1992),
2680:
2671:
2646:
2633:
2578:
2553:
1369:, with the kingdom possessing
1183:of Tademekat and chief of the
1171:, governor of the province of
760:, leather, dates, and ivory.
1:
2764:Willard, Alice (1993-04-01).
2726:Aspects of West African Islam
2542:
1420:
556:
296:
278:
121:Traditional African religions
31:
3459:The Story of Africa: Songhay
2860:"Kingdoms of Africa - Niger"
2547:
2289:Askia Muhammad II (al-Hajj)
996:Decline and Saadian Invasion
815:
7:
6265:Lists of monarchs in Africa
4760:
3061:University Press of America
2666:Levtzion & Hopkins 2000
2490:
2338:
2335:
2332:
2176:
2173:
2170:
1969:
1966:
1963:
1608:
1605:
1602:
1477:
1465:
1041:and eight English cannons.
926:Sonni Ali was succeeded by
736:and settled in the town of
10:
6296:
4030:History of the Mali Empire
3205:
2969:World History Encyclopedia
2478:Boumi (Askia Kodama Komi)
1287:
1278:
1175:, and in the north by the
999:
904:
819:
689:
657:
648:
6196:
6148:
5665:
5069:
4768:
4520:
4444:
4387:
4324:
4315:
4283:
4274:
4200:
4191:
4127:
4118:
4005:
3937:
3815:
3806:
3764:
3755:
3681:
3672:
3620:
3611:
3600:
3512:
3186:African States and Rulers
3040:Columbia University Press
1590:African States and Rulers
409:
390:
382:
377:
373:
360:
346:
333:
319:
305:
289:• Independence from
287:
269:
265:
255:
251:
239:
227:
215:
203:
191:
179:
167:
155:
143:
139:
129:
108:
62:
52:
40:
30:
23:
6255:Former empires in Africa
3349:Taagepera, Rein (1979).
3149:Rowman & Littlefield
2890:. In Ogot, B. A. (ed.).
2822:Loimeier, Roman (2013).
2801:. Taylor & Francis.
2623:David C. Conrad (2009).
2585:Meyerowitz, Eva (1972).
1957:Songhai Sunnis (Sheikhs)
1486:(admiral), a cavalry of
1027:Sultan Ahmad I al-Mansur
1023:Battle of Alcácer Quibir
614:and gain control of the
3469:(in English and Arabic)
3315:. Black Classic Press.
2795:Meri, Josef W. (2006).
1116:and further south, the
784:Following the death of
639:
25:Zaghai (Songhai) Empire
3537:Sultanate of Damagaram
3288:Hunwick, John (1988).
3184:Stewart, John (2005).
3034:Hunwick, John (1976).
2864:www.historyfiles.co.uk
1316:Overland trade in the
1313:
1065:
940:
923:
893:
882:
876:and went with them to
782:
636:
6173:Medieval great powers
4080:2012 Tuareg rebellion
3577:2005–2006 food crisis
3265:Iliffe, John (2007).
2238:Askia Mohammad Benkan
2118:Mar Fai Kolli-Djimbo
1432:home affairs minister
1295:
1063:
1000:Further information:
948:Five Pillars of Islam
936:
914:
905:Further information:
887:
865:
820:Further information:
796:. Mari Djata, Musa's
777:
690:Further information:
658:Further information:
628:
63:Common languages
6183:European colonialism
6168:Ancient great powers
4154:Environmental issues
3420:Shillington, Kevin.
3413:Isichei, Elizabeth.
2886:Abitbol, M. (1992).
2052:Bukar Dalla Boyonbo
1596:Songhai Dias (Kings)
979:weights and measures
890:Timbuktu Manuscripts
580:, was overthrown by
479:Pashalik of Timbuktu
6178:Modern great powers
4095:Ebola disease event
3532:Sultanate of Agadez
3461:— BBC World Service
3441:Gomez, Michael A.,
3095:, pp. 199–200.
3042:. pp. 264–301.
2467:Bassarou Missi Izé
986:trans-Saharan trade
616:trans-Saharan trade
612:conquer the Songhai
4630:Mahdiyya caliphate
4293:Telecommunications
4045:Kénédougou Kingdom
3915:Seasonal migration
3784:Telecommunications
3551:Tuareg rebellions
3547:French West Africa
3243:African Beginnings
3001:Shillington, Kevin
2559:Bethwell A. Ogot,
1823:Biyai Kaina Kimba
1790:Hen Kon Wanko Dam
1314:
1225:, Dogon, Berbers,
1066:
924:
894:
637:
282: 7th century
6270:Sahelian kingdoms
6260:History of Africa
6222:
6221:
6144:
6143:
6109:Polish–Lithuanian
5284:Gurjara-Pratihara
4728:
4727:
4514:Sahelian kingdoms
4480:
4479:
4440:
4439:
4354:Human trafficking
4311:
4310:
4270:
4269:
4247:Political parties
4242:National Assembly
4215:Foreign relations
4187:
4186:
4060:Toucouleur Empire
4020:Pre-Imperial Mali
3961:
3960:
3933:
3932:
3880:List of Nigeriens
3865:Human trafficking
3802:
3801:
3751:
3750:
3733:Political parties
3728:National Assembly
3696:Foreign relations
3668:
3667:
3582:COVID-19 pandemic
3422:History of Africa
3359:Levtzion, Nehemia
3280:978-0-521-68297-8
2656:| Page 36 (xxxvi)
2527:Songhai languages
2488:
2487:
2323:
2322:
2303:15 December 1586
2295:15 December 1586
2213:
2161:
2160:
2085:Muhammad Konkiya
2019:Bar Kaina Ankabi
1954:
1953:
1735:Yama Danka Kibao
1578:Battle of Tondibi
1544:, was led by the
1523:interior minister
1462:, among others.
