Gao - Knowledge

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façade, the mihrab forms a low projection ending in a conical point, but is not surmounted by a tower. Inside the mosque, the pillars are massive, there are no arcades and there are few mural decorations. Only the minaret stands out among these rather low buildings. In short, this group of mosques is mainly found in northern Mali and Niger and is the prerogative of the Songhay and Tuareg populations. It is characterised by a minaret, a low and projecting conical mihrab tower, the rarity of buttresses and battlements, and massive supports in the prayer hall, as in the mosques of Sankore and Sidi Yahya in Timbuktu and Tendirma in Mali.

1381: 73: 1650: 806:. Gao's climate is hot and dry, with the only rainfall occurring between June and September. August is normally the wettest month. The average annual rainfall is only 220 mm, but there are large year-to-year variations. May is the hottest month, with an average daily high temperature of 43 °C. December and January are the coolest months, with daily low temperatures of 15 °C. From October to March during the dry period, the north-easterly 3484: 57: 3835: 1637: 145: 907:(6 km to the east of the city) there are no surviving indigenous written records that date from before the middle of the 17th century. Our knowledge of the early history of the town relies on the writings of Arabic geographers living in Morocco, Egypt and Andalusia, most of whom never visited the region. These authors referred to the town as Kawkaw or Kuku. The two key 17th century chronicles, the 80: 3943: 1071: 1260:. What happened to the Zuwa rulers is not recorded, though royal epitaphs have been found in Kukiya which may indicate they took shelter there. Lange, again going against more long-established opinions, argues that the Za were in fact Malian vassals and the Sonni were the ones who took refuge in Kukiya. 923:

but they contain relatively little on the social and economic history. The chronicles do not, in general, acknowledge their sources. Their accounts for the earlier periods are almost certainly based on oral tradition and for events before the second half of the 15th century they are likely to be less

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In addition, the mosque tomb of Askia Muhammad, built between 1493 and 1538, displays unique architectural elements and extensive dimensions. Covering an area of some 2500 m, this large structure consisted of seven bays parallel to the qibla wall, with arcades resting on wide piers. The courtyard of

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On 26 June 2012, the tension came to all-out combat in Gao between the MNLA and MOJWA, with both sides firing heavy weapons. MNLA Secretary General Bilal ag Acherif was wounded in the battle. The MNLA were soon driven from the city, and from Kidal and Timbuktu shortly after. However, the MNLA stated

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Then I travelled to the town of Kawkaw, which is a great town on the Nīl , one of the finest, biggest, and most fertile cities of the Sūdān. There is much rice there, and milk, and chickens, and fish, and the cucumber, which has no like. Its people conduct their buying and selling with cowries, like

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the flood peaks in September, while in Gao the flood lasts longer and reaches a maximum in December. There is a large year-to-year variation in the extent of the flooding. The existing and proposed dams upstream of Gao reduce the overall flow of the river and could potentially have a large effect on

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reports that a survey conducted during the reign of Askiya Al-Hajj (1582–1586) found that there were 7,626 houses without counting the huts made of straw. Assuming each house was occupied by an average of 6 people, this would imply a population of around 45,000, making Gao one of the largest cities

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Furthermore, the absence of a mihrab niche in this mosque suggests its possible use by early Muslim communities, possibly Ismailis or Ibadis, reflecting the diverse religious landscape of the region at the time. Dating from the late twelfth to fourteenth centuries, the mosque is one of the oldest

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The mosques of the Niger Bend and the pre-Saharan steppe form a group corresponding to the northern extremity of the Sahel, in direct contact with the desert. The main façade of the mosques of the Niger Bend is smooth, with no vertical elements, and terraces with merlons are rare. On the external

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The town is very civilized compared to Timbuktu. Bread and meat are abundant, though you cannot find wine or fruits. Actually, melons, cucumbers, and excellent squash are plentiful, and there are enormous quantities of rice. There are many sweet water wells. There is a square where on market days

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Their king pretends before his subject to be a Muslim and most of them pretend to be Muslims too. He has a town on the Nile , on the eastern bank, which is called Sarnāh, where there are markets and trading houses and to which there is continuous traffic from all parts. He has another town to the

394:, a distance of 1380 km (860 mi), is managed by the Compagnie Malienne de Navigation (COMANAV). It usually operates from the end of July, after the annual rains when there is sufficient water in the river, until mid November. Smaller boats are able to operate for a longer season between 1004:

There is the kingdom of the Kawkaw, which is the greatest of the realms of the Sūdān, the most important and most powerful. All the kingdoms obey its king. Al-Kawkaw is the name of the town. Besides this there are a number of kingdoms of which the rulers pay allegiance to him and acknowledge his

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There is clear archaeological evidence that Gao was firmly rooted in both its local hinterland and interregional economic networks. Pottery recovered from all levels in both mounds is generally quite similar to examples from sites throughout the region, indicating that Gao was part of a regional

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In Old Gao, excavations. uncovered two monumental buildings dating from the early tenth century. One of these structures, believed to be a mosque, has dimensions that indicate its importance within the community. The dimensions of the mosque are approximately and include architectural elements

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Once the centre of the Songhay Empire and a bustling trading centre, Gao boasts a rich historical heritage in its three urban settlements: Gao Saney, Old Gao and Gao. Excavations in Gao Saney,the oldest settlement east of the modern city, revealed a royal cemetery decorated with epitaphs and

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the mosque, which was larger than the covered hall, had a minaret rising 12 metres in the centre. This distinctive minaret, decorated with toron, was similar to Ibn Tulun's mosque in Cairo, highlighting the architectural influences that shaped Gao's mosques during this period.

1192:, lies on the west bank opposite Gao, but at Koima, on the edge of the dune at a site 4 km north of Gao, surface deposits indicate a pre 9th century settlement. This could be the west bank Gao mentioned by 10th and 11th-century authors. The site has not been excavated. 1446:

On 19 January 2013, it was reported that Gao journalist Kader Toure was killed after being suspected of working for foreign news services. In retaliation, the local youth are reported to have lynched Islamic police commissioner Aliou Toure who was recruited by

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and states that in 1009–1010 A.D. the 15th ruler, Zuwa Kusoy, was the first to convert to Islam. He does not actually specify where they lived except for the legendary founder of the dynasty, Zuwa Alayman who he claims came from the Yemen to Kukiya.

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before heading south across the Sahara. In the 10th century, Gao was already Muslim and was described as consisting of two separate towns. Al-Muhallabi, who died in 990, wrote in a lost work quoted in the biographical dictionary compiled by

1366:. He found a village of about 300 huts constructed of matting and grouped in clusters. The inhabitants were very poor and had only a few boats as they lacked wood for their construction. The site of the ancient town was overgrown with 266:. In the 9th century external Arabic writers described Gao as an important regional power, and by the end of the 10th century, the local ruler was said to be a Muslim. Towards the end of the 13th century, Gao became part of the 2992:

Cissé, M.; McIntosh, S.K.; Dussubieux, L.; Fenn, T.; Gallagher, D.; Chipps Smith, A. (2013), "Excavations at Gao Saney: new evidence for settlement growth, trade, and interaction on the Niger Bend in the first millennium CE",

1315:, rebelled against the Malian hegemony but the Malians were able to regain control. It was not until the first half of the 15th century that Sunni Sulayman Dama was able to throw off the Malian yoke. His successor, 1178:) but to the north of Gao Ancien. The imported pottery and glass recovered from Gao-Saney suggest that the site was occupied between the 8th and 11th centuries. Gao-Saney corresponds to Sarnāh of al-Muhallabi. 401:

In the 1998 census, the population of the urban commune was 52,201. By the census in 2009 this had increased to 86,633, a 4.7% annual growth rate. For administrative purposes, the commune is divided into nine

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Gao thus represents a form of urbanism driven largely by local urban-rural dynamics, but in a way in which local elites capitalized on and, in fact, co-opted the opportunities offered by long-distance trade.

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the local agriculture. When in flood the river is 4 km wide at Gao but during the dry season a number of islands appear in the river. There is very little flow, only 5% of the maximum, in June and July.

