2604:
2288:
3025:
1525:"ʿIgl son of Hafʿam constructed for his brother Rabibil son of Hafʿam the tomb: both for him and for his child and his wife, and his children and their children's children and womenfolk, free members of the folk Ghalwan. And he has placed it under the protection of (the gods) Kahl and Lah and ʿAthtar al-Shariq from anyone strong or weak, and anyone who would attempt to sell or pledge it, for all time without any derogation, so long as the sky produces rain or the earth herbage."
2280:, scribes realized that working out which of the ambiguous letters a particular letter was from context was laborious and not always possible, so a proper remedy was required. Writings in the Nabataean and Syriac alphabets already had sporadic examples of dots being used to distinguish letters which had become identical, for example as in the table on the right. By analogy with this, a system of dots was added to the Arabic alphabet to make enough different letters for
6126:
1019:
890:
546:
675:
503:
417:
1690:"This is the funerary monument of Imru' al-Qays, son of 'Amr, king of the Arabs, and (?) his title of honour was Master of Asad and Madhhij. And he subdued the Asadis and they were overwhelmed together with their kings, and he put to flight Madhhij thereafter, and came driving them to the gates of Najran, the city of Shammar, and he subdued Ma'add, and he dealt gently with the nobles of the tribes, and appointed them viceroys, and they became
331:
1145:
1188:
1059:
847:
804:
761:
718:
460:
24:
1317:
1274:
1231:
976:
933:
632:
1102:
589:
3084:
436:
522:
995:
952:
1293:
694:
1164:
909:
866:
823:
651:
479:
1207:
1078:
1038:
780:
565:
737:
608:
1336:
1121:
1250:
1605:"This is the memorial of Julianos, weighed down by long sleep, for whom his father Agathos built it while shedding a tear beside the boundary of the communal cemetery of the people of Christ, in order that a better people might always sing of him openly, being formerly the beloved faithful of Agathos the presbyter, aged twelve. In the year 239 ." (Trombley)
2334:). In this numerical order, the new letters were put at the end of the alphabet. This produced this order: alif (1), b (2), j (3), d (4), h (5), w (6), z (7), H (8), T (9), y (10), k (20), l (30), m (40), n (50), s (60), ayn (70), f (80), S (90), q (100), r (200), sh (300), t (400), th (500), dh (600), kh (700), D (800), Z (900), gh (1000).
275:. The table below shows changes undergone by the shapes of the letters from the Aramaic original to the Nabataean and Syriac forms. The Arabic script shown is that of post-Classical and Modern Arabic—notably different from 6th century Arabic script. (Arabic is placed in the middle for clarity and not to mark a time order of evolution.)
1651:"This is a grave K b. H has taken care of for his mother, Raqush bint ʿA. She died in al-Hijr in the year 162 in the month of Tammuz. May the Lord of the world curse anyone who desecrates this grave and opens it up, except his offspring! May he curse anyone who buries and removes from it! May who buries.... be cursed!"
305:
In the 2nd or 1st centuries BCE, the first known records of the
Nabataean alphabet were written in the Aramaic language (which was the language of communication and trade), but included some Arabic language features: the Nabataeans did not write the language which they spoke. They wrote in a form of
2584:
Less than a century later, Arab grammarians reorganized the alphabet, for reasons of teaching, putting letters next to other letters which were nearly the same shape. This produced a new order which was not the same as the numeric order, which became less important over time because it was being
1964:
Cursive
Nabataean writing changed into Arabic writing, likeliest between the dates of the an-Namāra inscription and the Jabal Ramm inscription. Most writing would have been on perishable materials, such as papyrus. As it was cursive, it was liable to change. The
2102:
Here the Arabic letters are listed in the traditional
Levantine order but are written in their current forms, for simplicity. The letters which are the same shape have coloured backgrounds. The second value of the letters that represent more than one
1464:
A large funerary stone is inscribed in the
Hasaean dialect using a variety of South Arabian monumental script, with three inscribed lines for the man Matmat, that records both patrilineal and matriarchal descent:
3820:
alphabet, and local adaptations of the Arabic alphabet were abandoned. In many cases, the writing of a language in Arabic script has become restricted to classical texts and traditional purposes (as in the
320:
has demonstrated the transition of scripts from the
Nabataean Aramaic to the recognisably Arabic form that appears to have occurred between the third and fifth centuries CE, replacing the indigenous Arabic
2086:
As cursive
Nabataean writing evolved into Arabic writing, the writing became largely joined-up. Some of the letters became the same shape as other letters, producing more ambiguities, as in the table:
1608:
In the 5th century barracks were built. In their southeast tower, which stands to a height of six stories, the names of the archangels—"Michael, Uriel, Gabriel and
Raphael"—are inscribed. (Micah Key)
1559:"For (Obodas -the god-) works without reward or favour, and he, when death tried to claim us, did not let it claim (us), for when a wound (of ours) festered, he did not let us perish." (Bellamy)
1403:
are very few, with only 5 known for certain. They mostly use no dots, making them sometimes difficult to interpret, as many letters are the same shape as other letters (they are written with
2394:. However, this was cumbersome and easily confusable with the letter-distinguishing dots, so about 100 years later, the modern system was adopted. The system was finalized around 786 by
2226:
3697:
When the Arabic alphabet spread to countries which used other languages, extra letters had to be invented to spell non-Arabic sounds. Usually the alteration was three dots above like
2214:
1694:
for the Romans. And no king has equalled his achievements. Thereafter he died in the year 223 on the 7th day of Kaslul. Oh the good fortune of those who were his friends!" (Bellamy)
2091:
1733:"I rose and made all sorts of money, which no world-weary man has collected. I have collected gold and silver; I announce it to those who are fed up and unwilling." (Bellamy)
3740:
sounds: as the corresponding dentals but with a small letter ط above. (This problem in adapting a
Semitic alphabet to write Indian languages also arose long before this: see
1411:
Below are descriptions of inscriptions found in the Arabic alphabet, and the inscriptions found in the
Nabataean alphabet that show the beginnings of Arabic-like features.
1602:"(is is the tomb which SHYMW … built … (2) … N, hisson, through (the help of) the god of their father … (3) … king Rabel, king of the Nabataeans …" (Butts and Hardy)
2323:; this practice, which survives even today, probably arose partly to avoid the great ambiguity of the script, and partly due to the scarcity of books in times when
4374:
2568:
or nothing, lengthening an adjacent vowel, or, intervocalically, dropping the glottal stop and contracting the vowels. Thus, Arabic grammarians invented the
1825:"This was set up by colleagues of ʿUlayh son of ʿUbaydah, secretary of the cohort Augusta Secunda Philadelphiana; may he go mad who effaces it." (Bellamy)
3060:
1805:
2249:
193:
41:
2284:'s 28 phonemes. Sometimes the resulting new letters were put in alphabetical order after their un-dotted originals, and sometimes at the end.
3783:
There are broadly two standards for Pashto orthography, the Afghan orthography in
Afghanistan and the Peshawar orthography in Pakistan where
88:
4221:
2416:
When new signs were added to the Arabic alphabet, they took the alphabetical order value of the letter which they were an alternative for:
60:
4277:
2596:
The Arabic grammarians of North Africa changed the new letters, which explains the differences between the alphabets of the East and the
1985:, but Arabic has 28 consonant phonemes; thus, when used to write the Arabic language, 6 of its letters must each represent two phonemes:
2413:, but many of the initial orthographic alterations to the Arabic alphabet might have been proposed and implemented by the same scribes.
2360:
were added, beginning some time in the last half of the 6th century, at about the same time as the first invention of Syriac and Hebrew
67:
4531:
4440:
2330:
The alphabet then had 28 letters, and so could be used to write the numbers 1 to 10, then 20 to 100, then 200 to 900, then 1000 (see
2130:
When a letter was at the end of a word, it often developed an end loop, and as a result most Arabic letters have two or more shapes.
1870:"With the help of God! Sergius, son of Amat Manaf, and Tobi, son of Imru'l-qais and Sergius, son of Sa‘d, and Sitr, and Shouraih." (
4657:
74:
4582:
2503:
dropped out between vowels was in some dialects pronounced at the ends of words with the tongue further forward than for other
3587:
4664:
4423:
4349:
1915:"This is Ruqaym, son of Mughayr the Awsite. Al-Ḥārith the king, sent me to 'Usays, upon his military posts in the year 423 "
310:(known as "monumental Nabataean") and the other, more cursive and hurriedly written and with joined letters, for writing on
56:
4442:
Kitab Wafayat Ala'yan. Ibn Khallikan's Biographical Dictionary Transl. by (Guillaume) B(aro)n Mac-Guckin de Slane. Vol 1-3
369:. The version of the Arabic alphabet used includes only 21 letters, of which only 15 are different, being used to note 28
4344:. Muḥammad Maghrāwī, مغراوي، محمد. (al-Ṭabʻah 1 ed.). al-Dār al-Bayḍāʼ: Wizārat al-Awqāf wa-al-Shuʼūn al-Islāmīyah.
