History of crossbows

2256:

apply both feet strongly against the semi-circle of the bow and with his two hands pull the string with all his might in the contrary direction. In the middle of the string is a socket, a cylindrical kind of cup fitted to the string itself, and about as long as an arrow of considerable size which reaches from the string to the very middle of the bow; and through this arrows of many sorts are shot out. The arrows used with this bow are very short in length, but very thick, fitted in front with a very heavy iron tip. And in discharging them the string shoots them out with enormous violence and force, and whatever these darts chance to hit, they do not fall back, but they pierce through a shield, then cut through a heavy iron corselet and wing their way through and out at the other side. So violent and ineluctable is the discharge of arrows of this kind. Such an arrow has been known to pierce a bronze statue, and if it hits the wall of a very large town, the point of the arrow either protrudes on the inner side or it buries itself in the middle of the wall and is lost. Such then is this monster of a crossbow, and verily a devilish invention. And the wretched man who is struck by it, dies without feeling anything, not even feeling the blow, however strong it be.

1611:, written during the Song dynasty, notes that during the Tang period, crossbows were not used to their full effectiveness due to the fear of cavalry charges. The author's solution was to drill the soldiers to the point where rather than hide behind shieldbearers upon the approach of enemy soldier, they would "plant the feet like a firm mountain, and, unmoving at the front of the battle arrays, shoot thickly to the middle , and none among them will not fall down dead." The Song volley fire formation was described thus: "Those in the center of the formation should load while those on the outside of the formation should shoot, and when close, then they should shelter themselves with small shields , each taking turns and returning, so that those who are loading are within the formation. In this way the crossbows will not cease sounding." In addition to the Tang formation, the Song illustration also added a new label to the middle line of crossbowmen between the firing and reloading lines, known as the "advancing crossbows." Both Tang and Song manuals also made aware to the reader that "the accumulated arrows should be shot in a stream, which means that in front of them there must be no standing troops, and across no horizontal formations." 995:. These carriages can be drawn up in the form of a laager which cannot be penetrated by cavalry. Moreover, the crossbows can shoot their bolts to a considerable range, and do more harm than those of the short bow. And again, if the crossbow bolts are picked up by the barbarians they have no way of making use of them. Recently the crossbow has unfortunately fallen into some neglect; we must carefully consider this... The strong crossbow and the javelins have a long range; something which the bows of the Huns can no way equal. The use of sharp weapons with long and short handles by disciplined companies of armoured soldiers in various combinations, including the drill of crossbow men alternately advancing and retiring ; this is something which the Huns cannot even face. The troops with crossbows ride forward and shoot off all their bolts in one direction; this is something which the leather armour and wooden shields of the Huns cannot resist. Then the dismount and fight forward on foot with sword and bill; this is something which the Huns do not know how to do. 184: 1558:(太白陰經) by Tang military official Li Quan (李筌), contains the oldest known depiction and description of the volley fire technique. The illustration shows a rectangular crossbow formation with each circle representing one man. In the front is a line labeled "shooting crossbows" (發弩) and behind that line are rows of crossbowmen, two facing right and two facing left, and they are labeled "loading crossbows" (張弩). The commander (大將軍) is situated in the middle of the formation and to his right and left are vertical rows of drummers (鼓) who coordinate the firing and reloading procedure in procession: who loaded their weapons, stepped forward to the outer ranks, shot, and then retired to reload. According to Li Quan, "the classics say that the crossbow is fury. It is said that its noise is so powerful that it sounds like fury, and that's why they named it this way," and by using the volley fire method there is no end to the sound and fury, and the enemy is unable to approach. Here he is referring to the word for "crossbow" 1173: 1057: 2472: 2062: 964:

sudden attacks. A crossbow can only be shot off three times before it comes to hand-to-hand weapons. Some have therefore thought crossbows inconvenient for fighting, but truly the inconvenience lay not in the crossbow itself but in the commanders, who did not know how to make use of crossbows. All the military theorists of the Tang maintained that the crossbow had no advantage over hand-to-hand weapons, and they insisted on having long bills and great shields in the front line to repel the charge, and made the crossbowmen to carry sabres and long-hafted weapons. The result was that if the enemy adopted an open-order formation and attacked with hand-to-hand weapons, the soldiers would throw away their crossbows and have recourse to those also. A body of the rearguard was therefore detailed beforehand to go round and collect up the crossbows.

1114:...around A.D. 180 when Yang Xuan, Grand Protector of Lingling, attempted to suppress heavy rebel activity with badly inadequate forces. Yang's solution was to load several tens of wagons with sacks of lime and mount automatic crossbows on others. Then, deploying them into a fighting formation, he exploited the wind to engulf the enemy with clouds of lime dust, blinding them, before setting rags on the tails of the horses pulling these driverless artillery wagons alight. Directed into the enemy's heavily obscured formation, their repeating crossbows (powered by linkage with the wheels) fired repeatedly in random directions, inflicting heavy casualties. Amidst the obviously great confusion the rebels fired back furiously in self-defense, decimating each other before Yang's forces came up and largely exterminated them. 2507:

still utilizing the rolling nut mechanism, 13th century AD European composite crossbows were probably not much worse compared to the Chinese crossbow, if at all, in terms of draw-weight. From the 13th century onward, European crossbows made use of spanning mechanisms not seen in China such as the pulley, gaffle, cranequin, and screw. Furthermore, 14th century AD European crossbows could be made of steel, increasing their draw weights beyond even the heaviest Chinese infantry crossbow. These were accompanied by the cord pulley spanning device. However, the power stroke of the European crossbows remained much lower than that of Chinese crossbows (typically one third of the powerstroke), which limited their power despite increasing draw weights.

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other is to include a scale table with the shooting range on the trigger mechanism. The parts of the trigger mechanism installed in the bronze casing can provide higher tension than those installed on the wooden frame. As a result, its shooting range has increased greatly. Adding a scale table with the shooting range on the trigger mechanism increases the accuracy of the shooting and helps the shooter to hit the target more easily. After the Han Dynasty, the structures of the original crossbow and trigger mechanism have not changed except that the size became larger to increase the shooting range.

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brass; a crossbow in 1068 AD could pierce a tree at 140 paces. Crossbows were used in numbers as large as 50,000 starting from the Qin dynasty and upwards of several hundred thousand during the Han. According to one authority, the crossbow had become "nothing less than the standard weapon of the Han armies," by the second century BC. Han era carved stone images and paintings also contain images of horsemen wielding crossbows. Han soldiers were required to pull an "entry level" crossbow with a draw-weight of 76 kg (168 lb) to qualify as a crossbowman.

2770:). According to Japanese records, the Oyumi was different from the hand held crossbow also in use during the same time period. A quote from a seventh-century source seems to suggest that the Oyumi may have able to fire multiple arrows at once: "the Oyumi were lined up and fired at random, the arrows fell like rain". A ninth century Japanese artisan named Shimaki no Fubito claimed to have improved on a version of the weapon used by the Chinese; his version could rotate and fire projectiles in multiple directions. The last recorded use of the Oyumi was in 1189. 1453: 1831: 1533: 2151: 2123: 290: 2445: 1766: 2168: 599: 2385: 2405: 1689:

the form of unattended traps; this is true of the Yakut, Tungus, and Chukchi, even of the Ainu in the east. There seems to be no way of answering the question whether it first arose among the barbaric forefathers of these Asian peoples before the rise of the Chinese culture in their midst, and then underwent its technical development only therein, or whether it spread outwards from China to all the environing peoples. The former seems the more probable hypothesis, given the further linguistic evidence in its support.

1517: 176: 2457: 1900:. The gastraphetes was a crossbow mounted on a stock divided into a lower and upper section. The lower was a case fixed to the bow while the upper was a slider which had the same dimensions as the case. Meaning "belly-bow", it was called as such because the concave withdrawal rest at one end of the stock was placed against the stomach of the operator, which he could press to withdraw the slider before attaching a string to the trigger and loading the bolt; this could thus store more energy than regular 2362:, however, the French largely abandoned the use of the longbow, and consequently the military crossbow saw a resurgence in popularity. The crossbow continued to see use in French armies by both infantry and mounted troops until as late as 1520 AD, as with elsewhere in continental Europe, the crossbow would be largely eclipsed by the handgun. Spanish forces in the New World would make extensive use of the crossbow, even after it had largely fallen out of use in Europe. Crossbowmen participated in 19: 2135: 1103:(475 – 220 BC). Unlike repeating crossbows of later eras, the ancient double shot repeating crossbow uses a pistol grip and a rear pulling mechanism for arming. The Ming repeating crossbow uses an arming mechanism which requires its user to push a rear lever upwards and downwards back and forth. Although hand held repeating crossbows were generally weak and required additional poison, probably aconite, for lethality, much larger mounted versions appeared during the Ming dynasty. 1165: 2496:...the Chinese made much more extensive use of the crossbow as an infantry weapon than the Byzantines did, and the Chinese crossbow was a more sophisticated device than its Western counterpart. European crossbows used a revolving nut and one-lever trigger, while Chinese crossbows had a precisely engineered, three-piece bronze mechanism including "an intermediate lever that enabled the bowman to fire a heavy bow with a short, crisp and light pull on the trigger. 1157: 5661: 2009:, which was torsion powered, separately. Therefore, if the arcuballista was not like the manuballista, it may have been a crossbow. Some suggest it was the other way around and manuballistas were crossbows. The etymology is not clear and their definitions obscure. Some historians believe neither the arcuballista or manuballista were crossbows. According to Vegetius, these were well known devices, and as such didn't make the effort to describe them in depth. 1045: 2026:

crossbowmen lining up with other artillerymen (using torsion machines) in line of battle and at another about both sagittarii (regular archers) and arcuballistarii (crossbowmen) working together on siege towers to clear the ramparts of defenders. These are flickering glimpses, however; he gives little indication of the extent to which the arcuballista was used in warfare, or of the numbers of troops in a legion who might have been armed with it.

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longest arrow. This has a point 178 mm (7.0 in) long and 127 mm (5.0 in) round, with iron tail fins 127 mm (5.0 in). round, and a total length of 1 m (3 ft 3 in). To left and right there are three arrows each steadily decreasing in size, all shot forth when the trigger is pulled. Within 700 paces whatever is hit will collapse, even solid things like ramparts and city towers.

663:, the government attempted to restrict the spread of military crossbows and sought ways to keep armour and crossbows out of private homes. Despite the ban on certain types of crossbows, the weapon experienced an upsurge in civilian usage as both a hunting weapon and pastime. The "romantic young people from rich families, and others who had nothing particular to do" formed crossbow shooting clubs as a way to pass time. 1181: 1481: 1189:

attached so that they could be pulled back. By the Han dynasty, crossbows were used as mobile field artillery and known as "Military Strong Carts". Around the 5th century AD, multiple bows were combined to increase draw weight and length, thus creating the double and triple bow crossbows. Tang versions of this weapon are stated to have obtained a range of 1,060 m (1,160 yd), which is supported by

630: 1815: 1800: 1493: 1469: 2835:, simple crossbows were used for hunting and as a scout weapon, previously thought to have been first introduced by the Portuguese. Until recently they were especially in use by different tribes of the pygmy-people, usually with poisoned and relatively small arrows. This silent technique of hunting in the tropical forest is quite similar to that of the South American indigenous hunting method with 670:, no crossbows were mentioned to have been produced in the three-year period from 1619 to 1622. With 21,188,366 taels, the Ming manufactured 25,134 cannons, 8,252 small guns, 6,425 muskets, 4,090 culverins, 98,547 polearms and swords, 26,214 great "horse decapitator" swords, 42,800 bows, 1,000 great axes, 2,284,000 arrows, 180,000 fire arrows, 64,000 bow strings, and hundreds of transport carts. 440:

and swallow, then breathe out as soon as you have released ; in this way you will be unperterbable. Thus after deep concentration, the two things separate, the going, and the staying. When the right hand moves the trigger the left hand should not know it. One body, yet different functions , like a man and a girl well matched; such is the Dao of holding the crossbow and shooting accurately.

1584: 1505: 1979: 2843:. It makes sure not to startle up the prey, for example if a first shot goes astray. Since the small arrow is rarely deadly itself, the animal will drop from the trees after some time because of the poisoning. In the American South, the crossbow was used by the conquistadors for hunting and warfare when firearms or gunpowder were unavailable because of economic hardships or isolation. 2492:

further back at the rear-end of the tiller. The longer horizontal lever on European crossbows necessitated placing it much further forward. Longer Chinese power strokes were also made possible by the relatively short Chinese composite bow, which could be drawn further back without fear of breaking. Chinese crossbows had draw-weights ranging from 68 to 340 kg (150 to 750 lb).

1647:

a bit, and then attacked with cavalry from the side to cut off the supply routes. crossed the encirclement and retreated, but set up ambushes at Shenben and waited. When the Jin troops arrived, ambushers shot, and the many were in chaos. The troops were released to attack at night and greatly defeated them. Wuzhu was struck by a flowing arrow and barely escaped with his life.

1616:

they come forward they use shields to protect their flanks. Thus each in their turn they draw their crossbows and come up; then as soon as they have shot bolts they return again into the formation. Thus the sound of the crossbows is incessant and the enemy can hardly even flee. Therefore we have the following drill – shooting rank, advancing rank, loading rank.

1207:, these weapons had a range of 450 m (490 yd) while other Song sources give ranges of more than double or even triple that. Constructing these weapons, especially the casting of the large triggers, and their operation required the highest order of technical expertise available at the time. They were primarily used from the 8th to 11th century AD. 1265:

winches and oxen were also used. Later on pedal release triggers were also used. Although this weapon was able to discharge multiple bolts, it was at the cost of reduced accuracy since the further the arrow was from the center of the bow string, the more off center its trajectory would be. It had a maximum range of 450 m (490 yd).

