History of aviation

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not fly, but suggested it as a start and was confident that the problem would be solved. He wrote: "It seems easier to talk of such a machine than to put it into actuality, for it requires greater force and less weight than exists in a human body. The science of mechanics might perhaps suggest a means, namely, a strong spiral spring. If these advantages and requisites are observed, perhaps in time to come someone might know how better to utilise our sketch and cause some addition to be made so as to accomplish that which we can only suggest. Yet there are sufficient proofs and examples from nature that such flights can take place without danger, although when the first trials are made you may have to pay for the experience, and not mind an arm or leg". Swedenborg would prove prescient in his observation that a method of powering of an aircraft was one of the critical problems to be overcome.

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wing-warping as a means of lateral control was used only briefly during the early history of aviation, the principle of combining lateral control in combination with a rudder was a key advance in aircraft control. While many aviation pioneers appeared to leave safety largely to chance, the Wrights' design was greatly influenced by the need to teach themselves to fly without unreasonable risk to life and limb, by surviving crashes. This emphasis, as well as low engine power, was the reason for low flying speed and for taking off in a headwind. Performance, rather than safety, was the reason for the rear-heavy design because the

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separate control handle. When flights resumed the results were immediate. The serious pitch instability that hampered Flyers I and II was significantly reduced, so repeated minor crashes were eliminated. Flights with the redesigned Flyer III started lasting over 10 minutes, then 20, then 30. Flyer III became the first practical aircraft (though without wheels and needing a launching device), flying consistently under full control and bringing its pilot back to the starting point safely and landing without damage. On 5 October 1905, Wilbur flew 24 miles (39 km) in 39 minutes 23 seconds.

2300: 2665: 1784: 1535:, a Frenchman, advanced the theory of wing contours and aerodynamics and constructed successful models of aeroplanes, helicopters and ornithopters. In 1871 he flew the first aerodynamically stable fixed-wing aeroplane, a model monoplane he called the "Planophore", a distance of 40 m (130 ft). Pénaud's model incorporated several of Cayley's discoveries, including the use of a tail, wing dihedral for inherent stability, and rubber power. The planophore also had longitudinal stability, being trimmed such that the tailplane was set at a smaller 3367: 2202: 1387: 3443: 3094: 1547: 2557: 2071:

accumulation of experiences", including gradual progression from gliders to powered flight, and from straight flights to circuits requiring turning the aeroplane. The account reported "some slight success in flying through the air at the end of the Summer of 1903". The Wrights were said to have solved flight control issues to achieve controlled turns on a one-mile circuit on 20 September 1904, followed by five-minute flights in the ensuing weeks, and a 24-mile, 38-minute flight in summer 1905.

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then flew to Suva, Fiji 3,100 miles (5,000 km) away, taking 34 hours 30 minutes. This was the toughest part of the journey as they flew through a massive lightning storm near the equator. They then flew on to Brisbane in 20 hours, where they landed on 9 June 1928 after approximately 7,400 miles (11,900 km) total flight. On arrival, Kingsford Smith was met by a huge crowd of 25,000 at Eagle Farm Airport in his hometown of Brisbane. Accompanying him were Australian aviator

2685: 1420:. In 1848, Stringfellow achieved the first powered flight using an unmanned 10 feet (3.0 m) wingspan steam-powered monoplane built in a disused lace factory in Chard, Somerset. Employing two contra-rotating propellers on the first attempt, made indoors, the machine flew ten feet before becoming destabilised, damaging the craft. The second attempt was more successful, the machine leaving a guidewire to fly freely, achieving thirty yards of straight and level powered flight. 780:, begging for support for his invention of an airship, in which he expressed the greatest confidence. The public test of the machine, which was set for 24 June 1709, did not take place. According to contemporary reports, however, Gusmão appears to have made several less ambitious experiments with this machine, descending from eminences. It is certain that Gusmão was working on this principle at the public exhibition he gave before the Court on 8 August 1709, in the hall of the 1522: 815: 804: 1581: 1290: 492: 3174: 3012: 72: 31: 3681: 2693: 2000: 3189: 1462: 174: 1667: 1497: 2140:

the machine could be put in condition for flight again in about a day or two". They flew only about ten feet above the ground as a safety precaution, so they had little room to manoeuvre, and all four flights in the gusty winds ended in a bumpy and unintended "landing". Modern analysis by Professor Fred E. C. Culick and Henry R. Rex (1985) has demonstrated that the 1903

221: 703:, although his work remained unknown until 1797, and so had no influence on developments over the next three hundred years. While his designs are rational, they are not scientific. He particularly underestimated the amount of power that would be needed to propel a flying object, basing his designs on the flapping wings of a bird rather than an engine-powered propeller. 1610: 2736:, flying into small towns across the country and showing off their flying abilities, as well as taking paying passengers for rides. Eventually, the barnstormers grouped into more organized displays. Air shows sprang up around the country, with air races, acrobatic stunts, and feats of air superiority. The air races drove engine and airframe development—the 1432:. He advanced Cayley's work on cambered wings, making important findings. To test his ideas, from 1858 he had constructed several gliders, both manned and unmanned, and with up to five stacked wings. He realised that long, thin wings are better than bat-like ones because they have more leading edge for their area. Today this relationship is known as the 2506:(September 1911 – October 1912). In addition, the first warplane shot down in history was shot down by Ottoman soldiers' rifle fire during this war. The first mission (a reconnaissance) occurred on 23 October 1911. The first bombing mission was flown on 1 November 1911. Then Bulgaria followed this example. Its aeroplanes attacked and reconnoitred the 598:(Gongshu Ban). Later designs often emulated flying insects, birds, and other beasts, both real and mythical. Some were fitted with strings and whistles to make musical sounds while flying. Ancient and mediaeval Chinese sources describe kites being used to measure distances, test the wind, lift men, signal, and communicate and send messages. 3267:. Although anecdotal evidence exists that some fighter pilots may have done so while dive-bombing ground targets during the war, this was the first controlled, level flight to exceed the speed of sound. Further barriers of distance fell in 1948 and 1952 with the first jet crossing of the Atlantic and the first nonstop flight to Australia. 1139:'s daughter. As Evliya Celebi wrote, Lagari proclaimed before launching his craft "O my sultan! Be blessed, I am going to talk to Jesus!"; after ascending in the rocket, he landed in the sea, swimming ashore and joking "O my sultan! Jesus sends his regards to you!"; he was rewarded by the Sultan with silver and the rank of 3521:. Additionally, much of the developing world that did not have good access to air transport has been steadily adding aircraft and facilities, though severe congestion remains a problem in many up and coming nations. Around 20,000 city pairs are served by commercial aviation, up from less than 10,000 as recently as 1996. 1985:

for these claims remains open to interpretation and dispute, and Pearse himself never made such claims. In a newspaper interview in 1909, he said he did not "attempt anything practical ... until 1904". If he did fly in 1903, the flight appears to have been poorly controlled in comparison to the Wrights'.

2984:, constructed and flew the TsAGI 1-EA single rotor helicopter, which used an open tubing framework, a four-blade main rotor, and twin sets of 1.8-meter (5.9 ft) diameter anti-torque rotors; one set of two at the nose and one set of two at the tail. Powered by two M-2 powerplants, up-rated copies of the 2139:

again, and, in one of its darts downward, struck the ground. The distance over the ground was measured to be 852 feet (260 m); the time of the flight was 59 seconds. The frame supporting the front rudder was badly broken, but the main part of the machine was not injured at all. We estimated that

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control with a steerable rear rudder. Almost as an afterthought, they designed and built a low-powered internal combustion engine. They also designed and carved wooden propellers that were more efficient than any before, enabling them to gain adequate performance from their low engine power. Although

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At the same time that non-rigid airships were starting to have some success, the first successful rigid airships were also being developed. These would be far more capable than fixed-wing aircraft in terms of pure cargo carrying capacity for decades. Rigid airship design and advancement was pioneered

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Orville described the final flight of the day: "The first few hundred feet were up and down, as before, but by the time three hundred feet had been covered, the machine was under much better control. The course for the next four or five hundred feet had but little undulation. However, when out about

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Starting in 1891, he became the first person to make controlled untethered glides routinely, and the first to be photographed flying a heavier-than-air machine, stimulating interest around the world. Lilienthal's work led to him developing the concept of the modern wing. His flights in the year 1891

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proposed a monoplane with a tailplane and retractable undercarriage. Developing his ideas with a model powered first by clockwork and later by steam, he eventually achieved a short hop with a full-size manned craft in 1874. It achieved lift-off under its own power after launching from a ramp, glided

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published in 1717. This flying machine consisted of a light frame covered with strong canvas and provided with two large oars or wings moving on a horizontal axis, arranged so that the upstroke met with no resistance while the downstroke provided lifting power. Swedenborg knew that the machine would

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flew from Edwards AFB in the US to Australia non-stop and unrefuelled. This is the longest point-to-point flight ever undertaken by an unmanned aircraft and took 23 hours and 23 minutes. In October 2003, the first totally autonomous flight across the Atlantic by a computer-controlled model aircraft

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non-stop crossing of the Atlantic. This caused what was known in aviation at the time as the "Lindbergh boom", where the volume of mail moving by air increased 50 percent, applications for pilots' licences tripled, and the number of planes quadrupled all within six months of the flight. About three

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in France. The first demonstration, made on 8 August, attracted an audience including most of the major French aviation experimenters, who were astonished by the clear superiority of the Wright Brothers' aircraft, particularly its ability to make tight controlled turns. The importance of using roll

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made the first successful sustained flight of an unpiloted, engine-driven heavier-than-air craft of substantial size. It was launched from a spring-actuated catapult mounted on top of a houseboat on the Potomac River near Quantico, Virginia. Two flights were made that afternoon, one of 1,005 metres

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Its first flight, on 2 July 1900, lasted for only 18 minutes, as LZ 1 was forced to land on the lake after the winding mechanism for the balancing weight had broken. Upon repair, the technology proved its potential in subsequent flights, bettering the 6 m/s speed attained by the French airship

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English pioneer of aerial navigation and aeronautical engineering and designer of the first successful glider to carry a human being aloft. Cayley established the modern configuration of an aeroplane as a fixed-wing flying machine with separate systems for lift, propulsion, and control as early as

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had introduced the Comet into scheduled service. While a technical achievement, the plane suffered a series of highly public failures, as the shape of the windows led to cracks due to metal fatigue. The fatigue was caused by cycles of pressurization and depressurization of the cabin and eventually

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as the relief pilot, and the Americans James Warner and Captain Harry Lyon (who were the radio operator, navigator and engineer). A week after they landed, Kingsford Smith and Ulm recorded a disc for Columbia talking about their trip. With Ulm, Kingsford Smith later continued his journey being the

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Richard Pearse was a New Zealand farmer and inventor who performed pioneering aviation experiments. Witnesses interviewed many years afterward claimed that Pearse flew and landed a powered heavier-than-air machine on 31 March 1903, nine months before the Wright brothers flew. Documentary evidence

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Gustave Weißkopf was a German who emigrated to the U.S., where he soon changed his name to Whitehead. From 1897 to 1915, he designed and built early flying machines and engines. On 14 August 1901, two and a half years before the Wright Brothers' flight, he claimed to have carried out a controlled,

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each delivering 180 hp (130 kW). The overall weight was 8,000 pounds (3,600 kg). It was intended as a test rig to investigate aerodynamic lift: lacking flight controls it ran on rails, with a second set of rails above the wheels to restrain it. Completed in 1894, on its third run it

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In 1804, Cayley constructed a model glider which was the first modern heavier-than-air flying machine, having the layout of a conventional modern aircraft with an inclined wing towards the front and adjustable tail at the back with both tailplane and fin. A movable weight allowed adjustment of the

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number 2390 volume 66 page 702, 12 November 1954. Retrieved: 29 May 2010. "In thinking of how to construct the lightest possible wheel for aerial navigation cars, an entirely new mode of manufacturing this most useful part of locomotive machines occurred to me: vide, to do away with wooden spokes

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was the first to fly across the larger Pacific Ocean in the Southern Cross. His crew left Oakland, California to make the first trans-Pacific flight to Australia in three stages. The first (from Oakland to Hawaii) was 2,400 miles (3,900 km), took 27 hours 25 minutes, and was uneventful. They

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and true three-axis control. They flew it successfully hundreds of times in 1902, and it performed far better than the previous models. By using a rigorous system of experimentation, involving wind-tunnel testing of airfoils and flight testing of full-size prototypes, the Wrights not only built a

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was an American engineer who had moved to England. He built his own whirling arm rig and wind tunnel and constructed a large machine with a wingspan of 105 feet (32 m), a length of 145 feet (44 m), fore and aft horizontal surfaces and a crew of three. Twin propellers were powered by two

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In 1809, goaded by the farcical antics of his contemporaries (see above), he began the publication of a landmark three-part treatise titled "On Aerial Navigation" (1809–1810). In it he wrote the first scientific statement of the problem, "The whole problem is confined within these limits, viz. to

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From the last years of the 15th century until 1505, Leonardo wrote about and sketched many designs for flying machines and mechanisms, including ornithopters, fixed-wing gliders, rotorcraft (perhaps inspired by whirligig toys), parachutes (in the form of a wooden-framed pyramidal tent) and a wind

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wings in 1647. Described as "four pairs of wings attached to an elaborate 'dragon'", it was said to have successfully lifted a cat in 1648 but not Burattini himself. He promised that "only the most minor injuries" would result from landing the craft. His "Dragon Volant" is considered "the most

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In the latter part of the 20th century, the advent of digital electronics produced great advances in flight instrumentation and "fly-by-wire" systems. The 21st century saw the large-scale use of pilotless drones for military, civilian and leisure use. With digital controls, inherently unstable

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While the concept of using the aeroplane as an offensive weapon was generally discounted before World War I, the idea of using it for photography was one that was not lost on any of the major forces. All of the major forces in Europe had light aircraft, typically derived from pre-war sporting

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and rudder and moved them about twice the distance from the wings. They added two fixed vertical vanes (called "blinkers") between the elevators and gave the wings a very slight dihedral. They disconnected the rudder from the wing-warping control, and as in all future aircraft, placed it on a

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Around the last decade of the 19th century, a number of key figures were refining and defining the modern aeroplane. Lacking a suitable engine, aircraft work focused on stability and control in gliding flight. In 1879, Biot constructed a bird-like glider with the help of Massia and flew in it

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magazine, the Wright brothers seemed to have the most advanced knowledge of heavier-than-air navigation at the time. However, the same magazine issue also claimed that no public flight had been made in the United States before its April 1907 issue. Hence, they devised the Scientific American

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of a powered heavier-than-air machine in Europe and won the Deutsch-Archdeacon Prize for the first officially observed flight greater than 25 m (82 ft). On 12 November 1906, Santos-Dumont set the first world record recognized by the Federation Aeronautique Internationale by flying

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This 1906 article describes how the Wrights' experiments were conducted in "strict secrecy for several years", with "not more than a dozen persons" being in on the secret. One insider stated that the brothers had "not sought for spectacular success", and instead described their "progressive

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Using a methodical approach and concentrating on the controllability of the aircraft, the brothers built and tested a series of kite and glider designs from 1898 to 1902 before attempting to build a powered design. The gliders worked, but not as well as the Wrights had expected based on the

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With the basic design apparently successfully tested, he then turned to the problem of a suitable engine. He contracted Stephen Balzer to build one, but was disappointed when it delivered only 8 hp (6.0 kW) instead of the 12 hp (8.9 kW) he expected. Langley's assistant,

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started his project in 1880 and after 16 years, he designed a flying machine and in 1894 won a patent for a "Frost Aircraft Glider". Reports say witnesses claimed the craft flew at Saundersfoot in 1896, travelling 500 yards before colliding with a tree and falling in a field.