1051:Battle of Tondibi
1016:war of succession
855:Tarikh al-fattash
678:
654:Early inhabitants
620:Battle of Tondibi
529:historiographical
513:
512:
509:
508:
505:
504:
457:
456:
241:• 1588–1592
229:• 1549–1582
217:• 1539–1549
205:• 1537–1539
193:• 1531–1537
181:• 1529–1531
169:• 1493–1528
157:• 1492–1493
145:• 1464–1492
35: 1430s–1591
6287:
6025:
6024:
5690:Austro-Hungarian
5390:Chagatai Khanate
4755:
4748:
4741:
4732:
4731:
4507:
4500:
4493:
4484:
4483:
4460:
4453:
4322:
4321:
4281:
4280:
4198:
4197:
4125:
4124:
4065:Wassoulou Empire
3988:
3981:
3974:
3965:
3964:
3946:
3813:
3812:
3762:
3761:
3679:
3678:
3618:
3617:
3606:
3587:2023 coup d'état
3498:
3491:
3484:
3475:
3474:
3470:
3427:Cissoko, S. M.,
3401:
3376:
3354:
3345:
3326:
3303:
3284:
3272:
3261:
3236:
3234:
3233:
3219:
3200:
3199:
3181:
3175:
3169:
3163:
3162:
3138:
3132:
3126:
3120:
3114:
3108:
3102:
3096:
3093:Lady Lugard 1997
3090:
3084:
3081:
3075:
3074:
3050:
3044:
3043:
3031:
3025:
3024:
3013:. p. 1589.
2997:
2991:
2985:
2979:
2978:
2976:
2975:
2965:"Songhai Empire"
2961:
2955:
2954:
2942:
2936:
2935:
2934:
2933:
2910:
2904:
2903:
2901:
2899:
2883:
2874:
2873:
2871:
2870:
2856:
2847:
2846:
2844:
2842:
2819:
2813:
2812:
2792:
2786:
2785:
2761:
2740:
2737:
2731:
2730:
2720:
2714:
2711:
2705:
2702:
2696:
2695:
2684:
2678:
2675:
2669:
2663:
2657:
2650:
2644:
2643:| Page 35 (xxxv)
2637:
2631:
2630:
2620:
2607:
2606:
2597:(1/2): 161–175.
2582:
2576:
2570:
2564:
2557:
2330:
2329:
2211:
2209:Askia Muhammad I
2200:6 November 1492
2190:6 November 1492
2168:
2167:
2164:Songhai Emperors
1961:
1960:
1834:Kaina Shinyunbo
1600:
1599:
1458:writers such as
1411:Assara-munitions
1397:. An additional
1377:Criminal justice
1362:prisoners of war
1350:Askia Muhammad I
897:wealth of Mali.
726:History of Sudan
677:
561:
558:
501:
500:
487:
486:
473:
472:
461:
460:
448:
447:
434:
433:
427:
426:
411:
410:
301:
298:
283:
280:
260:Early Modern Era
45:
36:
33:
21:
20:
6295:
6294:
6290:
6289:
6288:
6286:
6285:
6284:
6245:Ancient peoples
6225:
6224:
6223:
6218:
6207:American Empire
6192:
6188:African empires
6140:
6023:
5715:Central African
5661:
5479:Romano-Germanic
5065:
4799:Middle Assyrian
4772:
4764:
4759:
4729:
4724:
4516:
4511:
4481:
4476:
4463:
4456:
4449:
4436:
4432:Public holidays
4383:
4307:
4266:
4232:Law enforcement
4183:
4114:
4075:Mali Federation
4001:
3992:
3962:
3957:
3949:
3942:
3929:
3905:Public holidays
3798:
3747:
3718:Law enforcement
3664:
3607:
3598:
3508:
3502:
3468:
3455:
3450:
3409:
3407:Further reading
3404:
3398:
3373:
3342:
3323:
3300:
3281:
3258:
3231:
3229:
3217:
3208:
3203:
3196:
3182:
3178:
3170:
3166:
3159:
3151:. p. 107.
3139:
3135:
3131:, p. 81-82
3127:
3123:
3115:
3111:
3103:
3099:
3091:
3087:
3082:
3078:
3071:
3051:
3047:
3032:
3028:
3021:
2998:
2994:
2986:
2982:
2973:
2971:
2963:
2962:
2958:
2943:
2939:
2931:
2929:
2927:
2911:
2907:
2897:
2895:
2884:
2877:
2868:
2866:
2858:
2857:
2850:
2840:
2838:
2836:
2820:
2816:
2809:
2793:
2789:
2762:
2743:
2738:
2734:
2721:
2717:
2712:
2708:
2703:
2699:
2686:
2685:
2681:
2676:
2672:
2664:
2660:
2651:
2647:
2638:
2634:
2621:
2610:
2583:
2579:
2575:, pp. 497.
2571:
2567:
2558:
2554:
2550:
2545:
2532:Songhai country
2493:
2445:Fodi Maÿroumfa
2328:
2229:26 August 1528
2219:26 August 1528
2166:
2151:Suleiman Daman
1959:
1801:Biyai Koi Kimi
1598:
1586:
1488:mounted archers
1480:
1468:
1423:
1379:
1290:
1281:
1215:ethnolinguistic
1126:
1004:
998:
932:Tarikh al-Sudan
928:Askia the Great
909:
907:Askia the Great
903:
901:Askia the Great
824:
818:
721:Tarikh al-Sudan
698:
688:
674:cailcedrat tree
662:
656:
651:
642:
634:
559:
525:African empires
498:
484:
470:
445:
431:
405:
366:
353:
339:
326:
312:
299:
293:
281:
275:
242:
230:
218:
206:
194:
182:
174:Askia the Great
170:
158:
146:
125:
104:
48:
34:
26:
17:
12:
11:
5:
6293:
6283:
6282:
6277:
6275:Songhai Empire
6272:
6267:
6262:
6257:
6252:
6247:
6242:
6237:
6220:
6219:
6217:
6216:
6215:
6214:
6209:
6200:
6198:
6194:
6193:
6191:
6190:
6185:
6180:
6175:
6170:
6165:
6164:
6163:
6152:
6150:
6146:
6145:
6142:
6141:
6139:
6138:
6133:
6128:
6123:
6118:
6117:
6116:
6106:
6101:
6096:
6091:
6086:
6081:
6076:
6071:
6066:
6061:
6060:
6059:
6054:
6044:
6039:
6033:
6031:
6022:
6021:
6020:
6019:
6014:
6009:
6004:
5999:
5989:
5984:
5983:
5982:
5972:
5967:
5966:
5965:
5960:
5955:
5945:
5940:
5939:
5938:
5933:
5923:
5922:
5921:
5916:
5911:
5906:
5901:
5891:
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5119:
5111:
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5071:Post-classical
5067:
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4909:
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4870:Middle Kingdom
4867:
4857:
4852:
4851:
4850:
4845:
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4830:
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4826:Neo-Babylonian
4823:
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4808:
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4645:Mossi kingdoms
4642:
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4607:
4602:
4600:Hausa kingdoms
4597:
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4356:
4351:
4346:
4341:
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4329:Child marriage
4325:
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4313:
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4309:
4308:
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4300:
4295:
4290:
4284:
4278:
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4264:
4262:Vice President
4259:
4257:Prime Minister
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4212:
4207:
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4164:National parks
4161:
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4151:
4146:
4141:
4134:
4128:
4122:
4116:
4115:
4113:
4112:
4107:
4102:
4097:
4092:
4087:
4082:
4077:
4072:
4067:
4062:
4057:
4055:Massina Empire
4052:
4047:
4042:
4037:
4035:Songhai Empire
4032:
4027:
4022:
4017:
4011:
4009:
4003:
4002:
3991:
3990:
3983:
3976:
3968:
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3779:Oil and mining
3776:
3771:
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3749:
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3746:
3745:
3743:Prime Minister
3740:
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3693:
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3652:
3650:National parks
3647:
3645:Extreme points
3642:
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3609:
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3549:
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3529:
3524:
3522:Songhai Empire
3518:
3516:
3510:
3509:
3507: articles
3501:
3500:
3493:
3486:
3478:
3472:
3471:
3462:
3454:
3453:External links
3451:
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3209:
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3194:
3176:
3164:
3157:
3133:
3121:
3119:, pp. 72.