1221:, who wrote of what happened when one of the almost impregnable castles of the Assassins was taken by Hulagu Khan. Here, in +1256, the Chinese arcuballistae shot their projectiles 2500 (Arab) paces (1,000 m (1,100 yd)) from a position on the top of some mountain... His actual words are: "and a 2345:

The payment for a crossbow mercenary was higher than for a longbow mercenary, but the longbowman did not have to pay a team of assistants and his equipment was cheaper. Thus the crossbow team was twelve per cent less efficient than the longbowman since three of the latter could be part of the army in

2013:

On the textual side, there is almost nothing but passing references in the military historian Vegetius (fl. + 386) to 'manuballistae' and 'arcuballistae' which he said he must decline to describe as they were so well known. His decision was highly regrettable, as no other author of the time makes any

1646:

Jie ordered his commanders to select their most vigorous bowmen and strongest crossbowmen and to divide them up for alternate shooting by turns (分番迭射). They were called the "Standing-Firm Arrow Teams" (駐隊矢), and they shot continuously without cease, as thick as rain pouring down. The enemy fell back

1275:

Although Zhuge Liang is often credited with the invention of the repeating crossbow, this is actually due to a mistranslation confusing it with the multiple bolt crossbow. The source actually says Zhuge invented a multiple bolt crossbow that could shoot ten iron bolts simultaneously, each 20 cm

645:

Before the Han Dynasty, the trigger mechanism did not have a Guo (郭, a casing), so that the parts of the trigger mechanism were installed in the wooden frame directly. After the Han Dynasty, the original crossbow has two important design improvements. The first one is to add a bronze casing, and the

439:

When shooting, the body should be as steady as a board, and the head mobile like an egg ; the left foot and the right foot perpendicular to it; the left hand as if leaning against a branch, the right hand as if embracing a child. Then grip the crossbow and take a sight on the enemy, hold the breath

1688:

Throughout the southeastern Asia the crossbow is still used by primitive and tribal peoples both for hunting and war, from the Assamese mountains through Burma, Siam and to the confines of Indo-China. The peoples of the northeastern Asia possess it also, both as weapon and toy, but use it mainly in

1579:

from 801 CE also provides a description of the volley fire technique: " should be divided into teams that can concentrate their arrow shooting.… Those in the center of the formations should load while those on the outside of the formations should shoot. They take turns, revolving and returning, so

2491:

The Chinese crossbow had a longer power stroke, around 51 cm (20 in) or so, compared to the early medieval European crossbow, which typically sat around only 10–18 cm (3.9–7.1 in). This was made possible by the more compact design of the Chinese trigger, which allowed it to sit

2266:

There appears to be some circumstantial evidence for Byzantium having crossbows, as crossbow troops are recorded from Apulia, Calabria and Sicily at the Battle of Hastings in 1066AD. These troops came from areas in Southern Italy that were Byzantine until taken over by the Normans about 1060AD. It

1665:

states that during the battle Wu Jie's brother Wu Lin "used the Standing-Firm Arrow Teams, who shot alternately, and the arrows fell like rain, and the dead piled up in layers, but the enemy climbed over them and kept climbing up." This passage is especially noteworthy for its mention of a special

1615:

Regarding the method of using the crossbow, it cannot be mixed up with hand-to-hand weapons, and it is beneficial when shot from high ground facing downwards. It only needs to be used so that the men within the formation are loading while the men in the front line of the formation are shooting. As

1268:

When Qin Shi Huang's magicians failed to get in touch with "spirits and immortals of the marvellous islands of the Eastern Sea", they excused themselves by saying large monsters blocked their way. Qin Shi Huang personally went out with a multiple bolt crossbow to see these monsters for himself. He

1068:

The Zhuge Nu is a handy little weapon that even the Confucian scholar or palace women can use in self-defence... It fires weakly so you have to tip the darts with poison. Once the darts are tipped with "tiger-killing poison", you can shoot it at a horse or a man and as long as you draw blood, your

963:

Now for piercing through hard things and shooting a long distance, and when struggling to defend mountain-passes, where much noise and impetuous strength must be stemmed, there is nothing like the crossbow for success. However, as the drawing (i.e. the arming) is slow, it is difficult to cope with

2510:

For example, a 150-pound (68 kg) draw crossbow with an 11-inch (280 mm) powerstroke can shoot a 400-grain (26 g) arrow at 205 ft/s (62 m/s), while a 150-pound draw crossbow with a 12-inch (300 mm) powerstroke can shoot a 400 gr (26 g) arrow at 235 ft/s

2506:

When Europeans began fielding crossbows on battlefields in earnest during the 10th century AD, not only were the triggers more cumbersome, the bows were made of wood. However, by the 13th century European crossbows began transitioning to composite bows as well, increasing their draw weight. While

2341:

Crossbowmen occupied a high status as professional soldiers and often earned higher pay than other foot soldiers. The rank of the commanding officer of crossbowmen corps was one of the highest positions in many medieval armies, including those of Spain, France, and Italy. Crossbowmen were held in

2255:

This cross-bow is a bow of the barbarians quite unknown to the Greeks; and it is not stretched by the right hand pulling the string whilst the left pulls the bow in a contrary direction, but he who stretches this warlike and very far-shooting weapon must lie, one might say, almost on his back and

1283:

The arcuballista is a crossbow of a strength of 12 dan, mounted on a wheeled frame. A winch cable pulls on an iron hook; when the winch is turned round until the string catches on the trigger the crossbow is drawn. On the upper surface of the stock there are seven grooves, the centre carrying the

1188:

Large mounted crossbows known as "bed crossbows" were used as early as the Warring States period. Mozi described them as defensive weapons placed on top of the battlements. The Mohist siege crossbow was described as humongous device with frameworks taller than a man and shooting arrows with cords

458:

that the crossbow was greatly favoured by the Han dynasty. For example, in one batch of slips there are only two mentions of bows, but thirty mentions of crossbows. Crossbows were mass-produced in state armouries with designs improving as time went on, such as the use of a mulberry wood stock and

1264:

The multiple bolt crossbow appeared around the late 4th century BC. A passage dated to 320 BC states that it was mounted on a three-wheeled carriage and stationed on the ramparts. The crossbow was drawn using a treadle and shot 3 m (3.3 yd) long arrows. Other drawing mechanisms such as

673:

Military crossbows were armed by treading, or basically placing the feet on the bow stave and drawing it using one's arms and back muscles. During the Song dynasty, stirrups were added for ease of drawing and to mitigate damage to the bow. Alternatively the bow could also be drawn by a belt claw

131:

dated between the 6th and 9th centuries AD do show what appear to be crossbows, but only for hunting, and not military usage. It's not clear how widespread crossbows were in Europe prior to the medieval period or if they were even used for warfare. The small body of evidence and the context they

1302:

The soldiers at the headquarters of the Xuan Wu army were exceedingly brave. They had crossbow catapults such that when one trigger was released, as many as 12 connected triggers would all go off simultaneously. They used large bolts like strings of pearls, and the range was very great. The Jin

2966:

The crossbow is still used in modern times by various militaries, tribal forces and in China even by the police forces. As their worldwide distribution is not restricted by regulations on arms, they are used as silent weapons and for their psychological effect, even reportedly using poisoned

2054:

depicting them in hunting scenes. The draw-length of the crossbow depicted is longer than later medieval crossbows and more similar to Greek and Chinese crossbows, but it's not clear what kind of release mechanism they used. Archaeological evidence suggests they were based on the rolling nut

2025:

To date, the only contemporary accounts of the arcuballista – the Roman crossbow – appear in the pages of De Re Militaris, written by Vegetius in the late 4th century AD. Drawing on a miscellany of earlier sources, Vegetius makes frustratingly vague references. He writes at one stage about

1017:

was the most effective weapon against northern nomadic cavalry charges. Even if they failed, the quarrels were too short to be used as regular arrows so they couldn't be used again by nomadic archers after the battle. The crossbow's role as an anti-cavalry weapon was later reaffirmed in

2346:

place of one crossbow team. Furthermore, the prod and bow string of a composite crossbow were subject to damage in rain whereas the longbowman could simply unstring his bow to protect the string. French forces employing the composite crossbow were outmatched by English longbowmen at

70:. Although the crossbow never regained the prominence it once had under the Han, it was never completely phased out either. Even as late as the 17th century AD, military theorists were still recommending it for wider military adoption, but production had already shifted in favour of 2274:

The first medieval European crossbows were made of wood, usually yew or olive wood. Composite lath crossbows began to appear around the end of the 12th century AD and crossbows with steel laths emerged in the 14th century AD. Crossbows with steel laths were sometimes referred to as

1225:

which had been constructed by Cathayan craftsmen, and which had a range of 2500 paces, was brought to bear on those fools, when no other remedy remained, and of the devil-like Heretics many soldiers were burnt by those meteoric shots". The castle in question was not

2306:(1189–1199), with the latter being credited by a contemporary source to have introduced the crossbow to France. The crossbow superseded hand bows in many European armies during the 12th century AD, except in England, where the longbow was more popular. Along with 2014:

mention of them at all. Perhaps the best supposition is that the crossbow was primarily known in late European antiquity as a hunting weapon, and received only local use in certain units of the armies of Theodosius I, with which Vegetius happened to be acquainted.

2005:(crossbowmen) working together with archers and artillerymen. However it is disputed if arcuballistas were even crossbows or just more torsion powered weapons. The idea that the arcuballista was a crossbow is based on the fact that Vegetius refers to it and the 2519:

European crossbows were phased out in the 16th century AD in favour of arquebuses and muskets. In China, the crossbow was not considered a serious military weapon by the end of the late Ming dynasty, but continued to see limited usage into the 19th century AD.

2515:

crossbow with a ≈387-pound (176 kg) draw weight and a 20–21-inch (510–530 mm) powerstroke would have comparable levels of power to a medieval European crossbow with a 1,200-pound (540 kg) draw weight and a 6–7-inch (150–180 mm) powerstroke.

1553:

The concept of continuous and concerted rotating fire, the countermarch, may have been implemented using crossbows as early as the Han dynasty, but it was not until the Tang dynasty that illustrations of the countermarch appeared. The 759 CE text,

655:

and Li Quan prescribed 20 per cent of the infantry to be armed with standard crossbows, which could hit the target half the time at a distance of 345 m (377 yd), but had an effective range of 225 m (246 yd).

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attached to the waist, but this was done lying down, as was the case for all large crossbows. Winch-drawing was used for the large mounted crossbows as seen below, but evidence for its use in Chinese hand-crossbows is scant.

61:

source recommends a bow to crossbow ratio of five to one as well as the utilization of the countermarch to make up for the crossbow's lack of speed. The crossbow countermarch technique was further refined in the

2926:. While the military crossbow had largely been supplanted by firearms on the battlefield by 1525 AD, the sporting crossbow in various forms remained a popular hunting weapon in Europe until the 18th century AD. 650:

After the Han dynasty, the crossbow lost favour until it experienced a mild resurgence during the Tang dynasty, under which the ideal expeditionary army of 20,000 included 2,200 archers and 2,000 crossbowmen.

389:

strapped to their back, buckle helmets to their heads, a side sword, and three days worth of rations. Those who met these standards earned an exemption from corvée labour and taxes for their entire family.

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in 1503 AD was largely won by Spain through the use of matchlock firearms, marking the first time a major battle was won through the use of firearms. Later, similar competing tactics would feature

579: 1954:

in his treatise on siegecraft written around 350 BC. An Athenian inventory from 330 to 329 BC includes catapults bolts with heads and flights. Arrow-shooting machines in action are reported from

2043:, written around 136 AD, does mention 'missiles shot not from a bow but from a machine' and that this machine was used on horseback while in full gallop. It's presumed that this was a crossbow. 5707: 2384: 2291:

to protect the operator from enemy fire. Despite the appearance of stronger bows, wooden laths remained popular into the 15th century AD, due to being less sensitive to the humidity and cold.

2189:, refers to a crossbow. This is disputed by other historians who interpret "the device in question as an arrow guide." There is however a depiction of a crossbow as a hunting weapon on four 49:, when armies were composed of up to 30 to 50 percent crossbowmen. The crossbow lost much of its popularity after the fall of the Han dynasty, likely due to the rise of the more resilient 610: 132:

provide point to the fact that the ancient European crossbow was primarily a hunting tool or minor siege weapon. An assortment of other ancient European bolt throwers exist such as the

2471: 1030:. Elite crossbowmen were used to pick off targets as was the case when the Liao dynasty general Xiao Talin was picked off by a Song crossbowman at the Battle of Shanzhou in 1004 AD. 2326:, were famous mercenaries hired throughout medieval Europe, while the crossbow also played an important role in anti-personnel defence of ships. Some 4,000 crossbowmen joined the 374:(first appearance dated between 500 BC to 300 BC) refers to the characteristics and use of crossbows in chapters 5 and 12 respectively, and compares a drawn crossbow to 'might.' 2061: 2358:

in 1415 AD. As a result, use of the crossbow declined sharply in France, and the French authorities made attempts to train longbowmen of their own. After the conclusion of the

167:

There is a theory that medieval European crossbows originate from China but some differences exist between the two trigger mechanisms used in European and Chinese crossbows.