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successfully incorporated all of the required elements to create and fly the first aeroplane. The basic configuration with its characteristic tail was established by 1909, followed by rapid design and performance improvements aided by the development of more powerful engines.

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after a flight of 2 hours and 5 minutes, covering 36 km. After Robert alighted Charles decided to ascend alone. This time he ascended rapidly to an altitude of about 9,800 feet (3,000 m), where he saw the sun again, suffered extreme pain in his ears, and never flew

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Leonardo studied bird and bat flight, claiming the superiority of the latter owing to its unperforated wing. He analyzed these and anticipating many principles of aerodynamics. He understood that "An object offers as much resistance to the air as the air does to the object."

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experiments and writings of their predecessors. Their first full-size glider, launched in 1900, had only about half the lift they anticipated. Their second glider, built the following year, performed even more poorly. Rather than giving up, the Wrights constructed their own

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took up aircraft design after an early retirement, and funded the development of several gliders. In the summer of 1896, his team flew several of their designs eventually deciding that the best was a biplane design. Like Lilienthal, he documented and photographed his work.

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was established in 1999 to encourage the broadest national and international participation in the celebration of 100 years of powered flight. It publicized and encouraged a number of programmes, projects and events intended to educate people about the history of aviation.

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He went on to publish in 1852 the design for a full-size manned glider or "governable parachute" to be launched from a balloon and then to construct a version capable of launching from the top of a hill, which carried the first adult aviator across Brompton Dale in 1853.

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and created a number of sophisticated devices to measure lift and drag on the 200 wing designs they tested. As a result, the Wrights corrected earlier mistakes in calculations regarding drag and lift. Their testing and calculating produced a third glider with a higher

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Balloon jumping replaced tower jumping, also demonstrating with typically fatal results that man-power and flapping wings were useless in achieving flight. At the same time scientific study of heavier-than-air flight began in earnest. In 1801, the French officer

1566:. In 1879, he flew a model which, like Pénaud's project, was a monoplane with twin tractor propellers but also had a separate horizontal tail. It was powered by compressed air. Flown tethered to a pole, this was the first model to take off under its own power. 3582:. He subsequently succeeded in crossing the English Channel on his device on 4 August 2019, covering the 35-kilometre (22 mi) journey from Sangatte in northern France to St Margaret's Bay in Kent, UK, in 22 minutes, with a midpoint fueling stop included. 3192: 620:, a Chinese prince, in the 6th century AD. Stories of man-carrying kites also occur in Japan, following the introduction of the kite from China around the seventh century AD. It is said that at one time there was a Japanese law against man-carrying kites. 2319:

could be constructed in only 15 days and became the world's first series production aircraft. The Demoiselle achieved 120 km/h. The fuselage consisted of three specially reinforced bamboo booms: the pilot sat in a seat between the main wheels of a

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The last quarter of the 20th century saw a change of emphasis. No longer was revolutionary progress made in flight speeds, distances and materials technology. This part of the century instead saw the spreading of the digital revolution both in flight

736:, he wrote, "Tomorrow morning, on the second day of January, 1496, I will make the thong and the attempt." According to one commonly repeated, albeit presumably fictional story, in 1505 Leonardo or one of his pupils attempted to fly from the summit of 464:

The term aviation, noun of action from stem of Latin avis "bird" with suffix -ation meaning action or progress, was coined in 1863 by French pioneer Guillaume Joseph Gabriel de La Landelle (1812–1886) in "Aviation ou Navigation aérienne sans ballons".

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with the exception of Clément Ader, who had visionary views about this: "L'affaire de l'aviation militaire" (Military aviation concern), 1898 and "La première étape de l'aviation militaire en France" (The first step of military aviation en France),

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on Mars, humanity's first controlled powered aircraft flight on another planet. The helicopter rose to a height of three metres and hovered in a stable holding position for 30 seconds; a video of the flight was made by its accompanying rover,

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as the lifting gas. This has half the lifting power of hydrogen so the balloons had to be larger, however, coal gas was far more readily available and the local gas works sometimes provided a special lightweight formula for ballooning events.

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Almost as soon as they were invented, aeroplanes were used for military purposes. The first country to use them for military purposes was Italy, whose aircraft made reconnaissance, bombing and artillery correction flights in Libya during the

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control in making turns was recognised by almost all the European experimenters: Henri Farman fitted ailerons to his Voisin biplane and shortly afterwards set up his own aircraft construction business, whose first product was the influential

1875:, then reworked the design into a five-cylinder water-cooled radial that delivered 52 hp (39 kW) at 950 rpm, a feat that took years to duplicate. Now with both power and a design, Langley put the two together with great hopes. 420:. By the early 20th century, advances in engine technology and aerodynamics made controlled, powered flight possible for the first time. In 1903, following their pioneering research and experiments with wing design and aircraft control, the 1270:

Cayley's first innovation was to study the basic science of lift by adopting the whirling arm test rig for use in aircraft research and using simple aerodynamic models on the arm, rather than attempting to fly a model of a complete design.

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speed gauge. His early designs were man-powered and included ornithopters and rotorcraft; however he came to realise the impracticality of this and later turned to controlled gliding flight, also sketching some designs powered by a spring.

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is one of the earliest known; others originated from ancient Asia and the European Middle Age. During this early period, the issues of lift, stability and control were not understood, and most attempts ended in serious injury or death.

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The Wrights appear to be the first to make serious studied attempts to simultaneously solve the power and control problems. Both problems proved difficult, but they never lost interest. They solved the control problem by inventing

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broke from the rail, became airborne for about 200 yards at two to three feet of altitude and was badly damaged upon falling back to the ground. It was subsequently repaired, but Maxim abandoned his experiments shortly afterwards.

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flew 852 feet (260 m) in 59 seconds. The flights were witnessed by three coastal lifesaving crewmen, a local businessman, and a boy from the village, making these the first public flights and the first well-documented ones.

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On 21 November, the Montgolfiers launched the first free flight with human passengers. King Louis XVI had originally decreed that condemned criminals would be the first pilots, but Jean-François Pilâtre de Rozier, along with the

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He rigorously documented his work, including photographs, and for this reason is one of the best known of the early pioneers. Lilienthal made over 2,000 glides until his death in 1896 from injuries sustained in a glider crash.

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stated, "Aviation will be successful only if one finds an engine whose ratio with the weight of the device to be supported will be larger than current steam machines or the strength developed by humans or most of the animals".

1746:. In 1894, Hargrave linked four of his kites together, added a sling seat, and was the first to obtain lift with a heavier than air aircraft, when he flew up 16 feet (4.9 m). Later pioneers of manned kite flying included 1030:. Santos-Dumont went on to design and build several aircraft. The subsequent controversy surrounding his and others' competing claims with regard to aircraft overshadowed his great contribution to the development of airships. 2048:' invention has accomplished" — after years of glider tests, four successful flights in a powered flier that has "no balloon attachments of any kind, but is supported in the air by a pair of aerocurves, or wings", placing " 3381:, often referred to as just "Harrier" or "the jump jet", is a British designed military jet aircraft capable of Vertical/Short Takeoff and Landing (V/STOL) via thrust vectoring. It first flew in 1969, the same year that 2992:. By 14 August 1932, Cheremukhin managed to get the 1-EA up to an unofficial altitude of 605 meters (1,985 feet) with what is likely to be the first successful single-lift rotor helicopter design ever tested and flown. 1878:

To his dismay, the resulting aircraft proved to be too fragile. Simply scaling up the original small models resulted in a design that was too weak to hold itself together. Two launches in late 1903 both ended with the

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Work on developing a steerable (or dirigible) balloon continued sporadically throughout the 19th century. The first powered, controlled, sustained lighter-than-air flight is believed to have taken place in 1852 when

3030:, flew fighter and bomber planes becoming the first Turkish, female aviator and the world's first, female, combat pilot. During her flying career, she achieved some 8,000 hours, 32 of which were combat missions. 2977:

Less than a decade after the development of the first practical rotorcraft of any type with the autogyro, in the Soviet Union, Boris N. Yuriev and Alexei M. Cheremukhin, two aeronautical engineers working at the

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Aeronautic Trophy in order to encourage the development of a heavier-than-air flying machine. Glenn H. Curtiss won the trophy in 1908 with the first pre-announced and officially recorded flight of the June Bug.

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saw great advancements in aircraft technology. Airplanes evolved from low-powered biplanes made from wood and fabric to sleek, high-powered monoplanes made of aluminium, based primarily on the founding work of

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immediately crashing into the water. The pilot, Manly, was rescued each time. Also, the aircraft's control system was inadequate to allow quick pilot responses, and it had no method of lateral control, and the

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saw a great increase in the pace of development and production, not only of aircraft but also the associated flight-based weapon delivery systems. Air combat tactics and doctrines took advantage. Large-scale

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in September and in October, the same aircraft inaugurated the first commercial transatlantic service. However, the age of the rigid airship ended following the destruction by fire of the zeppelin LZ 129

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on 18 March and 19 August 1906 when he flew 12 and 24 metres, respectively, in a self-designed, fully self-propelled, fixed-wing aircraft, that possessed a fully wheeled undercarriage. He was followed by

546:'s 9th-century court poet Mu'min ibn Said, recounts that Firnas flew some distance before landing with some injuries, attributed to his lacking a tail (as birds use to land). Writing in the 12th century, 6821: 3524:

There appears to be newfound interest in returning to the supersonic era whereby waning demand in the turn of the 20th century made flights unprofitable, as well as the final commercial stoppage of the

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recorded a total of over 225,000 flights that day. It includes helicopters, private jets, gliders, sight-seeing flights, as well as personal aircraft. The website has been tracking flights since 2006.

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Since antiquity, there have been stories of men strapping birdlike wings, stiffened cloaks or other devices to themselves and attempting to fly, typically by jumping off a tower. The Greek legend of

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whose pair of wire-spoked mainwheels were located at the lower front of the airframe, with a tailskid half-way back beneath the rear fuselage structure. The Demoiselle was controlled in flight by a

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In 1799 he set forth for the first time in history the concept of the modern aeroplane. Cayley had identified the drag vector (parallel to the flow) and the lift vector (perpendicular to the flow).

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detailing his research, and then turned to building his designs. He hoped to achieve automatic aerodynamic stability, so he gave little consideration to in-flight control. On 6 May 1896, Langley's

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than the wings, an original and important contribution to the theory of aeronautics. Pénaud's later project for an amphibian aeroplane, although never built, incorporated other modern features. A

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monoplane with a single vertical fin and twin tractor propellers, it also featured hinged rear elevator and rudder surfaces, retractable undercarriage and a fully enclosed, instrumented cockpit.

5636: 1950:, an authoritative source for contemporary aviation, published an editorial which accepted Whitehead's flight as the first manned, powered, controlled flight of a heavier-than-air craft. The 4822: 2729:

and first flown in 1919. In this design, the rotor is not powered but is spun like a windmill by its passage through the air. A separate powerplant is used to propel the aircraft forwards.

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of 1897, notable only for having twin steam engines, failed to fly: Ader would later claim success and was not debunked until 1910 when the French Army published its report on his attempt.

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are believed to have been used extensively in ancient China, for both civil and military purposes and sometimes enforced as a punishment. An early recorded flight was that of the prisoner

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was perhaps the most famous of those on the barnstorming/air show circuit. She was also the first female pilot to achieve records such as the crossing of the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans.

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noted that: "All available evidence fails to support the claim that Gustave Whitehead made sustained, powered, controlled flights predating those of the Wright brothers." The editors of

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impeded development of the aviation industry in the United States compared to Europe. The patent war ended during World War I when the government pressured the industry into forming a

2424: 658:. A sky lantern consists of a paper balloon under or just inside which a small lamp is placed. Sky lanterns are traditionally launched for pleasure and during festivals. According to 3147:. However, jet and rocket aircraft had only limited impact due to their late introduction, fuel shortages, the lack of experienced pilots and the declining war industry of Germany. 757:

published a work that suggested lighter than air flight would be possible by using copper foil spheres that, containing a vacuum, would be lighter than the displaced air to lift an

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It was not long before aircraft were shooting at each other, but the lack of any sort of steady point for the gun was a problem. The French solved this problem when, in late 1914,

995:

However, these aircraft were generally short-lived and extremely frail. Routine, controlled flights would not occur until the advent of the internal combustion engine (see below.)

3532:

At the beginning of the 21st century, digital technology allowed subsonic military aviation to begin eliminating the pilot in favour of remotely operated or completely autonomous

3212:

grew rapidly, using mostly ex-military aircraft to transport people and cargo. This growth was accelerated by the glut of heavy and super-heavy bomber airframes like the B-29 and

761:. While theoretically sound, his design was not feasible: the pressure of the surrounding air would crush the spheres. The idea of using a vacuum to produce lift is now known as 6699: 6668: 5615: 1077:

Although airships were used in both World War I and II, and continue on a limited basis to this day, their development has been largely overshadowed by heavier-than-air craft.

7470: 1253:

Conducting scientific aerodynamic experiments demonstrating drag and streamlining, movement of the centre of pressure, and the increase in lift from curving the wing surface.

6940: 3549: 2291:

prize for a flight in which the aircraft flew a distance of more than a kilometre and landed at the point where it had taken off. The flight lasted 1 minute and 28 seconds.

6495:. With 100,000 circulation it is largest-selling of U. S. air publications." "Editor of Aeronautics is equally airwise Harley W. Mitchell, no relative of General Mitchell." 1859:, the U.S. government granted him $ 50,000 to develop a man-carrying flying machine for aerial reconnaissance. Langley planned on building a scaled-up version known as the 6852: 2332:

at the aft end of the fuselage structure to function as elevator and rudder, with roll control provided through wing warping (No. 20), with the wings only warping "down".

2228:

in January 1906, the importance of this advance was not recognised, and European experimenters generally concentrated on attempting to produce inherently stable machines.

1828:

landed in the water as planned, because, in order to save weight, it was not equipped with landing gear. On 28 November 1896, another successful flight was made with the

1659:

sections, proving the principles of aerodynamic lift foreseen by Cayley and Wenham. His findings underpin all modern aerofoil design. Between 1883 and 1886, the American

6617: 2623:

Aviators were styled as modern-day knights, doing individual combat with their enemies. Several pilots became famous for their air-to-air combat; the most well known is

992:. The 170-foot (52 m) long, 66,000-cubic-foot (1,900 m) airship covered 8 km (5.0 mi) in 23 minutes with the aid of an 8½ horsepower electric motor. 911:

Ballooning became a major "rage" in Europe in the late 18th century, providing the first detailed understanding of the relationship between altitude and the atmosphere.