3109:
3105:Dalgleish 2005
3097:
3085:
3076:
3069:
3063:. p. 79.
3045:
3026:
3019:
2992:
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2848:
2834:
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2715:
2706:
2697:
2679:
2670:
2668:, p. 300.
2658:
2645:
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2608:
2577:
2573:Taagepera 1979
2565:
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2544:
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2514:
2509:
2507:Askiya dynasty
2504:
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2349:14 April 1591
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2327:
2324:
2321:
2320:
2319:14 April 1591
2317:
2314:
2312:Askia Ishaq II
2308:
2307:
2304:
2301:
2300:Muhammad Bani
2297:
2296:
2293:
2290:
2286:
2285:
2282:
2281:25 March 1549
2279:
2273:
2272:
2271:25 March 1549
2269:
2266:
2260:
2259:
2256:
2255:22 April 1537
2253:
2247:
2246:
2245:22 April 1537
2243:
2242:12 April 1531
2240:
2234:
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2232:12 April 1531
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2100:
2097:
2096:Muhammad Fari
2093:
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2038:
2037:
2034:
2031:
2027:
2026:
2023:
2020:
2016:
2015:
2012:
2009:
2008:Uthman Kanafa
2005:
2004:
2001:
1998:
1997:Ibrahim Kabay
1994:
1993:
1990:
1987:
1983:
1982:
1979:
1976:
1972:
1971:
1968:
1965:
1958:
1955:
1952:
1951:
1948:
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1937:
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1713:Yama Karaonia
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1597:
1594:
1585:
1584:List of rulers
1582:
1479:
1476:
1472:Askiya dynasty
1467:
1464:
1422:
1419:
1378:
1375:
1289:
1286:
1280:
1277:
1263:riders of the
1243:Soninke people
1210:
1209:
1202:Hausa kingdoms
1193:
1192:
1155:
1154:
1125:
1122:
1047:Askia Ishaq II
997:
994:
960:Sankore Mosque
902:
899:
817:
814:
786:Mansa Sulayman
687:
684:
660:Songhai people
655:
652:
650:
647:
641:
638:
631:Songhai Empire
629:Extent of the
600:Askia Ishaq II
533:Songhai people
517:Songhai Empire
511:
510:
507:
506:
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502:
495:
489:
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467:
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370:
367:
361:
358:
357:
354:
347:
344:
343:
340:
334:
331:
330:
327:
323:Askiya dynasty
320:
317:
316:
313:
306:
303:
302:
294:
288:
285:
284:
276:
270:
267:
266:
263:
262:
257:
256:Historical era
253:
252:
249:
248:
246:Askia Ishaq II
243:
240:
237:
236:
231:
228:
225:
224:
219:
216:
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66:
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59:
54:
50:
49:
46:
38:
37:
28:
27:
24:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
6292:
6281:
6278:
6276:
6273:
6271:
6268:
6266:
6263:
6261:
6258:
6256:
6253:
6251:
6248:
6246:
6243:
6241:
6238:
6236:
6233:
6232:
6230:
6213:
6212:Soviet empire
6210:
6208:
6205:
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6201:
6199:
6197:Miscellaneous
6195:
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5811:
5809:
5806:
5802:
5799:
5797:
5796:German Empire
5794:
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5536:Turco-Persian
5534:
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5514:
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5509:
5507:
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5499:
5497:
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5490:
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5408:
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5336:
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5324:
5321:
5317:
5314:
5312:
5309:
5307:
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5299:
5298:
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5294:
5290:
5287:
5285:
5282:
5280:
5277:
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5275:
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5270:
5267:
5265:
5262:
5260:
5257:
5255:
5252:
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5230:
5228:
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5211:
5208:
5206:
5203:
5201:
5198:
5196:
5193:
5192:
5191:
5188:
5184:
5181:
5179:
5176:
5175:
5174:
5171:
5167:
5164:
5162:
5159:
5157:
5154:
5152:
5149:
5148:
5147:
5144:
5142:
5139:
5135:
5132:
5131:
5130:
5127:
5123:
5120:
5118:
5115:
5114:
5112:
5110:
5107:
5105:
5102:
5100:
5097:
5095:
5092:
5090:
5087:
5085:
5082:
5080:
5077:
5076:
5074:
5072:
5068:
5060:
5057:
5056:
5055:
5052:
5050:
5047:
5043:
5040:
5038:
5035:
5034:
5033:
5030:
5026:
5023:
5022:
5021:
5018:
5014:
5011:
5009:
5006:
5004:
5001:
4999:
4996:
4994:
4991:
4989:
4986:
4985:
4984:
4981:
4979:
4976:
4974:
4971:
4967:
4964:
4962:
4959:
4957:
4954:
4952:
4949:
4948:
4947:
4944:
4940:
4937:
4935:
4932:
4931:
4930:
4927:
4925:
4922:
4918:
4915:
4913:
4910:
4908:
4905:
4903:
4900:
4898:
4895:
4894:
4893:
4890:
4888:
4885:
4883:
4880:
4876:
4873:
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4868:
4866:
4863:
4862:
4861:
4858:
4856:
4853:
4849:
4846:
4844:
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4839:
4836:
4835:
4834:
4831:
4827:
4824:
4822:
4819:
4817:
4814:
4813:
4812:
4809:
4805:
4802:
4800:
4797:
4796:
4795:
4792:
4790:
4787:
4785:
4782:
4781:
4779:
4776:
4771:
4767:
4763:
4756:
4751:
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4744:
4742:
4737:
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4733:
4721:
4718:
4716:
4713:
4711:
4708:
4706:
4703:
4701:
4698:
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4688:
4686:
4683:
4681:
4678:
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4673:
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4668:
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4633:
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4628:
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4618:
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4613:
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4608:
4606:
4603:
4601:
4598:
4596:
4593:
4591:
4588:
4586:
4583:
4581:
4578:
4576:
4573:
4571:
4568:
4566:
4563:
4561:
4558:
4556:
4553:
4551:
4548:
4546:
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4541:
4538:
4536:
4533:
4531:
4528:
4526:
4523:
4522:
4519:
4515:
4508:
4503:
4501:
4496:
4494:
4489:
4488:
4485:
4473:
4470:
4468:
4465:
4464:
4459:
4455:
4452:
4448:
4447:
4443:
4433:
4430:
4428:
4425:
4423:
4420:
4418:
4415:
4413:
4410:
4408:
4405:
4403:
4400:
4398:
4395:
4394:
4392:
4390:
4386:
4380:
4377:
4375:
4372:
4370:
4367:
4365:
4362:
4360:
4357:
4355:
4352:
4350:
4347:
4345:
4342:
4340:
4339:Ethnic groups
4337:
4335:
4332:
4330:
4327:
4326:
4323:
4320:
4318:
4314:
4304:
4301:
4299:
4296:
4294:
4291:
4289:
4286:
4285:
4282:
4279:
4277:
4273:
4263:
4260:
4258:
4255:
4253:
4250:
4248:
4245:
4243:
4240:
4238:
4235:
4233:
4230:
4226:
4223:
4222:
4221:
4218:
4216:
4213:
4211:
4208:
4206:
4203:
4202:
4199:
4196:
4194:
4190:
4180:
4177:
4175:
4172:
4170:
4167:
4165:
4162:
4160:
4157:
4155:
4152:
4150:
4147:
4145:
4142:
4140:
4139:
4135:
4133:
4130:
4129:
4126:
4123:
4121:
4117:
4111:
4108:
4106:
4103:
4101:
4100:2020 protests
4098:
4096:
4093:
4091:
4088:
4086:
4083:
4081:
4078:
4076:
4073:
4071:
4068:
4066:
4063:
4061:
4058:
4056:
4053:
4051:
4048:
4046:
4043:
4041:
4040:Bamana Empire
4038:
4036:
4033:
4031:
4028:
4026:
4023:
4021:
4018:
4016:
4013:
4012:
4010:
4008:
4004:
4000:
3996:
3989:
3984:
3982:
3977:
3975:
3970:
3969:
3966:
3954:
3951:
3950:
3945:
3941:
3940:
3936:
3926:
3923:
3921:
3918:
3916:
3913:
3911:
3908:
3906:
3903:
3901:
3898:
3896:
3893:
3891:
3888:
3886:
3883:
3881:
3878:
3876:
3873:
3871:
3868:
3866:
3863:
3861:
3858:
3856:
3853:
3851:
3848:
3846:
3843:
3841:
3838:
3836:
3833:
3831:
3828:
3826:
3823:
3821:
3818:
3817:
3814:
3811:
3809:
3805:
3795:
3792:
3790:
3787:
3785:
3782:
3780:
3777:
3775:
3772:
3770:
3767:
3766:
3763:
3760:
3758:
3754:
3744:
3741:
3739:
3736:
3734:
3731:
3729:
3726:
3724:
3721:
3719:
3716:
3712:
3709:
3707:
3704:
3703:
3702:
3699:
3697:
3694:
3692:
3689:
3687:
3684:
3683:
3680:
3677:
3675:
3671:
3661:
3658:
3656:
3653:
3651:
3648:
3646:
3643:
3641:
3638:
3636:
3633:
3631:
3628:
3626:
3623:
3622:
3619:
3616:
3614:
3610:
3605:
3593:
3590:
3589:
3588:
3585:
3583:
3580:
3578:
3575:
3571:
3568:
3566:
3563:
3561:
3558:
3556:
3553:
3552:
3550:
3548:
3545:
3543:
3542:Dosso Kingdom
3540:
3538:
3535:
3533:
3530:
3528:
3525:
3523:
3520:
3519:
3517:
3515:
3511:
3506:
3499:
3494:
3492:
3487:
3485:
3480:
3479:
3476:
3466:
3463:
3460:
3457:
3456:
3446:
3445:
3440:
3437:
3433:
3431:, Paris 1975.
3430:
3426:
3423:
3419:
3416:
3412:
3411:
3399:
3397:9780520066991
3393:
3389:
3385:
3384:
3378:
3374:
3372:1-55876-241-8
3368:
3364:
3360:
3356:
3352:
3347:
3343:
3341:0-8130-0981-2
3337:
3333:
3328:
3324:
3322:0-933121-92-X
3318:
3314:
3310:
3305:
3301:
3299:90-04-12822-0
3295:
3291:
3286:
3282:
3276:
3271:
3270:
3263:
3259:
3257:0-688-10256-5
3253:
3249:
3245:
3244:
3238:
3227:
3223:
3216:
3211:
3210:
3197:
3195:0-7864-2562-8
3191:
3187:
3180:
3173:
3168:
3160:
3158:9781442201309
3154:
3150:
3146:
3145:
3137:
3130:
3125:
3118:
3113:
3106:
3101:
3094:
3089:
3080:
3072:
3070:9780819179418
3066:
3062:
3058:
3057:
3049:
3041:
3037:
3030:
3022:
3020:9781135456702
3016:
3012:
3008:
3007:
3002:
2996:
2989:
2984:
2970:
2966:
2960:
2952:
2948:
2941:
2928:
2926:9780226775463
2922:
2918:
2917:
2909:
2893:
2889:
2882:
2880:
2865:
2861:
2855:
2853:
2837:
2835:9780253007971
2831:
2827:
2826:
2818:
2810:
2808:9780415966924
2804:
2800:
2799:
2791:
2783:
2779:
2776:(28): 88–89.