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indigenous cultural complex. Additionally, fragments of North African enamel ware, Andalusian chandelier ware, and fragments of Islamic glass vessels were recovered throughout the excavations at Gao.

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huge numbers of slaves are sold, both male and female. A young girl of fifteen is worth about six ducats, and a young man almost as much; small children are worth about half as much as grown slaves.

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at the western end of Mali, by 1200 km (750 mi) of paved road. In 2006, the Wabaria bridge was opened to replace the ferry service across the Niger. The bridge was constructed by the

1287: 973:. It was the southern terminus of a trade route powered by chariots that linked it to the Mediterranean. At some point no later than the early 10th century the Songhay king based in 1443:

that it continued to maintain forces and control some rural areas in the region. The following day, Ansar Dine announced that it was in control of all the cities of northern Mali.

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writing in 1068 also records the existence of two towns, Both al-Muhallabi (see quote above) and al-Bakri situate Gao on the west (or right bank) of the Niger. The 17th century

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Almost all the local agriculture depends on river water for irrigation. The annual flood of the Niger River is a result of the heavy rainfall in the headwaters of the Niger and

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west of the Nile where he and his men and those who have his confidence live. There is a mosque there where he prays but the communal prayer ground is between the two towns.

1031:(ruled 868–884) as some of the caravans were attacked by bandits while others were overwhelmed by the wind-blown sand. The more direct route was replaced by one that went to 2983:

Travels and discoveries in North and Central Africa: Being a journal of an expedition undertaken under the auspices of H.B.M.'s government, in the years 1849–1855 (Volume 3)

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characteristic of the period. This mosque likely played a central role in the religious and cultural life of Old Gao, serving as a place of worship and community gathering.

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in the region of the Middle Niger. Both empires had the town of Gao as their capital. Apart from some Arabic epitaphs on tombstones discovered in 1939 at the cemetery of

2399:(as Koûkiya in the French translation). It is believed to have been near the modern village of Bentiya on the east side of the Niger 134 km southeast of Gao near 1454:

In January 2013 French warplanes bombed parts of Gao, including the airport, in an attempt to drive out fighters from the Movement for Unity and Jihad in West Africa.

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The archaeological evidence suggests that there were two settlements on the eastern bank of the Niger: Gao Ancien situated within the modern town, to the east of the

406:: Gadeye, Farandjiré, Aljanabanbia, Djoulabougou, Saneye, Sosso Koïra, Boulgoundjé, Château, and Djidara. The urban commune is bounded to the north by the commune of 1346:

Towards the end of the 16th century, Gao controlled an empire that extended for over 1,400,000 km, an area comparable in size to the modern state of Mali. The

296:'s visit in 1854, Gao had declined to become an impoverished village with 300 huts constructed from matting. In 2009, the urban commune had a population of 86,633. 2769: 1580:

tombstones dating to 1104. Old Gao, built in the eighth to tenth centuries, coexisted with Gao Saney and served as an integral part of the city's urban fabric.

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in Gao in 1352–53, when the town formed part of the Mali Empire. He arrived by boat from Timbuktu on his return journey from visiting the capital of the Empire:

1523: 1198:, writing in around 1154, does not mention a second town, and archaeological excavations in Gao-Saney indicate the site may have beena abandoned by this time. 1877: 3823: 2920:

Insoll, Islam, Archaeology and History in Gao Region (Mali) ca AD 900-1250 (1996): 16 et 55; The Archaeology of Islam in sub-Saharan Africa (2003): 235-236

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objects). Collectively, the local character of the ceramic, faunal, and botanical remains suggests that, culturally, Gao-Saney was part of a broader

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led to the collapse of the Songhai Empire. The invaders chose to make Timbuktu their capital and the importance of Gao declined. The German explorer

1236:, took control of the area, leaving behind royal epitaphs at a cemetery in Gao-Saney. Whether or not these kings feature on the kings lists of the 849: 353: 3252:

Moraes Farias, Paulo F. de (1990), "The oldest extant writing of West Africa: medieval epigraphs from Essuk, Saney, and Egef-n-Tawaqqast (Mali)",

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helicopter crashed during an exercise near the town, killing both pilots. The AH-64 came from the Dutch Air Force's Defense Helicopter Command.

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Will the Inner Niger Delta shrivel up due to climate change and water use upstream? A&W Report 1537. Commissioned by Wetlands International

1428: 1397: 304: 3513: 1448: 1174:(Sané in French) situated around 4 km to the east. The bed of the Wadi Gangaber passes to the south of the Gao-Saney occupation mound ( 3713: 1244:

s is debated. Dierk Lange posits that these upstarts, whether they were longstanding residents or newcomers, represent the founding of the

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show that the site was occupied by roughly 700CE, and was a center of manufacturing, iron smelting, and trade with areas as far away as

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Monroe, J. Cameron (2018). ""Elephants for Want of Towns": Archaeological Perspectives on West African Cities and Their Hinterlands".

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Tarikh el-fettach ou Chronique du chercheur, pour servir à l'histoire des villes, des armées et des principaux personnages du Tekrour

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Schéma Directeur de Lutte Contre L'ensablement dans le Nord Du Mali (6ème Et 7ème Régions): Monographie de la Commune de Soni Ali Ber

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also states that in the 10th century Gao was situated on the Gourma side (i.e. the west bank) of the river. A large sand dune,

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at the junction with the Tilemsi Valley. The sprawling town is the largest in eastern Mali. It is connected to the capital,

4150: 3809: 1404:. Timbuktu was captured the following day. On 6 April, the MNLA declared the region independent of Mali as the nation of 3016:

Hunwick, John (1994), "Gao and the Almoravids revisited: ethnicity, political change and the limits of interpretation",

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drove a vehicle filled with explosives into a military camp near Gao, killing 77 people and injuring at least 115 (see

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With the low rainfall, the vegetation further away from the river is sparse and consists mainly of various species of

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Festival des arts et cultures Songhay: Un facteur d’épanouissement de la région de Gao, Les Echos du 14 février 2007

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mosques excavated in West Africa to date, providing valuable insights into the early spread of Islam in the region.

1027:(writing c. 988) states that the old route from Egypt to the Sudan was abandoned in the reign of the Egyptian ruler 3529: 1886: 1116: 300: 3831: 2663: 2647: 803: 1468: 1457:

Gao was captured by French and Malian forces on 26 January 2013, as the Islamists were driven out from the city.

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and a few kilometers from Gao Saney further inland. The kings of this period were of a lineage known as Qanda.

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Pradines, Stéphane. Historic Mosques of Sub-Saharan Africa: From Timbuktu to Zanzibar. Vol. 163. Brill, 2022.

1084: 3754: 3733: 2430:. Tombstones with Arabic inscriptions dating from the 14th and 15th centuries have been found in the area. 1856: 1627: 1126: 2673: 2657: 1966:(in French), Ministère de l'Environnement et de L'assainissement, République du Mali, 2004, archived from 4135: 1885:(in French), Commissariat à la Sécurité Alimentaire, République du Mali, USAID-Mali, 2005, archived from 3373:

Arabic medieval inscriptions from the Republic of Mali: Epigraphy, chronicles and Songhay-Tuareg history

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Timbuktu and the Songhay Empire: Al-Sadi's Tarikh al-Sudan down to 1613 and other contemporary documents

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was celebrated in February 2007 at Gao, reflecting the city's importance as a Songhay cultural capital.

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De Moraes Farias, Arabic Medieval Inscriptions from the Republic of Mali (2003): XXXIII-XXXIV and 3-84.

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Lange, Dierk (1994), "From Mande to Songhay: Towards a political and ethnic history of medieval Gao",

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reliable. For these earlier periods, the two chronicles sometimes provide conflicting information.