6578: 5972: 6882: 7262: 6757: 5938: 3401:. The Boeing 747 was the largest commercial passenger aircraft ever to fly, and still carries millions of passengers each year, though it has been superseded by the 2193:

This period saw the development of practical aeroplanes and airships and their early application, alongside balloons and kites, for private, sport and military use.

4019: 5552: 4891: 5405: 1680:

became known as the "Glider King" or "Flying Man" of Germany. He duplicated Wenham's work and greatly expanded on it in 1884, publishing his research in 1889 as

6811: 1600:. On 9 October 1890, Ader made an uncontrolled hop of around 50 metres (160 ft); this was the first manned aeroplane to take off under its own power. His 6539: 6505: 1298:

make a surface support a given weight by the application of power to the resistance of air". He identified the four vector forces that influence an aircraft:

195: 5375: 5521: 5457: 3619: 3428:

became the first human-powered aircraft to cross the English channel. This achievement finally saw the realization of centuries of dreams of human flight.

5215: 1067:

by 3 m/s, but could not yet convince possible investors. It would be several years before the Count was able to raise enough funds for another try.

5293: 3229:

led to catastrophic failure of the plane's fuselage. By the time the problems were overcome, other jet airliner designs had already taken to the skies.

3136:—with attained velocities of up to 1,130 km/h (700 mph) in test flights—and the first vertical take-off manned point-defence interceptor, the 4623: 2642:

France, Britain, Germany, and Italy were the leading manufacturers of fighter planes that saw action during the war, with German aviation technologist

5632: 3950: 2347:

The following year saw the widespread recognition of powered flight as something other than the preserve of dreamers and eccentrics. On 25 July 1909,

1243:

and would later design the first modern heavier-than-air craft. Among his many achievements, his most important contributions to aeronautics include:

4562:"Will it be possible to improve the aerostatic art, by a better combination of means used until now, in order to leave up aerostats and conduct them" 2676:"Map of Air Routes and Landing Places in Great Britain, as temporarily arranged by the Air Ministry for civilian flying", published in 1919, showing 2064: 5674: 4457: 3985: 5916: 4748: 3293:. However, the approach diametrically changed when a new type of nuclear-carrying platform appeared that could not be stopped in any feasible way: 1239:

was first called the "father of the aeroplane" in 1846. During the last years of the previous century he had begun the first rigorous study of the

1970:

agree: "The data show that not only was Whitehead not first in flight, but that he may never have made a controlled, powered flight at any time."

1824:(3,297 ft) and a second of 700 metres (2,300 ft), at a speed of approximately 25 miles per hour (40 km/h). On both occasions, the 554:

attached wings to his hands and feet and flew a short distance, but broke both legs while landing, also having neglected to make himself a tail.

2974:

with a wingspan of 48 m. On its 70th test flight on 21 October 1929, there were 169 people on board, a record that was not broken for 20 years.

1708:

are seen as the beginning of human flight and because of that he is often referred to as either the "father of aviation" or "father of flight".

6468: 5345: 2216: 7416: 6780: 2272:

220 m (720 ft) in 21.5 seconds. Only one more brief flight was made by the 14-bis in March 1907, after which it was abandoned.

2108: 7522: 673:

There is evidence that the Chinese also "solved the problem of aerial navigation" using balloons, hundreds of years before the 18th century.

5061: 3867: 1910:

and flew this very different aircraft in 1914. Without acknowledging the modifications, the Smithsonian Institution asserted that Langley's

1663:

developed a series of three manned gliders, before conducting his own independent investigations into aerodynamics and circulation of lift.

6294: 5789: 5752: 4686: 4675: 4664: 2370: 956: 699:'s construction, some investigators began to discover and define some of the basics of rational aircraft design. Most notable of these was 7477:. University of Washington Libraries. in the Pacific Northwest region and Western United States during the first half of the 20th century. 6639: 6364: 5706:"An Historical and Applied Aerodynamic Study of the Wright Brothers' Wind Tunnel Test Program and Application to Successful Manned Flight" 4704: 4415: 3850:(Spring, 1961). "Eilmer of Malmesbury, an Eleventh Century Aviator: A Case Study of Technological Innovation, Its Context and Tradition", 2159:. After a severe crash on 14 July 1905, they rebuilt the Flyer III and made important design changes. They almost doubled the size of the 7208: 7089:(Spring 1961). "Eilmer of Malmesbury, an Eleventh Century Aviator: A Case Study of Technological Innovation, Its Context and Tradition". 3248:

which established new levels of comfort, safety and passenger expectations, ushered in the age of mass commercial air travel, dubbed the

2891:(1935) had already cast doubt on airship safety, but with the disasters of the U.S. Navy's rigids showing the importance of solely using 2775:. The first flight across the South Atlantic and the first aerial crossing using astronomical navigation, was made by the naval aviators 730:), Leonardo describes a flying machine called "the bird" which he built from starched linen, leather joints, and raw silk thongs. In the 6904: 4783: 1894:

Langley's attempts to gain further funding failed, and his efforts ended. Nine days after his second abortive launch on 8 December, the

7622: 6691: 6660: 5611:

Gustave Whitehead: An RAeS statement regarding claims that Gustave Whitehead successfully flew an aeroplane before the Wright brothers

3541:

occurred. UAVs are now an established feature of modern warfare, carrying out pinpoint attacks under the control of a remote operator.

3454:

following the end of all Concorde flying. This aircraft flew for 22,296 hours between its first flight in 1976 and final flight in 2000

1941:

local newspaper. About 30 years later, several people questioned by a researcher claimed to have seen that or other Whitehead flights.

6450: 6380: 5005: 3571:. The flight took nearly five days; during the nights the aircraft used its batteries and the potential energy gained during the day. 182: 7700: 4553: 2672: 4076: 978:

Another advance was made in 1884, when the first fully controllable free-flight was made in a French Army electric-powered airship,

829:

1783 was a watershed year for ballooning and aviation. Between 4 June and 1 December, five aviation firsts were achieved in France:

7482: 3053: 7365: 6930: 6202: 4505: 3665:

last flight was 18 January 2024, a span of 2 years, 333 days since its first takeoff (the duration in Martian days, or

2411: 136: 7440: 5612: 5590: 2585: 1216: 6844: 5868:"Telegram from Orville Wright in Kitty Hawk, North Carolina, to His Father Announcing Four Successful Flights, 1903 December 17" 108: 6727: 5245: 4308:

Winter, Frank H. (1992). "Who First Flew in a Rocket?", Journal of the British Interplanetary Society 45 (July 1992), p. 275-80

3769: 3026:

After enrolling in the Military Aviation Academy in Eskisehir in 1936 and undertaking training at the First Aircraft Regiment,

6601: 1443:" who represented most research efforts until the 20th century. Among them was the British scientist-philosopher and inventor 902:

in Paris, as a crowd of 400,000 witnessed. They ascended to a height of about 1,800 feet (550 m) and landed at sunset in

412:

Experiments with gliders provided the groundwork for learning the dynamics of heavier-than-air craft, most notably by Cayley,

7062: 6611: 6572: 6562: 5968: 5844: 5045: 4885: 4761:

altogether, and refer the whole firmness of the wheel to the strength of the rim only, by the intervention of tight cording."

4397: 4364: 4222: 4117: 4086: 3800: 3622:

as well as slump in demand among travellers, and may also affect the future of air travel. For example, the mandatory use of

3494: 1946: 1405: 1049:. This was intended to ease the starting procedure, as the hall could easily be aligned with the wind. The prototype airship 6874: 6031: 6002: 5271: 4921: 4536: 2852:, England. By 1929, airship technology had advanced to the point that the first round-the-world flight was completed by the 1002:

Santos-Dumont's "Number 6" rounding the Eiffel Tower in the process of winning the Deutsch de la Meurthe Prize, October 1901

362:. Kite flying in China dates back to several hundred years BC and is thought to be the earliest example of man-made flight. 6113: 5431: 3578:

attracted worldwide attention when he participated at the Bastille Day military parade riding his invention, a jet-powered

3225: 239: 115: 89: 44: 6749: 5935: 4590: 3557: 3340:

in 1963, Canada became the third country to send a satellite into space. The space race between the United States and the

3001:

in the Soviet Union by 1934, as the largest aircraft ever built using the Junkers methods of metal aircraft construction.

1354: 590:

may have been the first form of man-made aircraft. It was invented in China possibly as far back as the 5th century BC by

7618: 4236: 2450:. It rose to a height of 13 metres (43 feet), where it remained for 20 seconds, after a vertical take-off from a park in 6060: 5705: 4471: 3328:

25 using friction and converting the kinetic energy of the velocity into heat. The United States responded by launching

2311:

between the wings in an effort to gain more lateral stability. His final design, first flown in 1907, was the series of

7671: 7639: 7496:(Documentary on the first powered flight by a Briton in Britain, JTC Moore Brabazon, in 1909). Countrywide Productions. 5560: 4875: 3699: 3567:

flew a record distance of 4,481 miles (7,211 km) from Nagoya, Japan to Honolulu, Hawaii in a solar-powered plane,

3294: 2473:, also French, made the first rotary-winged free flight at Lisieux, France. However, these were not practical designs. 2144:

was so unstable as to be almost unmanageable by anyone but the Wrights, who had trained themselves in the 1902 glider.

1163: 5397: 5323: 5157: 4974: 4852: 3150:

Not only aeroplanes, but also helicopters saw rapid development in the Second World War, with the introduction of the

1055:(LZ for "Luftschiff Zeppelin") had a length of 128 m (420 ft) was driven by two 10.6 kW (14.2 hp) 7515: 7135: 7077: 7039: 6998: 6975: 6272: 6234: 6183: 6155: 5495: 5199: 5131: 5103: 4351: 4331: 3740: 2995:

Only five years after the German Dornier Do-X had flown, Tupolev designed the largest aircraft of the 1930s era, the

2755:

Other prizes, for distance and speed records, also drove development forwards. For example, on 14 June 1919, Captain

2385: 1536: 275: 257: 155: 122: 58: 7156: 5811: 4011: 2936:, during the 1920s. In its various forms, in the 21st-century sailplane aviation now has over 400,000 participants. 2795:

for aeronautical use, an invention that revolutionized air navigation at the time (Gago Coutinho invented a type of

2126:, of 120 feet (37 m) in 12 seconds, was recorded in a famous photograph. In the fourth flight of the same day, 888: 650:

From ancient times the Chinese have understood that hot air rises and have applied the principle to a type of small

642:, an ancient Chinese toy. The similar "moulinet à noix" (rotor on a nut) appeared in Europe in the 14th century AD. 7358: 6535: 6423: 3669:, was 1035). Broken and damaged rotor blades suffered during its final landing forced the helicopter's retirement. 3057: 3049: 2112: 1960:) and many aviation historians continue to maintain that Whitehead did not fly as suggested. The historians of the 1010:(sometimes called "blimps".) The most successful early pioneering pilot of this type of aircraft was the Brazilian 891:, successfully petitioned for the honour. They drifted 8 km (5.0 mi) in a balloon-powered by a wood fire. 6083: 5371: 4615: 1383:

broke new ground. Although only a design, it was the first in history for a propeller-driven fixed-wing aircraft.

869:

On 19 October, the Montgolfiers launched the first manned flight, a tethered balloon with humans on board, at the

7560: 5529: 5453: 3421:

Blackbird had set the record for crossing the Atlantic in under 2 hours, and Concorde followed in its footsteps.

3008:

began in Germany and in Britain – both countries would go on to develop jet aircraft by the end of World War II.

2721:. The age of the great rigid airships came and went. The first successful rotorcraft appeared in the form of the 2659: 2581: 2539: 2465:

The first time a manned helicopter is known to have risen off the ground was on a tethered flight in 1907 by the

579: 5877: 2836:

The first lighter-than-air crossings of the Atlantic were made by airship in July 1919 by His Majesty's Airship

1855:, Langley started looking for funding to build a full-scale man-carrying version of his designs. Spurred by the 366:'s 15th-century dream of flight found expression in several rational designs, but which relied on poor science. 290: 104: 7705: 7695: 7606: 3282:

could deliver a deadly blow to the enemy, so great efforts were made to develop countermeasures. At first, the

2732:

After World War I, experienced fighter pilots were eager to show off their skills. Many American pilots became

1320:

and distinguished stability and control in his designs. He also identified and described the importance of the

1014:

who effectively combined a balloon with an internal combustion engine. On 19 October 1901, he flew his airship

601:

Kites spread from China around the world. After its introduction into India, the kite further evolved into the

93: 3236:

became the first airline in the world to operate sustained regular jet services on 15 September 1956 with the

2155:, a heavier and improved version of the original Flyer. On 23 June 1905, they first flew a third machine, the 7659: 5730: 5297: 4564:, thus showing the interest of the scientists of that time (first half of the 19th) century on that question. 3220:

also made for easier and longer commercial flights. The first commercial jet airliner to fly was the British

2830: 2494:, operated by most of the world's air forces before WW1 for reconnaissance and bombing, including during the 2335:

In 1908, Wilbur Wright travelled to Europe, and starting in August gave a series of flight demonstrations at

1482:

for a short time and returned safely to the ground, making it the first successful powered glide in history.

682: 662:, such lanterns were known in China from the 3rd century BC. Their military use is attributed to the general 507: 6781:"Wednesday was one of the busiest recorded days in aviation history — and it's going to keep getting busier" 1518:

pulled by a horse on a beach. He reportedly achieved a height of 100 metres, over a distance of 200 metres.

7690: 7596: 7508: 5913:"Airplane Stability and Control, Second Edition: A History of the Technologies That Made Aviation Possible" 4320:

Flying's strangest moments: extraordinary but true stories from over one thousand years of aviation history

3942: 2514:. The first war to see major use of aeroplanes in offensive, defensive and reconnaissance capabilities was 1358: 1133: 1056: 933:

In the early 1900s, ballooning was a popular sport in Britain. These privately owned balloons usually used

923: 313: 2487: 2038: 7644: 7575: 7550: 6222: 6171: 6143: 5187: 5119: 5091: 5027: 3972: 3607:

In the early 21st Century, the first fifth-generation military fighters were produced, starting with the

3437: 3045: 2791:, Brazil, with only internal means of navigation, in an aircraft specifically fitted for himself with an 2188: 1183: 1027: 231: 5912: 4745: 4447: 3513:

21st-century aviation has seen increasing interest in fuel savings and fuel diversification, as well as

2602:", getting credit for five victories before also becoming the first ace to die in action, it was German 3704: 2871: 2772: 2396: 2259:

with pronounced wing dihedral, and covered a distance of 60 m (200 ft) on the grounds of the

2240:

who built a monoplane which he tested with a tether in Denmark on 12 September 1906, flying 42 metres.