220:
186:
5125:
3199:
4489:
4413:
4204:
4108:
4079:
3127:
107:
3109:
4504:
3263:
4071:
The Development of the Arabic Scripts: From the Nabatean Era to the First Islamic Century According to Dated Texts
2197:
After all this, there were only 17 letters that were different in shape. One letter-shape represented 5 phonemes (
5772:
4669:
4505:
A brief history of the Arabic script with emphasis on diacritical points, vowel markers and alphabet arrangements
1970:
4278:"New Nabataean Funerary Inscriptions from Umm al-Jimal - Graf and Said 51 (2): 267 - Journal of Semitic Studies"
3016:
This order is much the oldest. The first written records of the Arabic alphabet show why the order was changed.
314:. This cursive form influenced the monumental form more and more and gradually changed into the Arabic alphabet.
5299:
4135:
3094:
179:
45:
5747:
4524:
3284:
2430:. In the same way, the many diacritics do not have any value: for example, a doubled consonant indicated by
1957:" Sharaḥīl, son of Talimu built this martyrium in the year 463 after the destruction of Khaybar by a year."
81:
5064:
4615:
3410:
6160:
299:
3101:
2470:. This pronunciation eventually became standard, and so to avoid altering Quranic spelling, the dots of
5708:
5187:
3308:
3002:(Note: here "numeric order" means the traditional values when these letters were used as numbers. See
282:
In the 6th and 5th centuries BCE, northern Arab tribes emigrated and founded a kingdom centred around
5461:
5451:
5428:
3784:
3623:
3556:
3472:
3408:
3347:
3306:
3282:
3261:
3249:
3239:
3219:
2296:
2254:
4317:
4176:
1897:
Record of a military expedition by Ibrahim ibn Mughirah on behalf of the king al-Harith, presumably
271:
The Arabic alphabet evolved either from the Nabataean, or (less widely believed) directly from the
6129:
6037:
5519:
4517:
4006:
3912:
3879:
3204:
2315:), dated April, 643. The dots did not become obligatory until much later. Important texts like the
1948:
1505:
1458:
1360:
2123:
in fairly late pre-Islamic times, but this seems not to have happened in those tribes who invaded
5284:
5227:
4630:
4481:
3917:
3209:
3105:
1880:
216:
210:
162:
34:
5586:
2307:
The first surviving document that definitely uses these dots is also the first surviving Arabic
6150:
5392:
5352:
5277:
5272:
5036:
4572:
3907:
3625:
3214:
3149:
306:
the Aramaic alphabet, which continued to evolve; it separated into two forms: one intended for
145:
4289:
4194:
4125:
4069:
6155:
6118:
5951:
5903:
5713:
5695:
5688:
5678:
5673:
5665:
5485:
5220:
5192:
5182:
4986:
4610:
4304:
1966:
1898:
1364:
1359:
Many thousands of pre-Classical Arabic inscriptions are attested, in alphabets borrowed from
4096:
1756:
Includes diacritical points associated with Arabic letters ب, ت, and ن . (Winnett and Reed)
5854:
5614:
5534:
5014:
3786:
3558:
3349:
3164:
1871:
4655:
3058:
had the most influence on the standardization of Arabic script. They were associated with
8:
5913:
5723:
5596:
5419:
4970:
4884:
4821:
3154:
2459:
2418:
2364:. Initially, this was done using a system of red dots, said to have been commissioned by
1944:
1902:
379:
241:
4812:
3812:
collapsed and European influence increased, many non-Arab Islamic areas began using the
6081:
5767:
5683:
5480:
5405:
5144:
5130:
4457:"في يوم اللغة العربية، الخط العربي حضارة تركت معالمها على أطراف الصين وحتى غرب أفريقيا"
4020:
3741:
3474:
3224:
3174:
2618:. If the letters are arranged by their numeric order, the Levantine order is restored:
1951:. It records Sharahil ibn Zalim building the martyrium a year after the destruction of
1921:
1660:
1394:
389:
233:
5150:
4947:
4929:
4722:
5828:
5501:
5441:
5204:
5096:
5007:
4650:
4485:
4419:
4355:
4345:
4200:
4131:
4104:
4075:
3954:
3169:
3047:
2361:
1830:
1562:"فيفعﻞُﻻفِ ًداوﻻاثرافكاﻦ هُنايَبْ ِغنا الموﺖُﻻأبْ ُغاﻪ فكاﻦ هُنا أدادَ ُجرﺢٌﻻيرْ ِد"
350:
150:
5581:
5111:
4938:
2603:
2337:
The lack of vowel signs in Arabic writing created more ambiguities: for example, in
2287:
2233:
The Arabic alphabet is first attested in its classical form in the 7th century. See
2209:), and 5 each represented 2 phonemes. Compare the Hebrew alphabet, as in the table:
5849:
5647:
5628:
5591:
5470:
5400:
5343:
5255:
5101:
5086:
5031:
4993:
4697:
4640:
4600:
4281:
4011:
3875:
3822:
3254:
3234:
3159:
2442:
2365:
2338:
2327:
was unheard-of in the area and every copy of every book had to be written by hand.
2281:
1910:
1620:
1390:
1386:
1018:
889:
545:
384:
317:
295:
237:
5991:
5328:
4388:
2610:
The old alphabetical order, as in the other alphabets shown here, is known as the
1485:
6032:
5961:
5898:
5892:
5761:
5636:
5576:
5436:
5380:
5365:
5360:
5333:
5323:
5267:
5240:
5215:
5116:
5073:
5055:
4645:
4625:
4560:
4043:
3837:), while in others, the Arabic alphabet is used alongside the Latin one (as with
3752:
3244:
3011:
3003:
2586:
1685:
1490:
1400:
674:
502:
416:
397:
362:
358:
272:
245:
229:
123:
4415:
Windows on the House of Islam: Muslim Sources on Spirituality and Religious Life
4151:
1383:
Preclassical Arabic inscriptions dating to the 1st century BC from Qaryat Al-Faw
1144:
6112:
6042:
5976:
5881:
5655:
5544:
5539:
5524:
5509:
5475:
5260:
4635:
4577:
4456:
4024:
3990:
3982:
3969:
3830:
3809:
3007:
2590:
2410:
2406:
2402:
2331:
1187:
1058:
846:
803:
760:
717:
459:
354:
253:
249:
167:
3024:
2445:
that was phonemically and orthographically standardized later. These include:
6144:
6074:
6069:
6055:
6001:
5936:
5918:
5804:
5789:
5783:
5752:
5571:
5566:
5551:
5514:
5375:
5370:
5294:
5250:
5106:
5080:
4605:
4592:
4359:
3229:
3184:
3051:
3046:
Arabic script reached a climax in aesthetics and geographic spread under the
2300:
2245:
1437:
1316:
1273:
1230:
975:
932:
631:
131:
6047:
6006:
5946:
5926:
5886:
5799:
5794:
5561:
5556:
5446:
5169:
5155:
4859:
4769:
4742:
3986:
3964:
3899:
3869:
3826:
3189:
2615:
2557:
2320:
2260:
1941:
1624:
1568:
1101:
588:
5872:
4957:
4948:
4939:
4930:
4921:
4912:
4911:
4903:
4894:
4885:
4876:
4867:
4857:
4849:
4839:
4831:
4822:
4813:
4804:
4795:
4785:
4777:
4767:
4759:
4750:
4740:
4732:
4723:
4714:
4713:
4339:
2437:
Some features of the Arabic alphabet arose because of differences between
5941:
5871:
5833:
5777:
5529:
4690:
4285:
3994:
3973:
3960:
3941:
3838:
3834:
3513:
2395:
307:
4830:
4776:
4749:
1865:
5091:
5000:
4866:
2265:
1700:
334:
291:
4956:
4902:
4893:
4848:
4841:
4794:
4787:
4758:
2546:= "this"), it may be that some dialects pronounced those vowels short.
1363:
alphabets (however, Safaitic and Hismaic are not strictly Arabic, but
278:
It seems that the Nabataean alphabet became the Arabic alphabet thus:
5996:
3933:
3766:
3737:
3055:
3039:
3029:
2572:
2438:
2316:
2277:
2225:
2064:
1906:
1534:
349:
The first known recorded text in the Arabic alphabet is known as the
330:
4920:
4731:
4439:
Hallikan, 'Abu-l-'Abbas Sams-al-din 'Ahmad ibn Muhammad Ibn (1843).
3112:. Statements consisting only of original research should be removed.
2560:. But Meccans did not pronounce the glottal stop, replacing it with
2213:
23:
5981:
5971:
4674:
4480:
p.93, "The Koran, A Very Short Introduction" by Michael Cook, publ
4222:"Episode 82: What Writing Can Tell Us About the Arabs before Islam"
3950:
3945:
3937:
3885:
3813:
3073:
2324:
2312:
2292:
2234:
1927:
1719:
1691:
1666:
1633:
1371:
338:
260:
257:
5864:
4509:
6016:
4680:
4048:
3891:
3034:
2597:
2369:
2308:
2104:
1982:
1952:
1783:
1761:
1739:
1681:
1642:
1446:
1377:
370:
311:
1557:
A prayer of thanks to the god Obodas for saving someone's life:
5931:
5859:
4555:
4540:
4001:
3929:
3842:
3777:
2611:
2496:
2431:
2390:
1840:
1811:
1710:
1574:
1543:
342:
287:
6011:
5966:
5956:
4875:
4803:
4685:
4038:
3817:
3773:
3769:
3493:
3378:
2989:
2944:
2899:
2854:
2809:
2764:
2719:
2674:
2569:
2553:
2531:
2526:
2519:
2357:
2273:
2241:
2124:
2090:
1836:
1728:
1706:
1646:
1539:
366:
283:
155:
1731:. Boast or thanks of an energetic man who made his fortune:
5986:
4259:
3733:
3194:
2373:
2097:
1494:
1442:
1404:
521:
435:
3683:
3670:
3660:
3650:
3637:
3610:
3600:
3577:
3567:
3546:
3533:
3523:
3503:
3483:
3462:
3449:
3439:
3429:
3419:
3388:
3337:
3327:
3317:
3296:
3272:
1638:
Nabataean, some letter-joining. Has a few diacritic dots.