136:, but these were torsion engines and are not considered crossbows. Crossbows are not mentioned in European sources again until 947 AD, as a French weapon during the siege of 1661:

After losing half his army Wuzhu escaped back to the north, only to invade again in the following year. Again, he was defeated while trying to breach a strategic pass. The

5003:

Kelley, Liam C. (2014), "Constructing Local Narratives: Spirits, Dreams, and Prophecies in the Medieval Red River Delta", in Anderson, James A.; Whitmore, John K. (eds.),

1966:

in 340 BC. At the same time, Greek fortifications began to feature high towers with shuttered windows in the top, presumably to house anti-personnel arrow shooters, as in

1743:, who was shipwrecked on their coast in 1172 AD. He remained there and taught them mounted archery and how to use siege crossbows. In 1177 AD, crossbows were used by the 5700: 4681: 2432: 1201:, and a team of Chinese technicians to work a great 'ox bow' shooting large bolts a distance of 2,500 paces, which was used at the siege of Maymun Diz. According to the 309:

In terms of archaeological evidence, crossbow locks made of cast bronze have been found in China dating to around 650 BC. They have also been found in Tombs 3 and 12 at

1780: 183: 1717:, which one shot could killed 300 men. According to historian Keith Taylor, the crossbow, along with the word for it, seems to have been introduced into China from 5778: 5763: 4798: 5693: 1931:

was in use from 375 BC to around 340 BC, when the torsion principle replaced the tension crossbow mechanism. Other arrow shooting machines such as the larger

1580:

that once they've loaded they exit and once they've shot they enter . In this way, the sound of the crossbow will not cease and the enemy will not harm us."

541: 2267:

seems unlikely that these troops could just have emerged, and therefore the Byzantines must have had crossbow armed troops prior to the Norman takeover.(ref

1172: 1056: 1095:. This is corroborated by the earliest archaeological evidence of repeating crossbows, which was excavated from a Chu burial site at Tomb 47 at Qinjiazui, 2076: 2420: 1587:

Illustration of a Song crossbow volley fire formation divided into firing, advancing, and reloading lines from top to bottom. From Zeng Gongliang 曾公亮,

4722: 2456: 2107: 1755:'s capital. The Khmer also had double bow crossbows mounted on elephants, which Michel JacqHergoualc’h suggest were elements of Cham mercenaries in 976:

The crossbow allowed archers to shoot bows of greater strength and more accurately as well due to its greater stability, but at the cost of speed.

2511:(72 m/s). This translates into a 14.6% increase in power for every 9% increase in powerstroke. Thus, if other factors are equal, a standard 2228:

in 1066 AD and by the 12th century AD, had become a common battlefield weapon. The earliest remains of a European crossbow to date were found at

2287:

for spanning. Usually these could only shoot two bolts per minute versus twelve or more with a skilled archer, often necessitating the use of a

2122: 1452: 1128:, he in fact had nothing to do with it. This misconception is based on a record attributing improvements to the multiple bolt crossbows to him. 4369: 1217:

This range seems credible only with difficulty, yet strangely enough there is a confirmation of it from a Persian source, namely the historian

385:'s elite forces were capable of marching over 40 km (25 mi) in one day while wearing heavy armour, a large crossbow with 50 bolts, a 2247:(1083–1153 AD), the crossbow was a new weapon associated with Western European crusaders (referred to as barbarians) and was not known to the 364:. This source refers to the use of a giant crossbow between the 6th and 5th centuries BC, corresponding to the late Spring and Autumn period. 5177:

Warfare in the Classical World: An Illustrated Encyclopedia of Weapons, Warriors, and Warfare in the Ancient Civilizations of Greece and Rome

1740: 1075: 381:

favourited elite armoured crossbow units known for their endurance, and were capable of marching 160 km (99 mi) 'without resting.'

2179:

References to the crossbow are basically nonexistent in Europe from the 5th century AD until the 10th century AD. It's argued that the term

5793: 1107: 4610: 2092: 1736:

how to build fortifications and use crossbows. The Chams would later give the Chinese crossbows as presents on at least one occasion.

404:

advises its readers not to use crossbows in marshland where the surface is soft and it is hard to arm the crossbow with the foot. The

2883:, such as in most of the United States, parts of Asia, Europe, Australia, and Africa. Crossbows with special projectiles are used in 2404: 1729: 1295: 3222: 5941: 4412: 1765: 360:

The earliest Chinese documents mentioning a crossbow were texts from the 4th to 3rd centuries BC attributed to the followers of

5753: 5611: 4678: 1684:

There is another theory pointing towards an independent Southeast Asian origin for the crossbow based on linguistic evidence:

5986: 5717: 4768: 4490: 4463: 4116: 4089: 3766: 3633: 3108: 3081: 598: 5788: 5773: 2367: 1516: 1244:

However, Juwaini's description of the campaign against the Nizaris contains many exaggerations due to his bias against the

5768: 5616: 2375: 1721:

peoples in the south around the 4th century BC. However, this is contradicted by crossbow locks found in ancient Chinese

4750: 3321: 5629: 5577: 1905: 1713:(or Cao Thông) to construct a crossbow and christened it "Saintly Crossbow of the Supernaturally Luminous Golden Claw" 526: 4839:

Bachrach, David S. (2004), "Crossbows for the King: The Crossbow during the Reigns of John and Henry III of England",

4795: 4532: 5606: 5601: 5589: 5225: 5021: 4897: 4870: 4830: 4585: 4542: 4518: 4422: 4399: 4341: 3248: 2444: 2194: 4453: 4212: 4106: 4079: 3098: 3071: 1303:

people were thoroughly frightened by these machines. Literary writers called them Ji Long Che (Rapid Dragon Carts).

4480: 1636:(兀朮) invaded the Shaanxi region but was defeated by general Wu Jie (吳玠) and his younger brother Wu Lin (吳璘). The 5742: 5639: 5572: 4924: 2906:

weapons, although early guns had slower rates of fire and much worse accuracy than contemporary crossbows. The

2268: 1653: 1638: 406: 1279:

In 759 AD, Li Quan described a type of multiple bolt crossbow capable of destroying ramparts and city towers:

954: 5733: 5624: 5192: 5041:

The Men Who Governed Han China: Companion to a Biographical Dictionary of the Qin, Former Han and Xin Periods

2298:(England and western France) as early as the mid-12th century. Their relevance grew throughout the reigns of 123:

was in use from 375 BC to around 340 BC before the torsion principle replaced the tension crossbow mechanism.

5195:

The Art of Chivalry : European arms and armor from the Metropolitan Museum of Art : an exhibition

321:, and date to 6th century BC. Bronze crossbow bolts dating from the mid-5th century BC have been found at a 5808: 5803: 5798: 5738: 4575: 4508: 1468: 41:

around the 7th to 5th centuries BC. In China the crossbow was one of the primary military weapons from the

4557: 6053: 6026: 5748: 5634: 5584: 2984: 2948: 2310:

made from farming equipment, the crossbow was also a weapon of choice for insurgent peasants such as the

5881: 5272: 2817:

used the typical European trigger while eastern Muslim crossbows had a more complex trigger mechanism.

3284:

Science and Civilization in China: Volume 3, Mathematics and the Sciences of the Heavens and the Earth

2243:

found in Middle Byzantine sources refer to a crossbow, but the evidence is inconclusive. According to

2134: 1851:

The earliest crossbow-like weapons in Europe probably emerged around the late 5th century BC when the

1048:

The earliest extant repeating crossbow, a double-shot repeating crossbow excavated from a tomb of the

5861: 5674: 2351: 1814: 1799: 5277: 1994: 1858: 1791: 1694: 1583: 338: 140:. From the 11th century AD onward, crossbows and crossbowmen occupied a position of high status in 67: 2279:. These had much higher draw weights than composite bows and required mechanical aids such as the 1532: 6058: 5929: 5685: 5505: 4373: 1480: 991:

Of course, in mounted archery the Yi and the Di are skilful, but the Chinese are good at using

5818: 5352: 5282: 2185: 1679: 652: 5005:

China's Encounters on the South and Southwest: Reforging the Fiery Frontier Over Two Millennia

4709: 1504: 5896: 5838: 5831: 5826: 5725: 5218: 5121: 2778: 2359: 1151: 1100: 1091:, the repeating crossbow was invented during the Warring States period by a Mr. Qin from the 1023: 943: 4614: 2813:

did have crossbows, there seems to be a split between eastern and western types. Muslims in

5916: 1955: 1536:

Illustration of a rectangular Tang volley fire formation using crossbows. From Li Quan 李筌,

1245: 274: 153: 4697: 2797:

in general were averse to the crossbow and considered it a foreign weapon. They called it

250:

refers to the release mechanism, including the string, sears, trigger lever, and housing.

8: 5298: 2956: 2907: 2355: 2315: 2299: 1940: 1917: 1878: 1088: 342: 92: 4823:

The Gunpowder Age: China, Military Innovation, and the Rise of the West in World History

4783: 4438: 2342:

such high regard in Spain that they were granted status on par with the knightly class.

1959: 337:

Province, and date to mid-4th century BC. It's possible that these early crossbows used

6063: 5946: 5891: 5245: 4580:, Stephen Turnbull, Peter Dennis, Illustrated by Peter Dennis, Osprey Publishing, 2008 4513:, Stephen Turnbull, Peter Dennis, Illustrated by Peter Dennis, Osprey Publishing, 2008 3219: 2363: 2331: 2225: 2150: 1866: 1830: 1039: 637: 2347: 2172: 1069:

adversary will die immediately. The draw-back to the weapon is its very limited range.

289: 278:

Illustration of a Ming volley fire formation using crossbows. From Cheng Zongyou 程宗猷,

5596: 5308: 5017: 4920: 4893: 4866: 4826: 4581: 4538: 4514: 4486: 4459: 4418: 4395: 4337: 4112: 4085: 3762: 3244: 3104: 3077: 2760: 2478: 2462: 2371: 2303: 1218: 1190: 128: 5783: 4726: 4394:

Robert Hardy (1992). "Longbow: A Social and Military History". Lyons & Burford.

4336:

Robert Hardy (1992). "Longbow: A Social and Military History". Lyons & Burford.

1492: 1234:, also in the Elburz range, and it was the strongest military base of the Assassins. 5664: 5551: 5357: 5211: 2989: 2763: 2236: 2154: 1987: 1909: 1897: 1771: 1702: 419: 333:

Province. Other early finds of crossbows were discovered in Tomb 138 at Saobatang,

326: 141: 100: 4765: 293:

Illustration of another Ming crossbow volley fire formation. From Bi Maokang 畢懋康,

5876: 5377: 5303: 5260: 5250: 4935:

The Eurasian Way of War: Military practice in seventh-century China and Byzantium

4802: 4772: 4754: 4685: 3226: 2872: 2335: 1951: 1889: 1253: 1019: 354: 175: 164:. Hunters continued to carry crossbows for another 150 years due to its silence. 149: 104: 5122:"Diodor von Sizilien 14,42,1 und die Erfindung der Artillerie im Mittelmeerraum" 5086:

Medieval Siege Weapons (2): Byzantium, the Islamic World & India AD 476–1526

2167: 6005: 5980: 5866: 5556: 5470: 5392: 5199:. New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art and The American Federation of Arts. 2832: 2323: 2295: 2216:

The crossbow reappeared again in 947 AD as a French weapon during the siege of

2190: 1756: 1706: 1621: 1607: 1593: 1459: 1272:

In 99 BC, they were used as field artillery against attacking nomadic cavalry.

1210: 1203: 1009: 969: 585: 566: 547: 532: 431:

In the 2nd century AD, Chen Yin gave advice on shooting with a crossbow in the

370: 145: 42: 4666: 3329: 2378:

in 1532–1523 AD he would have only a dozen such men remaining in his service.

1124:

Although the invention of the repeating crossbow has often been attributed to

152:. During the 16th century AD, military crossbows in Europe were superseded by 99:, which places its appearance sometime prior to the 4th century BC during the 18: 6047: 6011: 5999: 5871: 5546: 5541: 5495: 5485: 5397: 5362: 5330: 4818: 4747: 2327: 1718: 1629: 1249: 1227: 263: 78: 54: 50: 5014:

Chinese Siege Warfare: Mechanical Artillery & Siege Weapons of Antiquity

1698: 1248:, and Maimun-Diz was actually not as impregnable as other nearby castles as 1193:

on the use of similar weapons by the Mongols in 1256 AD. According Juvayni,

5934: 5422: 5367: 2944: 2840: 2767: 2244: 2229: 2114: 2098: 2083: 2068: 2047: 1901: 1853: 1835: 1805: 1752: 1722: 1164: 1139: 1132: 1092: 1060: 1049: 667: 660: 386: 108: 83: 63: 58: 1628:

The volley fire technique was used to great effect by the Song during the

5958: 5490: 5412: 5320: 4563: 2952: 2940: 2512: 2202: 1870: 1862: 1548: 1194: 1125: 948: 617: 589: 570: 551: 424: 382: 378: 322: 88: 46: 23: 2863: 1156: 5973: 5951: 5924: 5646: 5531: 5526: 5510: 5475: 5448: 5407: 5255: 2960: 2935: 2438:

Two men arming a crossbow using a stirrup and shooting a crossbow, 1475

2198: 2051: 1967: 1892:. According to Heron, the gastraphetes was the forerunner of the later 1787: 1710: 1231: 1180: 1044: 318: 3229:. Asian Traditional Archery Research Network. Retrieved on 2008-08-20. 1896:, which places its invention some unknown time prior to 399 BC during 1142:, when it became obvious they could not longer compete with firearms. 616:

Large crossbow trigger (23.49 x 17.78 cm) for mounted crossbows,

239:

is the wooden body on which the bow is mounted, although the medieval

228:

came into usage in the 19th century AD, as a result of mistranslating

6018: 5906: 5480: 5460: 5455: 5427: 5339: 2971:

and anti-sniper operations or in conjunction with ropes to establish

2903: 2391: 2280: 2206: 1881: 1666:

technique being utilized as it is one of the very few times that the

1110:

used a type of repeating crossbow powered by the movement of wheels:

983:

observed that by using the crossbow, it was possible to overcome the

592:

crossbow trigger and buttplate made of bronze and inlaid with silver.