2116: 1961: 1458:

using a fan, driven by a steam engine, to propel air down a 12 ft (3.7 m) tube to the model.

1444: 1425: 1148: 394: 4816: 3405:, which is capable of carrying up to 853 passengers. In 1975, Aeroflot started regular service on the 1688:), which is seen as one of the most important works in aviation history. He also produced a series of 967:

Airships were originally called "dirigible balloons" and are still sometimes called dirigibles today.

880: 7710: 6935: 6250: 3518: 2321: 2299: 1783: 539: 302: 6478: 3074:

introduced and the more flexible aircraft and weapons allowed precise attacks on small targets with

2869:

on 6 May 1937, killing 35 of the 97 people aboard. Previous spectacular airship accidents, from the

7565: 7423: 7086: 4214:

Heroes of History: A Brief History of Civilization from Ancient Times to the Dawn of the Modern Age

3847: 3533: 3490: 3039: 2960: 2768: 2466: 2458:, as well as the nearby park, the Parco Forlanini. In Milan he also has an avenue named after him, 2312: 2267:

before a large crowd of witnesses. This well-documented event was the first flight verified by the

2111:(FAI), the Wrights made the first sustained, controlled, powered heavier-than-air manned flight at 1856: 1844:

greatly modified. So little remained of the original aircraft that it was given a new designation.

1812: 1697: 919: 50: 2097: 1867:, which flew twice on 18 June 1901, and then again with a newer and more powerful engine in 1903. 543: 444:, the flying boats were in their turn replaced by land planes, and the new and immensely powerful 7613: 7591: 7555: 6315:

Ferdinando Pedriali. "Aerei italiani in Libia (1911–1912)"(Italian planes in Libya (1911–1912)).

4773: 3881: 3593: 3451: 2895:

as the lifting medium; following the destruction of the Hindenburg, the remaining airship making

2820: 2591: 2551: 2136: 2104: 1951: 1808: 1804: 1778: 754: 356: 320: 187: 129: 82: 7224: 5781: 5744: 4683: 4672: 4661: 3071: 1635: 1256:

Defining the modern aeroplane configuration comprising a fixed-wing, fuselage and tail assembly.

1195: 773: 687: 7322:

Publications relating to the history of aeronautics, (1,800 titles dispersed in the collection)

6645: 6357: 5037: 4746:

Summary of First Cayley Memorial Lecture at the Brough Branch of the Royal Aeronautical Society

4701: 3639: 3290: 3083: 2917: 2714: 2624: 2459: 1934: 1660: 1486: 1421: 1167: 1035: 998: 429: 19: 7254: 7200: 5613:

http://aerosociety.com/Assets/Docs/Publications/SpecialistPapers/GustaveWhiteheadStatement.pdf

5485: 4356: 4107: 2268: 1105: 7601: 7545: 5872: 4389: 3151: 2866: 2519: 2482: 2244: 2224:

Although full details of the Wright Brothers' system of flight control had been published in

2049: 1833: 1417: 1396: 1380: 1365:

in which all compression loads are carried by the rim, allowing a lightweight undercarriage.

1321: 1263: 1086: 1011: 793: 712: 547: 474: 295: 7399: 2664: 1648:, France, and is claimed to be the earliest man-carrying flying machine still in existence. 1439:

The latter part of the 19th century became a period of intense study, characterized by the "

6454: 6388: 4997: 4756: 4452: 3709: 3694: 3553: 3289:

were produced in considerable numbers. By 1955, most development efforts shifted to guided

3286: 3133: 3113: 3097: 2925: 2901: 2896: 2854: 2617: 2260: 2256: 2093: 1765: 1747: 1159: 1045:

airship began in 1899 in a floating assembly hall on Lake Constance in the Bay of Manzell,

899: 834: 551: 480: 370: 6721: 5074: 4550: 4081:. Cambridge aerospace. Vol. 18. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 7–9. 1346:

large and safe enough to carry a child. A local boy was chosen but his name is not known.

1331:, diagonal bracing and drag reduction, and contributed to the understanding and design of 876: 8: 7387: 7354: 7317: 5682: 4092: 3791:

Cassard, Jean-Christophe; Croix, Alain; Le Quéau, Jean-René; Veillard, Jean-Yves (2008).

3321: 3209: 3124:, followed afterwards, but saw only brief use in World War II. The first cruise missile ( 2860: 2639:

is credited with the most all-time victories at 75, even when later wars are considered.

2503: 2495: 2280: 2169: 2160: 1966: 1440: 1433: 1328: 1275: 1019: 980: 927: 558: 2603: 2362: 1203: 1199: 903: 7250: 7196: 7114: 7106: 7028: 6987: 6199: 4497: 4420: 3980: 3872: 3646: 3425: 3316:

orbited once around the planet within 108 minutes, and then used the descent module of

3221: 3177: 3027: 3016: 2964: 2792: 2677: 2366: 2100:

wings were less affected by crosswinds and were consistent with the low yaw stability.

1655:

made key contributions to aerodynamics. He conducted extensive wind tunnel research on

1508: 1500: 1409: 1187: 915: 777: 348: 7299: 5582: 3765: 2970:

1929 also saw the first flight of by far the largest plane ever built until then: the

2636: 1532: 1478: 1465: 1223:

and broke only one leg on arrival. In 1837 French mathematician and brigadier general

7570: 7131: 7118: 7058: 7035: 6994: 6971: 6607: 6568: 6230: 6179: 6151: 5724: 5491: 5195: 5127: 5099: 5041: 4881: 4529:"Rapport sur la plus grande vitesse que l'on peut obtenir par la navigation aérienne" 4393: 4360: 4327: 4228: 4218: 4113: 4082: 3796: 3736: 3666: 3615: 3514: 3417:

began supersonic service across the Atlantic, with Concorde. A few years earlier the

3366: 3067: 2985: 2951: 2886: 2880: 2800: 2726: 2628: 2542:, as communication between pilots and ground commander grew more and more important. 2389: 1923: 1739: 1645: 1540: 1413: 1391: 1283: 1236: 1224: 1152: 1007: 766: 700: 449: 406: 402: 363: 324: 7452: 5241: 3359:

6.1. Aside from vehicles designed to fly in outer space, this record was renewed by

2955:

magazine), which became the largest aviation magazine with a circulation of 100,000.

2799:

incorporating two spirit levels to provide an artificial horizon). Five years later

1117: 557:

Many others made well-documented jumps in the following centuries. As late as 1811,

527: 308: 7338: 7098: 5522:"Executive Overview: Jane's All the World's Aircraft: Development & Production" 4586: 3597: 3479: 3378: 3203: 3144: 2945: 2907: 2760: 2756: 2745: 2737: 2511: 2470: 2439: 2420: 2264: 2237: 2156: 2053: 1930: 1872: 1693: 1652: 1470: 1312: 732: 635: 613: 523: 382: 7030:

Taking Flight:Inventing the Aerial Age, from Antiquity through the First World War

5840: 5033:

Aviation: An Historical Survey From Its Origins To The End Of The Second World War

3493:. Initially used to increase the manoeuvrability of military aircraft such as the 2348: 2201: 2044:

Within weeks of the first powered flight, this Ohio newspaper described "what the

1832:. This flight, of 1,460 metres (4,790 ft), was witnessed and photographed by 1097: 781: 7491: 7346: 7229: 7160: 7054: 6473: 6368: 6206: 6023: 5994: 5942: 5920: 5848: 5619: 5267: 5031: 4948: 4913: 4752: 4708: 4690: 4679: 4668: 4557: 4528: 3766:"Online Etymology Dictionary | Origin, history and meaning of English words" 3686: 3442: 3410: 3333: 3181: 3155: 3125: 2780: 2358: 2329: 2152: 2045: 1994: 1895: 1728: 1700:, which is considered to be the first air plane in series production, making the 1677: 1670: 1630: 1175: 1046: 895: 858: 853: 849: 838: 651: 573: 421: 413: 374: 6121: 5427: 3355:

set the air speed record for an aircraft at 4,534 mph (7,297 km/h) or

3093: 2816:

was the first to solo the Caribbean Sea and went missing flying over Venezuela.

2361:, and in August around half a million people, including the President of France 1593: 1511:

made the first flight higher than his point of departure, by having his glider "

428:

The first great ships of the air were the rigid dirigible balloons pioneered by

7403: 7309: 7072: 5319: 4346: 3382: 3237: 3213: 3121: 3105: 3079: 2996: 2788: 2749: 2718: 2595: 2535: 2531: 2523: 2507: 2455: 2325: 2276: 2225: 2123: 1979: 1716: 1602: 1374: 1247:

Clarifying our ideas and laying down the principles of heavier-than-air flight.

1101: 985: 762: 659: 417: 390: 6812:"Pipistrel Velis Electro earns first all-electric aircraft type certification" 2989: 2748:. With pilots competing for cash prizes, there was an incentive to go faster. 2556: 1546: 1424:

presented the first paper to the newly formed Aeronautical Society (later the

1408:

and two years later the world's first aeronautical exhibition was held at the

7684: 7654: 6816: 6410: 6339:

Nevin, David (1993). "Two Daring Flyers Beat the Atlantic before Lindbergh".

6052: 4787:. Vol. 10 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 502–519. 4778: 4475: 4385: 4232: 3833:, Biography of Wang Mang, 或言能飞, 一日千里, 可窥匈奴.莽辄试之, 取大鸟翮为两翼, 头与身皆著毛, 通引环纽, 飞数百步堕 3623: 3586: 3575: 3568: 3564: 3475: 3398: 3264: 3137: 3109: 2939: 2837: 2776: 2609: 2127: 2084: 1903: 1792: 1759: 1724: 1342:

In 1848, he had progressed far enough to construct a glider in the form of a

972: 863: 639: 629: 617: 491: 1477:

Meanwhile, the British advances had galvanised French researchers. In 1857,

1386: 1179:

elaborate and sophisticated aeroplane to be built before the 19th Century".

7295: 5745:"Machine That Flies / What the Wright Brothers' Invention Has Accomplished" 5633:"Scientific American Debunks Claim Gustave Whitehead Was "First in Flight"" 5165: 4964: 4944: 4844: 3657: 3579: 3471: 3341: 3329: 3313: 3302: 3271: 3256: 3162: 3132:), the first (and to date only) operational rocket-powered combat aircraft 3117: 3062: 2971: 2841: 2813: 2804: 2764: 2733: 2710: 2705: 2684: 2643: 2561: 2447: 2284: 2148: 2080: 2026: 2020: 2005: 1956: 1623: 1563: 1555: 1521: 1306: 1240: 1144: 1051: 1023: 989: 737: 708: 602: 441: 398: 359: 18:

This article is about aviaton history. For the history of spaceflight, see

4212: 1220: 1132:. The flight was said to have been undertaken at the time of the birth of 7181: 7176: 7166: 7153: 5819: 4323: 4208: 3830: 3608: 3537: 3486: 3402: 3386: 3356: 3325: 3158: 3075: 2933: 2849: 2845: 2825: 2701: 2647: 2632: 2515: 2491: 2400: 2381: 2232: 2015: 1689: 1618: 1455: 1362: 1332: 871: 663: 655: 562: 437: 328: 7274:

Includes photos and specifics of many c. 1908 dirigibles and aeroplanes.

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also allowed more coordinated and controlled deployment of air defence.

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flying machine with separate systems for lift, propulsion, and control.

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managed a 300-metre glide by starting from the top of the city walls of

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flew 15 miles (24 km) in France, with a steam engine driven craft.

862:) launched the world's first unmanned hydrogen-filled balloon, from the 96: in this template. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 7366:"Alberto Santos-Dumont Est Peut-Être Le Véritable 'Père De L'aviation'" 7110: 5216:"Vogelflug als Grundlage der Fliegekunst - Bibliothek Deutsches Museum" 3545: 3467: 3414: 3390: 3337: 3306: 3297:. The possibility of these was demonstrated in 1957 with the launch of 3283: 3274:

briefly increased the strategic importance of military aircraft in the

3241: 3129: 3020: 3005: 2613: 2599: 2577: 2454:. Milan has dedicated to Enrico Forlanini its city airport, also named 2443: 2416: 2353: 2341: 1811:

started a serious investigation into aerodynamics at what is today the

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Includes photos, diagrams and specifications of many c. 1910 aircraft.

4472:"American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics – History – Spain" 3611:

and currently Russia, America and China have 5th gen aircraft (2019).

1289: 814: 803: 6931:"After Three Years on Mars, NASA's Ingenuity Helicopter Mission Ends" 3370: 3360: 3345: 3298: 3112:

in 1939, followed by the world's first operational jet aircraft, the

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The Biot-Massia glider, restored and on display in the Musee de l'Air

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Reaching a scientific understanding of the principles of bird flight.

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Annual Report of the Board of Regents of the Smithsonian Institution

7205:

Annual Report of the Board of Regents of the Smithsonian Institution

7102: 6905:"NASA's Ingenuity Mars Helicopter Succeeds in Historic First Flight" 5867: 3173: 3011: 2713:

during the World War I period and its adoption by American designer

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with several different planes, the most celebrated of which was the

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won worldwide fame by winning a £1,000 prize offered by the British

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Short powered flights were performed in France by Romanian engineer

1447:, who studied lateral flight control and was the first to patent an 377:

and began manned flights. At almost the same time, the discovery of

71: 3529:

due to reduced demand following a fatal accident and rising costs.

3526: 3460: 3394: 3317: 3275: 3260: 3233: 2722: 2606: 2088: 2030:, but also helped advance the science of aeronautical engineering. 1735: 1666: 1656: 1580: 1577:), although the flying machine he later constructed failed to fly. 1562:

Equally authoritative as a theorist was Pénaud's fellow countryman

1343: 1324: 1136: 1121: 1042: 951: 934: 495: 378: 340: 3180:, the world's first jet airliner. As in this picture, it also saw 2594:

attached a fixed machine gun to the front of his plane, but while

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Museo nazionale della scienza e della tecnologia Leonardo da Vinci

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engines and balanced by moving a weight between its two nacelles.

7649: 7163:, NASA Office of Aerospace Technology HQ, United States Air Force 5969:"Scientific American Trophy | National Air and Space Museum" 4726: 3497:, this is now being used to reduce drag on commercial airliners. 3249: 2929: 2796: 2438:

In 1877, the Italian engineer, inventor and aeronautical pioneer

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Drawing directly from Cayley's work, Henson's 1842 design for an

947: 842: 758: 535: 531: 433: 7329: 7225:"How To Learn To Fly: The Different Machines And What They Cost" 6750:"Franky Zapata Crosses English Channel on Hoverboard on 2nd Try" 6401:

Includes a photograph of a Gago Coutinho spirit level attachment

6084:"Alberto Santos Dumont in France: The Very Earliest Early Birds" 4535:(in French). Congrès scientifique de France, 5th Session, Metz. 2692: 2283:. On 13 January 1908, a second example of the type was flown by 2009:: the first sustained flight with a powered, controlled aircraft 1999: 1727:, who had worked for Maxim, built and successfully flew several 638:

for vertical flight has existed since 400 BC in the form of the

173: 7192:. New York: Frederic C. Beil / Annapolis:Naval Institute Press. 3626:

on aeroplanes was a common feature of flying in 2020 and 2021.