1292:
994:
951:
693:
3398:
3368:
3358:
2434:
does not count as a letter separate from the single one.
2244:
script at first, which was then developed along with the
2229:
Table comparing Nabataean and Syriac forms of /d/ and /r/
1855:
1206:
1163:
1077:
1037:
908:
865:
822:
779:
650:
564:
478:
2507:
vowels, and as a result in the Qu'ran it was written as
1367:
dialects, and written Nabataean is an Aramaic dialect):
1335:
1249:
1120:
736:
607:
4245:
An Outline of the Grammar of the Safaitic Inscriptions
3803:
2979:
2934:
2889:
2844:
2799:
2754:
2709:
2664:
4220:
Rose, Christopher; al-Jallad, Ahmad (27 April 2016).
2401:
All administrative texts were previously recorded by
1969:
record is extremely sparse, with only five certainly
2462:) was lenited over time and was often pronounced as
353:, composed in 512. It is a trilingual dedication in
4341:
al-Khaṭṭ al-Maghribī : tārīkh wa-wāqiʻ wa-āfāq
2376:, according to traditional accounts: a dot above =
2272:In the 7th century, probably in the early years of
1800:"B-`-s-w son of `Abd-Imru'-al-Qais son of Mal(i)k"
48:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
2115:as in English "June". In the Arabic language, the
1973:surviving, though some others may be pre-Islamic.
1632:Mixture of Arabic and Aramaic, 1 vertical line in
325:
294:from the name of one of the tribes, Nabatu) spoke
3141:Non-Standard Arabic Consonant Phonemes/Graphemes
2579:
6142:
3074:Adapting the Arabic alphabet for other languages
2237:for the first surviving Islamic Arabic writing.
1981:The Nabataean alphabet was designed to write 22
252:, the latter one being in turn the base for the
4333:
4331:
4329:
4327:
1976:
365:found at the village of Zabad in northwestern
4525:
4219:
4095:Healey, John F.; Smith, G. Rex (2012-02-13).
3963:(still widely used in Brunei and Patani) and
3723:
3715:
3699:
1858:'s help" & 6 names. "God" is written as
1677:Nabataean, more letter-joining than previous
187:
4337:
4324:
4196:Petra and the Lost Kingdom of the Nabataeans
4177:"Nabatean Language, Script and Inscriptions"
3065:
2969:
2959:
2924:
2914:
2879:
2869:
2834:
2824:
2789:
2779:
2744:
2734:
2699:
2689:
2654:
2644:
2454:: This arose because, in many dialects, the
2422:(see also below) took the value of ordinary
1859:
1753:Arabic, some Nabataean features, & dots
4101:A Brief Introduction to The Arabic Alphabet
4094:
3019:
2530:was decided before the Arabs started using
244:, which among others also gave rise to the
4532:
4518:
4373:Yūsofī, Ḡolām-Ḥosayn (December 15, 1990).
2575:sign and used it to mark the glottal stop.
194:
180:
4242:
4067:
3128:Learn how and when to remove this message
1579:roughly end of 3rd century - 5th century
1347:
1304:
1261:
1218:
1175:
1132:
1089:
1046:
1006:
963:
920:
877:
834:
791:
748:
705:
662:
619:
576:
533:
490:
447:
108:Learn how and when to remove this message
4438:
4097:"II - The Origin of the Arabic Alphabet"
3023:
2538:. In other cases (for example the first
2286:
2224:
2220:
1684:for the famous Arab poet and war-leader
1641:Last inscription in Nabataean language.
329:
1854:Christian dedicatory. The Arabic says "
1554:Nabataean with a little letter-joining
1399:Pre-Islamic Arabic inscriptions in the
1380:in the southern parts of central Arabia
221:question marks, boxes, or other symbols
6143:
4411:
4372:
4192:
4123:
1473:3. "nas, her of the father of Sa'ad-"
4513:
4236:
3808:Since the early 20th century, as the
1551:3 lines Aramaic, then 3 lines Arabic
4130:. U of Nebraska Press. p. 100.
3077:
2980:
2935:
2890:
2845:
2800:
2755:
2710:
2665:
1470:2. "son of Zurubbat, those of 'Ah-"
1467:1. "Tombstone and grave of Matmat,"
46:adding citations to reliable sources
17:
4539:
4389:"Ibn Muqlah | Islamic calligrapher"
3804:Decline in use by non-Arabic states
3724:
3716:
3700:
3066:
2970:
2960:
2925:
2915:
2880:
2870:
2835:
2825:
2790:
2780:
2745:
2735:
2700:
2690:
2655:
2645:
2107:is after a comma. In these tables,
1860:
1588:More than 50 fragments discovered:
375:
13:
6117:Languages between parentheses are
4418:. University of California Press.
3868:Some constituent republics in the
3032:featuring marble lettering in the
2602:
1718:3 lines in Arabic, 1 bent line in
1511:A tomb dedicatory and a prayer to
1374:(over 13,000; almost all graffiti)
14:
6172:
4498:
4174:
4023:government after the fall of the
2356:="books". Later, vowel signs and
2119:sound seems to have changed into
1724:Arabic. Has some diacritic dots.
1715:3rd or likelier late 4th century
6125:
6124:
4014:(Latin system with alterations)
3082:
2212:
2089:
1582:Aramaic-Nabataean, Greek, Latin
1334:
1315:
1291:
1272:
1248:
1229:
1205:
1186:
1162:
1143:
1119:
1100:
1076:
1057:
1036:
1017:
993:
974:
950:
931:
907:
888:
864:
845:
821:
802:
778:
759:
735:
716:
692:
673:
649:
630:
606:
587:
563:
544:
520:
501:
477:
458:
434:
415:
57:"History of the Arabic alphabet"
22:
4474:
4449:
4432:
4405:
4381:
4366:
4270:
3795: instead of the Afghani
2485:(alif maksura ى) used to spell
2205:), one represented 3 phonemes (
2063:, the choice was influenced by
1971:pre-Islamic Arabic inscriptions
1585:Nabataean, much letter-joining
326:Pre-Islamic Arabic inscriptions
33:needs additional citations for
6121:of the language on their left.
4338:Afā, ʻUmar; افا، عمر. (2007).
4252:
4213:
4186:
4168:
4144:
4117:
4088:
4061:
3878:-based spelling system, later
3747:This book shows an example of
3038:script, a style attributed to
2580:Reorganization of the alphabet
2291:Facsimile of a letter sent by
1593:2. "aynū daughter of MuΉārib"
1:
4224:. University of Texas, Austin
4074:. Scholars Press. p. 1.
4054:
3070:), or "proportioned script."
2240:The Quran was transcribed in
4616:Ancient South Arabian script
4583:Influence on other languages
4068:Gruendler, Beatrice (1993).
2163:except at the ends of words.
1977:Phonemes / letters inventory
1926:in Leija district, south of
1688:, describing his war deeds:
7:
5873:
4958:
4949:
4940:
4931:
4922:
4913:
4904:
4895:
4886:
4877:
4868:
4858:
4850:
4840:
4832:
4823:
4814:
4805:
4796:
4786:
4778:
4768:
4760:
4751:
4741:
4733:
4724:
4715:
4656:
4412:Renard, John (1998-06-18).
4199:. I.B.Tauris. p. 152.
4032:
3872:, especially Muslim States
3108:the claims made and adding
240:, which descended from the
10:
6177:
3395:
3334:
3293:
3269:
2990:
2945:
2900:
2855:
2810:
2765:
2720:
2675:
2458:ending of feminine nouns (
2388:, and doubled dots giving
2095:
1616:(this is not a place-name)
290:. These people (now named
266:
6104:
6097:Islam and Arabic language
6090:
6025:
5912:
5842:
5821:
5746:
5664:
5646:
5607:
5500:
5460:
5427:
5418:
5391:
5351:
5342:
5316:
5203:
5063:
5054:
5045:
5024:
4978:
4969:
4706:
4591:
4548:
4243:Al-Jallad, Ahmad (2015).
4124:Senner, Wayne M. (1991).