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In the first half of the 15th century the town regained its independence. With the conquests of

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Towards the end of the 13th century Gao lost its independence and became part of the expanding

56: 3749: 1451:, Movement for Oneness and Jihad in West Africa, who took control of the town in June 2012. 1392:, Malian military forces retreated from Gao's military bases, allowing it to be occupied by 1337:. He observed that the large town lacked a surrounding wall and was full of rich merchants. 379:

is 103 km (65 mi) from Gao. The border with Niger is just south of the village of

4125: 3790: 3764: 3473: 3416: 1654: 837: 831: 24: 1828: 375:, to the south. The road to the south runs along the left bank of the river. The town of 8: 4145: 3785: 3780: 3453: 1538: 1461: 263: 211: 3269:. Link is to a scan on the Persée database that omits some photographs of the epigraphs. 328: 3468: 3463: 3308: 3194: 3186: 3157: 3149: 3108: 3100: 3041: 3033: 2042: 1609: 1175: 3483: 1911: 1319:(1464–1492), greatly expanded the territory under Songhai control and established the 3975: 3971: 3508: 3458: 3376: 3343: 3241: 3230: 3211: 3198: 3161: 3112: 3072: 3061: 3045: 2634: 2533: 2371: 1492: 1184: 985: 915: 874: 843: 737: 390:

There are also seasonal ferry services on the Niger River. A service between Gao and

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moved to the site of Gao Ancien, just north of the modern city on the bank of the

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in June 2012, with the city being recaptured by French military forces as part of

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and named Gao its capital. The MNLA lost control to Islamist militias after the

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For much of its history Gao was an important commercial centre involved in the

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Midden deposits produced large quantities of household debris (animal bones,

324: 122: 109: 3008: 380: 4110: 4084: 4005: 4001: 3580: 3570: 3560: 3503: 3265: 3126:(in French), Houdas, O., Delafosse, M. ed. and trans., Paris: Ernest Leroux 3053: 2631:

African dominion: a new history of empire in early and medieval West Africa

1546: 1215: 1208: 1020: 1009: 974: 799: 364: 3682: 2235: 1541:) built in 1495 and incorporating another mosque, a museum devoted to the 4088: 4074: 4068: 4064: 4054: 3901: 3897: 3677: 3605: 3585: 3518: 3498: 3439: 2147: 1719: 1717: 1703:, République de Mali: Institut National de la Statistique, archived from 1420: 1263: 1257: 978: 970: 959: 870: 415: 407: 345: 267: 252: 3312: 3083:

Insoll, Timothy (1997), "Iron age Gao: an archaeological contribution",

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After staying a month in the town, Ibn Battuta left with a caravan for

1237: 1233: 1024: 993: 989: 988:, who wrote in the first half of the 9th century, when Gao was already 928: 896: 862: 308: 248: 174: 162: 3398: 3190: 3153: 3104: 3037: 2041:, Feanwâlden, The Netherlands: Altenburg & Wymenga, archived from 1714: 1475:). The incident was the deadliest terrorist attack in Malian history. 1329:

visited Gao sometime between 1506 and 1510 when the town was ruled by

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on 26 and 27 June 2012, the MNLA lost control to Islamist militias.

319:, the MNLA declared the region independent of Mali as the nation of 3931: 3927: 3911: 3907: 3641: 1363: 1179: 316: 286: 256: 3631: 2929:

Prussin, "The Architecture of Islam in West Africa" (1968): 32-74.

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and from there headed north back across the Sahara to an oasis in

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Lange, Dierk (1991), "Les rois de Gao-Sané et les Almoravides",

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Sometime in the 14th century, Ali Kulun, the first ruler of the

4044: 3985: 3981: 3965: 3961: 3921: 3917: 3887: 3656: 3651: 3626: 1636: 1424: 1405: 1218:, among others, speculates that the first version of Islam was 951: 866: 814: 395: 368: 349: 320: 207: 3408: 3357:

Mauny, Raymond (1951), "Notes d'archéologie au sujet de Gao",

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Mauny, "Notes d'archéologie au sujet de Gao" (1951): 837-852.

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Plan de Securite Alimentaire Commune Urbaine de Gao 2005–2009

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The town is located with road links (unpaved) to the desert

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Attractions in Gao include the original fourteenth century

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on the left bank at the junction with the Tilemsi valley.

3240:. First published in 1981 by Cambridge University Press, 2558: 228: 17: 2485: 1827:(in French), Radio France internationale, archived from 1070: 1005:

sovereignty, although they are kings in their own lands.

2594: 2115: 2013:, University of New Hampshire/Global Runoff Data Center 1989:, University of New Hampshire/Global Runoff Data Center 1746: 1744: 3128:. Also available from Aluka but requires subscription. 3120:

Kâti, Mahmoûd Kâti ben el-Hâdj el-Motaouakkel (1913),

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Sauvaget, J. (1950), "Les épitaphes royales de Gao",

2327: 919:, provide information on the town at the time of the 3225:

Levtzion, Nehemia; Hopkins, John F.P., eds. (2000),

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took control of the governor's building, flying the

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with a large caravan that included 600 slave girls.

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market sphere, if not a broader cultural substrate.

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Bulletin de l'Institut Français d'Afrique Noire (B)