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In 1961, the sky was no longer the limit for crewed flight, as

3279: 2921:, which had not flown since 1932, was dismantled in late 1939. 2892: 2784: 2612:

who, on 1 July 1915, scored the very first aerial victory by a

2248: 2206: 1692:, including bat-wing, monoplane and biplane forms, such as the 1596:

completed the first of three steam-driven flying machines, the

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in Lisbon, when he propelled a ball to the roof by combustion.

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feathers and attaching two wings to his arms. The 17th-century

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and dominated long-distance flight until the 1930s, when large

5487:

Inventing Flight: The Wright Brothers & Their Predecessors

4416:"In Short: Nonfiction; Man Was Meant to Fly, But Not at First" 3478:, around the world unrefuelled, and without landing. In 1999, 2627:, better known as the "Red Baron", who shot down 80 planes in 1631:

Learning to glide; Otto Lilienthal and the first human flights

1274:

In 1799, he set down the concept of the modern aeroplane as a

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extends for more than 2000 years, from the earliest forms of

6970:. Vol. 2. Chicago, Illinois: Rand McNally and Company. 6016: 5987: 5737: 5583:"Statement Regarding The Gustave Whitehead Claims of Flight" 4567: 4266: 4109:

Bugaboo Dreams: A Story of Skiers, Helicopters and Mountains

3790: 2905:

was retired (June 1937). Its replacement, the rigid airship

1416:

was awarded a £100 prize for the steam engine with the best

670:), who is said to have used them to scare the enemy troops. 5812:"The Wright Brothers & the Invention of the Aerial Age" 5069: 4969: 4877:

First to Fly: North Carolina and the Beginnings of Aviation

4697: 3635: 3601: 3352: 3278:

between East and West. Even a moderate fleet of long-range

3245: 3217: 2876: 1361:. By 1808, he had even re-invented the wheel, devising the 1006:

The first aircraft to make routine controlled flights were

605:, which has an abrasive line used to cut down other kites. 591: 587: 344: 6875:"EU to make face masks compulsory on all European flights" 6564:

The New Turkey: The Quiet Revolution on the Edge of Europe

5712:, USNA-334, archived from the original on 5 September 2011 3482:

became the first person to circle the earth in a balloon.

2740:, for example, led to a series of ever faster and sleeker 823:

Lithographic depiction of pioneering events (1783 to 1846)

7190:

Flights of Passage: Reflections of a World War II Aviator

6692:"Japan Airlines buys into US start-up's supersonic dream" 3618:

had a significant impact on the aviation industry due to

3556:, and the closing of most of European airspace after the 3116:, in July 1942 and world's first jet-powered bomber, the 3733:

Wings: A History of Aviation from Kites to the Space Age

1609: 7282:

Empire of the Air: Aviation and the American Ascendancy

4498:"Premier vol humain - Angoulême 1801 | Aérostèles" 4138: 4034: 3923: 3901: 3899: 3198:

A 1945 newsreel covering various firsts in human flight

1074:(Deutsche-Luftschiffahrts AG) was established in 1910. 6644:, U.S. Centennial of Flight Commission, archived from 6200:"Clément-Bayard, sans peur et sans reproche" (French). 3216:

that could be converted into commercial aircraft. The

2303:

Alberto Santos-Dumont flying the Demoiselle over Paris

2294: 3638:

successfully flew its diminutive unmanned helicopter

3463:

and in aircraft design and manufacturing techniques.

2653: 2147:

The Wrights continued flying at Huffman Prairie near

2056:, with their dirigible balloons ... in eclipse". 1704:

the first air plane production company in the world.

1489:

published an influential book The Empire Of The Air (

6803: 5782:"Another Attempt to Solve Aerial Navigation Problem" 4616:"Sir George Cayley (British Inventor and Scientist)" 3896: 3676: 2988:

rotary radial engine of World War I, the TsAGI 1-EA

2771:

to Clifden, Ireland, winning the £13,000 ($ 65,000)

2538:

were also being explored on aeroplanes, notably the

6965: 6845:"How Covid-19 will change air travel as we know it" 5841:"100 Years Ago, the Dream of Icarus Became Reality" 5776: 5774: 5772: 5770: 4989: 4732: 4714: 4162: 4126: 3911: 2369:, attended one of the first aviation meetings, the 577:Woodcut print of a kite from John Bate's 1635 book 312:of 1796, the oldest existing flying device, in the 7438: 7398: 7171:Wings over America: The Story of American Aviation 7027: 6986: 5751:. Newark, Ohio, U.S. 28 December 1903. p. 7. 4821:. Munn & Company. 13 March 1869. p. 169. 4800: 3585:24 July 2019 was the busiest day in aviation, for 3373:lifts off on its mission to land a man on the Moon 2928:in its development of powered aircraft, developed 6661:"Global city pairs top 20,000 for the first time" 6319:(Military History), N° 170/novembre 2007, p.31–40 5902:Chp. IV, p.101–102 (Dover Publications, NY 1943). 4258:Da Vinci, Leonardo (1971). Taylor, Pamela (ed.). 1750:in England and Captain Génie Saconney in France. 926:first flew as a balloon passenger with the Union 7682: 6747: 5767: 5020: 4150: 3596:became the first electric aeroplane to secure a 3409:—the first supersonic passenger plane. In 1976, 2924:Meanwhile, Germany, which was restricted by the 1147:. Evliya Çelebi also wrote of Lagari's brother, 914:Non-steerable balloons were employed during the 898:launched their manned hydrogen balloon from the 748: 7489: 7385: 6897: 6461: 5479: 5477: 5475: 4217:. New York: Simon & Schuster. p. 209. 3880:(1): 8–9. January–February 1964. Archived from 3795:(in French). Morlaix: Vreizh Skol. p. 77. 3120:, in June 1943. British developments, like the 2526:both used aeroplanes and airships extensively. 1742:would lead to the development of the practical 1232:Sir George Cayley and the first modern aircraft 526:(810–887 AD) is claimed to have made a jump in 456:aircraft such as flying wings became possible. 234:for grammar, style, cohesion, tone, or spelling 7485:. University of Houston Digital Library. 1911. 7414: 6923: 5854:, 17 December 2003. Retrieved: 5 January 2007. 3489:systems allow an aircraft to be designed with 3389:set foot on the Moon, and Boeing unveiled the 1937:, Connecticut. The flight was reported in the 550:stated that the 11th-century Benedictine monk 389:by physicists during the same period, such as 7516: 7392:WW1 AERO - The Journal of the Early Aeroplane 7310:"The Gaston and Albert Tissandier Collection" 7016: 6404: 6253:(in Italian). Mille anni di scienza in Italia 4942: 4573: 4272: 3431: 2403:, and major litigants had left the industry. 1803:and shortly before becoming Secretary of the 1569:In 1884, Alexandre Goupil published his work 1357:, which provided a reliable power source for 1206:, flying 300 – 400 m, with a flying machine. 7294: 7255:"The Present Status of Military Aeronautics" 6536:"Turkey's first woman aviator Sabiha Gökçen" 5666: 5651: 5472: 5140: 4957: 4413: 4406: 3735:. New York, New York: W.W. Norton & Co. 3536:(UAVs). In April 2001 the unmanned aircraft 2990:made several successful low altitude flights 2151:in 1904–05. In May 1904 they introduced the 683:Early flying machines § The Renaissance 7417:"First Flyers—They're not who you think..." 7327: 7017:Fairlie, Gerard; Cayley, Elizabeth (1965). 6966:Angelucci, Enzo; Matricardi, Paolo (1977). 6360:A Primeira Travessia Aérea do Atlântico Sul 6221: 6170: 6142: 5662:(4 ed.). Thornbury, UK: C.G. Rodliffe. 5186: 5118: 5090: 5026: 4791: 4016:Ministry of Culture and Fine Arts, Cambodia 3843: 3841: 3839: 3726: 3724: 3033: 2981:Tsentralniy Aerogidrodinamicheskiy Institut 2668:Map of record breaking flights of the 1920s 1914:was the first machine "capable of flight". 1686:Der Vogelflug als Grundlage der Fliegekunst 1184:"Sketch of a Machine for Flying in the Air" 59:Learn how and when to remove these messages 7523: 7509: 7284:. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. 6491:"Monthly magazine until this month called 5703: 5553:"Who Was First? The Wrights or Whitehead?" 5398:"Remembering Germany's first "flying man"" 4414:O'Conner, Patricia T. (17 November 1985). 4373: 4009: 3168: 2646:showing the way to the future through his 2545: 2182: 1182:The first published paper on aviation was 1091: 1070:German airship passenger service known as 875:in Paris. The aviators were the scientist 7336: 6809: 5911:Abzug, Malcolm J. and E. Eugene Larrabee. 5630: 4873: 4770: 4694:Nicholson's Journal of Natural Philosophy 4651: 4474:. Aiaa.org. 22 April 2019. Archived from 4194:. New York: Time-Life Books. p. 102. 4112:. Rocky Mountain Books Ltd. p. 249. 2688:Qantas De Havilland biplane, c. 1930 2255:(French for "bird of prey"). This was of 2167:According to the April 1907 issue of the 2024:working aircraft the following year, the 1503:and his flying machine, Albatros II, 1868 1259:Demonstrations of manned, gliding flight. 1174:, built a model aircraft with four fixed 276:Learn how and when to remove this message 258:Learn how and when to remove this message 156:Learn how and when to remove this message 7471:"Transportation Photographs - Airplanes" 7195: 7071: 6984: 6381:"The History of the Sextant (continued)" 6351: 6275:(in Italian). Aeroporto di Milano Linate 5672: 5657: 5550: 5483: 4379: 4257: 4144: 4074: 4040: 3929: 3836: 3721: 3441: 3365: 3187: 3172: 3092: 3054:List of helicopters used in World War II 3010: 2938: 2691: 2683: 2671: 2663: 2555: 2486: 2410: 2298: 2215: 2200: 1998: 1782: 1665: 1634: 1608: 1579: 1545: 1528:model aeroplane by Alphonse Pénaud, 1871 1520: 1495: 1460: 1385: 1288: 1198:managed to cross the river Arandilla in 1026:and back in under 30 minutes to win the 997: 955: 765:but remains unfeasible with any current 686: 572: 490: 319: 301: 289: 198:of all important aspects of the article. 7530: 7230:The World's Work: A History of Our Time 7173:, Halcyon House, Garden City, New York. 7048: 7025: 6603:The Politics of Public Memory in Turkey 6599: 5519: 4345: 4317: 4189: 4185: 4183: 4181: 4179: 4177: 4105: 4099: 3905: 3332:into space on a suborbital flight in a 2915:; the last American rigid airship, the 2586:Aerial victory standards of World War I 2247:made a public flight in Paris with the 1124:) in a 7-winged rocket propelled by 50 894:On 1 December, Jacques Charles and the 468: 7683: 7249: 6560: 6192: 5862: 5860: 5697: 5008:from the original on 21 September 2015 4936: 4526: 4284: 4278: 4207: 4068: 4055: 3749: 3730: 3397:supersonic passenger airliner had its 3336:space capsule. With the launch of the 3104:The first jet aircraft to fly was the 2395:Historians disagree about whether the 2384:captained the inaugural flight of the 2109:Fédération Aéronautique Internationale 1715:Picking up where Lilienthal left off, 194:Please consider expanding the lead to 7504: 7441:"Airplanes that Transformed Aviation" 7125: 7085: 7034:. New York: Oxford University Press. 6791:from the original on 15 December 2019 6689: 6658: 6338: 6243: 5995:"Nouveaux essais de l'Aéroplane Vuia" 5975:from the original on 5 September 2023 5880:from the original on 25 December 2018 5434:from the original on 26 February 2022 5378:from the original on 26 February 2022 5352:from the original on 26 February 2022 5274:from the original on 20 December 2021 5248:from the original on 26 February 2022 5222:from the original on 27 February 2022 4977:from the original on 13 November 2004 4874:Parramore, Thomas C. (1 March 2003). 4855:from the original on 28 February 2018 4720: 4539:from the original on 14 February 2023 4262:. New American eLibrary. p. 107. 4203: 4201: 4168: 4132: 4078:Principles of Helicopter Aerodynamics 3917: 3815: 3495:General Dynamics F-16 Fighting Falcon 3324:the atmosphere and reduce speed from 3224:. By 1952, the British state airline 3100:, world first operational jet fighter 2196: 2135:eight hundred feet the machine began 1738:during this period by the Australian 1406:Aeronautical Society of Great Britain 1293:"Governable parachute" design of 1852 1194:On 16 May 1793, the Spanish inventor 608: 7458:. National Park Service. March 2011. 7404:"First Powered Flight - Plane Truth" 7222: 6985:Deng, Yinke; Wang, Pingxing (2005). 6943:from the original on 25 January 2024 6778: 6760:from the original on 1 November 2019 6730:from the original on 4 February 2016 6702:from the original on 6 December 2017 6671:from the original on 6 December 2017 6034:from the original on 1 November 2013 6030:, pp. 195–196, September 1906, 6005:from the original on 1 November 2013 5792:from the original on 6 November 2020 5631:Schlenoff, Daniel C. (8 July 2014). 5593:from the original on 8 December 2013 5454:"Bill Frost - the first man to fly?" 4995: 4738: 4464: 4460:from the original on 19 August 2016. 4174: 3502:U.S. Centennial of Flight Commission 2648:pioneering use of all-metal aircraft 2243:On 13 September 1906, the Brazilian 2087:control, combined with simultaneous 432:, which soon became synonymous with 214: 167: 94:adding citations to reliable sources 65: 24: 7314:Rare Book & Special Collections 7007: 6855:from the original on 10 August 2020 6413:, as cited in Belfiore 2007, p. 17. 5857: 5242:"Like a bird | MTU AEROREPORT" 4527:Didion, Isidor (1 September 1837). 4156: 3953:from the original on 13 August 2011 3793:Dictionnaire d'histoire de Bretagne 3295:intercontinental ballistic missiles 2875:disaster (1919) to the loss of the 2295:Flight as an established technology 1682:Birdflight as the Basis of Aviation 1080: 743: 645: 565:and jumped into the Danube at Ulm. 448:revolutionised both air travel and 13: 7640:Claims to the first powered flight 7211:from the original on 15 April 2022 7146: 6911:from the original on 20 April 2021 6885:from the original on 6 August 2020 6748:Aurelien Breeden (4 August 2019). 6542:from the original on 15 April 2022 5945:Aero Club of America press release 5755:from the original on 17 April 2021 5639:from the original on 20 March 2023 5428:"Otto Lilienthal, the Glider King" 4924:from the original on 15 March 2007 4806:Stokes 2002, pp. 163–166, 167–168. 4593:from the original on 13 April 2009 4260:The Notebooks of Leonardo da Vinci 4198: 4010:Sarak, Sim; Yarin, Cheang (2002). 3991:from the original on 2 August 2021 3700:Claims to the first powered flight 2654:Between the World Wars (1918–1939) 2357:newspaper for a flight across the 2115:, four miles (8 km) south of 1988: 1787:First failure of Langley's manned 397:, led to the foundation of modern 14: 7722: 7288: 7265:from the original on 7 March 2024 7223:Post, Augustus (September 1910), 7185:, Crosby Lockwood and son, London 7078:Science and Civilisation in China 6842: 6824:from the original on 11 June 2020 6620:from the original on 25 June 2021 6600:Özyürek, Esra (18 January 2007). 6581:from the original on 25 June 2021 6516:from the original on 9 March 2021 6081: 6063:from the original on 6 April 2023 6024:"L'Aéroplane à moteur de M. Vuia" 5710:US Naval Academy Technical Report 5460:from the original on 24 June 2021 5408:from the original on 2 March 2021 5372:"In perspective: Otto Lilienthal" 4825:from the original on 7 March 2024 4626:from the original on 23 July 2012 4428:from the original on 15 June 2013 4380:Harrison, James Pinckney (2000). 4355:. Vol. IV (part 2). p. 4352:Science and Civilisation in China 4299:Walker (1971) Volume I, Page 195. 4287:The drawings of Leonardo da Vinci 4239:from the original on 7 March 2024 3973:"Kite Flying for Fun and Science" 3860: 3772:from the original on 4 March 2016 3620:the resulting travel restrictions 3558:2010 eruption of Eyjafjallajökull 3548:in the 21st century included the 3004:In the 1930s, development of the 2598:would become known as the first " 2571: 2386:St. Petersburg-Tampa Airboat Line 1891:s aerial stability was marginal. 347:and attempts at tower jumping to 40:This article has multiple issues. 7701:History of science by discipline 7439:Richard P. Hallion (July 2008). 7415:Richard Harris (December 2003). 7359:Aerospace Industries Association 7339:"History of Flight - Key events" 6993:. China Intercontinental Press. 6867: 6836: 6810:Sarsfield, Kate (10 June 2020). 6772: 6741: 6714: 6690:Casey, David (5 December 2017). 6683: 6659:Casey, David (5 December 2017). 6652: 6632: 6593: 6554: 6528: 6498: 6493:Popular Aviation and Aeronautics 6443: 6416: 6373: 6332: 6322: 6309: 6287: 6265: 6215: 6164: 6001:, pp. 105–106, April 1906, 5900:The Wright Brothers: A Biography 5675:"Pearse flew long after Wrights" 5551:Davisson, Budd (25 March 2013). 5326:from the original on 3 July 2022 5155: 4953:. Whittlesey House. p. 308. 4894:from the original on 17 May 2023 4508:from the original on 4 June 2023 4192:The World of Leonardo: 1452–1519 3818:The Outline of History: Volume 1 3679: 3128:), the first ballistic missile ( 3058:World War II aircraft production 3050:List of aircraft of World War II 2315:monoplanes (Nos. 19 to 22). The 2113:Kill Devil Hills, North Carolina 2063: 2037: 1799:After a distinguished career in 1644:briefly. It is preserved in the 813: 802: 486: 381:gas led to the invention of the 219: 172: 70: 29: 7386:Carroll F. Gray (August 2002). 7355:"Historical archive since 1919" 7154:Celebrating a History of Flight 6958: 6341:Journal of Contemporary History 6136: 6120:(in Portuguese). Archived from 6106: 6075: 6045: 5961: 5948: 5929: 5926:. Retrieved: 21 September 2010. 5905: 5892: 5834: 5804: 5681:. Stuff Limited. Archived from 5660:Richard Pearse: Pioneer Aviator 5624: 5605: 5575: 5544: 5513: 5504: 5446: 5420: 5390: 5364: 5338: 5320:"Otto-Lilienthal-Museum Anklam" 5312: 5294:"The Lilienthal glider project" 5286: 5268:"Otto-Lilienthal-Museum Anklam" 5260: 5234: 5208: 5194:. London: NMSI. pp. 76–8. 5180: 5158:"Hiram Stevens Maxim 1840-1916" 5149: 5112: 5084: 5054: 4965:"The Cross-licensing Agreement" 4906: 4880:. UNC Press Books. p. 46. 4867: 4837: 4809: 4764: 4733:Angelucci & Matricardi 1977 4642: 4608: 4579: 4520: 4490: 4440: 4339: 4311: 4302: 4293: 4251: 4046: 4022:from the original on 3 May 2015 4003: 3965: 3935: 3508: 2725:, invented by Spanish engineer 2660:Aviation between the World Wars 2582:List of World War I flying aces 2476: 2388:, the world's first commercial 1947:Jane's All the World's Aircraft 1863:, and started with the smaller 1702:Maschinenfabrik Otto Lilienthal 1454:In 1871, Wenham made the first 1368: 1217:André Guillaume Resnier de Goué 1209: 877:Jean-François Pilâtre de Rozier 580:The Mysteryes of Nature and Art 479:For a chronological guide, see 186:may be too short to adequately 81:needs additional citations for 48:or discuss these issues on the 6477:. 