3796:
3792:
3760:
3710:
3706:
3690:
3682:
3677:
3669:
3659:
3649:
3644:
3636:
3631:
3617:
3609:
3607:
3599:
3594:
3586:
3576:
3566:
3545:
3540:
3532:
3530:
3522:
3512:
3510:
3502:
3492:
3482:
3480:
3461:
3459:
3456:
3448:
3446:
3438:
3436:
3428:
3426:
3418:
3416:
3397:
3387:
3377:
3367:
3357:
3336:
3326:
3316:
3314:
3295:
3290:
3271:
3168:
3163:
3158:
3148:
2632:
2629:
2626:
2623:
2524:: The Arabic spelling of
2489:at the ends of some words
2441:spelling and the form of
2297:Munzir Bin Sawa Al Tamimi
1848:Arabic, Greek and Syriac
1649:against grave-violaters:
1645:to one Raqush, including
1590:1. "Zabūd son of Māsik "
1341:
1328:
1322:
1298:
1285:
1279:
1255:
1242:
1236:
1212:
1199:
1193:
1169:
1156:
1150:
1126:
1113:
1107:
1083:
1070:
1064:
1030:
1024:
1000:
987:
981:
957:
944:
938:
914:
901:
895:
871:
858:
852:
828:
815:
809:
785:
772:
766:
742:
729:
723:
699:
686:
680:
656:
643:
637:
613:
600:
594:
570:
557:
551:
527:
514:
508:
484:
471:
465:
441:
428:
422:
401:
396:
393:
388:
383:
378:
6038:Arabic script in Unicode
5773:Jordanian Bengali Pidgin
5133:(North-Eastern Tunisian)
4007:Ottoman Turkish alphabet
3995:colonial administrations
3913:Ottoman Turkish alphabet
3880:Ottoman Turkish alphabet
3020:Abbasid standardizations
1506:Epigraphic South Arabian
1459:Epigraphic South Arabian
1361:Epigraphic South Arabian
5300:Western Egyptian Bedawi
4482:Oxford University Press
4463:(in Arabic). 2020-12-17
4393:Encyclopedia Britannica
3854:Arabic spelling system
2276:while writing down the
1905:in Greek), king of the
232:is a derivative of the
228:It is thought that the
4312:Cite journal requires
4127:The Origins of Writing
3908:Bosnia and Herzegovina
3713: or below like
3043:
2607:
2556:was used to spell the
2474:were written over the
2384:, a dot on the line =
2352:= "it was written" or
2304:
2259:scripts, according to
2230:
1548:between AD 88 and 150
346:
209:This article contains
5904:Quranic Arabic Corpus
4611:Ancient North Arabian
4193:Taylor, Jane (2001).
3027:
2606:
2589:and sometimes by the
2585:competed with by the
2491:: This arose because
2290:
2228:
2221:Early Islamic changes
1899:Al-Harith ibn Jabalah
1523:to protect the tomb:
1365:Ancient North Arabian
333:
5855:Sun and moon letters
5015:Pre-classical Arabic
3918:Gaj's Latin alphabet
3896:1930s (to Cyrillic)
3857:New spelling system
3765:in an Arabic-Polish
2067:, as common Semitic
2059:In the cases marked
1599:(Said and al-Hadad)
42:improve this article
5709:Judeo-Tripolitanian
5188:Judeo-Tripolitanian
4461:أخبار الأمم المتحدة
3758:) being written as
3142:
2151:became the same as
2127:and settled there.
1816:4th or 5th century
1778:"Hama son of Garm"
1769:3rd or 4th century
1705:50 km east of
1654:(Healey and Smith)
1596:3. "Kawza' peace!"
1502:10 lines in Arabic
242:Phoenician alphabet
6161:History of writing
6082:MacArabic encoding
4445:. Benjamin Duprat.
4286:10.1093/jss/fgl003
4021:Republic of Turkey
3791:is represented by
3140:
3093:possibly contains
3061:al-khatt al-mansūb
3050:. In this period,
3044:
3014:for more details)
2608:
2305:
2231:
1822:similar to Arabic
1665:100 km SE of
1455:3 lines in Hasean
1395:Nabataean alphabet
347:
211:special characters
6138:
6137:
6113:extinct languages
6052:MS-DOS codepages
5817:
5816:
5813:
5812:
5496:
5495:
5414:
5413:
5312:
5311:
5008:Old Hijazi Arabic
4425:978-0-520-21086-8
4351:978-9981-59-129-5
4260:"CuratorsEye.com"
4152:"Nabataean abjad"
4030:
4029:
3882:with alterations
3695:
3694:
3138:
3137:
3130:
3095:original research
3048:Abbasid Caliphate
3000:
2999:
2051:also represented
2038:also represented
2025:also represented
2015:also represented
2002:also represented
1992:also represented
1962:
1961:
1432:Text & notes
1393:, written in the
1357:
1356:
351:Zabad inscription
300:Northwest Semitic
236:variation of the
217:rendering support
204:
203:
118:
117:
110:
92:
6168:
6128:
6127:
5876:
5425:
5424:
5349:
5348:
5285:Western Algerian
5232:Eastern Algerian
5228:Algerian Saharan
5158:(Lesser Kabylia)
5061:
5060:
5052:
5051:
4994:Nabataean Arabic
4976:
4975:
4961:
4952:
4943:
4934:
4925:
4916:
4907:
4898:
4889:
4880:
4871:
4863:
4853:
4845:
4835:
4826:
4817:
4808:
4799:
4791:
4781:
4773:
4763:
4754:
4746:
4736:
4727:
4718:
4698:Maltese alphabet
4661:
4641:Algerian Braille
4631:Eastern numerals
4601:Nabataean script
4534:
4527:
4520:
4511:
4510:
4492:
4478:
4472:
4471:
4469:
4468:
4453:
4447:
4446:
4436:
4430:
4429:
4409:
4403:
4402:
4400:
4399:
4385:
4379:
4378:
4370:
4364:
4363:
4335:
4322:
4321:
4315:
4310:
4308:
4300:
4298:
4297:
4288:. Archived from
4274:
4268:
4267:
4256:
4250:
4248:
4247:. Leiden: Brill.
4240:
4234:
4233:
4231:
4229:
4217:
4211:
4210:
4190:
4184:
4183:
4181:
4172:
4166:
4165:
4163:
4162:
4156:www.omniglot.com
4148:
4142:
4141:
4121:
4115:
4114:
4092:
4086:
4085:
4065:
4012:Turkish alphabet
3848:
3847:
3798:
3794:
3790:
3762:
3727:
3726:
3719:
3718:
3712:
3708:
3703:
3702:
3686:
3673:
3663:
3653:
3640:
3629:
3613:
3603:
3590:
3580:
3570:
3562:
3549:
3536:
3526:
3516:
3506:
3496:
3486:
3478:
3465:
3452:
3442:
3432:
3422:
3414:
3401:
3391:
3381:
3371:
3361:
3353:
3340:
3330:
3320:
3312:
3299:
3288:
3275:
3267:
3181:Language/script
3146:Language family
3143:
3139:
3133:
3126:
3122:
3119:
3113:
3110:inline citations
3086:
3085:
3078:
3069:
3068:
3028:An image of the
2993:
2992:
2983:
2982:
2973:
2972:
2963:
2962:
2948:
2947:
2938:
2937:
2928:
2927:
2918:
2917:
2903:
2902:
2893:
2892:
2883:
2882:
2873:
2872:
2858:
2857:
2848:
2847:
2838:
2837:
2828:
2827:
2813:
2812:
2803:
2802:
2793:
2792:
2783:
2782:
2768:
2767:
2758:
2757:
2748:
2747:
2738:
2737:
2723:
2722:
2713:
2712:
2703:
2702:
2693:
2692:
2678:
2677:
2668:
2667:
2658:
2657:
2648:
2647:
2621:
2620:
2443:Classical Arabic
2380:, a dot below =
2366:Hajjaj ibn Yusuf
2339:Classical Arabic
2319:were frequently
2282:Classical Arabic
2258:
2216:
2193:became the same.
2183:became the same.
2173:became the same.
2145:became the same.
2093:
1866:Allah#Typography
1863:
1862:
1788:in Saudi Arabia
1766:in Saudi Arabia
1744:in Saudi Arabia
1414:
1413:
1389:inscriptions in
1349:
1343:
1338:
1330:
1324:
1319:
1306:
1300:
1295:
1287:
1281:
1276:
1263:
1257:
1252:
1244:
1238:
1233:
1220:
1214:
1209:
1201:
1195:
1190:
1177:
1171:
1166:
1158:
1152:
1147:
1134:
1128:
1123:
1115:
1109:
1104:
1091:
1085:
1080:
1072:
1066:
1061:
1048:
1040:
1032:
1026:
1021:
1008:
1002:
997:
989:
983:
978:
965:
959:
954:
946:
940:
935:
922:
916:
911:
903:
897:
892:
879:
873:
868:
860:
854:
849:
836:
830:
825:
817:
811:
806:
793:
787:
782:
774:
768:
763:
750:
744:
739:
731:
725:
720:
707:
701:
696:
688:
682:
677:
664:
658:
653:
645:
639:
634:
621:
615:
610:
602:
596:
591:
578:
572:
567:
559:
553:
548:
535:
529:
524:
516:
510:
505:
492:
486:
481:
473:
467:
462:
449:
443:
438:
430:
424:
419:
376:
296:Nabataean Arabic
238:Aramaic alphabet
196:
189:
182:
120:
119:
113:
106:
102:
99:
93:
91:
50:
26:
18:
6176:
6175:
6171:
6170:
6169:
6167:
6166:
6165:
6141:
6140:
6139:
6134:
6100:
6086:
6033:Arabic keyboard
6021:
5916:
5908:
5893:Mater lectionis
5887:Triliteral root
5838:
5809:
5750:
5742:
5660:
5642:
5603:
5492:
5456:
5410:
5387:
5338:
5308:
5199:
5179:Judeo-Maghrebi
5047:
5041:
5037:Modern Standard
5020:
4965:
4702:
4646:Maltese Braille
4626:Arabic numerals
4587:
4544:
4538:
4501:
4496:
4495:
4479:
4475:
4466:
4464:
4455:
4454:
4450:
4437:
4433:
4426:
4410:
4406:
4397:
4395:
4387:
4386:
4382:
4371:
4367:
4352:
4336:
4325:
4313:
4311:
4302:
4301:
4295:
4293:
4276:
4275:
4271:
4264:curatorseye.com
4258:
4257:
4253:
4241:
4237:
4227:
4225:
4218:
4214:
4207:
4191:
4187:
4179:
4175:Naveh, Joseph.