2687:"Mali Tuareg rebels seize key garrison town of Gao" 3283:. A reprint of (1949), Al-Andalus XIV: I, 123–141. 2711: 2259: 2126: 856: 3342:(2nd ed.), Leiden: Brill, pp. 976–978, 4102: 354:China State Construction Engineering Corporation 3224: 2950:"Jihadist Kingpin Suspected in Hostage Seizure" 2552: 2345: 2301: 2289: 2253: 2241: 2229: 2213: 2201: 2085: 1938:National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration 1796:"Mali: French-led soldiers 'in control of Gao'" 1697:Resultats Provisoires RGPH 2009 (Région de Gao) 1388:On 31 March 2012, one day after the capture of 1362:visited Gao in 1854 on his return journey from 383:, a distance of 204 km (127 mi). The 277:(ruled 1464–1492) it became the capital of the 3227:Corpus of Early Arabic Sources for West Africa 2736:"Mali: Islamists seize Gao from Tuareg rebels" 2714:"Mali coup leader reinstates old constitution" 1429:National Movement for the Liberation of Azawad 305:National Movement for the Liberation of Azawad 255:, 320 km (200 mi) east-southeast of 3817: 3424: 3286: 3251: 2890: 2840: 2762:"Malians protest against Azawad independence" 2503: 2431: 2357: 2177: 2165: 2070: 1487:but includes many ethnicities, including the 3287:Takezawa, Shoichiro; Cisse, Mamadou (2012). 414:and to the south and west by the commune of 1870: 3824: 3810: 3431: 3417: 1821:Chabasseur, Eglantine (12 November 2006), 1820: 1621: 1467:On 18 January 2017, a suicide bomber from 1069: 984:The earliest written mention of Gao is by 344:Gao is located on the eastern bank of the 2369:A similar list of rulers is given in the 1912:"World Weather Information Service – Gao" 1848: 1690: 1688: 1019:) mentions a caravan route from Egypt to 841:. The herbaceous plants are dominated by 3272: 3205: 2947: 2527: 2479: 2217: 2066: 1986:Composite Runoff Fields V 1.0: Koulikoro 1824:Le pont de Gao, "un rêve devenu réalité" 1774:"Tuaregs claim 'independence' from Mali" 1735: 1545:, markets including a night market, and 1491:(traditionally nomadic river dwellers), 1384:French soldiers on patrol in Gao in 2013 1379: 1286: 1278: 3052: 3015: 2948:Bumiller, Elisabeth (17 January 2013). 2600: 2588: 2564: 2491: 2455: 2443: 2321: 2109: 2097: 1553:named after its appearance at dawn and 430:Climate data for Gao, Mali (1950–2000) 4103: 3082: 2848:"Two die in Dutch UN helicopter crash" 2768:. London. 6 April 2012. Archived from 2679: 2333: 2277: 2265: 2031: 2010:Composite Runoff Fields V 1.0: Ansongo 1685: 3805: 3412: 3229:, New York, NY: Marcus Weiner Press, 3168: 3131: 2979: 2669: 2653: 2628: 2576: 2532:. London: Picador. pp. 286–290. 2515: 2467: 2189: 2074: 1574: 1512:Festival des arts et cultures songhay 387:marker runs right through Gao, Mali. 311:rebels. After additional captures of 3119: 2818:"French planes bomb airport in Mali" 2612: 2376: 2313: 1926: 1855:(in French), L'Essor, archived from 1603: 1565: 3375:, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2938:O'Kane, The mosques of Egypt (2016) 2712:Rukmini Callimachi (1 April 2012). 2521: 1914:. World Meteorological Organization 1904: 1483:The population of Gao mostly speak 1460:On 17 March 2015, a United Nations 13: 3941: 3328: 2391:Kukiya is a town mentioned in the 2129:Journal of Archaeological Research 14: 4162: 3391: 2986:, New York: Harper & Brothers 2824:. 14 January 2013. Archived from 1852:Comanav: Les bateau de la discord 1435:over it and rechristening it the 1306: 1170:, and the archaeological site of 890: 785:World Meteorological Organization 303:from Malian government forces by 281:. The Empire collapsed after the 3840:Communes and towns of Gao Region 3833: 3482: 1849:Coulibaly, Baye (7 April 2010), 1648: 1635: 1283:People at Gao in the early 1930s 1251: 950:, glass beads, and a variety of 410:, to the east by the commune of 224: 143: 78: 71: 55: 3438: 3371:Moraes Farias, P.F. de (2003), 3339:Encyclopaedia of Islam Volume 2 2941: 2932: 2923: 2914: 2905: 2896: 2875: 2866: 2810: 2784: 2754: 2728: 2705: 2622: 2449: 2385: 2363: 2307: 2207: 2060: 2025: 2001: 1977: 1951: 1934:"Gao Climate Normals 1961–1990" 1375: 857:Annual flood of the Niger River 804:Köppen's climate classification 791:Source 2: NOAA (sun 1961–1990) 285:and the invaders chose to make 4141:Communities on the Niger River 4116:Populated places in Gao Region 3305:10.4000/etudesafricaines.17167 2996:Journal of African Archaeology 1842: 1814: 1788: 1766: 32:Urban commune and town in Mali 1: 3071:. First published in 1999 as 1678: 1600:Gao School (primary school). 1207:gives lists 32 rulers of the 1013: 927: 877:region and arrive at Gao. At 619:Average rainfall mm (inches) 251:. The city is located on the 3755:National Park of Upper Niger 3734:River Niger Bridge (Onitsha) 3336:Cornevin, R. (1991), "Gao", 1595: 1423:out of Gao and the state of 1351:in West Africa at the time. 1089:Cultural: (ii)(iii)(iv) 810:wind blows from the Sahara. 334: 7: 3293:Cahiers d'Études Africaines 2553:Levtzion & Hopkins 2000 2530:The Travels of Ibn Battutah 2346:Levtzion & Hopkins 2000 2302:Levtzion & Hopkins 2000 2290:Levtzion & Hopkins 2000 2254:Levtzion & Hopkins 2000 2244:, pp. 45, 51, 382 n21. 2242:Levtzion & Hopkins 2000 2230:Levtzion & Hopkins 2000 2214:Levtzion & Hopkins 2000 2202:Levtzion & Hopkins 2000 2086:Levtzion & Hopkins 2000 1661: 1657:, California, United States 1323:. He made Gao his capital. 990:an important regional power 549:Mean daily minimum °C (°F) 479:Mean daily maximum °C (°F) 360:and the Malian government. 339: 79: 10: 4167: 4151:Capitals of former nations 3353:. First published in 1965. 3206:Levtzion, Nehemia (1973), 3171:Journal of African History 3134:Journal of African History 3085:Journal of African History 3018:Journal of African History 2972: 1776:. Al Jazeera. 6 April 2012 1754:. Al Arabiya. 