10 June 1929. Archived from 6297:(in Italian). Comune di Milano 6273:"L'aeroporto di Milano Linate" 6227:Aviation: An Historical Survey 6212:. Retrieved: 14 November 2010. 6176:Aviation: An Historical Survey 6148:Aviation: An Historical Survey 5658:Rodliffe, C. Geoffrey (2003). 5520:Jackson, Paul (8 March 2013). 4996:Yoon, Joe (17 November 2002). 4914:"High hopes for replica plane" 4771:Pettigrew, James Bell (1911). 4289:(2nd ed.). Jonathan Cape. 3824: 3809: 3784: 3758: 3563:In 2015, André Borschberg and 2932:as a sport, especially at the 2833:, crossing the equator twice. 2287:to win the Deutsch-Archdeacon 2279:flew the first example of his 1731:during the mid to late 1890s. 1262:Setting out the principles of 676: 623: 369:In the late 18th century, the 306:French reconnaissance balloon 196:provide an accessible overview 1: 7201:"Aviation In Frances In 1908" 6723:8th leg from Nagoya to Hawaii 6606:. Syracuse University Press. 6229:. London: NMSI. p. 158. 6178:. London: NMSI. p. 154. 6150:. London: NMSI. p. 146. 6114:"Cronologia De Santos Dumont" 5788:. 7 January 1906. p. 2. 5510:Hallion (2003) pages 294–295. 5484:Anderson, John David (2004). 5346:"DPMA | Otto Lilienthal" 4998:"Origins of Control Surfaces" 3715: 2840:and crew when they flew from 2406: 1906:made 93 modifications to the 1592:In 1890, the French engineer 1404:1866 saw the founding of the 776:presented a petition to King 749:Beginnings of modern theories 666:(180–234 AD, honorific title 7453:"American Aviation Heritage" 7410:. No. 421. p. 689. 7026:Hallion, Richard P. (2003). 6295:"Scheda del Parco Forlanini" 5126:. London: NMSI. p. 74. 5098:. London: NMSI. p. 56. 4075:Leishman, J. Gordon (2006). 3348:of men on the Moon in 1969. 2848:, New York and then back to 2380:In 1914, pioneering aviator 2096:could not be highly loaded; 1954:(custodians of the original 1917: 1390:1843 artist's impression of 837:demonstrated their unmanned 459: 314:Heeresgeschichtliches Museum 7: 7645:Air warfare of World War II 7379: 7280:Van Vleck, Jenifer (2013). 6506:"First female combat pilot" 6053:"Very Earliest Early Birds" 4448:"Burattini's Flying Dragon" 3672: 3574:On 14 July 2019, Frenchman 3438:Aviation in the digital age 3161:in 1941 in Germany and the 3046:Air warfare of World War II 3015:First female combat pilot, 2744:designs culminating in the 2614:purpose-built fighter plane 2530:designs, attached to their 2189:Aviation in the pioneer era 1817:Experiments in Aerodynamics 1028:Deutsch de la Meurthe prize 941: 889:Marquis François d'Arlandes 787: 10: 7727: 6989:Ancient Chinese Inventions 6561:Morris, Chris (May 2014). 5490:. JHU Press. p. 145. 3705:List of firsts in aviation 3435: 3432:Digital age (1980–present) 3305:. This action started the 3201: 3043: 3037: 2807:of $ 25,000 for the first 2767:non-stop from St. John's, 2657: 2575: 2549: 2480: 2469:. Later the same year the 2397:Wright brothers patent war 2307:Santos-Dumont later added 2186: 2177: 2117:Kitty Hawk, North Carolina 1992: 1977: 1962:Royal Aeronautical Society 1921: 1847:With the successes of the 1776: 1772: 1757: 1445:Matthew Piers Watt Boulton 1426:Royal Aeronautical Society 1372: 1353:Minor inventions included 1084: 1041:Construction of the first 945: 879:, the manufacture manager 791: 691:One of Leonardo's sketches 680: 627: 478: 472: 17: 7672:Aviation timelines navbox 7668: 7632: 7584: 7538: 7343:Knowledge Media Institute 7159:22 September 2020 at the 7049:Moolman, Valerie (1980). 6936:Jet Propulsion Laboratory 6358:CAMBESES JÚNIOR, Manuel, 5749:The Newark Daily Advocate 5729:: CS1 maint: unfit URL ( 4774:"Flight and Flying" 4711:. Retrieved: 30 May 2010. 4660:. "On Aerial Navigation" 4574:Fairlie & Cayley 1965 4273:Fairlie & Cayley 1965 4190:Wallace, Robert (1972) . 4063:The Penguin book of kites 3820:. Doubleday. p. 153. 3393:and the Aérospatiale-BAC 3344:would ultimately lead to 3070:campaigns were launched, 2680:, near London, as the hub 2371:Grande Semaine d'Aviation 2328:unit hinged on a form of 2322:conventional landing gear 1973: 883:, and Giroud de Villette. 540:Ahmed Mohammed al-Maqqari 530:, covering his body with 7619:Unmanned aerial vehicles 7490:Michael Maloney (2009). 7483:"Strut design airplanes" 7463: 7445:Air & Space Magazine 7388:"The five first flights" 7087:White, Lynn Townsend Jr. 7081:. Vol. IV (part 1). 6362:, Brasília: INCAER, 2008 5941:13 February 2009 at the 4744:Pritchard, J. Laurence. 4106:Donahue, Topher (2009). 3848:Lynn Townsend White, Jr. 3550:closing of U.S. airspace 3534:unmanned aerial vehicles 3491:relaxed static stability 3259:took the rocket-powered 3086:. New technologies like 3040:Aviation in World War II 3034:World War II (1939–1945) 2831:circumnavigate the world 2812:months after Lindbergh, 2618:synchronized machine gun 2567:, illustration from 1917 2512:First Balkan War 1912–13 2467:Breguet-Richet Gyroplane 1939:Bridgeport Sunday Herald 1898:successfully flew their 1815:. In 1891, he published 1813:University of Pittsburgh 1753: 1698:Normal soaring apparatus 1355:the rubber-powered motor 920:Union Army Balloon Corps 568: 7021:. Hodder and Stoughton. 6205:1 November 2016 at the 5847:13 January 2011 at the 5635:. Scientific American. 4784:Encyclopædia Britannica 4648:Gibbs-Smith 2003, p. 35 4556:22 October 2018 at the 3943:"Amazing Musical Kites" 3629: 3594:Pipistrel Velis Electro 3452:London Heathrow Airport 3291:surface-to-air missiles 3169:Postwar era (1945–1979) 2865:just before landing at 2821:Charles Kingsford Smith 2696:Flagg biplane from 1933 2552:Aviation in World War I 2546:World War I (1914–1918) 2423:(1877), exposed at the 2183:Pioneer Era (1903–1914) 2105:Smithsonian Institution 1952:Smithsonian Institution 1865:Quarter-scale Aerodrome 1809:Samuel Pierpont Langley 1805:Smithsonian Institution 1779:Samuel Pierpont Langley 1104:scientist and engineer 1100:reported that in 1633, 1092:17th and 18th centuries 881:Jean-Baptiste Réveillon 755:Francesco Lana de Terzi 395:Newton's laws of motion 7561:Between the World Wars 7301:History of Aeronautics 7197:Jourdain, Pierre-Roger 7188:Hynes, Samuel (1988). 7182:Aeroplane construction 7091:Technology and Culture 7051:The Road to Kitty Hawk 6968:World War II Airplanes 6510:Guinness World Records 6425:FAI membership summary 4943:Magoun, F. Alexander; 4751:17 August 2016 at the 4551:12th and last question 4318:Harding, John (2006), 4052:Hallion (2003) page 9. 3852:Technology and Culture 3474:flew an aircraft, the 3455: 3374: 3270:The 1945 invention of 3199: 3185: 3101: 3084:ground-attack aircraft 3023: 2956: 2715:William Bushnell Stout 2697: 2689: 2681: 2669: 2635:. On the Allied side, 2625:Manfred von Richthofen 2568: 2498: 2460:Viale Enrico Forlanini 2442:developed an unmanned 2435: 2304: 2221: 2213: 2010: 1929:powered flight in his 1796: 1674: 1661:John Joseph Montgomery 1640: 1614: 1613:Maxim's flying machine 1589: 1571:La Locomotion Aérienne 1559: 1529: 1504: 1487:Louis Pierre Mouillard 1474: 1449:aileron control system 1422:Francis Herbert Wenham 1401: 1294: 1036:Ferdinand von Zeppelin 1003: 964: 924:Ferdinand von Zeppelin 711:would not publish his 692: 583: 503: 440:became popular. After 430:Ferdinand von Zeppelin 385:. Various theories in 332: 317: 299: 298:aboard a wagon in 1908 20:History of spaceflight 7706:History of technology 7696:History of industries 7546:Early flying machines 7010:Balloons and airships 6726:, Solar Impulse RTW, 6367:14 March 2012 at the 6057:www.earlyaviators.com 6028:L'Aérophile v.14 1906 5999:L'Aérophile v.14 1906 5958:, April 2007, page 8. 5873:World Digital Library 5618:9 August 2019 at the 4950:A History of Aircraft 4285:Popham, A.E. (1947). 3816:Wells, H. G. (1961). 3592:On 10 June 2020, the 3544:Major disruptions to 3445: 3369: 3363:in the 21st century. 3309:between the nations. 3197: 3176: 3152:Focke Achgelis Fa 223 3096: 3014: 2942: 2897:international flights 2867:Lakehurst, New Jersey 2695: 2687: 2675: 2667: 2559: 2510:positions during the 2490: 2483:Early flying machines 2414: 2302: 2289:Grand Prix d'Aviation 2245:Alberto Santos-Dumont 2219: 2204: 2119:on 17 December 1903. 2002: 1834:Alexander Graham Bell 1786: 1734:The invention of the 1669: 1638: 1622:lightweight compound 1612: 1583: 1549: 1524: 1513:L'Albatros artificiel 1499: 1464: 1418:power-to-weight ratio 1389: 1381:aerial steam carriage 1292: 1266:in sustaining flight. 1264:power-to-weight ratio 1151:, making a flight by 1149:Hezârfen Ahmed Çelebi 1087:Early flying machines 1012:Alberto Santos-Dumont 1001: 959: 794:History of ballooning 690: 576: 548:William of Malmesbury 544:Muhammad I of Córdoba 494: 475:Early flying machines 323: 305: 296:Wright Military Flyer 293: 105:"History of aviation" 7128:Flight before flying 7126:Wragg, D.W. (1974). 7019:The life of a genius 6648:on 24 September 2006 5936:Dayton Metro Library 5919:4 March 2016 at the 5876:. 17 December 1903. 5146:Jarrett 2002, p. 87. 4797:Jarrett 2002, p. 53. 4707:3 March 2016 at the 4453:Flight International 4145:Deng & Wang 2005 3930:Deng & Wang 2005 3731:Crouch, Tom (2004). 3710:Timeline of aviation 3695:Aviation archaeology 3554:September 11 attacks 3287:interceptor aircraft 3208:After World War II, 3165:in 1942 in the USA. 3145:developed by Germany 3114:Messerschmitt Me 262 3108:(Germany), flown by 2926:Treaty of Versailles 2717:and Soviet designer 2261:Chateau de Bagatelle 2257:canard configuration 2220:Early Voisin biplane 2122:The first flight by 1857:Spanish–American War 1849:Aerodrome No. 5 1842:Aerodrome No. 4 1838:Aerodrome No. 6 1830:Aerodrome No. 6 1766:Pembrokeshire, Wales 1748:Samuel Franklin Cody 1441:gentleman scientists 1430:On Aerial Locomotion 1400:flying over the Nile 1363:tension-spoked wheel 1196:Diego Marín Aguilera 1160:Tito Livio Burattini 1034:by the German count 1018:over Paris from the 900:Jardin des Tuileries 896:Nicolas-Louis Robert 835:Montgolfier brothers 774:Bartolomeu de Gusmão 552:Eilmer of Malmesbury 542:, quoting a poem by 481:Timeline of aviation 469:Primitive beginnings 371:Montgolfier brothers 90:improve this article 7691:History of aviation 7532:History of aviation 7475:Digital Collections 7318:Library of Congress 7251:Squier, George Owen 5956:Scientific American 5704:Dodson, MG (2005), 5456:. 20 October 2011. 4920:. 10 October 2001. 4845:"John Stringfellow" 4818:Scientific American 4689:11 May 2013 at the 4678:11 May 2013 at the 4667:11 May 2013 at the 4549:He answered to the 4478:on 10 November 2016 3210:commercial aviation 2504:Italian-Turkish war 2496:Italian-Turkish war 2269:Aéro-Club de France 2170:Scientific American 1967:Scientific American 1931:Number 21 monoplane 1764:William Frost from 1507:In 1856, Frenchman 1106:Lagari Hasan Çelebi 1020:Parc de Saint Cloud 928:Army of the Potomac 722:In an essay titled 713:third law of motion 559:Albrecht Berblinger 355:flight by powered, 337:history of aviation 7400:Jürgen Schmidhuber 6754:The New York Times 6457:on 11 August 2011. 6251:"Enrico Forlanini" 6223:Gibbs-Smith, C. H. 6198:Hartmann, Gérard. 6172:Gibbs-Smith, C. H. 6144:Gibbs-Smith, C. H. 5816:airandspace.si.edu 5786:The New York Times 5587:flyingmachines.org 5563:on 1 November 2013 5162:flyingmachines.org 4696:, 1809–1810. (Via 4587:"Aviation History" 4502:www.aerosteles.net 4421:The New York Times 3981:The New York Times 3947:Cambodia Philately 3873:Saudi Aramco World 3634:On 19 April 2021, 3456: 3426:Gossamer Albatross 3375: 3222:de Havilland Comet 3200: 3186: 3102: 3024: 2957: 2793:artificial horizon 2700:The years between 2698: 2690: 2682: 2670: 2569: 2499: 2436: 2367:David Lloyd George 2305: 2222: 2214: 2197:Pioneers in Europe 2011: 1797: 1675: 1641: 1615: 1590: 1560: 1537:angle of incidence 1530: 1509:Jean-Marie Le Bris 1505: 1501:Jean-Marie Le Bris 1475: 1402: 1295: 1188:Emanuel Swedenborg 1128:(140 lbs) of 1008:non-rigid airships 1004: 965: 916:American Civil War 778:John V of Portugal 695:Eventually, after 693: 614:Man-carrying kites 609:Man-carrying kites 584: 504: 401:, most notably by 333: 318: 300: 238:You can assist by 7678: 7677: 7660:Women in aviation 7597:Aviation medicine 7571:Post-World War II 7493:A Dream of Flight 7370:Magazine Aviation 7330:"Flying Machines" 7328:Carroll F. Gray. 7064:978-0-8094-3260-8 6907:. 19 April 2021. 6879:The Local Austria 6779:Slotnick, David. 6641:Executive Summary 6613:978-0-8156-3131-6 6574:978-1-78378-031-0 6469:"Again, Mitchell" 6432:on 10 August 2006 6118:santos-dumont.net 6088:earlyaviators.com 5188:Gibbs-Smith, C.H. 5168:on 16 August 2004 5120:Gibbs-Smith, C.H. 5092:Gibbs-Smith, C.H. 5047:978-1-900747-52-3 5028:Gibbs-Smith, C.H. 4887:978-0-8078-5470-9 4560:of the congress: 4399:978-1-885119-68-1 4382:Mastering the Sky 4366:978-0-521-05803-2 4324:Robson Publishing 4224:978-0-7432-2612-7 4119:978-1-897522-11-0 4088:978-0-521-85860-1 3802:978-2-915623-45-1 3616:COVID-19 pandemic 3515:low cost airlines 3255:In October 1947, 3195: 3068:strategic bombing 2986:Gnome Monosoupape 2965:instrument flight 2829:first in 1929 to 2801:Charles Lindbergh 2773:Northcliffe prize 2727:Juan de la Cierva 2629:air-to-air combat 2390:passenger airline 2103:According to the 1924:Gustave Whitehead 1740:Lawrence Hargrave 1588:(1897 photograph) 1575:Aerial Locomotion 1491:l'Empire de l'Air 1414:John Stringfellow 1392:John Stringfellow 1284:centre of gravity 1241:physics of flight 1237:Sir George Cayley 1162:, invited by the 1158:Italian inventor 1108:blasted off from 859:Les Freres Robert 701:Leonardo da Vinci 450:military aviation 407:French Revolution 403:Sir George Cayley 364:Leonardo da Vinci 325:Leonardo da Vinci 286: 285: 278: 268: 267: 260: 213: 212: 166: 165: 158: 140: 63: 7718: 7711:History by topic 7525: 7518: 7511: 7502: 7501: 7497: 7486: 7478: 7459: 7457: 7448: 7435: 7433: 7431: 7422:. 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Archived from 6377: 6371: 6355: 6349: 6348: 6336: 6330: 6326: 6320: 6313: 6307: 6306: 6304: 6302: 6291: 6285: 6284: 6282: 6280: 6269: 6263: 6262: 6260: 6258: 6247: 6241: 6240: 6219: 6213: 6196: 6190: 6189: 6168: 6162: 6161: 6140: 6134: 6133: 6131: 6129: 6124:on 18 March 2016 6110: 6104: 6103: 6101: 6099: 6094:on 16 March 2016 6090:. Archived from 6079: 6073: 6072: 6070: 6068: 6049: 6043: 6042: 6041: 6039: 6020: 6014: 6013: 6012: 6010: 5991: 5985: 5984: 5982: 5980: 5965: 5959: 5952: 5946: 5933: 5927: 5909: 5903: 5896: 5890: 5889: 5887: 5885: 5864: 5855: 5838: 5832: 5831: 5829: 5827: 5818:. Archived from 5808: 5802: 5801: 5799: 5797: 5778: 5765: 5764: 5762: 5760: 5741: 5735: 5734: 5728: 5720: 5719: 5717: 5701: 5695: 5694: 5692: 5690: 5685:on 25 April 2012 5673:O'Rourke, Paul. 5670: 5664: 5663: 5655: 5649: 5648: 5646: 5644: 5628: 5622: 5609: 5603: 5602: 5600: 5598: 5579: 5573: 5572: 5570: 5568: 5559:. Archived from 5548: 5542: 5541: 5539: 5537: 5532:on 13 March 2013 5528:. 