573:

crossbow trigger and buttplate made of bronze and inlaid with silver.

415: 400: 346: 3241:

Iron and Steel in Ancient China: Second Impression, With Corrections

1197:

brought with him 3,000 giant crossbows from China, for the siege of

66:, but crossbow usage in the military continued to decline after the 5964: 5417: 5372: 5347: 5313: 3220:

A Crossbow Mechanism with Some Unique Features from Shandong, China

2995: 2972: 2911: 2311: 2284: 2276: 1990: 1943: 1932: 1928: 1893: 1571: 1198: 1000: 980: 455: 314: 133: 120: 116: 96: 30: 2851: 258: 5992: 5901: 5715: 5402: 5387: 5382: 5234: 2923: 2888: 2880: 2876: 2836: 2810: 2790: 2390:

Earliest European depiction of cavalry using crossbows, from the

2307: 1978: 1885: 1027: 984: 411: 365: 124: 71: 4504: 4502: 2894:

samples without harming the whales or other marine big "game" .

95:

in the 1st century AD. He believed it was the forerunner of the

5536: 5500: 5465: 4629: 2968: 2919: 2915: 2891: 2820: 2782: 2486: 2288: 2248: 2221: 2217: 2210: 2036: 1963: 1913: 1748: 1744: 1576: 1099:

Province, and has been dated to the 4th century BC, during the

633: 629: 361: 350: 349:(78–37 BC), compared the moon to the shape of a round crossbow 161: 157: 137: 38: 4559:

Hired Swords: The Rise of Private Warrior Power in Early Japan

4293: 4291: 4289: 1589:

Complete Essentials for the Military Classics Preceding Volume

428:, finished 111 AD, lists two military treatises on crossbows. 224:, is the bow of the crossbow. According to W.F. Peterson, the 5443: 4499: 4303: 3881: 3879: 2884: 2814: 2794: 2756: 2411: 2374:

on his initial expedition to Peru, though by the time of the

2319: 1877:("On Catapult-making"), which draws on an earlier account of 1733: 1633: 1096: 451: 334: 330: 267: 34: 4961:

Cathayan Arrows and Meteors: The Origins of Chinese Rocketry

3029: 3027: 3025: 2128:

Pictish depiction of a hunting crossbow in the bottom right.

1298:

described multiple crossbows connected by a single trigger:

5334: 4347: 4286: 2930: 310: 112: 5203: 4332: 4330: 4196:

Early Artillery Towers: Messenia, Boiotia, Attica, Megarid

3906: 3876: 3775: 3577: 4854:

Ancient Greece: A Political, Social, and Cultural History

4236: 4234: 4125: 4037: 4035: 3923: 3921: 3896: 3894: 3866: 3864: 3862: 3860: 3847: 3845: 3843: 3794: 3792: 3790: 3519: 3517: 3515: 3385: 3383: 3022: 2918:

in formation with pikemen, pitted against cavalry firing

2897: 2239:

sources until the 11th century AD. Some believe that the

5113:

Soldiers of the Dragon: Chinese Armies 1500 BC – AD 1840

4213:"Tastes of History: Arcuballista: A Late Roman Crossbow" 4154: 4152: 1939:

also existed starting from around 338 BC, but these are

4591: 4327: 4137: 4059: 3962: 3960: 3276: 2766:

that first appeared in the seventh century (during the

1946:

and not considered crossbows. Arrow-shooting machines (

191:

A crossbowman or crossbow-maker is sometimes called an

5129:

Frankfurter Elektronische Rundschau zur Altertumskunde

4969:

Mechanisms in Ancient Chinese Books with Illustrations

4944:

Battle: A Visual Journey Through 5,000 Years of Combat

4274: 4251: 4249: 4231: 4047: 4032: 3996: 3933: 3918: 3891: 3857: 3840: 3828: 3816: 3804: 3787: 3738: 3726: 3690: 3565: 3553: 3529: 3512: 3500: 3440: 3419: 3395: 3380: 3194: 3192: 3190: 3188: 3186: 3184: 3182: 3180: 3178: 3176: 4315: 4176: 4164: 4149: 3702: 3601: 3407: 3344: 3289: 3174: 3172: 3170: 3168: 3166: 3164: 3162: 3160: 3158: 3156: 3141: 3129: 3117: 3051: 3039: 5050:

A History of Chinese Science and Technology Volume 3

5016:, Singapore, Republic of Singapore: Leong Kit Meng, 4008: 3984: 3972: 3957: 3945: 3714: 3678: 3668: 3666: 3664: 3662: 3660: 3658: 3656: 3654: 3652: 3488: 3476: 1138:

Repeating crossbows continued in use until the late

4759: 4246: 4219: 3635:

Unique weapon of the Ming Dynasty – Zhu Ge Nu (諸葛弩)

