519:
744:
655:
538:
692:
807:
373:-speaking provinces were less linked with the centre, Tembien was often linked with Tigray proper (Adwa) in a dynamic way. In the rainy season, Tembien became full autonomous because the Wer’i river was an unpassable border. However, during dry seasons Tembien accepted the authority of Tigray proper. Tembien appears on indigenous maps of the northern
460:
movement, in which the leaders originated from
Tembien. There is an important pilgrimage every year to the Abba Selama monastery, situated on an almost inaccessible rock that can only be reached at the peril of one's life. After Aksum, this would be the oldest church of Ethiopia, established by the
739:
Many strategic places, battle fields, and locations of mustard gas bombings during the
Italian wars are located in Tembien. In history books, they are commonly named by their Italian transliteration of the original Tigrinya name. This inventory provides the list of warfare sites with the (current)
501:
kingdom. Written sources particularly about “princes of
Tembien” became more dense starting from the 14th C. Starting from the 17th century the title of lord of Tembien was transmitted in the same family, while also getting approval from the Ethiopian Emperor. Hence, the degree of autonomy could
439:
Young farmers, at the slack season, and in need of additional income, were often enrolled in armies, where they hoped to get noticed and receive a position. Hence, the war cycle followed the seasons. In the rainy seasons, when warfare was difficult anyway, the farmers were back on their land to
1105:
Nyssen, J., Tesfaalem
Ghebreyohannes, Hailemariam Meaza, Dondeyne, S., 2020. Exploration of a medieval African map (Aksum, Ethiopia) – How do historical maps fit with topography? In: De Ryck, M., Nyssen, J., Van Acker, K., Van Roy, W., Liber Amicorum: Philippe De Maeyer In Kaart. Wachtebeke
473:. It is painted with scenes of his reign, and there are numerous gifts of the Emperor present in the church. Nowadays, every church serves also as a meeting place for the community. On Sundays, the villagers meet in the church compound after church service around a cup of blessed
534:, whose forefathers had managed to gain power through marriage with all the surrounding ruling families. Kassa (the future emperor Yohannes) controlled the Tembien highlands and later the whole of Tigray; ultimately he crowned himself king of kings of Ethiopia in 1872.
393:
There were hierarchical structures in which the large landowners owned most of the land, assumed positions and controlled the peasants. It was common that half of the crop yield needed to be given to the lord what led to great misery in the villages.
789:
The traditions of autonomy, the historical role in
Tigrayan politics, and relative isolation on top of a massif made Tembien a centre of resistance after the Italian retreat. Tembien participated actively in the
592:, governor of Tigray after the Second World War participated yearly in the annual patron's day at Abune Aregawi church in Zeyi which Yohannes had built. He also ordered to build a road and a bridge linking
731:
Kasa to the south. Souvenirs of this period are still vivid, and particularly the people know the caves and other places where their grandparents went hiding for the
Italian bomb and gas attacks.
333:
These sites are found on the routes that lead from the northwestern lowlands of
Ethiopia to the northern highlands via Tembien that holds a large number of distributions of rock art sites.
609:
There were complex succession rules in
Tembien, including transfer of positions through female lines. Some of the better-known 19th century higher ranked leaders of Tembien were:
997:
777:
As the
Italians anticipated to stay for many years, they invested in road and other infrastructure projects, which also furthered some urbanisation along the roads, such as in
781:, which attracted settlers. Nevertheless, there was a centre of local resistance in Tembien, what greatly hindered a stable Italian presence. The Italians retreated in 1941.
841:) – the place was a strategically located mountain saddle, also called "May Aleqti". In practice, the capital remained in Abiy Addi. It was only after the district of
853:
Both during the reign of
Emperor Haile Sillasie and that of the military Derg regime, Tembien was marginalised, despite its closeness to Mekelle. In the 1980s, the
869:
cliffs, the TPLF carried out its political activities, including a major land reform; it was from here that the offensives were organised till the conquest of
707:
However, at the end of February, a turning point came when the Italians targeted the counterattacking Tembien troops from the north and the south, with
695:
During the Italian bombings of early 1936, the population tried to hide, for instance in caves. The soot on the ceiling of the (now abandoned) Mika'el
557:
and to inner Ethiopia. However Yohannes’ kept strong links with Tembien, as indicated by the establishment of a (locally paved) horse-track between
1016:
Agazi Negash. (2001). The Holocene Pre-Historic Archaeology of the Temben Region of Northern Ethiopia (PhD dissertation). University of Florida.