4173:
4169:
4160:
4158:
4150:
4149:
4145:
4138:
4122:
4118:
4111:
4093:
4089:
4082:
4066:
4062:
4057:
4044:Levantine order
4035:
3949:
3940:
3936:
3932:
3895:
3806:
3764:
3728:
3720:
3704:
3688:
3675:
3665:
3655:
3642:
3615:
3605:
3592:
3582:
3572:
3551:
3538:
3528:
3518:
3508:
3498:
3488:
3467:
3454:
3444:
3434:
3424:
3403:
3393:
3383:
3373:
3363:
3342:
3332:
3322:
3301:
3277:
3134:
3123:
3117:
3114:
3099:
3087:
3083:
3076:
3022:
3015:
3012:Hebrew numerals
3004:Arabic numerals
2587:Indian numerals
2582:
2518:not written as
2466:and written as
2252:
2223:
2100:
1979:
1909:vassals of the
1727:In a temple of
1499:1st century BC
1491:Wadi ad-Dawasir
1479:(Dr. A. Jamme)
1452:4th century BC
1401:Arabic alphabet
328:
269:
246:Hebrew alphabet
230:Arabic alphabet
226:
225:
224:
215:Without proper
200:
146:Transliteration
130:
124:Arabic alphabet
114:
103:
97:
94:
51:
49:
39:
27:
12:
11:
5:
6174:
6164:
6163:
6158:
6153:
6136:
6135:
6133:
6132:
6122:
6115:
6105:
6102:
6101:
6099:
6098:
6094:
6092:
6088:
6087:
6085:
6084:
6079:
6078:
6077:
6072:
6067:
6064:
6061:
6058:
6050:
6045:
6043:ISO/IEC 8859-6
6040:
6035:
6029:
6027:
6023:
6022:
6020:
6019:
6014:
6009:
6004:
5999:
5994:
5989:
5984:
5979:
5977:Naskh (script)
5974:
5969:
5964:
5959:
5954:
5949:
5944:
5939:
5934:
5929:
5923:
5921:
5910:
5909:
5907:
5906:
5901:
5896:
5889:
5884:
5879:
5869:
5868:
5867:
5862:
5857:
5846:
5844:
5840:
5839:
5837:
5836:
5831:
5825:
5823:
5819:
5818:
5815:
5814:
5811:
5810:
5808:
5807:
5802:
5797:
5792:
5787:
5780:
5775:
5770:
5765:
5757:
5755:
5744:
5743:
5741:
5740:
5739:
5738:
5735:
5732:
5729:
5721:
5720:
5719:
5714:Judeo-Tunisian
5711:
5706:
5705:
5704:
5701:
5696:Judeo-Moroccan
5693:
5692:
5691:
5681:
5679:Judeo-Egyptian
5676:
5674:Judeo-Algerian
5670:
5668:
5662:
5661:
5659:
5658:
5656:Bedouin Arabic
5652:
5650:
5644:
5643:
5641:
5640:
5633:
5632:
5631:
5626:
5623:
5620:
5611:
5609:
5605:
5604:
5602:
5601:
5600:
5599:
5594:
5589:
5584:
5579:
5569:
5564:
5559:
5554:
5549:
5548:
5547:
5542:
5537:
5527:
5522:
5517:
5512:
5506:
5504:
5498:
5497:
5494:
5493:
5491:
5490:
5489:
5488:
5478:
5473:
5467:
5465:
5458:
5457:
5455:
5454:
5449:
5444:
5439:
5433:
5431:
5422:
5416:
5415:
5412:
5411:
5409:
5408:
5403:
5397:
5395:
5389:
5388:
5386:
5385:
5384:
5383:
5378:
5368:
5363:
5357:
5355:
5346:
5340:
5339:
5337:
5336:
5331:
5326:
5320:
5318:
5314:
5313:
5310:
5309:
5307:
5306:
5305:
5304:
5303:
5302:
5289:
5288:
5287:
5282:
5281:
5280:
5275:
5268:Moroccan koiné
5265:
5264:
5263:
5253:
5245:
5244:
5243:
5241:Tunisian koiné
5237:Eastern Hilal
5235:
5234:
5233:
5230:
5225:
5224:
5223:
5221:Judeo-Algerian
5216:Algerian koiné
5212:Central Hilal
5209:
5207:
5201:
5200:
5198:
5197:
5196:
5195:
5193:Judeo-Tunisian
5190:
5185:
5183:Judeo-Moroccan
5177:
5176:
5175:
5174:
5173:
5167:
5161:
5160:
5159:
5153:
5148:
5136:
5135:
5134:
5123:
5122:
5121:
5120:
5119:
5114:
5109:
5104:
5099:
5094:
5077:
5069:
5067:
5058:
5049:
5043:
5042:
5040:
5039:
5034:
5028:
5026:
5022:
5021:
5019:
5018:
5011:
5004:
4997:
4990:
4982:
4980:
4973:
4967:
4966:
4964:
4963:
4954:
4945:
4936:
4927:
4918:
4909:
4900:
4891:
4882:
4873:
4864:
4855:
4846:
4837:
4828:
4819:
4810:
4801:
4792:
4783:
4774:
4765:
4756:
4747:
4738:
4729:
4720:
4710:
4708:
4704:
4703:
4701:
4700:
4695:
4694:
4693:
4688:
4683:
4678:
4672:
4667:
4662:
4648:
4643:
4638:
4636:Arabic Braille
4633:
4628:
4623:
4622:
4621:
4613:
4608:
4603:
4597:
4595:
4589:
4588:
4586:
4585:
4580:
4575:
4570:
4569:
4568:
4558:
4552:
4550:
4546:
4545:
4537:
4536:
4529:
4522:
4514:
4508:
4507:
4500:
4499:External links
4497:
4494:
4493:
4473:
4448:
4431:
4424:
4404:
4380:
4365:
4350:
4323:
4314:|journal=
4269:
4251:
4235:
4212:
4205:
4185:
4167:
4143:
4136:
4116:
4109:
4087:
4080:
4059:
4058:
4056:
4053:
4052:
4051:
4046:
4041:
4034:
4031:
4028:
4027:
4025:Ottoman Empire
4018:
4015:
4009:
4004:
3998:
3997:
3979:
3976:
3970:Latin alphabet
3967:
3958:
3926:
3925:
3923:
3920:
3915:
3910:
3904:
3903:
3897:
3888:
3883:
3873:
3865:
3864:
3861:
3858:
3855:
3852:
3833:and others in
3810:Ottoman Empire
3805:
3802:
3801:
3800:
3781:
3759:
3745:
3722:
3714:
3698:
3693:
3692:
3689:
3681:
3679:
3676:
3668:
3666:
3658:
3656:
3648:
3646:
3643:
3635:
3633:
3630:
3620:
3619:
3616:
3608:
3606:
3598:
3596:
3593:
3585:
3583:
3575:
3573:
3565:
3563:
3553:
3552:
3544:
3542:
3539:
3531:
3529:
3521:
3519:
3511:
3509:
3501:
3499:
3491:
3489:
3481:
3479:
3469:
3468:
3460:
3458:
3455:
3447:
3445:
3437:
3435:
3427:
3425:
3417:
3415:
3405:
3404:
3396:
3394:
3386:
3384:
3376:
3374:
3366:
3364:
3356:
3354:
3344:
3343:
3335:
3333:
3325:
3323:
3315:
3313:
3303:
3302:
3294:
3292:
3289:
3279:
3278:
3270:
3268:
3258:
3257:
3252:
3247:
3242:
3237:
3232:
3227:
3222:
3217:
3212:
3207:
3202:
3197:
3192:
3187:
3182:
3178:
3177:
3172:
3167:
3162:
3157:
3152:
3147:
3136:
3135:
3090:
3088:
3081:
3075:
3072:
3021:
3018:
3008:Greek numerals
2998:
2997:
2994:
2987:
2984:
2977:
2974:
2967:
2964:
2957:
2953:
2952:
2949:
2942:
2939:
2932:
2929:
2922:
2919:
2912:
2908:
2907:
2904:
2897:
2894:
2887:
2884:
2877:
2874:
2867:
2863:
2862:
2859:
2852:
2849:
2842:
2839:
2832:
2829:
2822:
2818:
2817:
2814:
2807:
2804:
2797:
2794:
2787:
2784:
2777:
2773:
2772:
2769:
2762:
2759:
2752:
2749:
2742:
2739:
2732:
2728:
2727:
2724:
2717:
2714:
2707:
2704:
2697:
2694:
2687:
2683:
2682:
2679:
2672:
2669:
2662:
2659:
2652:
2649:
2642:
2638:
2637:
2634:
2631:
2628:
2625:
2591:Greek numerals
2581:
2578:
2577:
2576:
2547:
2512:
2479:
2411:Pahlavi script
2407:Middle Persian
2348:= "he wrote",
2332:Abjad numerals
2222:
2219:
2201:and sometimes
2195:
2194:
2184:
2174:
2164:
2146:
2083:respectively.