2775:
2771:
2767:
2760:
2758:
2756:
2754:
2752:
2750:
2748:
2746:
2736:
2728:
2727:
2719:
2710:
2701:
2693:
2689:
2683:
2674:
2667:
2662:
2655:
2649:
2642:
2636:
2628:
2627:
2619:
2617:
2615:
2613:
2604:
2600:
2596:
2592:
2588:
2581:
2574:
2569:
2562:
2556:
2552:
2538:
2535:
2533:
2530:
2528:
2525:
2523:
2522:Dendi Kingdom
2520:
2518:
2515:
2513:
2512:Saadi dynasty
2510:
2508:
2505:
2503:
2502:Sonni dynasty
2500:
2498:
2495:
2494:
2483:
2480:
2477:
2476:
2472:
2469:
2466:
2465:
2461:
2458:
2455:
2454:
2450:
2447:
2444:
2443:
2439:
2436:
2434:Samsou Keïna
2433:
2432:
2428:
2425:
2422:
2421:
2417:
2414:
2411:
2410:
2406:
2403:
2400:
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2362:
2359:
2356:
2355:
2351:
2348:
2346:
2343:
2342:
2331:
2318:
2316:9 April 1588
2315:
2313:
2310:
2309:
2306:9 April 1588
2305:
2302:
2299:
2298:
2294:
2291:
2288:
2287:
2283:
2280:
2278:
2275:
2274:
2270:
2267:
2265:
2264:Askia Ishaq I
2262:
2261:
2258:2 March 1539
2257:
2254:
2252:
2249:
2248:
2244:
2241:
2239:
2236:
2235:
2231:
2228:
2226:
2223:
2222:
2218:
2216:3 March 1493
2215:
2212:(First Reign)
2210:
2207:
2206:
2202:
2199:
2197:
2194:
2193:
2189:
2186:
2184:
2181:
2180:
2169:
2156:
2153:
2150:
2149:
2145:
2142:
2139:
2138:
2134:
2131:
2128:
2127:
2123:
2120:
2117:
2116:
2112:
2109:
2106:
2105:
2101:
2098:
2095:
2094:
2090:
2087:
2084:
2083:
2079:
2076:
2074:Muhammad Dao
2073:
2072:
2068:
2065:
2062:
2061:
2057:
2054:
2051:
2050:
2046:
2043:
2040:
2039:
2035:
2032:
2029:
2028:
2024:
2021:
2018:
2017:
2013:
2010:
2007:
2006:
2002:
1999:
1996:
1995:
1991:
1988:
1985:
1984:
1980:
1977:
1974:
1973:
1962:
1949:
1946:
1943:
1942:
1938:
1935:
1932:
1931:
1927:
1924:
1921:
1920:
1916:
1913:
1910:
1909:
1905:
1902:
1899:
1898:
1894:
1891:
1888:
1887:
1883:
1880:
1877:
1876:
1872:
1869:
1866:
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1858:
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1854:
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1839:
1836:
1833:
1832:
1828:
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1822:
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1817:
1814:
1811:
1810:
1806:
1803:
1800:
1799:
1795:
1792:
1789:
1788:
1784:
1781:
1779:Kosai Dariya
1778:
1777:
1773:
1770:
1767:
1766:
1762:
1759:
1756:
1755:
1751:
1748:
1745:
1744:
1740:
1737:
1734:
1733:
1729:
1726:
1723:
1722:
1718:
1715:
1712:
1711:
1707:
1704:
1701:
1700:
1696:
1693:
1690:
1689:
1685:
1682:
1679:
1678:
1674:
1671:
1668:
1667:
1663:
1660:
1657:
1656:
1652:
1649:
1646:
1645:
1641:
1638:
1635:
1634:
1630:
1627:
1624:
1623:
1619:
1616:
1613:
1612:
1601:
1593:
1591:
1581:
1579:
1574:
1570:
1566:
1562:
1559:, led by the
1558:
1553:
1551:
1547:
1543:
1539:
1534:
1532:
1528:
1524:
1520:
1516:
1512:
1508:
1504:
1499:
1497:
1496:camel cavalry
1493:
1489:
1485:
1475:
1473:
1463:
1461:
1460:Leo Africanus
1457:
1451:
1447:
1445:
1441:
1437:
1433:
1429:
1418:
1416:
1412:
1407:
1403:
1400:
1396:
1392:
1391:
1386:
1385:
1374:
1372:
1368:
1363:
1358:
1353:
1351:
1347:
1342:
1338:
1336:
1332:
1328:
1322:
1319:
1311:
1307:
1303:
1299:
1294:
1285:
1276:
1274:
1270:
1266:
1262:
1259:
1254:
1252:
1251:Yoruba people
1248:
1244:
1240:
1236:
1232:
1228:
1224:
1220:
1219:Mandé peoples
1216:
1207:
1203:
1199:
1195:
1194:
1190:
1189:Camel cavalry
1186:
1182:
1178:
1174:
1170:
1165:
1161:
1157:
1156:
1152:
1148:
1144:
1140:
1136:
1132:
1131:
1130:
1121:
1119:
1115:
1111:
1107:
1103:
1099:
1095:
1091:
1087:
1083:
1079:
1075:
1071:
1062:
1058:
1056:
1055:Saadi dynasty
1052:
1048:
1042:
1040:
1036:
1032:
1031:Saadi dynasty
1028:
1024:
1019:
1017:
1013:
1009:
1003:
993:
991:
987:
982:
980:
974:
971:
966:
963:
962:in Timbuktu.
961:
956:
953:
949:
945:
939:
935:
933:
929:
922:
918:
917:Tomb of Askia
913:
908:
898:
891:
886:
881:
879:
875:
871:
864:
862:
861:
856:
851:
849:
844:
840:
835:
833:
829:
823:
813:
811:
807:
806:Sonni dynasty
803:
799:
798:kankoro-sigui
795:
791:
790:Mari Djata II
787:
781:
776:
774:
770:
766:
761:
759:
754:
753:North African
750:
749:Sahara Desert
746:
741:
739:
735:
731:
727:
723:
722:
717:
713:
709:
708:
703:
697:
693:
683:
679:
675:
671:
667:
661:
646:
632:
627:
623:
621:
617:
613:
609:
605:
601:
597:
595:
591:
590:Askia Ishaq I
585:
583:
582:Muhammad Ture
579:
574:
572:
567:
566:(1493–1591).