461:
first Syrian missionary, Frumentius, commonly named “Abba Selama”. The monastery was even represented on a 17th-century map of Ethiopia. Like
507:
110:), became the capital. The region reached a highpoint in the Tsatsen mountains at 2828 meters above sea level, just south of Hagere Selam.
406:
845:
was created that Hagere Selam started to grow. Basic modern infrastructure (electricity, tap water) came only in the early years 2000.
1356:
Erlich, H (1981). "Tigrean Nationalism, British Involvement and Haile Sellasses's Emerging Absolutism: Northern Ethiopia, 1941-1943".
469:, the local monks do not recognise the state authority over the monastery. Emperor Yohannes IV was baptised at the St. Mary church of
998:
Agazi Negash. (1997). Preliminary Results of Archaeological Reconnaissance of Tigray, Northern Ethiopia, Nyame Akuma, 47, 27-32.
1170:
Nyssen, Jan; Petrie, Gordon; Munro, R. Neil; Jacob, Miro; Smidt, Wolbert; Haile, Mitiku; Frankl, Amaury; Billi, Paolo (2019).
930:
Geo-trekking map of Dogu'a Tembien (1:50,000). In: Geo-trekking in Ethiopia's Tropical Mountains - The Dogu'a Tembien District
1396:
1267:
1191:
1146:
1082:
938:
756:
where a heavy battle was fought. Italian soldiers installed a memorial stone on the top of the nearby Dabba Selama Mountain
679:
and Kassa Hailu regrouped there, and in January 1936, they caused important losses to the Italian army in the four-days
17:
569:, after being informed about the discovery of a large cave there. Also his successors kept connections with Tembien:
675:). Tembien with its mountains and river gorges was a major obstacle on their way south. For instance, the armies of
526:
As of the 19th Century, both oral traditions and written documents mention that the rulers of Tembien were based in
477:. This and other informal traditional meetings and associations allow self-organisation of the peasant communities.
298:
248:
198:
152:
712:
1115:
Smidt W (2003) Cartography, in: Uhlig S (ed.): Encyclopaedia Aethiopica, Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz, vol. 1: 688-691
545:
However, Emperor Yohannes IV did not establish his capital in Tembien (due to relative inaccessibility), but in
52:. It is a mountainous area of that country. During the reforms in 1994–95, the old provinces were replaced with
829:
In 1951, Gebru Gebrehiwot, the new governor, decided to create a new capital of Tembien. First the location of
518:
453:
149:
at a height of about 2000 metres, has been explored over 14.4 m but its distance is claimed to be way longer (
743:
346:
1326:
The Italian Air Force in the Ethiopian War (1935–1936), in: Ben-Ghiat R, Fuller M (eds): Italian Colonialism
837:
was created as a new town. It used already to be an open-air market place (hence the name "Idaga Hamus" or
402:
The seasons organised also the (political) life: after the harvest, young men often migrated seasonally to
95:
385:
In Tembien's history, the farmers’ culture, life cycle and livelihood linked with the land are important.