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Manly 1861:Aerodrome A 1795:, 7 October 1903 1694:Derwitzer Glider 1653:Horatio Phillips 1517: 1412:, London, where 1200:Coruña del Conde 1170:to his court in 1155:a year earlier. 1081:Heavier than air 904:Nesles-la-Vallée 817: 806: 744:Lighter than air 733:Codex Atlanticus 646:Hot air balloons 524:Abbas ibn Firnas 383:hydrogen balloon 357:heavier-than-air 281: 274: 263: 256: 252: 249: 243: 223: 222: 215: 208: 205: 199: 176: 168: 161: 154: 150: 147: 141: 139: 98: 74: 66: 55: 33: 32: 25: 7726: 7725: 7721: 7720: 7719: 7717: 7716: 7715: 7681: 7680: 7679: 7674: 7664: 7628: 7585:Topic histories 7580: 7534: 7529: 7481: 7469: 7466: 7455: 7451: 7429: 7427: 7426:on 13 July 2011 7382: 7373: 7353: 7347:Open University 7337:Peter Whalley. 7308: 7291: 7277: 7268: 7266: 7240: 7238: 7214: 7212: 7161:Wayback Machine 7149: 7147:Further reading 7144: 7138: 7103:10.2307/3101411 7073:Needham, Joseph 7065: 7055:Time-Life Books 7042: 7001: 6978: 6961: 6956: 6946: 6944: 6929: 6928: 6924: 6914: 6912: 6903: 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3928: 3924: 3916: 3912: 3904: 3897: 3887: 3885: 3868:"First Flights" 3866: 3865: 3861: 3846: 3837: 3829: 3825: 3814: 3810: 3803: 3789: 3785: 3775: 3773: 3764: 3763: 3759: 3754: 3750: 3743: 3729: 3722: 3718: 3687:Aviation portal 3685: 3680: 3678: 3675: 3632: 3569:Solar Impulse 2 3511: 3440: 3434: 3411:British Airways 3334:Mercury program 3206: 3188: 3171: 3156:Flettner Fl 282 3080:fighter-bombers 3072:fighter escorts 3060: 3042: 3036: 2961:Jimmy Doolittle 2885:(1933) and the 2819:Australian Sir 2787:, Portugal, to 2781:Sacadura Cabral 2759:and Lieutenant 2662: 2656: 2637:René Paul Fonck 2588: 2574: 2554: 2548: 2536:Radiotelephones 2485: 2479: 2409: 2359:English Channel 2330:universal joint 2297: 2275:In March 1907, 2253:Oiseau de proie 2211:Oiseau de proie 2199: 2191: 2185: 2180: 2076: 2075: 2074: 2073: 2072: 2068: 2059: 2058: 2057: 2046:Wright Brothers 2042: 1997: 1995:Wright brothers 1991: 1989:Wright brothers 1982: 1976: 1944:In March 2013, 1926: 1920: 1896:Wright brothers 1888: 1826:Aerodrome No. 5 1821:Aerodrome No. 5 1781: 1775: 1762: 1756: 1678:Otto Lilienthal 1671:Otto Lilienthal 1651:The Englishman 1633: 1533:Alphonse Pénaud 1515: 1479:Félix du Temple 1466:Félix du Temple 1377: 1371: 1359:research models 1234: 1212: 1094: 1089: 1083: 1047:Friedrichshafen 954: 946:Main articles: 944: 854:Robert brothers 850:Jacques Charles 839:hot air balloon 833:On 4 June, the 827: 826: 825: 824: 820: 819: 818: 809: 808: 807: 796: 790: 751: 746: 685: 679: 652:hot air balloon 648: 632: 626: 611: 571: 561:constructed an 489: 484: 477: 471: 462: 422:Wright brothers 414:Otto Lilienthal 375:hot-air balloon 282: 271: 270: 269: 264: 253: 247: 244: 237: 224: 220: 209: 203: 200: 193: 181:This article's 177: 162: 151: 145: 142: 99: 97: 87: 75: 34: 30: 23: 12: 11: 5: 7724: 7714: 7713: 7708: 7703: 7698: 7693: 7676: 7675: 7669: 7666: 7665: 7663: 7662: 7657: 7652: 7647: 7642: 7636: 7634: 7630: 7629: 7627: 7626: 7616: 7611: 7610: 7609: 7599: 7594: 7588: 7586: 7582: 7581: 7579: 7578: 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Smithsonian. 7436: 7412: 7396: 7381: 7378: 7377: 7376: 7363: 7351: 7334: 7325: 7306: 7290: 7289:External links 7287: 7286: 7285: 7276: 7275: 7247: 7220: 7193: 7186: 7174: 7164: 7150: 7148: 7145: 7143: 7142: 7136: 7123: 7083: 7069: 7063: 7046: 7040: 7023: 7014: 7005: 6999: 6982: 6976: 6962: 6960: 6957: 6955: 6954: 6922: 6896: 6866: 6835: 6802: 6771: 6740: 6713: 6682: 6651: 6631: 6612: 6592: 6573: 6553: 6527: 6497: 6481:on 21 May 2013 6460: 6451:"FAI web site" 6442: 6415: 6403: 6372: 6350: 6331: 6321: 6308: 6286: 6264: 6242: 6235: 6214: 6210:hydroretro.net 6191: 6184: 6163: 6156: 6135: 6105: 6074: 6044: 6015: 5986: 5960: 5947: 5928: 5904: 5891: 5856: 5833: 5803: 5766: 5736: 5696: 5665: 5650: 5623: 5604: 5574: 5557:Flight Journal 5543: 5512: 5503: 5496: 5471: 5445: 5419: 5389: 5363: 5337: 5311: 5285: 5259: 5233: 5207: 5200: 5179: 5148: 5139: 5132: 5111: 5104: 5083: 5062:"Wind Tunnels" 5053: 5046: 5040:. p. 54. 5038:Science Museum 5019: 4988: 4956: 4935: 4905: 4886: 4866: 4836: 4808: 4799: 4790: 4779:Chisholm, Hugh 4763: 4737: 4725: 4713: 4658:Cayley, George 4650: 4641: 4607: 4578: 4576:, p. 158. 4566: 4533:Gallica.bnf.fr 4519: 4489: 4463: 4456:. 9 May 1963. 4439: 4405: 4398: 4372: 4365: 4338: 4332: 4310: 4301: 4292: 4277: 4275:, p. 163. 4265: 4250: 4223: 4197: 4173: 4161: 4149: 4147:, p. 113. 4137: 4125: 4118: 4098: 4087: 4067: 4054: 4045: 4043:, p. 127. 4033: 4002: 3964: 3934: 3932:, p. 122. 3922: 3910: 3895: 3859: 3835: 3823: 3808: 3801: 3783: 3757: 3755:Hallion (2003) 3748: 3741: 3719: 3717: 3714: 3713: 3712: 3707: 3702: 3697: 3691: 3690: 3674: 3671: 3631: 3628: 3510: 3507: 3436:Main article: 3433: 3430: 3383:Neil Armstrong 3238:Tupolev Tu-104 3202:Main article: 3170: 3167: 3122:Gloster Meteor 3106:Heinkel He 178 3038:Main article: 3035: 3032: 3019:, reviews her 2943:1928 issue of 2844:, Scotland to 2789:Rio de Janeiro 2783:in 1922, from 2750:Amelia Earhart 2719:Andrei Tupolev 2658:Main article: 2655: 2652: 2596:Adolphe Pegoud 2573: 2572:Combat schemes 2570: 2550:Main article: 2547: 2544: 2532:reconnaissance 2524:Central Powers 2481:Main article: 2478: 2475: 2456:Linate Airport 2408: 2405: 2326:cruciform tail 2296: 2293: 2281:Voisin biplane 2277:Gabriel Voisin 2198: 2195: 2187:Main article: 2184: 2181: 2179: 2176: 2124:Orville Wright 2069: 2062: 2061: 2060: 2043: 2036: 2035: 2034: 2033: 2032: 1993:Main article: 1990: 1987: 1980:Richard Pearse 1978:Main article: 1975: 1972: 1922:Main article: 1919: 1916: 1777:Main article: 1774: 1771: 1758:Main article: 1755: 1752: 1717:Octave Chanute 1646:Musee de l'Air 1632: 1629: 1410:Crystal Palace 1375:Steam aircraft 1370: 1367: 1268: 1267: 1260: 1257: 1254: 1251: 1248: 1233: 1230: 1225:Isidore Didion 1211: 1208: 1118:Topkapı Palace 1093: 1090: 1085:Main article: 1082: 1079: 986:Charles Renard 963:flying in 1885 943: 940: 909: 908: 892: 884: 867: 848:On 27 August, 846: 822: 821: 812: 811: 810: 801: 800: 799: 798: 797: 792:Main article: 789: 786: 763:vacuum airship 750: 747: 745: 742: 678: 675: 660:Joseph Needham 647: 644: 628:Main article: 625: 622: 610: 607: 570: 567: 528:Córdoba, Spain 488: 485: 473:Main article: 470: 467: 461: 458: 418:Octave Chanute 391:fluid dynamics 284: 283: 266: 265: 248:September 2024 227: 225: 218: 211: 210: 204:September 2024 190:the key points 180: 178: 171: 164: 163: 146:September 2024 79:This template 78: 76: 69: 64: 38: 37: 35: 28: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 7723: 7712: 7709: 7707: 7704: 7702: 7699: 7697: 7694: 7692: 7689: 7688: 7686: 7673: 7667: 7661: 7658: 7656: 7655:Mars aircraft 7653: 7651: 7648: 7646: 7643: 7641: 7638: 7637: 7635: 7631: 7624: 7620: 7617: 7615: 7612: 7608: 7605: 7604: 7603: 7600: 7598: 7595: 7593: 7590: 7589: 7587: 7583: 7577: 7574: 7572: 7569: 7567: 7564: 7562: 7559: 7557: 7554: 7552: 7549: 7547: 7544: 7543: 7541: 7539:Chronological 7537: 7533: 7526: 7521: 7519: 7514: 7512: 7507: 7506: 7503: 7495: 7494: 7488: 7484: 7480: 7476: 7472: 7468: 7467: 7454: 7450: 7446: 7442: 7437: 7425: 7421: 7420:In Flight USA 7418: 7413: 7409: 7405: 7401: 7397: 7393: 7389: 7384: 7383: 7371: 7367: 7364: 7360: 7356: 7352: 7348: 7344: 7340: 7335: 7331: 7326: 7323: 7319: 7315: 7311: 7307: 7303: 7302: 7297: 7293: 7292: 7283: 7279: 7278: 7264: 7260: 7256: 7252: 7248: 7237:: 13389–13402 7236: 7232: 7231: 7226: 7221: 7210: 7206: 7202: 7198: 7194: 7191: 7187: 7184: 7183: 7178: 7175: 7172: 7168: 7165: 7162: 7158: 7155: 7152: 7151: 7139: 7137:0-85045-165-5 7133: 7129: 7124: 7120: 7116: 7112: 7108: 7104: 7100: 7097:(2): 97–111. 7096: 7092: 7088: 7084: 7080: 7079: 7074: 7070: 7066: 7060: 7056: 7052: 7047: 7043: 7041:0-19-516035-5 7037: 7032: 7031: 7024: 7020: 7015: 7011: 7006: 7002: 7000:7-5085-0837-8 6996: 6991: 6990: 6983: 6979: 6977:0-528-88171-X 6973: 6969: 6964: 6963: 6942: 6938: 6937: 6932: 6926: 6910: 6906: 6900: 6884: 6880: 6876: 6870: 6854: 6850: 6846: 6839: 6823: 6819: 6818: 6817:Flight Global 6813: 6806: 6790: 6786: 6782: 6775: 6759: 6755: 6751: 6744: 6729: 6725: 6724: 6717: 6701: 6697: 6696:Routes Online 6693: 6686: 6670: 6666: 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Scott Berg 6407: 6390: 6386: 6385:www.mat.uc.pt 6382: 6376: 6370: 6366: 6363: 6361: 6354: 6346: 6342: 6335: 6325: 6318: 6312: 6296: 6290: 6274: 6268: 6252: 6246: 6238: 6236:1-900747-52-9 6232: 6228: 6224: 6218: 6211: 6208: 6204: 6201: 6195: 6187: 6185:1-900747-52-9 6181: 6177: 6173: 6167: 6159: 6157:1-900747-52-9 6153: 6149: 6145: 6139: 6123: 6119: 6115: 6109: 6093: 6089: 6085: 6078: 6062: 6058: 6054: 6048: 6033: 6029: 6025: 6019: 6004: 6000: 5996: 5990: 5974: 5970: 5964: 5957: 5954:Reprinted in 5951: 5944: 5940: 5937: 5932: 5925: 5924:cambridge.org 5922: 5918: 5914: 5908: 5901: 5895: 5879: 5875: 5874: 5869: 5863: 5861: 5853: 5850: 5846: 5842: 5837: 5822:on 2 May 2012 5821: 5817: 5813: 5807: 5791: 5787: 5783: 5777: 5775: 5773: 5771: 5754: 5750: 5746: 5740: 5732: 5726: 5711: 5707: 5700: 5684: 5680: 5676: 5669: 5661: 5654: 5638: 5634: 5627: 5621: 5617: 5614: 5608: 5592: 5588: 5584: 5578: 5562: 5558: 5554: 5547: 5531: 5527: 5523: 5516: 5507: 5499: 5497:0-8018-6875-0 5493: 5489: 5488: 5480: 5478: 5476: 5459: 5455: 5449: 5433: 5429: 5423: 5407: 5403: 5402:The Economist 5399: 5393: 5377: 5373: 5367: 5351: 5347: 5341: 5325: 5321: 5315: 5299: 5295: 5289: 5273: 5269: 5263: 5247: 5243: 5237: 5221: 5217: 5211: 5203: 5201:1-900747-52-9 5197: 5193: 5189: 5183: 5167: 5163: 5159: 5152: 5143: 5135: 5133:1-900747-52-9 5129: 5125: 5121: 5115: 5107: 5105:1-900747-52-9 5101: 5097: 5093: 5087: 5076: 5072: 5071: 5063: 5057: 5049: 5043: 5039: 5035: 5034: 5029: 5023: 5007: 5003: 4999: 4992: 4976: 4972: 4971: 4966: 4960: 4952: 4951: 4946: 4945:Hodgins, Eric 4939: 4923: 4919: 4915: 4909: 4893: 4889: 4883: 4879: 4878: 4870: 4854: 4850: 4846: 4840: 4824: 4820: 4819: 4812: 4803: 4794: 4786: 4785: 4780: 4775: 4767: 4759: 4758: 4754: 4750: 4747: 4741: 4735:, p. 14. 4734: 4729: 4723:, p. 60. 4722: 4717: 4710: 4706: 4703: 4699: 4695: 4692: 4688: 4685: 4681: 4677: 4674: 4670: 4666: 4663: 4659: 4654: 4645: 4638: 4625: 4621: 4617: 4611: 4604: 4592: 4588: 4582: 4575: 4570: 4563: 4559: 4555: 4552: 4538: 4534: 4530: 4523: 4507: 4504:(in French). 4503: 4499: 4493: 4477: 4473: 4467: 4459: 4455: 4454: 4449: 4443: 4427: 4423: 4422: 4417: 4409: 4401: 4395: 4391: 4387: 4386:Da Capo Press 4383: 4376: 4368: 4362: 4358: 4354: 4353: 4348: 4342: 4335: 4333:1-86105-934-5 4329: 4326:, p. 5, 4325: 4321: 4314: 4305: 4296: 4288: 4281: 4274: 4269: 4261: 4254: 4238: 4234: 4230: 4226: 4220: 4216: 4215: 4210: 4204: 4202: 4193: 4186: 4184: 4182: 4180: 4178: 4171:, p. 11. 4170: 4165: 4158: 4153: 4146: 4141: 4135:, p. 10. 4134: 4129: 4121: 4115: 4111: 4110: 4102: 4094: 4090: 4084: 4080: 4079: 4071: 4064: 4058: 4049: 4042: 4041:Needham 1965a 4037: 4021: 4017: 4013: 4012:"Khmer Kites" 4006: 3987: 3983: 3982: 3974: 3968: 3952: 3948: 3944: 3938: 3931: 3926: 3920:, p. 57. 3919: 3914: 3908:, p. 20. 3907: 3902: 3900: 3884:on 3 May 2008 3883: 3879: 3875: 3874: 3869: 3863: 3856: 3853: 3849: 3844: 3842: 3840: 3832: 3827: 3819: 3812: 3804: 3798: 3794: 3787: 3771: 3767: 3761: 3752: 3744: 3742:0-393-32620-9 3738: 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3146: 3142: 3139: 3138:Bachem Ba 349 3135: 3131: 3127: 3123: 3119: 3115: 3111: 3110:Erich Warsitz 3107: 3099: 3095: 3091: 3089: 3085: 3081: 3077: 3073: 3069: 3064: 3059: 3055: 3051: 3047: 3041: 3031: 3029: 3028:Sabiha Gökçen 3022: 3018: 3017:Sabiha Gökçen 3013: 3009: 3007: 3002: 3000: 2999: 2993: 2991: 2987: 2983: 2982: 2975: 2973: 2968: 2966: 2962: 2954: 2953: 2948: 2947: 2941: 2937: 2935: 2931: 2927: 2922: 2920: 2919: 2914: 2910: 2909: 2904: 2903: 2902:Graf Zeppelin 2898: 2894: 2890: 2889: 2884: 2883: 2878: 2874: 2873: 2868: 2864: 2863: 2857: 2856: 2855:Graf Zeppelin 2851: 2847: 2843: 2839: 2834: 2832: 2827: 2822: 2817: 2815: 2810: 2806: 2803:received the 2802: 2798: 2794: 2790: 2786: 2782: 2778: 2777:Gago Coutinho 2774: 2770: 2766: 2763:co-piloted a 2762: 2758: 2753: 2751: 2747: 2743: 2739: 2735: 2730: 2728: 2724: 2720: 2716: 2712: 2707: 2703: 2694: 2686: 2679: 2674: 2666: 2661: 2651: 2649: 2645: 2640: 2638: 2634: 2630: 2626: 2621: 2619: 2615: 2611: 2610:Kurt Wintgens 2608: 2605: 2601: 2597: 2593: 2592:Roland Garros 2587: 2583: 2579: 2566: 2563: 2558: 2553: 2543: 2541: 2537: 2534:departments. 2533: 2527: 2525: 2521: 2517: 2513: 2509: 2505: 2497: 2493: 2489: 2484: 2474: 2472: 2468: 2463: 2461: 2457: 2453: 2449: 2446:powered by a 2445: 2441: 2434: 2430: 2426: 2422: 2418: 2415:Experimental 2413: 2404: 2402: 2398: 2393: 2391: 2387: 2383: 2378: 2376: 2372: 2368: 2364: 2360: 2356: 2355: 2350: 2349:Louis Blériot 2345: 2343: 2338: 2333: 2331: 2327: 2323: 2318: 2314: 2310: 2301: 2292: 2290: 2286: 2282: 2278: 2273: 2270: 2266: 2262: 2258: 2254: 2250: 2246: 2241: 2239: 2234: 2229: 2227: 2218: 2212: 2208: 2203: 2194: 2190: 2175: 2172: 2171: 2165: 2162: 2158: 2154: 2150: 2145: 2143: 2138: 2132: 2129: 2128:Wilbur Wright 2125: 2120: 2118: 2114: 2110: 2106: 2101: 2099: 2095: 2090: 2086: 2082: 2066: 2055: 2051: 2050:Santos-Dumont 2047: 2040: 2031: 2029: 2028: 2022: 2017: 2008: 2007: 2001: 1996: 1986: 1981: 1971: 1969: 1968: 1963: 1959: 1958: 1953: 1949: 1948: 1942: 1940: 1936: 1932: 1925: 1915: 1913: 1909: 1905: 1904:Glenn Curtiss 1901: 1897: 1892: 1887: 1882: 1876: 1874: 1868: 1866: 1862: 1858: 1854: 1850: 1845: 1843: 1840:was actually 1839: 1835: 1831: 1827: 1822: 1818: 1814: 1810: 1806: 1802: 1794: 1793:Potomac River 1790: 1785: 1780: 1770: 1767: 1761: 1760:William Frost 1751: 1749: 1745: 1741: 1737: 1732: 1730: 1726: 1725:Percy Pilcher 1721: 1718: 1713: 1709: 1705: 1703: 1699: 1695: 1691: 1687: 1683: 1679: 1673:, 29 May 1895 1672: 1668: 1664: 1662: 1658: 1654: 1649: 1647: 1637: 1628: 1625: 1624:steam engines 1620: 1611: 1607: 1605: 1604: 1599: 1595: 1587: 1584:Clément Ader 1582: 1578: 1576: 1572: 1567: 1565: 1557: 1553: 1548: 1544: 1542: 1538: 1534: 1527: 1523: 1519: 1514: 1510: 1502: 1498: 1494: 1492: 1488: 1483: 1480: 1473: 1472: 1467: 1463: 1459: 1457: 1452: 1450: 1446: 1442: 1437: 1435: 1431: 1427: 1423: 1419: 1415: 1411: 1407: 1399: 1398: 1393: 1388: 1384: 1382: 1376: 1366: 1364: 1360: 1356: 1351: 1347: 1345: 1340: 1338: 1334: 1330: 1326: 1323: 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