6 April 2012 1560: 1478: 1062:UNESCO World Heritage Site 1049:UNESCO World Heritage Site 885: 790: 782: 429: 421: 22: 15: 4121:Regional capitals in Mali 4015: 3952: 3939: 3858: 3846: 3773: 3742: 3691: 3670: 3614: 3527: 3491: 3480: 3446: 3183:10.1017/s0021853700026438 3146:10.1017/s002185370002572x 3097:10.1017/s0021853796006822 3030:10.1017/s0021853700026426 2891:Takezawa & Cisse 2012 2504:Takezawa & Cisse 2012 2358:Takezawa & Cisse 2012 2178:Takezawa & Cisse 2012 2166:Takezawa & Cisse 2012 2141:10.1007/s10814-017-9114-2 1356:Moroccan invasion of 1591 1333:, the first ruler of the 1149:16.2898000°N 0.04456000°E 1125: 1115: 1103: 1093: 1083: 1068: 1059: 735: 688: 618: 548: 478: 473: 470: 467: 464: 461: 458: 455: 452: 449: 446: 443: 440: 437: 434: 283:Moroccan invasion in 1591 201: 193: 188: 180: 168: 156: 138: 103: 66: 54: 44: 37: 3254:Journal des Africanistes 2980:Barth, Heinrich (1859), 1517: 358:Islamic Development Bank 184:226 m (744 ft) 16:Not to be confused with 3403:, UNESCO World Heritage 3009:10.3213/2191-5784-10233 2629:Gomez, Michael (2018). 1622:International relations 1229:group, inspired by the 965:Archaeological digs in 247:and the capital of the 3946: 3266:10.3406/jafr.1990.2452 3208:Ancient Ghana and Mali 2528:Battutah, Ibn (2002). 2232:, pp. 27, 378 n4. 2112:, pp. lxiii–lxiv. 1668:List of cities in Mali 1385: 1344: 1292: 1291:Gao in the early 1930s 1284: 1277: 1154:16.2898000; 0.04456000 1047: 1007: 3945: 3750:Niger Basin Authority 2956:. Algeria;France;Mali 1383: 1339: 1290: 1282: 1272: 1042: 1002: 899:precedes that of the 61:Gao in September 2006 3791:Ogbaru boat disaster 3765:Kainji National Park 2032:Zwarts, Leo (2010), 1524:Kankou Moussa Mosque 1495:cattle keepers, and 1427:was proclaimed, the 1222:. In c.1079-1082, a 838:Balanites aegyptiaca 832:Acacia ehrenbergiana 367:to the north and to 356:and financed by the 25:Gao (disambiguation) 23:For other uses, see 3786:Kwara boat disaster 3781:Kebbi boat disaster 3499:Source of the Niger 3210:, London: Methuen, 2446:, pp. xxxv, 5. 2414: / 1539:World Heritage Site 1507:from western Mali. 1275:the people of Mālī. 1145: / 1056: 895:The history of the 689:Average rainy days 264:trans-Saharan trade 119: / 4136:French West Africa 3947: 3275:Bulletin de l'Ifan 2954:The New York Times 2828:on 29 January 2013 2716:. Associated Press 2432:Moraes Farias 1990 2100:, p. xxxviii. 2071:Moraes Farias 1990 1610:Mokhtar Belmokhtar 1575:The mosques of Gao 1386: 1293: 1285: 1052: 194: • Total 4098: 4097: 3799: 3798: 3509:Inner Niger Delta 3382:978-0-19-726222-1 3349:978-90-04-07026-4 3236:978-1-55876-241-1 3217:978-0-8419-0431-6 3077:978-90-04-11207-0 3067:978-90-04-12560-5 3060:, Leiden: Brill, 2798:, 19 January 2013 2567:, p. xxxvii. 2397:Tarikh al-fattash 2372:Tarikh al-fattash 2154:Cissé et al. 2013 1973:on 6 October 2011 1802:, 26 January 2013 1724:Cissé et al. 2013 1604:Notable residents 1566:Regional patterns 1348:Tarikh al-fattash 1331:Askiya Muhammad I 1185:Tarikh al-fattash 1164: 1163: 916:Tarikh al-fattash 875:Inner Niger Delta 869:and the northern 844:Cenchrus biflorus 795: 794: 371:, the capital of 218: 217: 4158: 3838: 3837: 3826: 3819: 3812: 3803: 3802: 3699:King Fahd Bridge 3692:Dams and bridges 3486: 3433: 3426: 3419: 3410: 3409: 3404: 3385: 3366: 3352: 3323: 3321: 3319: 3282: 3268: 3239: 3220: 3201: 3164: 3127: 3115: 3070: 3054:Hunwick, John O. 3048: 3011: 2987: 2966: 2965: 2963: 2961: 2945: 2939: 2936: 2930: 2927: 2921: 2918: 2912: 2909: 2903: 2900: 2894: 2888: 2882: 2879: 2873: 2870: 2864: 2863: 2861: 2859: 2844: 2838: 2837: 2835: 2833: 2814: 2808: 2806: 2805: 2803: 2788: 2782: 2781: 2779: 2777: 2758: 2752: 2751: 2749: 2747: 2732: 2726: 2725: 2723: 2721: 2709: 2703: 2702: 2700: 2698: 2683: 2677: 2667: 2661: 2651: 2645: 2644: 2626: 2620: 2610: 2604: 2598: 2592: 2586: 2580: 2574: 2568: 2562: 2556: 2550: 2544: 2543: 2525: 2519: 2513: 2507: 2501: 2495: 2494:, p. xxxvi. 2489: 2483: 2477: 2471: 2465: 2459: 2453: 2447: 2441: 2435: 2429: 2428: 2426: 2425: 2424: 2419: 2418:15.349°N 0.760°E 2415: 2412: 2411: 2410: 2407: 2389: 2383: 2367: 2361: 2355: 2349: 2343: 2337: 2331: 2325: 2311: 2305: 2299: 2293: 2287: 2281: 2275: 2269: 2263: 2257: 2251: 2245: 2239: 2233: 2227: 2221: 2211: 2205: 2199: 2193: 2187: 2181: 2175: 2169: 2163: 2157: 2151: 2145: 2144: 2124: 2113: 2107: 2101: 2095: 2089: 2083: 2077: 2064: 2058: 2056: 2055: 2053: 2047: 2040: 2029: 2023: 2021: 2020: 2018: 2005: 1999: 1997: 1996: 1994: 1981: 1975: 1974: 1972: 1965: 1955: 1949: 1948: 1946: 1944: 1930: 1924: 1923: 1921: 1919: 1908: 1902: 1900: 1899: 1897: 1891: 1884: 1874: 1868: 1867: 1866: 1864: 1846: 1840: 1839: 1838: 1836: 1831:on 12 April 2009 1818: 1812: 1810: 1809: 1807: 1792: 1786: 1785: 1783: 1781: 1770: 1764: 1763: 1761: 1759: 1748: 1739: 1733: 1727: 1721: 1712: 1711: 1709: 1702: 1692: 1653: 1652: 1640: 1639: 1616:Askia Muhammad I 1532: 1473:2017 Gao bombing 1437:Palace of Azawad 1394:Tuareg rebellion 1369:Capparis decidua 1268:Suleyman (mansa) 1240:recorded in the 1160: 1159: 1157: 1156: 1155: 1150: 1146: 1143: 1142: 1141: 1138: 1073: 1063: 1057: 1051: 1023:via Kawkaw, but 1018: 1015: 798:Gao features an 692: 427: 426: 329:Opération Serval 301:Gao was captured 238: 237: 234: 233: 230: 149: 147: 146: 134: 133: 131: 130: 129: 124: 123:16.267°N 0.050°W 120: 117: 116: 115: 112: 92:Location within 82: 81: 75: 59: 35: 34: 4166: 4165: 4161: 4160: 4159: 4157: 4156: 4155: 4101: 4100: 4099: 4094: 4049:Haoussa Foulane 4011: 3948: 3937: 3854: 3842: 3832: 3830: 3800: 3795: 3769: 3760:W National Park 3743:Protected Areas 3738: 3719:Kennedy Bridge 3687: 3666: 3610: 3546:Sankarani River 3533: 3523: 3487: 3478: 3442: 3437: 3397: 3394: 3389: 3383: 3370: 3356: 3350: 3335: 3331: 3329:Further reading 3326: 3317: 3315: 3299:(208): 813–44. 3237: 3218: 3068: 2975: 2970: 2969: 2959: 2957: 2946: 2942: 2937: 2933: 2928: 2924: 2919: 2915: 2910: 2906: 2901: 2897: 2893:, p. 6-11. 2889: 2885: 2880: 2876: 2871: 2867: 2857: 2855: 2854:. 