1401:
708:
668:
582:
858:
830:
819:
558:
527:
470:
91:
913:
822:, west of Hagere Selam, was the capital of Tembien; later on, the administration was established in
565:, passing through the V-notched Ksad Mederbai. He also ordered to build the Abune Aregawi church in
716:
31:
1311:
Ethiopia and Eritrea during the Scramble for Africa: A political biography of Ras Alula, 1875–1897
369:. This is why Tembien was also called “Wer’i Mellash” (‘beyond the Wer’i’). Whereas several other
680:
1249:
1220:
Tämben: Early history of Tämben to 17th century, in: Uhlig S (ed.): Encyclopaedia Aethiopica, 4
1171:
1126:
1062:
956:"The accumulation of Stone Age lithic artifacts in rock fragment mulches in northern Ethiopia"
900:
866:
490:
The first written source that mentions Tembien is about a war expedition of one of its late-
49:
955:
654:
967:
834:
415:
Such migrations could lead to permanent establishment in other areas such as the numerous
8:
537:
53:
1235:
Tämben from the 18th to 20th century, in: Uhlig S (ed.): Encyclopaedia Aethiopica, Vol 4
971:
691:
1273:
1197:
1152:
1088:
842:
327:
277:
227:
181:
127:
631:
Deggiyat Wehade, governor of Upper Tembien. His descendants still live in Hagere Selam
1277:
1263:
1201:
1187:
1156:
1142:
1092:
1078:
1028:
934:
696:
449:
370:
80:
57:
41:
1255:
1179:
1134:
1070:
1029:"Explorations of Three Rock Art Sites in Northwestern Tigray, Ethiopia Tekle Hagos"
975:
862:
811:
791:
734:
597:
593:
362:
288:
238:
119:
84:
895:
Smidt, W (2007). "Mälfa, in: Uhlig S (ed.): Encyclopaedia Aethiopica, Vol 3": 696.
1259:
1183:
928:
795:
676:
589:
574:
76:
1138:
1074:
642:
374:
1390:
720:
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638:
350:
313:
300:
263:
250:
213:
200:
167:
154:
123:
65:
45:
1340:
1015:
103:
69:
814:; the TPLF headquarters are located in this cliff, at right under the tree
870:
531:
474:
462:
456:
since ancient times. There are even manuscripts referring to a mediaeval
342:
622:
Shumtebien Mircha Weldekidan and his brother Dejazmatch Whade Weldekidan
366:
118:
Tembien holds numerous prehistoric sites, which have been dated to the
979:
541:
Bridge over Giba river, built by order of Mengesha Seyoum in the 1960s
823:
778:
753:
634:
578:
99:
180:). It contains lithic tools, potsherds, engravings and paintings of
806:
502:
vary. We know that, in the 17th C., Tembien was part of the larger
457:
420:
292:
242:
135:
64:. The area of the former province is now split over the woredas of
954:
Aerts, Raf; Finneran, Niall; Haile, Mitiku; Poesen, Jean (2010).
794:
in 1943 that could only be put down with the help of the British
672:
562:
554:
546:
428:
1127:"Political Ecology of Land Degradation in the Tembien Highlands"
735:
Strategic places, battle fields, and war crime scenes in Tembien
498:
466:
424:
192:
146:
131:
61:
1377:
L'Empire d'Ethiopie, Le Miroir de l'Ethiopie moderne 1906-1935
380:
276:). It contains lithic tools, potsherds, and faunal remains of
503:
495:
491:
354:
1338:
641:. He rose to position of general and fought the Italians in
245:
at a height of about 2020 metres, is some 13.5 metres long (
854:
833:
was chosen. As the inhabitants of Melfa rejected the idea,
566:
550:
358:
326:). It contains blades, blade cores, and a few potsherds of
1296:
Läwṭe, in: Uhlig S (ed.): Encyclopaedia Aethiopica, Vol. 3
1063:"A Short History and Ethnography of the Tembien Tigrayans"
747:
Italian memorial stone on the top of Dabba Selama Mountain
345:
and there are still Agew communities south of Tembien, in
452:
in Tembien, the socio-political organisation is based on
27:
Historical region and province in Tigray Region, Ethiopia
953:
341:
Tembien in the past was at least partially inhabited by
1033:
Ethiopian Journal of the Social Sciences and Humanities
1169:
865:. From these underground rooms and offices cut out in
1172:"Historical Maps, Terrestrial and Aerial Photographs"
857:, established its headquarters in a cave, again near
195:
at a height of about 2500 metres, is some 64 m long (
772:
510:, but after his death, Tembien became autonomous.
412:Bigger courts such as the Ethiopian ruler's court
1388:
1251:Description of Trekking Routes in Dogu'a Tembien
1254:. GeoGuide. Springer-Nature. pp. 557–675.