3541: 3464: 3452: 3368: 3356: 1026:recommended them as the optimal weapon against the 418:by ambushing him with a body of crossbowmen at the 33:originated, but it is believed to have appeared in 5068:Innocent Civilians: The Morality of Killing in War 3153: 3010: 2465:'s giant crossbow, late 15th to early 16th century 1993:provides the only contemporary account of ancient 5077:Science and Civilization in China Volume 5 Part 6 5059:Greek and Roman Artillery: Historical Development 4364: 4362: 4269:Hunting and Hunting Reserves in Medieval Scotland 3649: 2902:Crossbows were eventually replaced in warfare by 1739:Siege crossbows were transmitted to the Chams by 1562:which is also a homophone for the word for fury, 213:are all suitable terms for crossbow projectiles. 6045: 4890:Archery and Crossbow Guilds in Medieval Flanders 4566:, Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1992 P.42 4989:, The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press 4656:. The Institution of Royal Engineers: 79. 1925. 4108:Artillery: An Illustrated History of Its Impact 4081:Artillery: An Illustrated History of Its Impact 3759:Eagle's Nest: Ismaili Castles in Iran and Syria 3100:Artillery: An Illustrated History of Its Impact 3073:Artillery: An Illustrated History of Its Impact 2050:arcuballistas comes from sculptural reliefs in 1313:The weapon was considered obsolete by 1530 AD. 938: 232:in a 16th-century AD list of crossbow effects. 4359: 5701: 5219: 5168:Siege Weapons of the Far East (2) AD 960–1644 5159:Siege Weapons of the Far East (1) AD 612–1300 5150:The Military Collapse of China's Ming Dynasty 5092: 4635: 4297: 3431: 1076:Complete Classics Collection of Ancient China 450:It's clear from surviving inventory lists in 5119: 3594: 3592: 2879:. In some countries they are still used for 2487:Chinese and European crossbows in comparison 1861:, appeared. The device was described by the 1632:. In the fall of 1131 AD, the Jin commander 1087:(history of the Wu-Yue War), written in the 5142:A Companion to the Byzantine Culture of War 4370:"Notes On West African Crossbow Technology" 3204: 2826: 2232:and has been dated to the 11th century AD. 947:Man carrying a crossbow over his shoulder, 5708: 5694: 5670: 5226: 5212: 5139: 4919:, Warfare and History, London: Routledge, 4766:bharat-rakshak article on Marine Commandos 4309: 4202:, Vol. 91, No. 4. (1987), S. 569–604 (569) 2999:, a possible crossbow type Sasanian weapon 1790:holding the magical crossbow he built for 1135:, repeating crossbows were used on ships. 5190: 4953:Weapons and Warfare in Renaissance Europe 4648:"Work of the R. E. in the european war". 4531:Louis, Thomas; Ito, Tommy (August 2008). 3589: 2846: 2426:Man hunting with a crossbow, 14th century 1269:found no monsters but killed a big fish. 1259: 1213:on the range of the triple-bow crossbow: 5165: 5156: 5007:, United States: Brills, pp. 78–106 4878: 4863:Greek and Roman Artillery 399 BCE-CE 363 4860: 4851: 4838: 4530: 4353: 4170: 4143: 4131: 4111:. Bloomsbury Publishing USA. p. 5. 4084:. Bloomsbury Publishing USA. p. 3. 4065: 4026: 4014: 4002: 3978: 3696: 3619:Lin, Yun. "History of the Crossbow," in 3103:. Bloomsbury Publishing USA. p. 5. 3076:. Bloomsbury Publishing USA. p. 3. 2867:A whale shot by a modified crossbow bolt 2862: 2850: 2793:texts earlier than the 14th century AD. 2789:There are no references to crossbows in 2777: 2524:Chinese and European handheld crossbows 2166: 2149: 2086:among other ancient mechanical artillery 1977: 1916:, as described in the 1st century AD by 1829: 1582: 1531: 1522:Miniature model of a triple bed crossbow 1179: 1171: 1163: 1155: 1055: 1043: 953: 942: 628: 604:Han crossbow trigger on a crossbow frame 288: 273: 257: 182: 174: 17: 5104:Imperial Chinese Armies (2): 590-1260AD 5083: 5074: 5065: 5056: 4975: 4905: 4887: 4817: 4597: 4321: 4280: 4240: 4182: 4158: 4053: 4041: 3939: 3927: 3912: 3900: 3885: 3870: 3851: 3834: 3822: 3810: 3798: 3781: 3761:. Bloomsbury Academic. pp. 75–85. 3744: 3732: 3708: 3684: 3613: 3607: 3583: 3571: 3559: 3535: 3523: 3446: 3425: 3413: 3401: 3389: 3350: 3295: 3147: 3135: 3123: 3057: 3045: 3033: 1474:Multi-bolt crossbows connected together 1443:460–1,060 m (1,510–3,480 ft) 1440:950–1,200 kg (2,090–2,650 lb) 958:Horseman aiming a crossbow, Han dynasty 262:Han dynasty crossbow (2nd century BC). 6046: 5612:World University Archery Championships 5029: 5002: 4993: 4987:The Early Chinese Empires: Qin and Han 4458:(in Italian). Soldiershop Publishing. 4451: 4271:(Edinburgh: John Donald, 1979), p. 62. 4104: 4077: 3966: 3951: 3756: 3238: 3198: 3096: 3069: 2898:Modern military and paramilitary usage 5689: 5207: 5174: 5147: 5110: 5101: 5038: 5011: 4984: 4966: 4941: 4932: 4914: 4679:Chinese special forces with crossbows 4478: 4255: 3990: 3672: 3547: 3506: 3494: 3482: 3470: 3458: 3374: 3362: 3016: 1725:tombs dating to the 7th century BC. 1670:has elaborated on a specific tactic. 1429:350–520 m (1,150–1,710 ft) 1403:365–460 m (1,198–1,509 ft) 1033: 107:are two stone relief carvings from a 4950: 4225: 2967:projectiles. Crossbows are used for 2871:Crossbows today are mostly used for 2220:and again in 984 AD at the siege of 1642:elaborates on the battle in detail: 410:, completed in 94 BC, mentions that 5120:Schellenberg, Hans Michael (2006), 4958: 4641: 4452:Mugnai, Bruno (21 September 2016). 3720: 2175:, image created in the 15th century 1569:The encyclopedic text known as the 1416:250–500 m (820–1,640 ft) 1338:170–450 m (560–1,480 ft) 1145: 463:Han dynasty inventory list (13 BC) 103:. Further evidence of crossbows in 29:It is not clear where and when the 13: 5184: 5047: 4892:, Woodbridge: Boydell and Brewer, 3286:. Taipei: Caves Books Ltd, p. 227. 2963:110–140 m (120–150 yd). 2269:Norman Hand Bow and Footbow Troops 1184:Large and small Qin crossbow bolts 345:mathematician and music theorist, 119:. A mounted crossbow machine, the 14: 6075: 5779:Five Dynasties & Ten Kingdoms 4998:. University of California Press. 4917:Medieval Chinese Warfare, 300-900 4479:Selby, Stephen (1 January 2000). 2703:winch pulleys, gaffle, cranequin, 2294:Crossbowmen are mentioned in the 1834:Modern reconstruction of a Greek 1747:in their invasion and sacking of 1673: 1348:150–300 m (490–980 ft) 304: 5669: 5660: 5659: 4796:Ejercito prepare for deployment. 4789: 4777: 4741: 4715: 4703: 4691: 4672: 4667:Chinese news report on crossbows 4660: 4603: 4569: 4551: 4534:Samurai: The Code of the Warrior 4524: 2773: 2470: 2455: 2443: 2431: 2419: 2403: 2383: 2133: 2121: 2106: 2091: 2075: 2060: 1813: 1798: 1779: 1764: 1515: 1503: 1491: 1479: 1467: 1451: 1370:73–180 m (240–591 ft) 1359:73–180 m (240–591 ft) 624: 609: 597: 578: 559: 540: 525: 357:also mentions crossbow bullets. 74:and traditional composite bows. 4472: 4445: 4431: 4405: 4388: 4261: 4205: 4200:American Journal of Archaeology 4188: 4098: 4071: 4020: 3750: 3626: 3314: 3301: 3267: 3258: 3232: 3213: 2859:bomb-throwing crossbow in 1915. 2410:Man hunting with a crossbow in 2396:Four Horsemen of the Apocalypse 2235:Crossbows are not mentioned in 2171:Depiction of a crossbow at the 2046:The only pictorial evidence of 1820:Khmer elephant mounted crossbow 1538:Shen ji zhi di tai bai yin jing 1527: 1388:Draw weight: kilograms (pounds) 5179:, University of Oklahoma Press 5057:Marsden, Eric William (1969), 4825:, Princeton University Press, 4485:. Hong Kong University Press. 4105:Kinard, Jeff (28 March 2007). 4078:Kinard, Jeff (28 March 2007). 3621:Chinese Classics & Culture 3097:Kinard, Jeff (28 March 2007). 3090: 3070:Kinard, Jeff (28 March 2007). 3063: 2933:-throwing crossbow called the 2055:mechanism of medieval Europe. 1486:Crossbow firing multiple bolts 1176:Connected double bed crossbows 1013:states that the crossbow used 554:crossbow trigger and buttplate 407:Records of the Grand Historian 393: 170: 1: 5093:Payne-Gallwey, Ralph (1995), 4994:Taylor, Keith Weller (1983). 4865:, Oxford: Osprey Publishing, 3003: 2785:with a crossbow, 12th century 2705:screw, cord pulley (15th c.) 2450:Man holding a crossbow, 1530s 2158: 115:and some vague references by 5079:, Cambridge University Press 4908:Medieval Military Technology 4698:Greek soldiers uses crossbow 4577:Japanese Castles AD 250–1540 4510:Japanese Castles AD 250—1540 4417:. Bloomsbury. 9 March 2018. 3322:"The Art of War, by Sun Tzu" 2368:conquest of the Aztec Empire 2067:10th century depiction of a 1256:, according to Peter Wiley. 939:Advantages and disadvantages 317:, previously the capital of 144:, with the exception of the 142:medieval European militaries 45:period until the end of the 7: 6027:Self Strengthening Movement 5233: 5140:Stouraitis, Yannis (2018), 4985:Lewis, Mark Edward (2007), 4980:, Pearson Education Limited 4650:The Royal Engineers Journal 2985:Hymn to the Fallen (Jiu Ge) 2978: 2732:Repeating crossbow material 2302:(1154–1189) and especially 2145: 1950:) are briefly mentioned by 1709:) commissioned a man named 1693:Around the 3rd century BC, 1434:Mounted triple-bow crossbow 1421:Mounted double-bow crossbow 1408:Mounted single-bow crossbow 1396:Mounted multi-bolt crossbow 903:Basic early Tang expedition 179:Han crossbow trigger pieces 148:and their continued use of 10: 6080: 5759:Jin & Sixteen Kingdoms 5273:Modern competitive archery 5166:Turnbull, Stephen (2002), 5157:Turnbull, Stephen (2001), 4847:, Johns Hopkins University 4811: 4455:History&Uniforms 9 ENG 3239:Wagner, Donald B. (1993). 2669:rolling nut – bone, antler 2322:and in different parts of 1908:in 397 BC. This was a key 1841: 1774:bronze crossbow, 500–1 BCE 1677: 1546: 1510:Multi-bolt ambush crossbow 1149: 1037: 325:burial site in Yutaishan, 5915: 5854: 5847: 5817: 5724: 5655: 5565: 5519: 5436: 5329: 5291: 5241: 4879:Campbell, Duncan (2005), 4861:Campbell, Duncan (2003), 4856:, Oxford University Press 4439:"Crossbows / Draw Weight" 2809:(Frankish bow). Although 1846: 1825: 1808:elephant mounted crossbow 5718:Chinese military history 5278:World Archery Federation 5095:The Book of the Crossbow 5075:Needham, Joseph (1994), 4996:The Birth of the Vietnam 4978:The Mongols and the West 4967:Hsiao, Kuo-Hung (2014), 4959:Haw, Stephen G. (2013), 4933:Graff, David A. (2016), 4915:Graff, David A. (2002), 3282:Needham, Joseph (1986). 2827:Africa and South America 2823:cavalry used crossbows. 2751: 2546:European (late 14th c.) 2537:Arcuballista (4th c. AD) 2534:Gastraphetes (5th c. BC) 2224:. They were used at the 2197:(6th to 9th centuries): 1927:A mounted crossbow, the 781:Anti-Xiongnu Han (97 BC) 253: 81:a crossbow known as the 68:Mongol conquest of China 5764:Northern & Southern 5191:Nickel, H, ed. (1982). 5148:Swope, Kenneth (2014), 5115:, Osprey Publishing Ltd 5084:Nicolle, David (2003), 5039:Loewe, Michael (2019), 5012:Liang, Jieming (2006), 4976:Jackson, Peter (2005), 4906:DeVries, Kelly (2003), 4888:Crombie, Laura (2016), 4771:25 October 2007 at the 4753:12 January 2009 at the 4684:28 October 2007 at the 3623:, 1993, No.4: p. 33–37. 