17 March 2015 2846: 2845: 2841: 2831: 2829: 2816: 2815: 2811: 2801: 2799: 2796:Chicago Tribune 2790: 2789: 2785: 2775: 2773: 2772:on 6 April 2012 2760: 2759: 2755: 2745: 2743: 2734: 2733: 2729: 2719: 2717: 2710: 2706: 2696: 2694: 2693:. 31 March 2012 2685: 2684: 2680: 2668: 2664: 2652: 2648: 2641: 2627: 2623: 2611: 2607: 2603:, p. xlix. 2599: 2595: 2587: 2583: 2575: 2571: 2563: 2559: 2551: 2547: 2540: 2526: 2522: 2514: 2510: 2502: 2498: 2490: 2486: 2478: 2474: 2466: 2462: 2454: 2450: 2442: 2438: 2422: 2420: 2416: 2413: 2408: 2405: 2403: 2401: 2400: 2393:Tarikh al-sudan 2390: 2386: 2368: 2364: 2356: 2352: 2344: 2340: 2336:, pp. 4–8. 2332: 2328: 2312: 2308: 2300: 2296: 2288: 2284: 2276: 2272: 2264: 2260: 2252: 2248: 2240: 2236: 2228: 2224: 2212: 2208: 2200: 2196: 2188: 2184: 2176: 2172: 2164: 2160: 2152: 2148: 2125: 2116: 2108: 2104: 2096: 2092: 2084: 2080: 2065: 2061: 2051: 2049: 2048:on 24 July 2011 2045: 2038: 2030: 2026: 2016: 2014: 2007: 2006: 2002: 1992: 1990: 1983: 1982: 1978: 1970: 1963: 1957: 1956: 1952: 1942: 1940: 1932: 1931: 1927: 1917: 1915: 1910: 1909: 1905: 1895: 1893: 1892:on 26 July 2011 1889: 1882: 1876: 1875: 1871: 1862: 1860: 1859:on 18 June 2010 1847: 1843: 1834: 1832: 1819: 1815: 1805: 1803: 1794: 1793: 1789: 1779: 1777: 1772: 1771: 1767: 1757: 1755: 1750: 1749: 1742: 1734: 1730: 1722: 1715: 1710:on 22 July 2011 1707: 1700: 1694: 1693: 1686: 1681: 1664: 1647: 1634: 1624: 1606: 1598: 1577: 1568: 1563: 1526: 1520: 1505:Bambara peoples 1493:Fulfulde/Fulani 1485:Koyraboro Senni 1481: 1378: 1309: 1254: 1204:Tarikh al-Sudan 1201:Al-Sadi in his 1153: 1151: 1147: 1144: 1139: 1136: 1134: 1132: 1131: 1079: 1061: 1050: 1016: 1000:in around 872: 932: 910:Tarikh al-Sudan 893: 888: 859: 826:Acacia nilotica 820:Acacia raddiana 796: 690: 683: 678: 673: 668: 663: 658: 653: 648: 643: 638: 633: 628: 623: 613: 608: 603: 598: 593: 588: 583: 578: 573: 568: 563: 558: 553: 543: 538: 533: 528: 523: 518: 513: 508: 503: 498: 493: 488: 483: 424: 342: 337: 331:in early 2013. 292:By the time of 289:their capital. 243:, is a city in 227: 223: 144: 142: 127: 125: 121: 118: 113: 110: 108: 106: 105: 99: 98: 97: 96: 90: 89: 88: 87: 83: 62: 50: 40: 33: 28: 21: 12: 11: 5: 4164: 4154: 4153: 4148: 4143: 4138: 4133: 4131:Songhai Empire 4128: 4123: 4118: 4113: 4096: 4095: 4093: 4092: 4082: 4072: 4062: 4052: 4042: 4032: 4021: 4019: 4013: 4012: 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3284: 3270: 3249: 3235: 3222: 3216: 3203: 3177:(2): 275–301, 3166: 3140:(2): 251–275, 3129: 3117: 3080: 3066: 3050: 3024:(2): 251–273, 3013: 2989: 2976: 2974: 2971: 2968: 2967: 2940: 2931: 2922: 2913: 2904: 2895: 2883: 2874: 2865: 2839: 2809: 2783: 2753: 2742:. 28 June 2012 2727: 2704: 2678: 2662: 2646: 2639: 2621: 2605: 2593: 2591:, p. 283. 2581: 2579:, p. 421. 2569: 2557: 2555:, p. 300. 2545: 2538: 2520: 2518:, p. 298. 2508: 2506:, p. 839. 2496: 2484: 2472: 2470:, p. 297. 2460: 2448: 2436: 2384: 2362: 2360:, p. 824. 2350: 2348:, p. 113. 2338: 2326: 2306: 2294: 2282: 2270: 2258: 2256:, p. 174. 2246: 2234: 2222: 2206: 2194: 2192:, p. 269. 2182: 2180:, p. 837. 2170: 2168:, p. 813. 2158: 2146: 2135:(4): 387–446. 2114: 2102: 2090: 2078: 2059: 2024: 2000: 1976: 1950: 1925: 1903: 1869: 1841: 1813: 1787: 1765: 1740: 1728: 1713: 1683: 1682: 1680: 1677: 1676: 1675: 1670: 1663: 1660: 1659: 1658: 1645: 1623: 1620: 1619: 1618: 1613: 1605: 1602: 1597: 1594: 1576: 1573: 1567: 1564: 1562: 1559: 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3778: 3776: 3772: 3766: 3763: 3761: 3758: 3756: 3753: 3751: 3748: 3747: 3745: 3741: 3735: 3732: 3730: 3727: 3725: 3722: 3720: 3717: 3715: 3712: 3710: 3707: 3705: 3702: 3700: 3697: 3696: 3694: 3690: 3684: 3681: 3679: 3676: 3675: 3673: 3669: 3663: 3660: 3658: 3655: 3653: 3650: 3648: 3645: 3643: 3640: 3638: 3635: 3633: 3630: 3628: 3625: 3623: 3620: 3619: 3617: 3613: 3607: 3604: 3602: 3599: 3597: 3594: 3592: 3591:Anambra River 3589: 3587: 3584: 3582: 3579: 3577: 3574: 3572: 3569: 3567: 3566:Alibori River 3564: 3562: 3559: 3557: 3554: 3552: 3549: 3547: 3544: 3542: 3539: 3538: 3536: 3531: 3528:Tributaries ( 3526: 3520: 3517: 3515: 3512: 3510: 3507: 3505: 3502: 3500: 3497: 3496: 3494: 3490: 3485: 3475: 3472: 3470: 3467: 3465: 3462: 3460: 3457: 3455: 3452: 3451: 3449: 3445: 3441: 3434: 3429: 3427: 3422: 3420: 3415: 3414: 3411: 3402: 3401: 3400:Tomb of Askia 3396: 3395: 3384: 3378: 3374: 3369: 3364: 3361:(in French), 3360: 3355: 3351: 3345: 3341: 3340: 3334: 3333: 3314: 3310: 3306: 3302: 3298: 3294: 3290: 3285: 3280: 3276: 3271: 3267: 3263: 3260:(2): 65–113, 3259: 3255: 3250: 3247: 3246:0-521-22422-5 3243: 3238: 3232: 3228: 3223: 3219: 3213: 3209: 3204: 3200: 3196: 3192: 3188: 3184: 3180: 3176: 3172: 3167: 3163: 3159: 3155: 3151: 3147: 3143: 3139: 3136:(in French), 3135: 3130: 3125: 3124: 3118: 3114: 3110: 3106: 3102: 3098: 3094: 3090: 3086: 3081: 3078: 3074: 3069: 3063: 3059: 3055: 3051: 3047: 3043: 3039: 3035: 3031: 3027: 3023: 3019: 3014: 3010: 3006: 3002: 2998: 2997: 2990: 2985: 2984: 2978: 2977: 2955: 2951: 2944: 2935: 2926: 2917: 2908: 2899: 2892: 2887: 2878: 2869: 2853: 2849: 2843: 2827: 2823: 2819: 2813: 2797: 2793: 2787: 2771: 2767: 2766:The Telegraph 2763: 2757: 2741: 2737: 2731: 2715: 2708: 2692: 2688: 2682: 2675: 2671: 2666: 2659: 2655: 2650: 2642: 2640:9780691177427 2636: 2632: 2625: 2618: 2614: 2609: 2602: 2597: 2590: 2585: 2578: 2573: 2566: 2561: 2554: 2549: 2541: 2539:9780330418799 2535: 2531: 2524: 2517: 2512: 2505: 2500: 2493: 2488: 2482:, p. 76. 2481: 2480:Levtzion 1973 2476: 2469: 2464: 2458:, p. 271 2457: 2452: 2445: 2440: 2434:, p. 105 2433: 2427: 2423:15.349; 0.760 2398: 2394: 2388: 2382: 2378: 2374: 2373: 2366: 2359: 2354: 2347: 2342: 2335: 2330: 2324:, p. 265 2323: 2319: 2315: 2310: 2304:, p. 85. 2303: 2298: 2292:, p. 87. 2291: 2286: 2280:, p. 23. 2279: 2274: 2267: 2262: 2255: 2250: 2243: 2238: 2231: 2226: 2219: 2218:Levtzion 1973 2216:, p. 7; 2215: 2210: 2203: 2198: 2191: 2186: 2179: 2174: 2167: 2162: 2156:, p. 29. 