1178:. GeoGuide. Springer Nature. pp. 461–476.
1124:
409:valley for gold panning and incense harvesting
1176:Geo-trekking in Ethiopia's Tropical Mountains
1133:. GeoGuide. Springer Nature. pp. 79–87.
1131:Geo-trekking in Ethiopia's Tropical Mountains
1067:Geo-trekking in Ethiopia's Tropical Mountains
1298:. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz. pp. 525–526.
1237:. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz. pp. 854–855.
740:place name in Tigrinya, and their location.
1222:. Wiesbaden: Harassowitz. pp. 852–853.
1011:
1009:
1007:
1005:
993:
991:
989:
890:
888:
886:
686:
381:A history linked to ecology and seasonality
226:). It contains engravings and paintings of
662:
485:
443:
83:, and on the east, it was bordered by the
1293:
1069:. GeoGuide. Springer Nature. p. 68.
784:
671:invaded Ethiopia, coming from the north (
604:
553:- these towns were well connected to the
90:The original capital of the province was
1213:
1211:
1002:
986:
883:
805:
742:
690:
653:
581:, from where he also fought against the
536:
517:
397:
1379:. Alexandria (Egypt): Ecole des Frères.
1289:
1287:
336:
14:
1389:
1374:
1355:
1323:
1308:
1247:
920:
513:
480:
1332:
1328:. New York: Palgrave. pp. 37–46.
1232:
1217:
1208:
1106:(Belgium): University Press: 165-178.
1060:
1056:
1054:
1052:
1050:
1048:
1046:
1026:
926:
894:
1342:Guida dell'Africa orientale Italiana
1284:
1020:
637:, a peasant-warrior from Mennawe in
388:
628:Tigrayan politician Bejirond Lawt’e
616:Shumtembien Weldemikael Weldekirkos
24:
1339:Consociazione turistica Italiana.
1043:
810:Cliff in Amba Aradam Sandstone at
719:led to the Italians capturing the
649:
619:Shumtembien Weldekidan Weldemikael
295:at a height of about 1990 metres (
25:
1413:
927:Jacob, M. and colleagues (2019).
1125:Naudts, J; Lanckriet, S (2019).
191:cave in the village of Mahba in
44:: ተምቤን) is a historic region in
1368:
1349:
1317:
1302:
1241:
1226:
1163:
1118:
773:Italian investments and retreat
711:support and large-scale use of
1109:
1099:
1027:Hagos, Tekle (December 2019).
947:
826:, as it was easier of access.
454:Oriental Orthodox Christianity
94:, west of the current town of
13:
1:
876:
752:Passo Abaro, or Ksad Azef in
448:As evidenced by the numerous
434:
291:gorge at the extreme west of
113:
1397:Former provinces of Ethiopia
1260:10.1007/978-3-030-04955-3_38
1184:10.1007/978-3-030-04955-3_31
848:
658:Italian artillery in Tembien
7:
1139:10.1007/978-3-030-04955-3_5
1075:10.1007/978-3-030-04955-3_4
801:
75:It was located east of the
10:
1418:
1294:Hahn, W; Smidt, W (2007).
29:
1358:Asian and African Studies
723:and the final retreat of
353:proper (area surrounding
717:Second Battle of Tembien
687:War crimes and suffering
530:. Best known is Emperor
32:Tembien (disambiguation)
861:, more particularly in
681:First Battle of Tembien
663:First battle of Tembien
613:Shumtembien Weldekirkos
486:Early rulers of Tembien
444:Christianity in Tembien
314:13.609826°N 39.028260°E
264:13.621862°N 39.033077°E
214:13.620592°N 39.051313°E
168:13.621862°N 39.033077°E
1345:. Milano. p. 281.
908:Cite journal requires
815:
785:First Woyane rebellion
748:
704:
667:In 1935 and 1936, the
659:
605:The dynasty in Tembien
542:
523:
365:traditionally was the
241:gorge at the west of
102:, nowadays located in
809:
746:
694:
657:
540:
521:
398:Importance of seasons
377:in the 15th Century.