3225:29 January 2018 at the 2855:French soldiers with a 2661:bronze vertical trigger 2376:conquest of Inca Empire 2195:early medieval Scotland 1973: 187:Crossbow trigger pieces 5987:Ming gunpowder weapons 5942:Song gunpowder weapons 5353:Austroasiatic crossbow 5283:World Archery Rankings 5048:Lu, Yongxiang (2015), 4951:Hall, Bert S. (1997), 4841:Technology and Culture 4748:Day Life Serbia report 3757:Willey, Peter (2005). 3243:. Leiden: E.J. Brill. 2975:in difficult terrain. 2868: 2860: 2847:Use of crossbows today 2786: 2664:bronze block and lever 2504: 2264: 2186:Strategikon of Maurice 2176: 2164: 2034: 2022: 1983: 1859:ancient Greek crossbow 1838: 1691: 1680:Austroasiatic crossbow 1659: 1626: 1602: 1544: 1458:Modern depiction of a 1311: 1292: 1260:Multiple bolt crossbow 1242: 1219:'Alā'al-Dīn al-Juwainī 1185: 1177: 1169: 1161: 1122: 1081: 1064: 1053: 1005: 974: 959: 951: 648: 641: 448: 301: 286: 271: 188: 180: 26: 5827:Ming treasure voyages 5716:Ancient and dynastic 5102:Peers, C. J. (1996), 5061:, The Clarendon Press 5030:Loades, Mike (2018), 4881:Ancient Siege Warfare 4852:Burstein, M. (1999), 2866: 2854: 2781: 2494: 2253: 2170: 2153: 2113:Mounted version of a 2023: 2011: 1986:The late 4th century 1981: 1904:. It was used in the 1833: 1686: 1644: 1613: 1586: 1535: 1462:Mohist siege crossbow 1391:Range: meters (feet) 1364:Double shot repeating 1328:Range: meters (feet) 1300: 1281: 1215: 1183: 1175: 1168:A triple bed crossbow 1167: 1160:A double bed crossbow 1159: 1152:Chinese siege weapons 1112: 1101:Warring States period 1066: 1059: 1047: 1024:Thomas the Archdeacon 989: 961: 957: 946: 643: 632: 437: 292: 277: 261: 186: 178: 87:was described by the 21: 6006:Breechloading musket 5617:Military World Games 5268:History of crossbows 5175:Warry, John (1995), 5111:Peers, C.J. (2006), 5066:McKeogh, C. (2002), 4942:Grant, R.G. (2005), 4801:5 March 2009 at the 4723:"Crossbow for women" 4617:on 22 September 2007 3264:Mao (1998), 109–110. 2955:. It could throw an 2735:mulberry wood/bamboo 2675:rolling nut – metal 2531:Chinese (7th c. BC-) 2140:Gallo-Roman crossbow 1982:Gallo-Roman crossbow 1276:(7.9 in) long. 872:Basic Sui expedition 5585:World Championships 5170:, Osprey Publishing 5161:, Osprey Publishing 5088:, Osprey Publishing 4710:Turkish special ops 4376:on 26 November 2022 4356:, pp. 102–103. 4215:. 15 December 2016. 3638:, 24 September 2015 3273:Wright (2001), 159. 2908:Battle of Cerignola 2697:belt claw (12th c.) 2525: 2316:Genoese crossbowmen 1918:Heron of Alexandria 1867:Heron of Alexandria 1378: 1318: 1317:Handheld crossbows 1089:Eastern Han dynasty 464: 93:Heron of Alexandria 6054:History of archery 5947:Thunder crash bomb 5892:Repeating crossbow 4636:Payne-Gallwey 1995 4611:"The St. Lawrence" 4312:, p. 372-373. 4298:Payne-Gallwey 1995 3915:, p. 153-154. 3888:, p. 149-150. 3784:, p. 189-190. 3586:, p. 123-125. 3036:, p. 121-122. 2869: 2861: 2807:qaus al-faranjīyah 2801:(foot-drawn bow), 2787: 2695:stirrup (12th c.), 2685:stirrup (12th c.), 2573:Tiller length (cm) 2543:European (13th c.) 2540:European (10th c.) 2523: 2360:Hundred Years' War 2354:in 1356 AD and at 2332:Louis IX of France 2226:battle of Hastings 2177: 2165: 1984: 1839: 1705:) and (modern-day 1603: 1545: 1376: 1353:Repeating crossbow 1316: 1186: 1178: 1170: 1162: 1065: 1063:repeating crossbow 1054: 1040:Repeating crossbow 1034:Repeating crossbow 960: 952: 642: 638:Repeating crossbow 462: 341:for ammunition. A 302: 287: 272: 220:, also called the 189: 181: 154:gunpowder weaponry 27: 6039: 6038: 6035: 6034: 5683: 5682: 5309:Ballista elephant 4910:, Broadview Press 4492:978-962-209-501-4 4465:978-88-9327-131-8 4267:John M. Gilbert, 4118:978-1-85109-561-2 4091:978-1-85109-561-2 3768:978-1-85043-464-1 3255:pp. 153, 157–158. 3110:978-1-85109-561-2 3083:978-1-85109-561-2 2887:research to take 2749: 2748: 2710:Crossbow material 2593:Power stroke (cm) 2479:Matthias Corvinus 2463:Leonardo da Vinci 2372:Francisco Pizarro 2304:Richard Lionheart 2199:St. Vigeans no. 1 2157:crossbowman from 1447: 1446: 1374: 1373: 1191:Ata-Malik Juvayni 1083:According to the 1052:, 4th century BC. 936: 935: 521: 520: 474:For Imperial Use 339:spherical pellets 129:medieval Scotland 6071: 5852: 5851: 5710: 5703: 5696: 5687: 5686: 5673: 5672: 5663: 5662: 5471:Cresting machine 5358:Cable-backed bow 5299:Archer's paradox 5228: 5221: 5214: 5205: 5204: 5200: 5180: 5171: 5162: 5153: 5144: 5136: 5126: 5116: 5107: 5098: 5089: 5080: 5071: 5062: 5053: 5044: 5035: 5026: 5008: 4999: 4990: 4981: 4972: 4963: 4955: 4947: 4938: 4929: 4911: 4902: 4884: 4875: 4857: 4848: 4835: 4805: 4793: 4787: 4781: 4775: 4763: 4757: 4745: 4739: 4738: 4736: 4734: 4725:. Archived from 4719: 4713: 4707: 4701: 4695: 4689: 4676: 4670: 4664: 4658: 4657: 4645: 4639: 4638:, p. 48-53. 4633: 4627: 4626: 4624: 4622: 4613:. Archived from 4607: 4601: 4595: 4589: 4573: 4567: 4555: 4549: 4548: 4528: 4522: 4506: 4497: 4496: 4476: 4470: 4469: 4449: 4443: 4442: 4435: 4429: 4428: 4409: 4403: 4392: 4386: 4385: 4383: 4381: 4372:. Archived from 4366: 4357: 4351: 4345: 4334: 4325: 4319: 4313: 4307: 4301: 4295: 4284: 4278: 4272: 4265: 4259: 4253: 4244: 4238: 4229: 4223: 4217: 4216: 4209: 4203: 4192: 4186: 4180: 4174: 4168: 4162: 4156: 4147: 4141: 4135: 4134:, p. 26-56. 4129: 4123: 4122: 4102: 4096: 4095: 4075: 4069: 4063: 4057: 4051: 4045: 4039: 4030: 4024: 4018: 4012: 4006: 4000: 3994: 3988: 3982: 3976: 3970: 3964: 3955: 3949: 3943: 3937: 3931: 3925: 3916: 3910: 3904: 3898: 3889: 3883: 3874: 3868: 3855: 3849: 3838: 3832: 3826: 3820: 3814: 3808: 3802: 3796: 3785: 3779: 3773: 3772: 3754: 3748: 3742: 3736: 3730: 3724: 3723:, p. 36-37. 3718: 3712: 3706: 3700: 3694: 3688: 3682: 3676: 3670: 3647: 3646: 3645: 3643: 3630: 3624: 3617: 3611: 3605: 3599: 3596: 3587: 3581: 3575: 3569: 3563: 3557: 3551: 3545: 3539: 3533: 3527: 3521: 3510: 3509:, p. 51-52. 3504: 3498: 3492: 3486: 3480: 3474: 3468: 3462: 3456: 3450: 3444: 3438: 3435: 3429: 3423: 3417: 3411: 3405: 3399: 3393: 3387: 3378: 3372: 3366: 3360: 3354: 3348: 3342: 3341: 3339: 3337: 3328:. Archived from 3318: 3312: 3305: 3299: 3293: 3287: 3280: 3274: 3271: 3265: 3262: 3256: 3254: 3236: 3230: 3217: 3211: 3208: 3202: 3196: 3151: 3145: 3139: 3133: 3127: 3121: 3115: 3114: 3094: 3088: 3087: 3067: 3061: 3055: 3049: 3043: 3037: 3031: 3020: 3014: 2990:Medieval warfare 2939:was used by the 2803:qaus al-zanbūrak 2764:artillery pieces 2690:claw & lever 2687:belt claw (late) 2614:Draw-weight (kg) 2526: 2522: 2502: 2474: 2459: 2447: 2435: 2423: 2407: 2387: 2370:and accompanied 2330:and 5,000 under 2262: 2163: 2160: 2137: 2125: 2110: 2095: 2079: 2064: 2032: 2020: 1898:Classical Greece 1817: 1802: 1783: 1772:Dong Son culture 1768: 1703:northern Vietnam 1657: 1624: 1556:Tai bai yin jing 1519: 1507: 1498:Crossbow battery 1495: 1483: 1471: 1455: 1379: 1377:Siege crossbows 1375: 1343:Cavalry crossbow 1333:Chinese crossbow 1325:Shots per minute 1319: 1315: 1309: 1290: 1240: 1146:Mounted crossbow 1120: 1079: 1003: 972: 677: 676: 666:During the late 613: 601: 582: 563: 544: 529: 465: 461: 446: 420:Battle of Maling 327:Jiangling County 280:Jue zhang xin fa 101:Classical period 6079: 6078: 6074: 6073: 6072: 6070: 6069: 6068: 6044: 6043: 6040: 6031: 5911: 5897:Siege equipment 5843: 5813: 5720: 5714: 5684: 5679: 5651: 5561: 5515: 5432: 5378:English longbow 5338: 5325: 5304:Mounted archery 5287: 5237: 5232: 5187: 5185:Further reading 5124: 5024: 4927: 4900: 4873: 4833: 4814: 4809: 4808: 4803:Wayback Machine 4794: 4790: 4782: 4778: 4773:Wayback Machine 4764: 4760: 4755:Wayback Machine 4746: 4742: 4732: 4730: 4721: 4720: 4716: 4708: 4704: 4696: 4692: 4686:Wayback Machine 4677: 4673: 4665: 4661: 4647: 4646: 4642: 4634: 4630: 4620: 4618: 4609: 4608: 4604: 4596: 4592: 4574: 4570: 4556: 4552: 4545: 4529: 4525: 4507: 4500: 4493: 4482:Chinese Archery 4477: 4473: 4466: 4450: 4446: 4437: 4436: 4432: 4425: 4411: 4410: 4406: 4393: 4389: 4379: 4377: 4368: 4367: 4360: 4352: 4348: 4335: 4328: 4320: 4316: 4310:Stouraitis 2018 4308: 4304: 4296: 4287: 4279: 4275: 4266: 4262: 4254: 4247: 4239: 4232: 4224: 4220: 4211: 4210: 4206: 4193: 4189: 4181: 4177: 4169: 4165: 4157: 4150: 4142: 4138: 4130: 4126: 4119: 4103: 4099: 4092: 4076: 4072: 4064: 4060: 4052: 4048: 4040: 4033: 4029:, pp. 3ff. 4025: 4021: 4013: 4009: 4001: 3997: 3989: 3985: 3977: 3973: 3965: 3958: 3950: 3946: 3938: 3934: 3926: 3919: 3911: 3907: 3899: 3892: 3884: 3877: 3869: 3858: 3850: 3841: 3833: 3829: 3821: 3817: 3809: 3805: 3797: 3788: 3780: 3776: 3769: 3755: 3751: 3743: 3739: 3731: 3727: 3719: 3715: 3707: 3703: 3695: 3691: 3683: 3679: 3671: 3650: 3641: 3639: 3632: 3631: 3627: 3618: 3614: 3606: 3602: 3597: 3590: 3582: 3578: 3570: 3566: 3558: 3554: 3546: 3542: 3534: 3530: 3522: 3513: 3505: 3501: 3493: 3489: 3481: 3477: 3469: 3465: 3457: 3453: 3445: 3441: 3437:Peers, 130–131. 3436: 3432: 3424: 3420: 3412: 3408: 3400: 3396: 3388: 3381: 3373: 3369: 3361: 3357: 3349: 3345: 3335: 3333: 3320: 3319: 3315: 3307:James Clavell, 3306: 3302: 3294: 3290: 3281: 3277: 3272: 3268: 3263: 3259: 3251: 3237: 3233: 3227:Wayback Machine 3218: 3214: 3210:You (1994), 80. 3209: 3205: 3197: 3154: 3146: 3142: 3134: 3130: 3122: 3118: 3111: 3095: 3091: 3084: 3068: 3064: 3056: 3052: 3044: 3040: 3032: 3023: 3015: 3011: 3006: 2981: 2900: 2873:target shooting 2849: 2841:poisoned arrows 2829: 2805:(bolt bow) and 2776: 2754: 2704: 2696: 2686: 2684: 2680:Spanning device 2551:Bow length (cm) 2503: 2500: 2489: 2482: 2475: 2466: 2460: 2451: 2448: 2439: 2436: 2427: 2424: 2415: 2408: 2399: 2388: 2350:in 1346 AD, at 2336:Seventh Crusade 2318:, recruited in 2263: 2260: 2183:, found in the 2173:Battle of Crécy 2161: 2148: 2141: 2138: 2129: 2126: 2117: 2111: 2102: 2096: 2087: 2080: 2071: 2065: 2033: 2030: 2021: 2018: 2001:, he describes 1999:De Re Militaris 1995:Roman crossbows 1976: 1952:Aeneas Tacticus 1890:Ptolemaic Egypt 1888:285–222 BC) of 1849: 1844: 1828: 1821: 1818: 1809: 1803: 1794: 1784: 1775: 1769: 1682: 1676: 1668:History of Song 1663:History of Song 1658: 1654:History of Song 1651: 1639:History of Song 1625: 1620: 1601:), ca. 1044 CE. 1551: 1530: 1523: 1520: 1511: 1508: 1499: 1496: 1487: 1484: 1475: 1472: 1463: 1456: 1310: 1307: 1291: 1288: 1262: 1246:Nizari Ismailis 1241: 1238: 1154: 1148: 1121: 1118: 1080: 1073: 1042: 1036: 1020:medieval Europe 1004: 999: 973: 968: 941: 627: 620: 614: 605: 602: 593: 583: 574: 564: 555: 545: 536: 530: 447: 444: 396: 307: 256: 173: 12: 11: 5: 6077: 6067: 6066: 6061: 6059:Weapon history 6056: 6037: 6036: 6033: 6032: 6030: 6029: 6024: 6023: 6022: 6015: 6008: 6003: 5996: 5984: 5981:Huolongchushui 5977: 5970: 5969: 5968: 5956: 5955: 5954: 5949: 5939: 5938: 5937: 5927: 5921: 5919: 5913: 5912: 5910: 5909: 5904: 5899: 5894: 5889: 5884: 5879: 5874: 5869: 5864: 5858: 5856: 5849: 5845: 5844: 5842: 5841: 5839:Late Qing Navy 5836: 5835: 5834: 5832:treasure ships 5823: 5821: 5815: 5814: 5812: 5811: 5806: 5801: 5796: 5791: 5786: 5781: 5776: 5771: 5766: 5761: 5756: 5754:Three Kingdoms 5751: 5746: 5743:Warring States 5736: 5730: 5728: 5722: 5721: 5713: 5712: 5705: 5698: 5690: 5681: 5680: 5678: 5677: 5667: 5656: 5653: 5652: 5650: 5649: 5644: 5643: 5642: 5637: 5632: 5627: 5619: 5614: 5609: 5604: 5599: 5594: 5593: 5592: 5582: 5581: 5580: 5569: 5567: 5563: 5562: 5560: 5559: 5557:Target archery 5554: 5549: 5544: 5539: 5534: 5529: 5523: 5521: 5517: 5516: 5514: 5513: 5508: 5503: 5498: 5493: 5488: 5483: 5478: 5473: 5468: 5463: 5458: 5453: 5452: 5451: 5440: 5438: 5434: 5433: 5431: 5430: 5425: 5420: 5415: 5410: 5405: 5400: 5395: 5393:Holmegaard bow 5390: 5385: 5380: 5375: 5370: 5365: 5360: 5355: 5350: 5344: 5342: 5327: 5326: 5324: 5323: 5318: 5317: 5316: 5311: 5301: 5295: 5293: 5289: 5288: 5286: 5285: 5280: 5275: 5270: 5265: 5264: 5263: 5258: 5253: 5242: 5239: 5238: 5231: 5230: 5223: 5216: 5208: 5202: 5201: 5186: 5183: 5182: 5181: 5172: 5163: 5154: 5145: 5137: 5117: 5108: 5099: 5090: 5081: 5072: 5063: 5054: 5045: 5036: 5027: 5022: 5009: 5000: 4991: 4982: 4973: 4964: 4956: 4948: 4939: 4930: 4925: 4912: 4903: 4898: 4885: 4876: 4871: 4858: 4849: 4836: 4831: 4819:Andrade, Tonio 4813: 4810: 4807: 4806: 4788: 4776: 4758: 4740: 4729:on 4 June 2009 4714: 4702: 4690: 4671: 4659: 4640: 4628: 4602: 4600:, p. 175. 