565:
564:Askia dynasty
554:
553:Sonni dynasty
550:
546:
542:
538:
534:
530:
526:
522:
518:
496:
494:
493:Dendi Kingdom
491:
490:
482:
480:
477:
476:
468:
466:
465:Saadi dynasty
463:
462:
459:
453:
450:
443:
442:
439:
436:
429:
428:
425:
424:
421:
418:
416:
413:
412:
408:
401:
399:
396:
395:
393:
389:
385:
381:
376:
372:
368:
365:
359:
355:
351:
345:
341:
338:
332:
328:
324:
318:
314:
310:
309:Sonni dynasty
304:
295:
292:
286:
277:
274:
268:
264:
261:
258:
254:
250:
247:
244:
238:
235:
232:
226:
223:
222:Askia Ishaq I
220:
214:
211:
210:Askia Isma'il
208:
202:
199:
196:
190:
187:
184:
178:
175:
172:
166:
163:
160:
154:
151:
148:
142:
138:
134:
132:
128:
122:
119:
117:
114:
113:
111:
107:
101:
98:
96:
93:
91:
88:
86:
83:
81:
78:
76:
73:
71:
68:
67:
65:
61:
58:
55:
51:
44:
39:
29:
22:
19:
5963:Contemporary
5813:Indo-Persian
5801:Nazi Germany
5745:Contemporary
5647:Vijayanagara
5546:Great Seljuk
5505:
5457:Thessalonica
5385:Golden Horde
5025:Carthaginian
4804:Neo-Assyrian
4789:Neo-Sumerian
4684:
4364:Prostitution
4334:Demographics
4220:Human rights
4205:Constitution
4136:
4070:French Sudan
4034:
4015:Ghana Empire
3900:Prostitution
3840:Demographics
3830:Coat of arms
3701:Human rights
3686:Constitution
3527:Bornu Empire
3521:
3442:
3435:
3428:
3421:
3414:
3382:
3362:
3350:
3331:
3312:
3289:
3268:
3242:
3230:. Retrieved
3225:
3221:
3185:
3179:
3174:, p. 83
3167:
3143:
3136:
3124:
3112:
3100:
3088:
3079:
3055:
3048:
3038:. New York:
3035:
3029:
3005:
2995:
2990:, p. 79
2983:
2972:. Retrieved
2968:
2959:
2951:Live Science
2940:
2930:, retrieved
2915:
2908:
2898:16 September
2896:. Retrieved
2891:
2867:. Retrieved
2863:
2839:. Retrieved
2824:
2817:
2797:
2790:
2773:
2769:
2735:
2725:
2718:
2709:
2700:
2691:
2682:
2673:
2661:
2654:John Hunwick
2648:
2641:John Hunwick
2635:
2625:
2594:
2590:
2580:
2568:
2560:
2555:
2537:Songhaiborai
2412:Samsou-Béri
2345:Muhammad Gao
2336:Reign Start
2292:August 1582
2284:August 1582
2251:Askia Ismail
2174:Reign Start
2140:Mar Arandan
2041:Bukar Zonko
1986:Salman Nari
1967:Reign Start
1680:Biyai Komai
1606:Reign Start
1589:
1587:
1568:
1564:
1560:
1556:
1554:
1545:
1541:
1537:
1535:
1518:
1515:tongue farma
1514:
1510:
1506:
1502:
1500:
1483:
1481:
1469:
1452:
1448:
1443:
1439:
1435:
1427:
1424:
1414:
1410:
1405:
1404:
1398:
1388:
1382:
1380:
1371:craft guilds
1367:trade unions
1354:
1345:
1343:
1339:
1323:
1315:
1282:
1267:coming from
1261:Nilo-Saharan
1255:
1211:
1197:
1176:
1168:
1159:
1150:
1138:
1137:, where the
1134:
1127:
1124:Organization
1067:
1043:
1039:arquebusiers
1020:
1005:
983:
975:
967:
964:
957:
950:by taking a
941:
937:
931:
925:
895:
866:
858:
852:
843:Dogon people
836:
832:Dendi people
825:
797:
783:
778:
762:
742:
725:
719:
715:
711:
705:
699:
686:Gao and Mali
680:
663:
643:
630:
598:
586:
575:
568:
539:established
516:
514:
420:Succeeded by
419:
414:
398:Cowry shells
300: 1430s
198:Askia Benkan
18:
5551:Khwarezmian
5484:Carolingian
5289:Rashtrakuta
4993:Shaishunaga
4892:Hellenistic
4875:New Kingdom
4865:Old Kingdom
4620:Kanem–Bornu
4570:Futa Jallon
4288:Foreign aid
4225:LGBT rights
4025:Mali Empire
3875:LGBT rights
3706:LGBT rights
3640:Departments
3434:Lange, D.,
3117:Iliffe 2007
2688:"Sonni Ali"
2517:Mali Empire
2277:Askia Daoud
2129:Mar Arkena
1922:Zenko Baro
1889:Bir Foloko
1724:Yama Dombo
1444:Korey Farma
1440:Kalisa farm
1436:Fari Mondzo
1337:, and Gao.
1312:Goldfields.
1273:Niger-Congo
1269:East Africa
1247:Akan people
1169:Tondi farma
1072:in current
1035:Judar Pasha
1014:in 1583, a
1012:Askia Daoud
769:Ibn Battuta
765:Mali Empire
635:circa 1500.
608:Judar Pasha
594:Askia Daoud
571:Mali Empire
560: 1464
438:Mali Empire
415:Preceded by
291:Mali Empire
234:Askia Daoud
116:Sunni Islam
6229:Categories
6121:Portuguese
6002:Revival Le
5992:Vietnamese
5635:Later Tran
5605:Vietnamese
5501:Singhasari
5489:Holy Roman
5113:Bulgarian
5049:Satavahana
5020:Phoenician
4956:Achaemenid
4917:Indo-Greek
4897:Macedonian
4811:Babylonian
4695:Toucouleur
4595:Great Fulo
4412:Literature
3232:2011-06-26
2974:2021-08-15
2932:2021-06-03
2869:2020-01-23
2692:Britannica
2543:References
2497:Za dynasty
2339:Reign End
2225:Askia Musa
2196:Sonni Baru
2177:Reign End
2063:Mar Kirai
1975:Ali Konon
1970:Reign End
1933:Bisi Baro
1812:Nintasani
1691:Biyai Bei
1609:Reign End
1573:chain mail
1569:dendi fari
1538:nyay hurry
1421:Government
1151:Kurma Fari
1008:Askia Musa
730:Za dynasty
696:Gao Empire
692:Za dynasty
578:Sonni Bāru
452:Gao Empire
402:gold coins
186:Askia Musa
162:Sonni Bāru
6114:Couronian
5752:Ethiopian
5740:Manchukuo
5695:Brazilian
5541:Ghaznavid
5511:Srivijaya
5462:Trebizond
5447:Byzantine
5429:North Sea
5424:Norwegian
5412:Almoravid
5395:Ilkhanate
5365:Majapahit
5338:Muromachi
5247:Solomonic
5232:Ethiopian
5146:Caliphate
5079:Aragonese
4907:Ptolemaic
4715:Wassoulou
4575:Futa Toro
4359:Languages
4344:Education
4303:Transport
4252:President
4210:Elections
4159:Mountains
4120:Geography
4110:2021 coup
4105:2020 coup
4085:2012 coup
3870:Languages
3845:Education
3794:Transport
3769:Companies
3738:President
3691:Elections
3613:Geography
3565:2007–2009
3560:1990–1995
3555:1962–1964
3011:Routledge
2782:0733-4540
2591:Anthropos
2548:Citations
2390:Dawud II
2183:Sonni Ali
1878:Ali Koro
1856:Yama Dao
1768:Za Kosoi
1614:Alayaman
1265:Neolithic
1198:Dendifari
828:Sonni Ali
822:Sonni Ali
816:Sonni Ali
758:kola nuts
622:in 1591.