2155: 2150: 2142: 2138: 2134: 2130: 2123: 2121: 2119: 2111: 2106: 2099: 2094: 2087: 2082: 2076: 2072: 2068: 2067:Sauvaget 1950 2063: 2044: 2037: 2036: 2028: 2012: 2011: 2004: 1988: 1987: 1980: 1969: 1962: 1961: 1954: 1939: 1935: 1929: 1913: 1907: 1888: 1881: 1880: 1873: 1858: 1854: 1853: 1845: 1830: 1826: 1825: 1817: 1801: 1797: 1791: 1775: 1769: 1753: 1747: 1745: 1737: 1736:Levtzion 1973 1732: 1725: 1720: 1718: 1706: 1699: 1698: 1691: 1689: 1684: 1674: 1671: 1669: 1666: 1665: 1656: 1651: 1646: 1643: 1638: 1633: 1632: 1631: 1629: 1617: 1614: 1611: 1608: 1607: 1601: 1593: 1589: 1585: 1581: 1572: 1558: 1556: 1552: 1548: 1544: 1540: 1536: 1530: 1525: 1515: 1513: 1508: 1506: 1502: 1498: 1494: 1490: 1486: 1476: 1474: 1470: 1465: 1463: 1458: 1455: 1452: 1450: 1444: 1440: 1438: 1434: 1430: 1426: 1422: 1418: 1413: 1411: 1410:Battle of Gao 1407: 1403: 1399: 1395: 1391: 1382: 1373: 1371: 1370: 1365: 1361: 1357: 1352: 1349: 1343: 1338: 1336: 1332: 1328: 1327:Leo Africanus 1324: 1322: 1318: 1317:Sunni Ali Ber 1314: 1313:Sunni dynasty 1304: 1302: 1298: 1289: 1281: 1276: 1271: 1269: 1265: 1261: 1259: 1252:Malian empire 1249: 1247: 1246:Sonni dynasty 1243: 1239: 1235: 1232: 1228: 1225: 1221: 1217: 1213: 1210: 1206: 1205: 1199: 1197: 1193: 1191: 1187: 1186: 1181: 1177: 1173: 1169: 1168:Tomb of Askia 1158: 1137:16°17′23.28″N 1130: 1128: 1124: 1120: 1118: 1114: 1110: 1106: 1102: 1099: 1096: 1092: 1088: 1086: 1082: 1078: 1077:Tomb of Askia 1072: 1067: 1064: 1058: 1055: 1054:Tomb of Askia 1046: 1041: 1039: 1034: 1030: 1026: 1022: 1021:ancient Ghana 1011: 1006: 1001: 999: 996:wrote in his 995: 991: 987: 982: 980: 976: 972: 968: 963: 961: 957: 953: 949: 945: 940: 936: 930: 925: 922: 918: 917: 912: 911: 906: 902: 898: 883: 880: 876: 872: 868: 864: 854: 852: 851: 846: 845: 840: 839: 834: 833: 828: 827: 822: 821: 816: 811: 809: 805: 801: 789: 786: 781: 777: 774: 771: 768: 765: 762: 759: 756: 753: 750: 747: 744: 741: 739: 736:Mean monthly 734: 730: 727: 724: 721: 718: 715: 712: 709: 706: 703: 700: 697: 694: 687: 681: 676: 671: 666: 661: 656: 651: 646: 641: 636: 631: 626: 621: 617: 611: 606: 601: 596: 591: 586: 581: 576: 571: 566: 561: 556: 551: 547: 541: 536: 531: 526: 521: 516: 511: 506: 501: 496: 491: 486: 481: 477: 433: 428: 419: 417: 413: 409: 405: 399: 398:and Ansongo. 397: 393: 388: 386: 382: 378: 374: 370: 366: 361: 359: 355: 351: 347: 332: 330: 326: 325:Battle of Gao 322: 318: 314: 310: 306: 302: 297: 295: 290: 288: 284: 280: 276: 271: 269: 265: 260: 258: 254: 250: 246: 242: 241:Gawgaw/Kawkaw 236: 222: 213: 209: 206: 204: 200: 196: 192: 187: 183: 179: 176: 173: 171: 167: 164: 161: 159: 155: 152: 141: 137: 132: 104:Coordinates: 102: 95: 74: 65: 58: 53: 48: 47:Urban commune 43: 36: 30: 26: 19: 4028: 4024: 3851: 3848: 3646: 3581:Kaduna River 3571:Sokoto River 3561:Mekrou River 3504:Middle Niger 3399: 3372: 3362: 3358: 3338: 3316:. Retrieved 3296: 3292: 3281:(2): 418–440 3278: 3274: 3257: 3253: 3226: 3207: 3174: 3170: 3137: 3133: 3122: 3088: 3084: 3057: 3021: 3017: 3000: 2994: 2982: 2958:. Retrieved 2953: 2943: 2934: 2925: 2916: 2907: 2898: 2886: 2877: 2868: 2856:. Retrieved 2851: 2842: 2830:. Retrieved 2826:the original 2821: 2812: 2800:, retrieved 2795: 2786: 2774:. Retrieved 2770:the original 2765: 2756: 2744:. Retrieved 2739: 2730: 2718:. Retrieved 2707: 2695:. Retrieved 2690: 2681: 2665: 2649: 2630: 2624: 2608: 2601:Hunwick 2003 2596: 2589:Hunwick 2003 2584: 2572: 2565:Hunwick 2003 2560: 2548: 2529: 2523: 2511: 2499: 2492:Hunwick 2003 2487: 2475: 2463: 2456:Hunwick 1994 2451: 2444:Hunwick 2003 2439: 2396: 2392: 2387: 2370: 2365: 2353: 2341: 2329: 2322:Hunwick 1994 2309: 2297: 2285: 2273: 2261: 2249: 2237: 2225: 2220:, p. 15 2209: 2204:, p. 7. 2197: 2185: 2173: 2161: 2149: 2132: 2128: 2110:Hunwick 2003 2105: 2098:Hunwick 2003 2093: 2088:, p. 1. 2081: 2062: 2050:, retrieved 2043:the original 2034: 2027: 2015:, retrieved 2009: 2003: 1991:, retrieved 1985: 1979: 1968:the original 1959: 1953: 1941:. Retrieved 1928: 1916:. Retrieved 1906: 1894:, retrieved 1887:the original 1878: 1872: 1861:, retrieved 1857:the original 1851: 1844: 1833:, retrieved 1829:the original 1823: 1816: 1804:, retrieved 1799: 1790: 1778:. Retrieved 1768: 1756:. Retrieved 1738:, p. 3. 1731: 1705:the original 1696: 1625: 1599: 1590: 1586: 1582: 1578: 1569: 1547:La Dune Rose 1521: 1511: 1510:The seventh 1509: 1482: 1466: 1459: 1456: 1453: 1445: 1441: 1414: 1408:. After the 1387: 1376:21st century 1367: 1353: 1347: 1345: 1340: 1325: 1310: 1294: 1273: 1262: 1255: 1241: 1216:John Hunwick 1214: 1209:Zuwa dynasty 1202: 1200: 1194: 1190:La Dune Rose 1189: 1183: 1165: 1140:0°2′40.416″E 1043: 1010:Ibn al-Faqih 1008: 1003: 997: 986:al-Khwārizmī 983: 964: 941: 937: 933: 914: 908: 894: 860: 848: 842: 836: 830: 824: 818: 812: 800:arid climate 797: 408:Soni Ali Ber 403: 400: 389: 365:Kidal Region 362: 343: 298: 291: 272: 261: 240: 220: 219: 29: 4126:Mali Empire 4089:Tine Aouker 4075:Sony Aliber 4055:Gounzoureye 3902:Ouattagouna 3898:Ouattagouna 3709:Markala Dam 3678:Kainji Lake 3606:Brass River 3586:Benue River 3519:Niger Delta 3514:Lower Niger 3440:Niger River 3091:(1): 1–30, 3003:(1): 9–37, 2421: / 2379:, pp. 2334:Insoll 1997 2278:Insoll 1997 2266:Insoll 1997 1863:20 December 1835:10 December 1612:(suspected) 1527: [ 1503:as well as 1421:Malian Army 1419:forced the 1264:Ibn Battuta 1258:Mali Empire 1152: / 1127:Coordinates 1107:2004 (28th 1104:Inscription 979:Niger river 971:Mesopotamia 960:Niger River 871:Ivory Coast 416:Gounzoureye 346:Niger River 307:(MNLA) and 268:Mali Empire 253:River Niger 126: / 4146:Gao Region 4105:Categories 4017:Gao Cercle 3724:Kainji Dam 3714:Gao Bridge 3576:Sota River 3556:Bani River 3551:Milo River 2960:24 January 2832:13 January 2802:26 January 2746:28 October 2672:, p. 2670:Barth 1859 2656:, p. 2654:Barth 1859 2615:, p. 2577:Lange 1994 2516:Lange 1994 2468:Lange 1994 2406:15°20′56″N 2316:, p. 