4590: 4568: 4550: 4543: 4523: 4498: 4491: 4471: 4464: 4444: 4430: 4423: 4404: 4387: 4358: 4346: 4326: 4314: 4302: 4285: 4283:, p. 170. 4273: 4260: 4245: 4243:, p. 172. 4230: 4228:, p. 238. 4218: 4204: 4187: 4175: 4163: 4148: 4146:, p. 8ff. 4136: 4124: 4117: 4097: 4090: 4070: 4068:, p. 366. 4058: 4056:, p. 128. 4046: 4044:, p. 127. 4031: 4019: 4007: 3995: 3993:, p. 100. 3983: 3971: 3956: 3944: 3942:, p. 135. 3932: 3930:, p. 154. 3917: 3905: 3903:, p. 152. 3890: 3875: 3873:, p. 150. 3856: 3854:, p. 149. 3839: 3837:, p. 125. 3827: 3825:, p. 188. 3815: 3813:, p. 176. 3803: 3801:, p. 192. 3786: 3774: 3767: 3749: 3747:, p. 177. 3737: 3735:, p. 198. 3725: 3713: 3701: 3689: 3677: 3648: 3625: 3612: 3600: 3588: 3576: 3574:, p. 120. 3564: 3562:, p. 150. 3552: 3540: 3538:, p. 146. 3528: 3526:, p. 145. 3511: 3499: 3497:, p. 193. 3487: 3485:, p. 221. 3475: 3463: 3451: 3449:, p. 143. 3439: 3430: 3428:, p. 138. 3418: 3406: 3404:, p. 139. 3394: 3392:, p. 141. 3379: 3367: 3355: 3343: 3313: 3309:The Art of War 3300: 3288: 3275: 3266: 3257: 3249: 3231: 3212: 3203: 3152: 3150:, p. 178. 3140: 3138:, p. 174. 3128: 3126:, p. 173. 3116: 3109: 3089: 3082: 3062: 3060:, p. 171. 3050: 3048:, p. 155. 3038: 3021: 3008: 3007: 3005: 3002: 3001: 3000: 2992: 2987: 2980: 2977: 2947:armies on the 2899: 2896: 2848: 2845: 2833:Central Africa 2828: 2825: 2775: 2772: 2753: 2750: 2747: 2746: 2744: 2742: 2740: 2738: 2736: 2733: 2729: 2728: 2725: 2722: 2719: 2717: 2714: 2711: 2707: 2706: 2701: 2698: 2693: 2691: 2688: 2681: 2677: 2676: 2673: 2670: 2667: 2665: 2662: 2659: 2658:Lock mechanism 2655: 2654: 2651: 2649: 2647: 2644: 2641: 2638: 2634: 2633: 2630: 2627: 2624: 2621: 2618: 2615: 2611: 2610: 2607: 2605: 2602: 2599: 2597: 2594: 2590: 2589: 2587: 2584: 2581: 2579: 2577: 2574: 2570: 2569: 2566: 2563: 2560: 2557: 2555: 2552: 2548: 2547: 2544: 2541: 2538: 2535: 2532: 2529: 2498: 2488: 2485: 2484: 2483: 2476: 2469: 2467: 2461: 2454: 2452: 2449: 2442: 2440: 2437: 2430: 2428: 2425: 2418: 2416: 2414:, 12th century 2409: 2402: 2400: 2389: 2382: 2324:northern Italy 2296:Angevin Empire 2258: 2191:Pictish stones 2147: 2144: 2143: 2142: 2139: 2132: 2130: 2127: 2120: 2118: 2112: 2105: 2103: 2097: 2090: 2088: 2081: 2074: 2072: 2066: 2059: 2028: 2019:Joseph Needham 2016: 2003:arcubalistarii 1975: 1972: 1912:stronghold in 1906:Siege of Motya 1879:Greek engineer 1848: 1845: 1843: 1840: 1827: 1824: 1823: 1822: 1819: 1812: 1810: 1804: 1797: 1795: 1792:An Dương Vương 1785: 1778: 1776: 1770: 1763: 1757:Jayavarman VII 1707:southern China 1678:Main article: 1675: 1674:Southeast Asia 1672: 1649: 1622:Zeng Gongliang 1618: 1608:Wujing Zongyao 1594:Wujing Zongyao 1547:Main article: 1529: 1526: 1525: 1524: 1521: 1514: 1512: 1509: 1502: 1500: 1497: 1490: 1488: 1485: 1478: 1476: 1473: 1466: 1464: 1460:Warring States 1457: 1450: 1445: 1444: 1441: 1438: 1435: 1431: 1430: 1427: 1425: 1422: 1418: 1417: 1414: 1412: 1409: 1405: 1404: 1401: 1399: 1397: 1393: 1392: 1389: 1386: 1383: 1372: 1371: 1368: 1365: 1361: 1360: 1357: 1354: 1350: 1349: 1346: 1344: 1340: 1339: 1336: 1334: 1330: 1329: 1326: 1323: 1305: 1286: 1261: 1258: 1239:Joseph Needham 1236: 1211:Joseph Needham 1204:Wujing Zongyao 1150:Main article: 1147: 1144: 1116: 1085:Wu-Yue Chunqiu 1071: 1038:Main article: 1035: 1032: 1010:Wujing Zongyao 997: 970:Zeng Gongliang 966: 940: 937: 934: 933: 930: 927: 925: 923: 921: 918: 915: 912: 909: 906: 904: 900: 899: 896: 893: 890: 888: 886: 884: 882: 879: 877: 875: 873: 869: 868: 865: 863: 860: 858: 856: 854: 851: 848: 846: 844: 842: 838: 837: 834: 832: 829: 827: 825: 823: 821: 818: 816: 814: 812: 808: 807: 804: 802: 799: 797: 795: 793: 791: 788: 786: 784: 782: 778: 777: 774: 772: 769: 767: 765: 763: 761: 758: 756: 753: 750: 746: 745: 742: 740: 738: 735: 732: 730: 728: 726: 724: 721: 719: 715: 714: 711: 708: 707:Basic infantry 705: 702: 699: 696: 693: 690: 687: 684: 681: 626: 623: 622: 621: 615: 608: 606: 603: 596: 594: 586:Warring States 584: 577: 575: 567:Warring States 565: 558: 556: 548:Warring States 546: 539: 537: 533:Warring States 531: 524: 519: 518: 515: 512: 508: 507: 505: 502: 498: 497: 494: 491: 490:Crossbow bolts 487: 486: 483: 480: 476: 475: 472: 469: 442: 395: 392: 371:The Art of War 306: 305:Warring States 303: 295:Jun qi tu shuo 255: 252: 243:is also used. 172: 169: 105:ancient Europe 43:Warring States 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 6076: 6065: 6062: 6060: 6057: 6055: 6052: 6051: 6049: 6042: 6028: 6025: 6021: 6020: 6016: 6014: 6013: 6012:Xun Lei Chong 6009: 6007: 6004: 6002: 6001: 6000:San yan chong 5997: 5995: 5994: 5990: 5989: 5988: 5985: 5983: 5982: 5978: 5976: 5975: 5971: 5967: 5966: 5962: 5961: 5960: 5957: 5953: 5950: 5948: 5945: 5944: 5943: 5940: 5936: 5933: 5932: 5931: 5928: 5926: 5923: 5922: 5920: 5918: 5914: 5908: 5905: 5903: 5900: 5898: 5895: 5893: 5890: 5888: 5885: 5883: 5880: 5878: 5875: 5873: 5870: 5868: 5865: 5863: 5860: 5859: 5857: 5853: 5850: 5846: 5840: 5837: 5833: 5830: 5829: 5828: 5825: 5824: 5822: 5820: 5816: 5810: 5807: 5805: 5802: 5800: 5797: 5795: 5792: 5790: 5787: 5785: 5782: 5780: 5777: 5775: 5772: 5770: 5767: 5765: 5762: 5760: 5757: 5755: 5752: 5750: 5747: 5744: 5740: 5737: 5735: 5732: 5731: 5729: 5727: 5723: 5719: 5711: 5706: 5704: 5699: 5697: 5692: 5691: 5688: 5676: 5668: 5666: 5658: 5657: 5654: 5648: 5645: 5641: 5638: 5636: 5633: 5631: 5628: 5626: 5623: 5622: 5620: 5618: 5615: 5613: 5610: 5608: 5605: 5603: 5600: 5598: 5595: 5591: 5588: 5587: 5586: 5583: 5579: 5576: 5575: 5574: 5571: 5570: 5568: 5564: 5558: 5555: 5553: 5550: 5548: 5547:Field archery 5545: 5543: 5542:Clout archery 5540: 5538: 5535: 5533: 5530: 5528: 5525: 5524: 5522: 5518: 5512: 5509: 5507: 5504: 5502: 5499: 5497: 5494: 5492: 5489: 5487: 5486:Flu-flu arrow 5484: 5482: 5479: 5477: 5474: 5472: 5469: 5467: 5464: 5462: 5459: 5457: 5454: 5450: 5447: 5446: 5445: 5442: 5441: 5439: 5435: 5429: 5426: 5424: 5421: 5419: 5416: 5414: 5411: 5409: 5406: 5404: 5401: 5399: 5398:Laminated bow 5396: 5394: 5391: 5389: 5386: 5384: 5381: 5379: 5376: 5374: 5371: 5369: 5366: 5364: 5363:Composite bow 5361: 5359: 5356: 5354: 5351: 5349: 5346: 5345: 5343: 5341: 5336: 5332: 5328: 5322: 5319: 5315: 5312: 5310: 5307: 5306: 5305: 5302: 5300: 5297: 5296: 5294: 5290: 5284: 5281: 5279: 5276: 5274: 5271: 5269: 5266: 5262: 5259: 5257: 5254: 5252: 5249: 5248: 5247: 5244: 5243: 5240: 5236: 5229: 5224: 5222: 5217: 5215: 5210: 5209: 5206: 5198: 5197: 5194: 5189: 5188: 5178: 5173: 5169: 5164: 5160: 5155: 5151: 5146: 5143: 5138: 5134: 5130: 5123: 5118: 5114: 5109: 5105: 5100: 5096: 5091: 5087: 5082: 5078: 5073: 5069: 5064: 5060: 5055: 5051: 5046: 5042: 5037: 5033: 5028: 5025: 5023:981-05-5380-3 5019: 5015: 5010: 5006: 5001: 4997: 4992: 4988: 4983: 4979: 4974: 4970: 4965: 4962: 4957: 4954: 4949: 4945: 4940: 4936: 4931: 4928: 4922: 4918: 4913: 4909: 4904: 4901: 4899:9781783271047 4895: 4891: 4886: 4882: 4877: 4874: 4872:1-84176-634-8 4868: 4864: 4859: 4855: 4850: 4846: 4842: 4837: 4834: 4832:9781400874446 4828: 4824: 4820: 4816: 4815: 4804: 4800: 4797: 4792: 4785: 4780: 4774: 4770: 4767: 4762: 4756: 4752: 4749: 4744: 4728: 4724: 4718: 4711: 4706: 4699: 4694: 4687: 4683: 4680: 4675: 4668: 4663: 4655: 4651: 4644: 4637: 4632: 4616: 4612: 4606: 4599: 4594: 4587: 4586:9781846032530 4583: 4579: 4578: 4572: 4565: 4561: 4560: 4554: 4546: 4544:9781402763120 4540: 4536: 4535: 4527: 4520: 4519:9781846032530 4516: 4512: 4511: 4505: 4503: 4494: 4488: 4484: 4483: 4475: 4467: 4461: 4457: 4456: 4448: 4440: 4434: 4426: 4424:9781472824622 4420: 4416: 4415: 4408: 4401: 4400:1-85260-412-3 4397: 4391: 4375: 4371: 4365: 4363: 4355: 4354:Bachrach 2004 4350: 4343: 4342:1-85260-412-3 4339: 4333: 4331: 4324:, p. 67. 4323: 4318: 4311: 4306: 4300:, p. 48. 4299: 4294: 4292: 4290: 4282: 4277: 4270: 4264: 4258:, p. 52. 4257: 4252: 4250: 4242: 4237: 4235: 4227: 4222: 4214: 4208: 4201: 4197: 4194:Josiah Ober: 4191: 4185:, p. 60. 4184: 4179: 4172: 4171:Campbell 2003 4167: 4161:, p. 57. 4160: 4155: 4153: 4145: 4144:Campbell 2003 4140: 4133: 4132:Campbell 2005 4128: 4120: 4114: 4110: 4109: 4101: 4093: 4087: 4083: 4082: 4074: 4067: 4066:Burstein 1999 4062: 4055: 4050: 4043: 4038: 4036: 4028: 4027:Campbell 2003 4023: 4016: 4015:Turnbull 2001 4011: 4005:, p. 42. 4004: 4003:Turnbull 2001 3999: 3992: 3987: 3980: 3979:Turnbull 2002 3975: 3969:, p. 21. 3968: 3963: 3961: 3954:, p. 88. 3953: 3948: 3941: 3936: 3929: 3924: 3922: 3914: 3909: 3902: 3897: 3895: 3887: 3882: 3880: 3872: 3867: 3865: 3863: 3861: 3853: 3848: 3846: 3844: 3836: 3831: 3824: 3819: 3812: 3807: 3800: 3795: 3793: 3791: 3783: 3778: 3770: 3764: 3760: 3753: 3746: 3741: 3734: 3729: 3722: 3717: 3711:, p. 23. 3710: 3705: 3699:, p. 14. 3698: 3697:Turnbull 2002 3693: 3686: 3681: 3674: 3669: 3667: 3665: 3663: 3661: 3659: 3657: 3655: 3653: 3637: 3636: 3629: 3622: 3616: 3610:, p. 71. 3609: 3604: 3595: 3593: 3585: 3580: 3573: 3568: 3561: 3556: 3550:, p. 49. 3549: 3544: 3537: 3532: 3525: 3520: 3518: 3516: 3508: 3503: 3496: 3491: 3484: 3479: 3473:, p. 76. 3472: 3467: 3461:, p. 22. 3460: 3455: 3448: 3443: 3434: 3427: 3422: 3416:, p. 22. 3415: 3410: 3403: 3398: 3391: 3386: 3384: 3377:, p. 38. 3376: 3371: 3365:, p. 39. 3364: 3359: 3353:, p. 34. 3352: 3347: 3332:on 4 May 2018 3331: 3327: 3326:Gutenberg.org 3323: 3317: 3310: 3304: 3298:, p. 89. 3297: 3292: 3285: 3279: 3270: 3261: 3252: 3250:90-04-09632-9 3246: 3242: 3235: 3228: 3224: 3221: 3216: 3207: 3200: 3195: 3193: 3191: 3189: 3187: 3185: 3183: 3181: 3179: 3177: 3175: 3173: 3171: 3169: 3167: 3165: 3163: 3161: 3159: 3157: 3149: 3144: 3137: 3132: 3125: 3120: 3112: 3106: 3102: 3101: 3093: 3085: 3079: 3075: 3074: 3066: 3059: 3054: 3047: 3042: 3035: 3030: 3028: 3026: 3019:, p. 17. 