349:. The border between
287:open-air site in the
50:provinces of Ethiopia
1313:. East Lansing: MUP.
1248:Nyssen, Jan (2019).
440:plough and harvest.
337:Historical geography
319:13.609826; 39.028260
269:13.621862; 39.033077
219:13.620592; 39.051313
173:13.621862; 39.033077
30:For other uses, see
972:2010Gearc..25..137A
588:His grand-grandson
514:Emperor Yohannes IV
494:rulers against the
481:The Tembien dynasty
450:monolithic churches
310: /
260: /
210: /
164: /
1375:Zervos, A (1936).
1324:Rochat, G (2005).
1309:Erlich, H (1982).
933:. SpringerNature.
816:
749:
705:
660:
543:
524:
328:Pastoral Neolithic
283:Further down, the
278:Pastoral Neolithic
228:Pastoral Neolithic
182:Pastoral Neolithic
128:Pastoral Neolithic
18:History of Tembien
1269:978-3-030-04954-6
1233:Smidt, W (2010).
1218:Bausi, A (2010).
1193:978-3-030-04954-6
1148:978-3-030-04954-6
1084:978-3-030-04954-6
1061:Smidt, W (2019).
980:10.1002/gea.20299
940:978-3-030-04954-6
818:For a long time,
721:Tembien highlands
389:Political ecology
16:(Redirected from
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650:1930s and 1940s
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966:(1): 137–148.
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1364:(2): 191–227.
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19:
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237:cave in the
235:Danei Kawlos
234:
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189:Mihdar Ab’ur
188:
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117:
107:
104:Kola Tembien
96:Hagere Selam
89:
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70:Kola Tembien
37:
36:
871:Addis Ababa
727:Siyyum and
713:mustard gas
697:rock church
635:Alula Qubbi
625:Imebet Wiba
532:Yohannes IV
475:siwa (beer)
463:Mount Athos
367:Wer’i river
343:Agew people
317: /
267: /
217: /
171: /
98:; later on
79:, north of
48:and former
1391:Categories
877:References
508:Kiflewahid
435:War cycles
305:39°01′42″E
302:13°36′35″N
255:39°01′59″E
252:13°37′19″N
205:39°03′05″E
202:13°37′14″N
159:39°01′59″E
156:13°37′19″N
114:Prehistory
1278:199271514
1202:199338121
1157:199094704
1093:199170267
873:in 1991.
867:sandstone
849:Civil War
824:Abiy Addi
779:Abiy Addi
768:Amba Uorc
754:Haddinnet
709:air force
579:Abiy Addi
506:, led by
423:, around
417:Tembienot
100:Abiy Addi
802:Capitals
669:Italians
585:in 1935.
492:Aksumite
458:monastic
421:Hamasien
371:Tigrinya
347:Abergele
293:Menachek
243:Menachek
145:cave in
136:Menachek
81:Abergele
42:Tigrigna
968:Bibcode
715:. This
673:Eritrea
645:in 1896
598:Inderta
563:Mekelle
555:Red Sea
547:Mekelle
429:Eritrea
363:Tembien
289:Tsech'i
285:May Ila
239:Tsech'i
62:woredas
54:regions
38:Tembien
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765:Andino
762:Uarieu
499:Alodia
496:Nubian
467:Greece
425:Asmara
361:) and
351:Tigray
193:Aregen
147:Aregen
132:Aregen
1274:S2CID
1198:S2CID
1153:S2CID
1089:S2CID
859:Melfa
831:Melfa
820:Melfa
559:Melfa
528:Melfa
504:Agame
471:Melfa
407:Wer’i
355:Aksum
330:age.
280:age.
230:age.
184:age.
126:, or
92:Melfa
58:zones
1264:ISBN
1188:ISBN
1143:ISBN
1079:ISBN
935:ISBN
914:help
855:TPLF
643:Adwa
596:and
567:Zeyi
561:and
551:Adwa
549:and
359:Adwa
357:and
233:The
187:The
141:The
134:and
68:and
60:and
1256:doi
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729:ras
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