2190:Lange 1991 2075:Lange 1991 2052:30 January 2017:30 January 1993:30 January 1943:12 October 1918:12 October 1896:30 January 1806:26 January 1679:References 1642:Thionville 1537:(a UNESCO 1535:Askia Tomb 1415:After the 1402:Ancar Dine 1238:Za dynasty 1234:Almoravids 1117:Endangered 1025:Ibn Hawqal 1017: 903 929:Gao Empire 897:Gao Empire 865:rivers in 783:Source 1: 691:(≥ 0.1 mm) 381:Labbézanga 309:Ansar Dine 249:Gao Region 189:Population 175:Gao Cercle 4035:Anchawadi 3774:disasters 3729:Jebba Dam 3601:Nun River 3447:Countries 3365:: 837–852 3199:153657364 3162:162674956 3113:163151474 3046:153794361 2822:3 News NZ 2613:Kâti 1913 2409:0°45′36″E 2377:Kâti 1913 2314:Kâti 1913 1596:Education 1555:nightfall 1551:sand dune 1196:al-Idrisi 1172:Gao-Saney 1094:Reference 1075:Gao, the 1033:Sijilmasa 1029:Ibn Tulun 1012:(writing 994:Al-Yaqubi 967:Gao-Saney 905:Gao-Saney 879:Koulikoro 808:Harmattan 412:Anchawadi 404:quartiers 392:Koulikoro 335:Geography 299:In 2012, 275:Sunni Ali 203:Time zone 181:Elevation 4069:N'Tillit 4065:N'Tillit 3932:Tin-Hama 3928:Tin-Hama 3912:Talataye 3908:Talataye 3849:Capital: 3683:Lac Debo 3642:Timbuktu 3492:Sections 3318:24 March 3313:41708210 3056:(2003), 2852:BBC News 2740:BBC News 2720:31 March 2697:31 March 2691:BBC News 2395:and the 1800:BBC News 1662:See also 1655:Berkeley 1644:, France 1499:nomads, 1372:bushes. 1364:Timbuktu 1266:visited 1180:Al-Bakri 1085:Criteria 946:shards, 913:and the 778:3,130.7 529:(102.7) 524:(101.1) 514:(101.3) 509:(106.7) 504:(108.5) 499:(105.3) 340:Location 317:Timbuktu 287:Timbuktu 257:Timbuktu 49:and town 4085:Tilemsi 4059:Wabaria 4039:Djebock 3996:Tarkint 3992:Tarkint 3892:Tassiga 3872:Ansongo 3868:Ansongo 3662:Onitsha 3622:Siguiri 3474:Nigeria 2973:Sources 2858:3 March 2776:6 April 2381:331–332 1780:6 April 1758:6 April 1628:twinned 1626:Gao is 1561:Mosques 1479:Culture 1297:Takedda 1224:Sanhaja 1220:Ibadism 1109:Session 944:pottery 886:History 684:(8.61) 679:(0.00) 669:(0.19) 664:(1.32) 659:(3.31) 654:(2.50) 649:(0.90) 644:(0.30) 639:(0.07) 634:(0.01) 629:(0.00) 614:(72.9) 609:(60.4) 604:(67.8) 599:(76.8) 594:(78.8) 589:(77.7) 584:(79.9) 579:(83.8) 574:(82.8) 569:(76.5) 564:(69.4) 559:(62.6) 554:(58.6) 544:(99.0) 539:(88.5) 534:(96.4) 519:(97.9) 494:(99.0) 489:(92.8) 484:(87.4) 422:Climate 377:Ansongo 139:Country 111:16°16′N 4045:Gabero 4006:Temera 4002:Temera 3986:Taboye 3982:Taboye 3962:Bourem 3922:Tessit 3918:Tessit 3888:Bourra 3657:Lokoja 3652:Niamey 3627:Bamako 3615:Cities 3532:) and 3454:Guinea 3379: 3346: 3311: 3244: 3233: 3214: 3197: 3191:183220 3189: 3160: 3154:182617 3152: 3111: 3105:182944 3103: 3075: 3064: 3044: 3038:183219 3036: 2637: 2536: 1630:with: 1533:, the 1497:Tuareg 1425:Azawad 1406:Azawad 1242:Tarikh 1227:Berber 998:Tarikh 975:Kukiya 952:copper 867:Guinea 835:) and 815:Acacia 802:under 775:261.9 772:280.8 769:279.8 766:253.5 763:251.5 760:249.7 757:227.1 754:274.9 751:254.2 748:269.6 745:257.9 742:269.8 674:(0.0) 624:(0.0) 435:Month 396:Bourem 369:Niamey 350:Bamako 321:Azawad 197:86,633 170:Cercle 158:Region 148: 114:0°03′W 3976:Bamba 3972:Bamba 3671:Lakes 3637:Mopti 3632:Segou 3469:Benin 3464:Niger 3309:JSTOR 3195:S2CID 3187:JSTOR 3158:S2CID 3150:JSTOR 3109:S2CID 3101:JSTOR 3042:S2CID 3034:JSTOR 2046:(PDF) 2039:(PDF) 1971:(PDF) 1964:(PDF) 1890:(PDF) 1883:(PDF) 1708:(PDF) 1701:(PDF) 1673:Koïma 1543:Sahel 1531:] 1518:Sites 1501:Arabs 1462:AH-64 1390:Kidal 1231:Sunni 1121:2012– 1038:Yaqut 948:glass 731:28.5 682:218.8 474:Year 373:Niger 313:Kidal 239:, or 208:UTC+0 3882:Bara 3878:Bara 3530:list 3459:Mali 3377:ISBN 3344:ISBN 3320:2024 3242:ISBN 3231:ISBN 3212:ISBN 3073:ISBN 3062:ISBN 2962:2013 2860:2018 2834:2013 2804:2013 2778:2012 2748:2012 2722:2012 2699:2012 2635:ISBN 2534:ISBN 2054:2011 2019:2011 1995:2011 1945:2015 1920:2015 1898:2011 1865:2010 1837:2010 1808:2013 1782:2012 1760:2012 1549:, a 1489:Bozo 1449:MUWA 1400:and 1398:MNLA 1354:The 1301:Tuat 1176:tell 1098:1139 956:iron 954:and 863:Bani 847:and 728:0.1 725:0.0 722:0.9 719:5.2 716:8.4 713:7.9 710:3.9 707:1.3 704:0.3 701:0.3 698:0.1 695:0.1 662:33.5 657:84.2 652:63.6 647:22.8 612:22.7 607:15.8 602:19.9 597:24.9 592:26.0 587:25.4 582:26.6 577:28.8 572:28.2 567:24.7 562:20.8 557:17.0 552:14.8 542:37.2 537:31.4 532:35.8 527:39.3 522:38.4 517:36.6 512:38.5 507:41.5 502:42.5 497:40.7 492:37.2 487:33.8 482:30.8 471:Dec 468:Nov 465:Oct 462:Sep 459:Aug 456:Jul 453:Jun 450:May 447:Apr 444:Mar 441:Feb 438:Jan 315:and 245:Mali 151:Mali 94:Mali 4111:Gao 4029:Gao 4025:Gao 3852:Gao 3647:Gao 3301:doi 3279:XII 3262:doi 3179:doi 3142:doi 3093:doi 3026:doi 3005:doi 2674:482 2658:481 2617:262 2318:329 2137:doi 677:0.1 672:0.0 667:4.8 642:7.7 637:1.7 632:0.3 627:0.1 622:0.0 221:Gao 212:GMT 163:Gao 86:Gao 39:Gao 18:Goa 4107:: 3363:13 3307:. 3297:52 3295:. 3291:. 3277:, 3258:60 3256:, 3193:, 3185:, 3175:35 3173:, 3156:, 3148:, 3138:32 3107:, 3099:, 3089:38 3087:, 3040:, 3032:, 3022:35 3020:, 3001:11 2999:, 2952:. 2850:. 2820:. 2794:, 2764:. 2738:. 2689:. 2375:. 2320:; 2133:26 2131:. 2117:^ 2073:; 2069:; 1936:. 1798:, 1743:^ 1716:^ 1687:^ 1557:. 1529:fr 1439:. 1248:. 1040:: 1014:c. 992:. 853:. 829:, 823:, 418:. 270:. 232:aʊ 4091:) 4087:( 4081:) 4077:( 4071:) 4067:( 4061:) 4057:( 4051:) 4047:( 4041:) 4037:( 4031:) 4027:( 4008:) 4004:( 3998:) 3994:( 3988:) 3984:( 3978:) 3974:( 3968:) 3964:( 3934:) 3930:( 3924:) 3920:( 3914:) 3910:( 3904:) 3900:( 3894:) 3890:( 3884:) 3880:( 3874:) 3870:( 3825:e 3818:t 3811:v 3432:e 3425:t 3418:v 3405:. 3386:. 3367:. 3322:. 3303:: 3264:: 3248:. 3221:. 3202:. 3181:: 3165:. 3144:: 3116:. 3095:: 3079:. 3049:. 3028:: 3012:. 3007:: 2988:. 2964:. 2862:. 2836:. 2807:. 2780:. 2750:. 2724:. 2701:. 2676:. 2660:. 2643:. 2619:. 2542:. 2268:. 2143:. 2139:: 2057:. 2022:. 1998:. 1947:. 1922:. 1901:. 1811:. 1784:. 1762:. 1726:. 1111:) 817:( 235:/ 229:ɡ 226:/ 214:) 210:( 27:. 20:.

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