3018: 3013: 3009: 2998: 2997: 2993: 2991: 2988: 2986: 2983: 2982: 2976: 2974: 2970: 2964: 2962: 2958: 2954: 2950: 2949:Western Front 2946: 2942: 2938: 2937: 2932: 2927: 2925: 2921: 2917: 2913: 2912:harquebusiers 2909: 2905: 2895: 2893: 2890: 2886: 2882: 2878: 2874: 2865: 2858: 2853: 2844: 2842: 2838: 2834: 2824: 2822: 2818: 2816: 2812: 2808: 2804: 2800: 2796: 2792: 2784: 2780: 2774:Islamic world 2771: 2769: 2765: 2762: 2759:were ancient 2758: 2745: 2743: 2741: 2739: 2737: 2734: 2731: 2730: 2726: 2723: 2720: 2718: 2715: 2712: 2709: 2708: 2702: 2699: 2694: 2692: 2689: 2682: 2679: 2678: 2674: 2671: 2668: 2666: 2663: 2660: 2657: 2656: 2652: 2650: 2648: 2645: 2642: 2639: 2636: 2635: 2631: 2628: 2625: 2622: 2619: 2616: 2613: 2612: 2608: 2606: 2603: 2600: 2598: 2595: 2592: 2591: 2588: 2585: 2582: 2580: 2578: 2575: 2572: 2571: 2567: 2564: 2561: 2558: 2556: 2553: 2550: 2549: 2545: 2542: 2539: 2536: 2533: 2530: 2528: 2527: 2521: 2517: 2514: 2508: 2497: 2493: 2480: 2473: 2468: 2464: 2458: 2453: 2446: 2441: 2434: 2429: 2422: 2417: 2413: 2406: 2401: 2397: 2393: 2386: 2381: 2380: 2379: 2377: 2373: 2369: 2365: 2364:Hernán Cortés 2361: 2357: 2353: 2349: 2343: 2339: 2337: 2333: 2329: 2328:Fifth Crusade 2325: 2321: 2317: 2313: 2309: 2305: 2301: 2297: 2292: 2290: 2286: 2282: 2278: 2272: 2270: 2257: 2252: 2250: 2246: 2242: 2241:toxoballistra 2238: 2233: 2231: 2227: 2223: 2219: 2214: 2212: 2208: 2204: 2200: 2196: 2192: 2188: 2187: 2182: 2174: 2169: 2156: 2155:Late medieval 2152: 2136: 2131: 2124: 2119: 2116: 2109: 2104: 2100: 2094: 2089: 2085: 2078: 2073: 2070: 2063: 2058: 2057: 2056: 2053: 2049: 2044: 2042: 2038: 2027: 2015: 2010: 2008: 2004: 2000: 1996: 1992: 1989: 1980: 1971: 1969: 1965: 1961: 1957: 1953: 1949: 1945: 1942: 1938: 1934: 1930: 1925: 1923: 1919: 1915: 1911: 1907: 1903: 1899: 1895: 1891: 1887: 1883: 1880: 1876: 1872: 1868: 1864: 1860: 1856: 1855: 1837: 1832: 1816: 1811: 1807: 1801: 1796: 1793: 1789: 1782: 1777: 1773: 1767: 1762: 1761: 1760: 1758: 1754: 1750: 1746: 1742: 1737: 1735: 1731: 1726: 1724: 1720: 1719:Austroasiatic 1716: 1712: 1708: 1704: 1700: 1696: 1695:King An Dương 1690: 1685: 1681: 1671: 1669: 1664: 1656: 1655: 1648: 1643: 1641: 1640: 1635: 1631: 1630:Jin-Song Wars 1623: 1617: 1612: 1610: 1609: 1600: 1597: 1595: 1590: 1585: 1581: 1578: 1574: 1573: 1567: 1565: 1561: 1557: 1550: 1542: 1539: 1534: 1518: 1513: 1506: 1501: 1494: 1489: 1482: 1477: 1470: 1465: 1461: 1454: 1449: 1448: 1442: 1439: 1436: 1433: 1432: 1428: 1426: 1423: 1420: 1419: 1415: 1413: 1410: 1407: 1406: 1402: 1400: 1398: 1395: 1394: 1390: 1387: 1384: 1381: 1380: 1369: 1366: 1363: 1362: 1358: 1355: 1352: 1351: 1347: 1345: 1342: 1341: 1337: 1335: 1332: 1331: 1327: 1324: 1321: 1320: 1314: 1304: 1299: 1297: 1285: 1280: 1277: 1273: 1270: 1266: 1257: 1255: 1251: 1247: 1235: 1233: 1229: 1224: 1220: 1214: 1212: 1208: 1206: 1205: 1200: 1196: 1192: 1182: 1174: 1166: 1158: 1153: 1143: 1141: 1136: 1134: 1129: 1127: 1115: 1111: 1109: 1104: 1102: 1098: 1094: 1090: 1086: 1078: 1077: 1070: 1062: 1058: 1051: 1046: 1041: 1031: 1029: 1025: 1021: 1016: 1012: 1011: 1002: 996: 994: 988: 986: 982: 977: 971: 965: 956: 950: 945: 931: 928: 926: 924: 922: 919: 916: 913: 910: 907: 905: 902: 901: 897: 894: 891: 889: 887: 885: 883: 880: 878: 876: 874: 871: 870: 866: 864: 861: 859: 857: 855: 852: 849: 847: 845: 843: 840: 839: 835: 833: 830: 828: 826: 824: 822: 819: 817: 815: 813: 810: 809: 805: 803: 800: 798: 796: 794: 792: 789: 787: 785: 783: 780: 779: 775: 773: 770: 768: 766: 764: 762: 759: 757: 754: 751: 749:Ideal WS Zhao 748: 747: 743: 741: 739: 736: 733: 731: 729: 727: 725: 722: 720: 717: 716: 712: 709: 706: 703: 700: 697: 694: 691: 688: 685: 682: 679: 678: 675: 671: 669: 664: 662: 657: 654: 647: 639: 635: 631: 625:Later history 619: 612: 607: 600: 595: 591: 587: 581: 576: 572: 568: 562: 557: 553: 549: 543: 538: 534: 528: 523: 522: 516: 513: 510: 509: 506: 503: 500: 499: 495: 492: 489: 488: 484: 481: 478: 477: 473: 470: 467: 466: 460: 457: 453: 441: 436: 434: 433:Wuyue Chunqiu 429: 427: 426: 421: 417: 413: 409: 408: 403: 402: 391: 388: 384: 380: 375: 373: 372: 367: 363: 358: 356: 352: 348: 344: 340: 336: 332: 328: 324: 320: 316: 312: 299: 296: 291: 284: 281: 276: 269: 265: 264:Guimet Museum 260: 251: 249: 244: 242: 238: 233: 231: 227: 223: 219: 214: 212: 208: 204: 200: 198: 194: 185: 177: 168: 165: 163: 159: 155: 151: 147: 143: 139: 135: 130: 127:imagery from 126: 122: 118: 114: 110: 106: 102: 98: 94: 90: 86: 85: 80: 79:Western world 75: 73: 69: 65: 60: 56: 55:Six Dynasties 52: 51:heavy cavalry 48: 44: 40: 36: 32: 25: 20: 16: 6041: 6017: 6010: 5998: 5991: 5979: 5972: 5963: 5930:Flamethrower 5886: 5621:Continental 5566:Competitions 5423:Takedown bow 5368:Compound bow 5267: 5196: 5193: 5176: 5167: 5158: 5149: 5141: 5132: 5128: 5112: 5103: 5094: 5085: 5076: 5067: 5058: 5049: 5040: 5032:The Crossbow 5031: 5013: 5004: 4995: 4986: 4977: 4968: 4960: 4952: 4943: 4934: 4916: 4907: 4889: 4880: 4862: 4853: 4844: 4840: 4822: 4791: 4784:The Guardian 4779: 4761: 4743: 4731:. Retrieved 4727:the original 4717: 4705: 4693: 4674: 4662: 4653: 4649: 4643: 4631: 4619:. Retrieved 4615:the original 4605: 4598:Needham 1994 4593: 4576: 4571: 4558: 4553: 4533: 4526: 4509: 4481: 4474: 4454: 4447: 4433: 4414:The Crossbow 4413: 4407: 4390: 4378:. Retrieved 4374:the original 4349: 4322:McKeogh 2002 4317: 4305: 4281:Needham 1994 4276: 4268: 4263: 4241:Needham 1994 4221: 4207: 4199: 4195: 4190: 4183:Marsden 1969 4178: 4173:, p. 8. 4166: 4159:Marsden 1969 4139: 4127: 4107: 4100: 4080: 4073: 4061: 4054:DeVries 2003 4049: 4042:DeVries 2003 4022: 4010: 3998: 3986: 3974: 3947: 3940:Needham 1994 3935: 3928:Andrade 2016 3913:Andrade 2016 3908: 3901:Andrade 2016 3886:Andrade 2016 3871:Andrade 2016 3852:Andrade 2016 3835:Needham 1994 3830: 3823:Needham 1994 3818: 3811:Needham 1994 3806: 3799:Needham 1994 3782:Needham 1994 3777: 3758: 3752: 3745:Needham 1994 3740: 3733:Needham 1994 3728: 3716: 3709:Nicolle 2003 3704: 3692: 3687:, p. 8. 3685:Needham 1994 3680: 3640:, retrieved 3634: 3628: 3620: 3615: 3608:Jackson 2005 3603: 3584:Needham 1994 3579: 3572:Needham 1994 3567: 3560:Needham 1994 3555: 3543: 3536:Needham 1994 3531: 3524:Needham 1994 3502: 3490: 3478: 3466: 3454: 3447:Needham 1994 3442: 3433: 3426:Needham 1994 3421: 3414:Needham 1994 3409: 3402:Needham 1994 3397: 3390:Needham 1994 3370: 3358: 3351:Needham 1994 3346: 3334:. 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In his 1960:Perinthos 1956:Philip II 1944:catapults 1882:Ctesibius 1759:'s army. 1715:(nỏ thần) 1108:Yang Xuan 640:(朝鮮戰役海戰圖) 514:1,199,316 416:Pang Juan 414:defeated 401:Huainanzi 347:Jing Fang 285:ca. 1621. 111:grave in 5965:Huochong 5907:War cart 5887:Crossbow 5882:Elephant 5877:Polearms 5675:Glossary 5665:Category 5630:Americas 5573:Olympics 5552:Popinjay 5418:Self bow 5373:Crossbow 5348:Arbalest 5314:Yabusame 5256:Japanese 5106:, Osprey 5034:, Osprey 4883:, Osprey 4821:(2016), 4799:Archived 4769:Archived 4751:Archived 4682:Archived 3721:Haw 2013 3642:16 April 3336:29 March 3223:Archived 2996:Panjagan 2979:See also 2924:carbines 2761:Japanese 2653:340–411 2632:180–680 2499:— 2352:Poitiers 2308:polearms 2300:Henry II 2285:windlass 2259:— 2146:Medieval 2029:— 2017:— 1991:Vegetius 1933:ballista 1929:oxybeles 1894:catapult 1650:— 1619:— 1572:Tongdian 1541:神機制敵太白陰經 1306:— 1287:— 1237:— 1199:Nishapur 1117:— 1072:— 1015:en masse 1001:Chao Cuo 998:— 981:Chao Cuo 967:— 867:870,000 806:210,000 776:164,300 718:Ideal WS 698:Maneuver 686:Crossbow 535:crossbow 479:Crossbow 456:Xinjiang 445:Chen Yin 443:— 355:Zhuangzi 315:Shandong 197:arbalest 193:arbalist 156:such as 134:ballista 121:oxybeles 117:Vegetius 97:catapult 72:firearms 31:crossbow 5993:Huo Che 5902:Stirrup 5862:Chariot 5496:Quarrel 5403:Longbow 5388:Gakgung 5383:Flatbow 5261:Turkish 5251:Chinese 5246:History 5235:Archery 5135:: 14–23 5097:, Dover 5043:, Brill 4812:Sources 4402:, p. 44 4344:, p. 75 2951:during 2945:British 2920:pistols 2889:blubber 2881:hunting 2877:archery 2811:Muslims 2791:Islamic 2640:170–450 2398:, 1086. 2392:Catalan 1941:torsion 1937:Scorpio 1873:in his 1865:author 1842:Ancient 1596:qian ji 1289:Li Quan 1254:Lamasar 1028:Mongols 985:Xiongnu 932:20,000 898:20,000 862:350,000 853:250,000 850:270,000 836:87,000 801:140,000 755:100,000 744:10,000 695:Assault 692:Cavalry 683:Chariot 653:Li Jing 496:34,265 485:11,181 482:537,707 412:Sun Bin 366:Sun Tzu 211:quarrel 162:muskets 158:cannons 146:English 125:Pictish 77:In the 5872:Swords 5867:Armour 5726:Armies 5647:Naadam 5640:Europe 5625:Africa 5537:Bowyer 5506:Target 5501:Quiver 5466:Bracer 5292:Topics 5020: 4923: 4896: 4869: 4829: 4584: 4541: 4517: 4489: 4462: 4421: 4398: 4340: 4115: 4088: 3765: 3247: 3107: 3080: 2969:ambush 2941:French 2892:biopsy 2821:Mamluk 2783:Mamluk 2727:steel 2683:winch, 2629:90–270 2617:68–340 2554:70–145 2481:, 1489 2289:pavise 2249:Greeks 2222:Verdun 2218:Senlis 2211:Meigle 2209:, and 2037:Arrian 1964:Thrace 1914:Sicily 1847:Greece 1826:Europe 1788:Cao Lỗ 1751:, the 1749:Angkor 1745:Champa 1730:Nu Wen 1711:Cao Lỗ 1699:Âu Lạc 1599:武經總要前集 1577:Du You 1437:20–100 1382:Weapon 1322:Weapon 1308:Tao Gu 1296:Tao Gu 1250:Alamut 1228:Alamūt 993:nu che 831:60,000 820:27,000 790:70,000 771:50,000 760:13,000 713:Total 710:Supply 634:Joseon 511:Arrows 504:77,521 471:Number 422:. The 351:bullet 241:tiller 138:Senlis 57:. One 39:Europe 5734:Shang 5590:Youth 5578:Youth 5444:Arrow 5125:(PDF) 4562:, By 2885:whale 2815:Spain 2795:Arabs 2757:Oyumi 2752:Japan 2700:winch 2626:36–90 2620:55–90 2604:10–18 2596:46–51 2576:60–70 2565:58–91 2412:Spain 2348:Crécy 2320:Genoa 2193:from 2048:Roman 1857:, an 1806:Khmer 1734:Chams 1634:Wuzhu 1367:56–96 1356:28–48 1097:Hubei 1022:when 929:6,000 920:2,900 917:2,900 914:4,000 911:2,200 908:2,000 895:8,000 892:8,000 881:4,000 752:1,300 737:2,000 734:2,000 723:6,000 704:Spear 452:Gansu 335:Hunan 331:Hubei 268:Paris 254:China 237:stock 203:Arrow 109:Roman 35:China 5819:Navy 5809:Qing 5804:Ming 5799:Yuan 5789:Song 5784:Liao 5774:Tang 5739:Zhou 5635:Asia 5335:yumi 5331:Bows 5018:ISBN 4921:ISBN 4894:ISBN 4867:ISBN 4845:45.1 4827:ISBN 4735:2018 4623:2007 4588:P.49 4582:ISBN 4539:ISBN 4521:P.49 4515:ISBN 4487:ISBN 4460:ISBN 4419:ISBN 4396:ISBN 4382:2007 4338:ISBN 4113:ISBN 4086:ISBN 3763:ISBN 3644:2018 3338:2015 3245:ISBN 3105:ISBN 3078:ISBN 2943:and 2931:bomb 2839:and 2721:wood 2646:91.5 2623:20.5 2586:95.5 2583:25.5 2082:The 1974:Rome 1605:The 1385:Crew 1252:and 1007:The 680:Army 517:511 468:Item 454:and 398:The 377:The 362:Mozi 311:Qufu 298:軍器圖說 283:蹶張心法 248:lock 246:The 235:The 230:rodd 226:prod 222:prod 218:lath 216:The 209:and 207:bolt 160:and 113:Gaul 37:and 5769:Sui 5749:Han 2959:or 2922:or 2914:or 2831:In 2643:230 2609:16 2568:80 2562:122 2283:or 1962:in 1886:fl. 1869:of 1697:of 1575:by 1411:4–7 689:Bow 588:or 569:or 550:or 501:Bow 383:Wei 368:'s 323:Chu 195:or 6050:: 5449:Ya 5131:, 5127:, 4843:, 4654:39 4652:. 4537:. 4501:^ 4361:^ 4329:^ 4288:^ 4248:^ 4233:^ 4198:, 4151:^ 4034:^ 3959:^ 3920:^ 3893:^ 3878:^ 3859:^ 3842:^ 3789:^ 3651:^ 3591:^ 3514:^ 3382:^ 3324:. 3155:^ 3024:^ 2929:A 2601:41 2559:99 2366:' 2338:. 2314:. 2271:) 2251:: 2213:. 2205:, 2201:, 2159:c. 1970:. 1924:. 1566:. 1564:nu 1560:nu 1424:10 987:: 435:: 387:ji 353:. 329:, 319:Lu 313:, 266:, 205:, 199:. 5745:) 5741:( 5709:e 5702:t 5695:v 5337:) 5333:( 5227:e 5220:t 5213:v 5133:3 4786:. 4737:. 4712:. 4700:. 4688:. 4669:. 4625:. 4547:. 4495:. 4468:. 4441:. 4427:. 4384:. 4121:. 4094:. 4017:. 3981:. 3771:. 3675:. 3340:. 3253:. 3201:. 3113:. 3086:. 1884:( 1591:( 270:.

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Knowledge

History of crossbows

Index