604:Al-Mansur
537:Sonni Ali
150:Sunni Ali
109:Religion
6094:Japanese
6057:Scottish
6037:American
6029:Colonial
5958:Imperial
5926:Moroccan
5862:Japanese
5840:Afsharid
5699:Burmese
5685:Austrian
5640:Later Le
5615:Early Le
5600:Venetian
5526:Tiwanaku
5439:Hellenic
5402:Moroccan
5333:Kamakura
5323:Japanese
5306:Saffarid
5259:Georgian
5173:Chalukya
5151:Rashidun
5141:Calakmul
5109:Bruneian
4988:Haryanka
4966:Sasanian
4961:Parthian
4912:Bactrian
4902:Seleucid
4882:Goguryeo
4860:Egyptian
4794:Assyrian
4784:Akkadian
4775:Colonies
4467:Category
4427:Polygamy
4369:Religion
4237:Military
4193:Politics
4179:Wildlife
4149:Communes
4090:Mali War
3999:articles
3953:Category
3910:Religion
3895:Polygamy
3774:Currency
3723:Military
3674:Politics
3660:Wildlife
3635:Communes
3248:48 Pages
3003:(2013).
2894:. UNESCO
2603:40458020
2491:See also
2423:Hargani
2379:Al-Amin
2107:Karbifo
1900:Yosiboi
1746:Kukorai
1669:Ali Fai
1592:(2005).
1494:, and a
1492:infantry
1478:Military
1466:Religion
1181:Amenokal
1177:Surgukoy
1078:Wanzarbe
780:of Mālī.
773:Timbuktu
756:slaves,
545:Timbuktu
391:Currency
6161:largest
6156:Empires
6136:Swedish
6131:Spanish
6126:Russian
6089:Italian
6064:Chinese
6052:English
6047:British
6042:Belgian
6017:Vietnam
6007:Tay son
5953:Tsarist
5948:Russian
5943:Ottoman
5909:Dzungar
5904:Khoshut
5877:Mexican
5872:Maratha
5855:Pahlavi
5835:Safavid
5830:Iranian
5757:Haitian
5720:Chinese
5680:Ashanti
5652:Wagadou
5578:Eastern
5573:Western
5556:Timurid
5516:Tibetan
5506:Songhai
5496:Serbian
5417:Almohad
5407:Idrisid
5311:Samanid
5301:Tahirid
5296:Iranian
5274:Kannauj
5254:Genoese
5190:Chinese
5183:Eastern
5178:Western
5166:Fatimid
5161:Abbasid
5156:Umayyad
5129:Burmese
5089:Ayyubid
5084:Angevin
5054:Xianbei
5042:Eastern
5037:Western
4983:Magadha
4946:Iranian
4939:Xiongnu
4924:Hittite
4833:Chinese
4821:Kassite
4770:Ancient
4762:Empires
4685:Songhai
4670:Shilluk
4640:Massina
4530:Bagirmi
4451:Outline
4397:Cuisine
4389:Culture
4374:Slavery
4317:Society
4298:Tourism
4276:Economy
4169:Regions
4138:Cercles
4132:Borders
4007:History
3944:Outline
3920:Slavery
3835:Cuisine
3808:Culture
3789:Tourism
3757:Economy
3711:Slavery
3655:Regions
3625:Borders
3514:History
3206:Sources
2841:7 April
2401:Ismail
1867:Fadazu
1757:Kenken
1628:c. 849
1625:Za Koi
1620:c. 849
1617:c. 837
1567:by the
1557:kurmina
1550:Berbers
1531:Ayourou
1456:Maghreb
1288:Economy
1279:Culture
1258:nomadic
1185:Berbers
1173:Hombori
1164:admiral
1106:Gorouol
1102:Kokorou
1086:Gothèye
1070:Songhai
1029:of the
990:Taghaza
955:gold".
944:mosques
874:Sankore
802:Takedda
794:Musa II
745:Sanhaja
649:History
335:•
325:begins
321:•
311:begins
307:•
131:Emperor
70:Songhai
53:Capital
6099:Mongol
6084:German
6079:French
6069:Danish
6012:Dainam
5987:Tongan
5975:Somali
5970:Sokoto
5936:'Alawi
5914:Kalmyk
5894:Mongol
5887:Second
5867:Korean
5818:Mughal
5808:Indian
5791:German
5784:Second
5774:French
5767:Second
5703:Second
5675:Afghan
5667:Modern
5593:Kyrgyz
5588:Uighur
5583:Second
5563:Turkic
5531:Toltec
5467:Epirus
5452:Nicaea
5375:Mongol
5328:Yamato
5264:Huetar
5122:Second
5059:Rouran
5008:Shunga
5003:Maurya
4978:Kushan
4951:Median
4929:Hunnic
4887:Harsha
4700:Tunjur
4690:Takrur
4680:Sokoto
4665:Sennar
4660:Saloum
4610:Kaarta
4560:Darfur
4550:Dagbon
4535:Bamana
4525:Alodia
4472:Portal
4349:Health
4174:Rivers
4144:Cities
4050:Kaarta
3997:
3860:Health
3825:Cinema
3820:Anthem
3630:Cities
3592:Crisis
3394:
3369:
3338:
3319:
3296:
3277:
3254:
3192:
3155:
3067:
3017:
2923:
2832:
2805:
2780:
2601:
2368:Harun
1702:Karai
1636:Takoi
1561:balama
1527:Kabara
1517:. The
1503:balama
1428:hi koy
1395:Qur'an
1390:Sharia
1357:castes
1335:Agades
1327:Fezzan
1308:, and
1298:Bambuk
1249:, and
1206:Ayorou
1179:, the
1162:, the
1147:Kabara
1139:Balama
1114:Namaro
1090:Dargol
1082:Ayerou
878:Walata
870:fuqaha
848:Djenné
738:Kukiya
718:. The
666:Kukiya
549:Djenné
135:
90:Fulani
80:Arabic
75:Tuareg
6149:Lists
6104:Omani
6074:Dutch
5980:Isaaq
5931:Saadi
5899:Oirat
5882:First
5850:Qajar
5779:First
5762:First
5735:China
5708:Third
5568:First
5521:Tikal
5472:Morea
5442:Roman
5360:Latin
5355:Khmer
5350:Kanem
5316:Buyid
5242:Zagwe
5237:Aksum
5227:Chola
5134:First
5117:First
5104:Bornu
5099:Benin
5094:Aztec
5032:Roman
5013:Gupta
4998:Nanda
4934:White
4710:Wadai
4705:Waalo
4655:Niumi
4650:Niani
4615:Kaabu
4605:Jolof
4590:Gobir
4585:Ghana
4565:Dendi
4545:Cayor
4458:Index
4422:Music
4417:Media
4402:Films
4379:Women
3925:Sport
3890:Music
3885:Media
3850:Films
3505:Niger
3218:(PDF)
2599:JSTOR
2484:1845
2481:1842
2473:1842
2470:1823
2462:1823
2459:1805
2456:Tomo
2451:1805
2448:1798
2440:1798
2437:1793
2429:1793
2426:1779
2418:1779
2415:1761
2407:1640
2404:1635
2396:1635
2393:1618
2385:1618
2382:1612
2374:1612
2371:1599
2363:1599
2360:1591
2352:1591
2333:Name
2268:1539
2203:1493
2187:1464
2171:Name
2157:1464
2154:1456
2146:1456
2143:1449
2135:1449
2132:1442
2124:1442
2121:1434
2113:1434
2110:1426
2102:1426
2099:1418
2091:1418
2088:1410
2080:1410
2077:1402
2069:1402
2066:1394
2058:1394
2055:1386
2047:1386
2044:1378
2036:1378
2033:1370
2030:Musa
2025:1370
2022:1362
2014:1362
2011:1354
2003:1354
2000:1347
1992:1347
1989:1340
1981:1340
1978:1332
1964:Name
1950:1332
1947:1325
1944:Bada
1939:1325
1936:1295
1928:1295
1925:1275
1917:1275
1914:1255
1911:Duro
1906:1255
1903:1235
1895:1235
1892:1215
1884:1215
1881:1196
1873:1196
1870:1177
1862:1177
1859:1158
1851:1158
1848:1139
1840:1139
1837:1120
1829:1120
1826:1101
1818:1101
1815:1082
1807:1082
1804:1063
1796:1063
1793:1044
1785:1044
1782:1025
1774:1025
1771:1005
1763:1005
1647:Akoi
1603:Name
1565:dendi
1511:wonky
1507:janky
1490:, an
1484:hikoy
1415:qadis
1406:Qadis
1384:qadis
1346:Julla
1331:Bilma
1318:Sahel
1239:Hausa
1235:Wolof
1191:army.
1160:Hikoy
1135:kurma
1118:Dendi
1110:Karma
1098:Sikié
1074:Niger
970:Jihad
839:Mossi
734:Yemen
707:Malik
702:Saney
521:Sahel
364:Dendi
350:Niger
100:Mooré
95:Hausa
85:Mande
5919:Bogd
5845:Zand
5823:Sikh
5730:Qing
5725:Ming
5657:Wari
5625:Tran
5610:Dinh
5380:Yuan
5370:Mali
5279:Pala
5269:Inca
5220:Yuan
5210:Song
5205:Liao
5200:Tang
4973:Kush
4855:Dʿmt
4720:Wuli
4675:Sine
4635:Mali
4625:Kong
4555:Daju
4540:Baol
4407:Flag
3995:Mali
3855:Flag
3570:2012
3392:ISBN
3367:ISBN
3336:ISBN
3317:ISBN
3294:ISBN
3275:ISBN
3252:ISBN
3190:ISBN
3153:ISBN
3065:ISBN
3015:ISBN
2921:ISBN
2900:2023
2843:2022
2830:ISBN
2803:ISBN
2778:ISSN
2357:Nuh
1845:Tib
1760:993
1752:993
1749:981
1741:981
1738:969
1730:969
1727:957
1719:957
1716:945
1708:945
1705:933
1697:933
1694:921
1686:921
1683:909
1675:909
1672:897
1664:897
1661:885
1653:885
1650:873
1642:873
1639:861
1631:861
1529:and
1519:hike
1399:qadi
1344:The
1329:via
1310:Akan
1306:Lobi
1302:Bure
1231:Fula
1227:Arab
1196:The
1143:Mali
1133:The
1094:Téra
952:hajj
915:The
888:The
810:Méma
743:The
716:zuwa
712:zuwa
694:and
640:Name
547:and
515:The
383:1550
378:Area
369:1901
356:1591
342:1591
329:1493
315:1468
5997:Mac
5434:Oyo
5343:Edo
5215:Jīn
5195:Sui
4848:Jin
4843:Han
4838:Qin
4580:Gao
3228:(1)
1658:Ku
1546:guy
1223:Gur
921:Gao
919:in
872:of
670:Gao
610:to
541:Gao
273:Gao
57:Gao
6231::
5630:Ho
5620:Ly
3390:.
3386:.
3311:.
3250:.
3224:.
3220:.
3147:.
3059:.
3009:.
2967:.
2949:.
2878:^
2862:.
2851:^
2774:28
2772:.
2768:.
2744:^
2690:.
2611:^
2595:67
2593:.
2589:.
1542:gu
1434:.
1417:.
1333:,
1304:,
1300:,
1253:.
1245:,
1241:,
1237:,
1233:,
1229:,
1221:,
1112:,
1108:,
1104:,
1100:,
1096:,
1092:,
1088:,
1084:,
1080:,
596:.
557:c.
535:.
297:c.
279:c.
32:c.
4777:)
4773:(
4754:e
4747:t
4740:v
4506:e
4499:t
4492:v
3987:e
3980:t
3973:v
3497:e
3490:t
3483:v
3400:.
3375:.
3344:.
3325:.
3302:.
3283:.
3260:.
3235:.
3226:1
3198:.
3161:.
3107:.
3073:.
3023:.
2977:.
2953:.
2902:.
2872:.
2845:.
2811:.
2784:.
2694:.
2629:.
2605:.
1208:.
724:(
633:,
555:(
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.