2075:became Hebrew
2057:
2056:
2046:
2033:
2020:
2010:
1997:
1978:
1975:
1960:
1959:
1939:
1936:
1935:Arabic, Greek
1933:
1930:
1924:
1918:
1917:
1895:
1892:
1889:
1886:
1883:
1877:
1876:
1852:
1849:
1846:
1843:
1833:
1827:
1826:
1823:
1820:
1817:
1814:
1808:
1802:
1801:
1798:
1795:
1792:
1789:
1786:
1780:
1779:
1776:
1773:
1770:
1767:
1764:
1758:
1757:
1754:
1751:
1748:
1745:
1742:
1736:
1735:
1725:
1722:
1716:
1713:
1703:
1697:
1696:
1678:
1675:
1672:
1669:
1663:
1657:
1656:
1639:
1636:
1630:
1627:
1618:
1611:
1610:
1586:
1583:
1580:
1577:
1571:
1565:
1564:
1555:
1552:
1549:
1546:
1537:
1531:
1530:
1509:
1503:
1500:
1497:
1488:
1482:
1481:
1462:
1456:
1453:
1450:
1440:
1434:
1433:
1430:
1427:
1424:
1421:
1418:
1409:
1408:
1397:
1384:
1381:
1375:
1355:
1354:
1351:
1345:
1339:
1332:
1326:
1320:
1312:
1311:
1308:
1302:
1296:
1289:
1283:
1277:
1269:
1268:
1265:
1259:
1253:
1246:
1240:
1234:
1226:
1225:
1222:
1216:
1210:
1203:
1197:
1191:
1183:
1182:
1179:
1173:
1167:
1160:
1154:
1148:
1140:
1139:
1136:
1130:
1124:
1117:
1111:
1105:
1097:
1096:
1093:
1087:
1081:
1074:
1068:
1062:
1054:
1053:
1050:
1044:
1041:
1034:
1028:
1022:
1014:
1013:
1010:
1004:
998:
991:
985:
979:
971:
970:
967:
961:
955:
948:
942:
936:
928:
927:
924:
918:
912:
905:
899:
893:
885:
884:
881:
875:
869:
862:
856:
850:
842:
841:
838:
832:
826:
819:
813:
807:
799:
798:
795:
789:
783:
776:
770:
764:
756:
755:
752:
746:
740:
733:
727:
721:
713:
712:
709:
703:
697:
690:
684:
678:
670:
669:
666:
660:
654:
647:
641:
635:
627:
626:
623:
617:
611:
604:
598:
592:
584:
583:
580:
574:
568:
561:
555:
549:
541:
540:
537:
531:
525:
518:
512:
506:
498:
497:
494:
488:
482:
475:
469:
463:
455:
454:
451:
445:
439:
432:
426:
420:
412:
411:
408:
404:
403:
400:
395:
392:
387:
382:
327:
324:
323:
322:
315:
303:
268:
265:
250:Greek alphabet
219:, you may see
207:
206:
205:
202:
201:
199:
198:
191:
184:
176:
173:
172:
171:
170:
165:
160:
159:
158:
148:
143:
135:
134:
127:
126:
116:
115:
30:
28:
21:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
6173:
6162:
6159:
6157:
6154:
6152:
6151:Arabic script
6149:
6148:
6146:
6131:
6123:
6120:
6116:
6114:
6110:
6107:
6106:
6103:
6096:
6095:
6093:
6089:
6083:
6080:
6076:
6073:
6071:
6068:
6065:
6062:
6059:
6057:
6054:
6053:
6051:
6049:
6046:
6044:
6041:
6039:
6036:
6034:
6031:
6030:
6028:
6024:
6018:
6015:
6013:
6010:
6008:
6005:
6003:
6002:Sini (script)
6000:
5998:
5995:
5993:
5992:Ruqʿah script
5990:
5988:
5985:
5983:
5980:
5978:
5975:
5973:
5970:
5968:
5965:
5963:
5960:
5958:
5955:
5953:
5950:
5948:
5945:
5943:
5940:
5938:
5937:Hijazi script
5935:
5933:
5930:
5928:
5925:
5924:
5922:
5920:
5915:
5911:
5905:
5902:
5900:
5897:
5895:
5894:
5890:
5888:
5885:
5883:
5880:
5878:
5875:
5870:
5866:
5863:
5861:
5858:
5856:
5853:
5852:
5851:
5848:
5847:
5845:
5841:
5835:
5832:
5830:
5827:
5826:
5824:
5820:
5806:
5803:
5801:
5798:
5796:
5793:
5791:
5788:
5786:
5785:
5781:
5779:
5776:
5774:
5771:
5769:
5766:
5764:
5763:
5759:
5758:
5756:
5754:
5749:
5745:
5736:
5733:
5730:
5727:
5726:
5725:
5722:
5717:
5716:
5715:
5712:
5710:
5707:
5702:
5699:
5698:
5697:
5694:
5690:
5687:
5686:
5685:
5682:
5680:
5677:
5675:
5672:
5671:
5669:
5667:
5663:
5657:
5654:
5653:
5651:
5649:
5645:
5639:
5638:
5634:
5630:
5627:
5624:
5621:
5618:
5617:
5616:
5615:Central Asian
5613:
5612:
5610:
5606:
5598:
5595:
5593:
5590:
5588:
5587:Taʽizzi-Adeni
5585:
5583:
5580:
5578:
5575:
5574:
5573:
5570:
5568:
5565:
5563:
5560:
5558:
5555:
5553:
5550:
5546:
5543:
5541:
5538:
5536:
5533:
5532:
5531:
5528:
5526:
5523:
5521:
5518:
5516:
5513:
5511:
5508:
5507:
5505:
5503:
5499:
5487:
5484:
5483:
5482:
5479:
5477:
5474:
5472:
5469:
5468:
5466:
5463:
5459:
5453:
5450:
5448:
5445:
5443:
5440:
5438:
5435:
5434:
5432:
5430:
5426:
5423:
5421:
5417:
5407:
5404:
5402:
5399:
5398:
5396:
5394:
5390:
5382:
5379:
5377:
5374:
5373:
5372:
5369:
5367:
5364:
5362:
5359:
5358:
5356:
5354:
5350:
5347:
5345:
5341:
5335:
5332:
5330:
5327:
5325:
5322:
5321:
5319:
5315:
5301:
5298:
5297:
5296:
5293:
5292:
5290:
5286:
5283:
5279:
5276:
5274:
5271:
5270:
5269:
5266:
5262:
5259:
5258:
5257:
5254:
5252:
5249:
5248:
5246:
5242:
5239:
5238:
5236:
5231:
5229:
5226:
5222:
5219:
5218:
5217:
5214:
5213:
5211:
5210:
5208:
5206:
5202:
5194:
5191:
5189:
5186:
5184:
5181:
5180:
5178:
5171:
5168:
5166:Traras-Msirda
5165:
5164:
5162:
5157:
5154:
5152:
5149:
5146:
5143:
5142:
5140:
5139:
5137:
5132:
5129:
5128:
5127:
5124:
5118:
5115:
5113:
5110:
5108:
5105:
5103:
5100:
5098:
5095:
5093:
5090:
5089:
5088:
5085:
5084:
5083:
5082:
5078:
5076:
5075:
5071:
5070:
5068:
5066:
5062:
5059:
5057:
5053:
5050:
5044:
5038:
5035:
5033:
5030:
5029:
5027:
5023:
5017:
5016:
5012:
5010:
5009:
5005:
5003:
5002:
4998:
4996:
4995:
4991:
4989:
4988:
4984:
4983:
4981:
4977:
4974:
4972:
4968:
4962:
4960:
4955:
4953:
4951:
4946:
4944:
4942:
4937:
4935:
4933:
4928:
4926:
4924:
4919:
4917:
4915:
4910:
4908:
4906:
4901:
4899:
4897:
4892:
4890:
4888:
4883:
4881:
4879:
4874:
4872:
4870:
4865:
4862:
4861:
4856:
4854:
4852:
4847:
4844:
4843:
4838:
4836:
4834:
4829:
4827:
4825:
4820:
4818:
4816:
4811:
4809:
4807:
4802:
4800:
4798:
4793:
4790:
4789:
4784:
4782:
4780:
4775:
4772:
4771:
4766:
4764:
4762:
4757:
4755:
4753:
4748:
4745:
4744:
4739:
4737:
4735:
4730:
4728:
4726:
4721:
4719:
4717:
4712:
4711:
4709:
4705:
4699:
4696:
4692:
4689:
4687:
4684:
4682:
4679:
4676:
4673:
4671:
4668:
4666:
4663:
4660:
4659:
4654:
4653:
4652:
4649:
4647:
4644:
4642:
4639:
4637:
4634:
4632:
4629:
4627:
4624:
4619:
4618:
4617:
4614:
4612:
4609:
4607:
4606:Arabic script
4604:
4602:
4599:
4598:
4596:
4594:
4590:
4584:
4581:
4579:
4576:
4574:
4571:
4567:
4564:
4563:
4562:
4559:
4557:
4554:
4553:
4551:
4547:
4542:
4535:
4530:
4528:
4523:
4521:
4516:
4515:
4512:
4506:
4503:
4502:
4491:
4490:0-19-285344-9
4487:
4483:
4477:
4462:
4458:
4452:
4444:
4443:
4435:
4427:
4421:
4417:
4416:
4408:
4394:
4390:
4384:
4376:
4375:"CALLIGRAPHY"
4369:
4361:
4357:
4353:
4347:
4343:
4342:
4334:
4332:
4330:
4328:
4319:
4306:
4292:on 2006-09-27
4291:
4287:
4283:
4279:
4273:
4265:
4261:
4255:
4246:
4239:
4223:
4216:
4208:
4206:9781860645082
4202:
4198:
4197:
4189:
4178:
4171:
4157:
4153:
4147:
4139:
4133:
4129:
4128:
4120:
4112:
4110:9780863568817
4106:
4102:
4098:
4091:
4083:
4081:9781555407100
4077:
4073:
4072:
4064:
4060:
4050:
4047:
4045:
4042:
4040:
4037:
4036:
4026:
4022:
4019:
4016:
4013:
4010:
4008:
4005:
4003:
4000:
3999:
3996:
3992:
3988:
3984:
3980:
3978:19th century
3977:
3975:
3971:
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3500:
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3485:
3476:
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3407:
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3390:
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3339:
3329:
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3305:
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3298:
3286:
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3274:
3265:
3260:
3259:
3256:
3253:
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3233:
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3228:
3226:
3223:
3221:
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3216:
3213:
3211:
3208:
3206:
3203:
3201:
3198:
3196:
3193:
3191:
3188:
3186:
3183:
3180:
3179:
3176:
3173:
3171:
3166:
3161:
3156:
3153:
3151:
3145:
3144:
3132:
3129:
3121:
3111:
3107:
3103:
3097:
3096:
3091:This article
3089:
3080:
3079:
3071:
3063:
3062:
3057:
3053:
3052:Ibn al-Bawwab
3049:
3041:
3037:
3036:
3031:
3026:
3017:
3013:
3009:
3005:
2995:
2988:
2985:
2978:
2975:
2968:
2965:
2958:
2955:
2954:
2950:
2943:
2940:
2933:
2930:
2923:
2920:
2913:
2910:
2909:
2905:
2898:
2895:
2888:
2885:
2878:
2875:
2868:
2865:
2864:
2860:
2853:
2850:
2843:
2840:
2833:
2830:
2823:
2820:
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2815:
2808:
2805:
2798:
2795:
2788:
2785:
2778:
2775:
2774:
2770:
2763:
2760:
2753:
2750:
2743:
2740:
2733:
2730:
2729:
2725:
2718:
2715:
2708:
2705:
2698:
2695:
2688:
2685:
2684:
2680:
2673:
2670:
2663:
2660:
2653:
2650:
2643:
2640:
2639:
2635:
2622:
2619:
2617:
2613:
2605:
2601:
2599:
2594:
2592:
2588:
2574:
2571:
2567:
2563:
2559:
2555:
2552:: Originally
2551:
2548:
2545:
2541:
2537:
2533:
2529:
2528:
2523:
2522:in some words
2521:
2517:
2513:
2510:
2506:
2502:
2499:where single
2498:
2495:arising from
2494:
2490:
2488:
2484:
2480:
2477:
2473:
2469:
2465:
2461:
2457:
2453:
2452:
2448:
2447:
2446:
2444:
2440:
2435:
2433:
2429:
2426:, and not of
2425:
2421:
2420:
2414:
2412:
2408:
2404:
2399:
2397:
2393:
2392:
2387:
2383:
2379:
2375:
2371:
2367:
2363:
2359:
2355:
2351:
2347:
2343:
2340:
2335:
2333:
2328:
2326:
2322:
2318:
2314:
2310:
2302:
2301:Hijazi script
2298:
2294:
2289:
2285:
2283:
2279:
2275:
2270:
2268:
2267:
2262:
2256:
2251:
2247:
2243:
2238:
2236:
2227:
2218:
2215:
2210:
2208:
2204:
2200:
2192:
2188:
2185:
2182:
2178:
2175:
2172:
2168:
2165:
2162:
2158:
2154:
2150:
2147:
2144:
2140:
2136:
2133:
2132:
2131:
2128:
2126:
2122:
2118:
2114:
2110:
2106:
2099:
2094:
2092:
2087:
2084:
2082:
2078:
2074:
2070:
2066:
2062:
2054:
2050:
2047:
2044:
2041:
2037:
2034:
2031:
2028:
2024:
2021:
2018:
2014:
2011:
2008:
2005:
2001:
1998:
1995:
1991:
1988:
1987:
1986:
1984:
1974:
1972:
1968:
1958:
1954:
1950:
1946:
1943:
1940:
1937:
1934:
1931:
1929:
1925:
1923:
1920:
1919:
1916:
1912:
1908:
1904:
1900:
1896:
1893:
1890:
1887:
1884:
1882:
1879:
1878:
1875:
1873:
1867:
1857:
1853:
1850:
1847:
1844:
1842:
1838:
1834:
1832:
1829:
1828:
1824:
1821:
1818:
1815:
1813:
1810:northeast of
1809:
1807:
1804:
1803:
1799:
1796:
1793:
1790:
1787:
1785:
1782:
1781:
1777:
1774:
1771:
1768:
1765:
1763:
1760:
1759:
1755:
1752:
1749:
1746:
1743:
1741:
1738:
1737:
1734:
1730:
1726:
1723:
1721:
1717:
1714:
1712:
1708:
1704:
1702:
1699:
1698:
1695:
1693:
1687:
1683:
1679:
1676:
1673:
1670:
1668:
1664:
1662:
1659:
1658:
1655:
1653:
1648:
1644:
1640:
1637:
1635:
1631:
1628:
1626:
1622:
1621:Mada'in Saleh
1619:
1617:
1613:
1612:
1609:
1606:
1603:
1600:
1597:
1594:
1591:
1587:
1584:
1581:
1578:
1576:
1573:northeast of
1572:
1570:
1567:
1566:
1563:
1560:
1556:
1553:
1550:
1547:
1545:
1541:
1538:
1536:
1533:
1532:
1529:
1527:
1522:
1518:
1514:
1510:
1507:
1504:
1501:
1498:
1496:
1492:
1489:
1487:
1486:Qaryat al-Fāw
1484:
1483:
1480:
1478:
1474:
1471:
1468:
1463:
1460:
1457:
1454:
1451:
1448:
1445:, Historical
1444:
1441:
1439:
1436:
1435:
1431:
1428:
1425:
1422:
1419:
1416:
1415:
1412:
1406:
1402:
1398:
1396:
1392:
1388:
1385:
1382:
1379:
1376:
1373:
1370:
1369:
1368:
1366:
1362:
1352:
1346:
1340:
1337:
1333:
1327:
1321:
1318:
1314:
1313:
1309:
1303:
1297:
1294:
1290:
1284:
1278:
1275:
1271:
1270:
1266:
1260:
1254:
1251:
1247:
1241:
1235:
1232:
1228:
1227:
1223:
1217:
1211:
1208:
1204:
1198:
1192:
1189:
1185:
1184:
1180:
1174:
1168:
1165:
1161:
1155:
1149:
1146:
1142:
1141:
1137:
1131:
1125:
1122:
1118:
1112:
1106:
1103:
1099:
1098:
1094:
1088:
1082:
1079:
1075:
1069:
1063:
1060:
1056:
1055:
1051:
1045:
1042:
1039:
1035:
1029:
1023:
1020:
1016:
1015:
1011:
1005:
999:
996:
992:
986:
980:
977:
973:
972:
968:
962:
956:
953:
949:
943:
937:
934:
930:
929:
925:
919:
913:
910:
906:
900:
894:
891:
887:
886:
882:
876:
870:
867:
863:
857:
851:
848:
844:
843:
839:
833:
827:
824:
820:
814:
808:
805:
801:
800:
796:
790:
784:
781:
777:
771:
765:
762:
758:
757:
753:
747:
741:
738:
734:
728:
722:
719:
715:
714:
710:
704:
698:
695:
691:
685:
679:
676:
672:
671:
667:
661:
655:
652:
648:
642:
636:
633:
629:
628:
624:
618:
612:
609:
605:
599:
593:
590:
586:
585:
581:
575:
569:
566:
562:
556:
550:
547:
543:
542:
538:
532:
526:
523:
519:
513:
507:
504:
500:
499:
495:
489:
483:
480:
476:
470:
464:
461:
457:
456:
452:
446:
440:
437:
433:
427:
421:
418:
414:
413:
409:
406:
405:
399:
391:
386:
381:
377:
374:
372:
368:
364:
360:
356:
352:
344:
340:
336:
332:
319:
316:
313:
309:
304:
301:
297:
293:
289:
285:
281:
280:
279:
276:
274:
264:
262:
259:
255:
251:
247:
243:
239:
235:
231:
222:
218:
214:
212:
197:
192:
190:
185:
183:
178:
177:
175:
174:
169:
166:
164:
161:
157:
154:
153:
152:
149:
147:
144:
142:
139:
138:
137:
136:
133:
132:Arabic script
129:
128:
125:
122:
121:
112:
109:
101:
90:
87:
83:
80:
76:
73:
69:
66:
62:
59: –
58:
54:
53:Find sources:
47:
43:
37:
36:
31:This article
29:
25:
20:
19:
16:
6156:Palaeography
6108:
6048:Windows-1256
6007:Taliq script
5947:Jeli Thuluth
5927:Ajami script
5891:
5795:Pidgin madam
5782:
5760:
5724:Judeo-Yemeni
5666:Judeo-Arabic
5648:Sociological
5635:
5597:Judeo-Yemeni
5420:Mesopotamian
5295:Libyan koiné
5079:
5072:
5065:Pre-Hilalian
5013:
5006:
4999:
4992:
4987:Proto-Arabic
4985:
4620:Zabūr script
4573:Romanization
4565:
4476:
4465:. Retrieved
4460:
4451:
4441:
4434:
4414:
4407:
4396:. Retrieved
4392:
4383:
4368:
4340:
4305:cite journal
4294:. Retrieved
4290:the original
4272:
4263:
4254:
4244:
4238:
4226:. Retrieved
4215:
4195:
4188:
4170:
4159:. Retrieved
4155:
4146:
4126:
4119:
4100:
4090:
4070:
4063:
3965:Pegon script
3870:Soviet Union
3827:Central Asia
3807:
3755:
3748:
3709: and
3696:
3124:
3118:January 2021
3115:
3092:
3067:الخط المنسوب
3059:
3045:
3033:
3001:
2616:Abjadi order
2609:
2595:
2583:
2565:
2561:
2558:glottal stop
2549:
2543:
2539:
2535:
2525:
2515:
2514:
2508:
2504:
2500:
2492:
2486:
2482:
2481:
2475:
2471:
2467:
2463:
2455:
2450:
2449:
2436:
2427:
2423:
2417:
2415:
2400:
2389:
2385:
2381:
2377:
2372:governor of
2362:vocalization
2353:
2349:
2345:
2341:
2336:
2329:
2306:
2271:
2264:
2261:Ibn an-Nadim
2239:
2232:
2211:
2206:
2202:
2198:
2196:
2190:
2186:
2180:
2176:
2170:
2166:
2160:
2156:
2152:
2148:
2142:
2138:
2134:
2129:
2120:
2116:
2112:
2108:
2101:
2088:
2085:
2080:
2076:
2072:
2068:
2060:
2058:
2052:
2048:
2042:
2039:
2035:
2029:
2026:
2022:
2016:
2012:
2006:
2003:
1999:
1993:
1989:
1980:
1963:
1956:
1914:
1869:
1806:Umm al-Jimāl
1791:4th century
1732:
1689:
1686:Imru'ul-Qays
1652:
1650:
1625:Saudi Arabia
1615:
1607:
1604:
1601:
1598:
1595:
1592:
1589:
1569:Umm el-Jimal
1561:
1558:
1526:
1524:
1520:
1516:
1512:
1477:
1475:
1472:
1469:
1466:
1420:Whereabouts
1410:
1358:
348:
308:inscriptions
277:
270:
227:
208:
140:
104:
95:
85:
78:
71:
64:
52:
40:Please help
35:verification
32:
15:
5942:Jawi script
5914:Calligraphy
5843:Linguistics
5768:Gulf Pidgin
5684:Judeo-Iraqi
5625:Kashkadarya
5481:Judeo-Iraqi
5406:Palestinian
5317:Nile Valley
4979:Pre-Islamic
4691:Dagger alif
4484:, 2000 AD,
3974:Thai script
3942:Philippines
3922:1870s-1918
3902:government
3863:Ordered by
3835:West Africa
3772:for Muslim
2497:contraction
2460:tā' marbūta
2451:tā' marbūta
2419:tā' marbūta
2405:scribes in
2396:al-Farahidi
2253: [
1881:Jabal Usays
1839:, south of
335:Petroglyphs
318:Laïla Nehmé
98:August 2010
6145:Categories
5829:Literature
5502:Peninsular
5442:Khuzestani
5172:(Mountain)
5092:Australian
5001:Old Arabic
4651:Diacritics
4578:Numerology
4467:2021-04-12
4398:2021-04-12
4296:2022-04-22
4161:2017-03-08
4137:0803291671
4055:References
3981:European (
3890:1920s (to
3851:Area used
3825:States of
3776:living in
3102:improve it
3042:(886-940).
2266:Al-Fihrist
2096:See also:
1967:epigraphic
1945:dedicatory
1911:Byzantines
1701:Jabal Ramm
1528:(Beeston)
1508:alphabets
1461:alphabets
380:Phoenician
292:Nabataeans
168:Numeration
151:Diacritics
68:newspapers
6119:varieties
6111:indicate
6026:Technical
5997:Shahmukhi
5952:Kairouani
5850:Phonology
5629:Khorasani
5619:Bakhtiari
5471:Anatolian
5401:Jordanian
5381:Damascene
5344:Levantine
5256:Hassaniya
5097:Cottenera
5032:Classical
4971:Varieties
4549:Overviews
4360:191880956
3934:Indonesia
3767:bilingual
3738:retroflex
3255:Afrikaans
3106:verifying
3056:Ibn Muqla
3040:Ibn Muqla
3030:Taj Mahal
2612:Levantine
2573:diacritic
2534:to spell
2344:could be
2321:memorized
2065:etymology
1949:martyrium
1942:Christian
1907:Ghassanid
1885:in Syria
1692:phylarchs
1661:an-Namāra
1535:Ein Avdat
1476:4. "ab.."
1429:Alphabet
1426:Language
1387:Nabataean
390:Nabataean
321:alphabet.
302:language.
261:alphabets
234:Nabataean
6130:Category
5982:Nastaliq
5972:Muhaqqaq
5962:Maghrebi
5822:Academic
5762:Bimbashi
5718:Tunisene
5689:Baghdadi
5637:Shirvani
5577:Hadhrami
5535:Bahraini
5486:Baghdadi
5437:Baghdadi
5376:Aleppine
5366:Lebanese
5361:Cilician
5334:Sudanese
5324:Egyptian
5205:Hilalian
5163:Western
5141:Eastern
5138:Village
5117:Żurrieqi
5081:Sicilian
5074:Andalusi
5056:Maghrebi
5025:Literary
4677:(tanwin)
4675:Nunation
4561:Alphabet
4556:Language
4543:language
4103:. Saqi.
4033:See also
3951:Thailand
3946:Mindanao
3938:Malaysia
3886:Cyrillic
3814:Cyrillic
3799:.
3175:Germanic
3150:Austron.
2851:epsilon
2439:Qur'anic
2325:printing
2313:PERF 558
2293:Muhammad
2235:PERF 558
2199:b t th n
1983:phonemes
1928:Damascus
1872:C. Rabin
1747:undated
1720:Thamudic
1671:328–329
1667:Damascus
1634:Thamudic
1372:Safaitic
1350:
1344:
1331:
1325:
1307:
1301:
1288:
1282:
1264:
1258:
1245:
1239:
1221:
1215:
1202:
1196:
1181:—
1178:
1172:
1159:
1153:
1135:
1129:
1116:
1110:
1092:
1086:
1073:
1067:
1052:—
1049:
1043:—
1033:
1027:
1009:
1003:
990:
984:
966:
960:
947:
941:
923:
917:
904:
898:
880:
874:
861:
855:
837:
831:
818:
812:
797:—
794:
788:
775:
769:
751:
745:
732:
726:
708:
702:
689:
683:
665:
659:
646:
640:
622:
616:
603:
597:
579:
573:
560:
554:
536:
530:
517:
511:
493:
487:
474:
468:
450:
444:
431:
425:
371:phonemes
339:Wadi Rum
258:Cyrillic
248:and the
163:Numerals
6109:Italics
6017:Thuluth
5882:Grammar
5753:pidgins
5748:Creoles
5737:Sanʽani
5622:Bukhara
5582:Sanʽani
5545:Kuwaiti
5540:Emirati
5525:Dhofari
5510:Bahrani
5476:Cypriot
5464:(Qeltu)
5291:Sulaym
5278:Western
5273:Eastern
5151:Sfaxian
5147:(Sahel)
5102:Gozitan
5087:Maltese
4707:Letters
4681:Shaddah
4670:Harakat
4665:Tashkil
4593:Scripts
4566:History
4249:, 11-14
4049:Writing
3991:Spanish
3983:British
3955:Pattani
3892:Janalif
3876:Persian
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3205:Ottoman
3170:Iranian
3100:Please
3035:thuluth
2661:ʾālap̄
2651:ʾālep̄
2630:Syriac
2627:Hebrew
2624:Arabic
2598:Maghreb
2403:Persian
2370:Umayyad
2309:papyrus
2105:phoneme
1953:Khaybar
1947:, in a
1938:Arabic
1903:Arethas
1894:Arabic
1891:Arabic
1851:Arabic
1819:Arabic
1797:Arabic
1794:Arabic
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1775:Arabic
1772:Arabic
1762:Sakakah
1750:Arabic
1740:Sakakah
1682:epitaph
1680:A long
1674:Arabic
1643:Epitaph
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1521:ʻAṯṯār
1449:region
1447:Bahrain
1438:Al-Hasa
1391:Aramaic
1378:Hismaic
394:Arabic
385:Aramaic
312:papyrus
267:Origins
141:History
82:scholar
5932:Diwani
5919:Script
5877:(case)
5874:ʾIʿrāb
5860:Tajwid
5805:Bongor
5784:Maridi
5734:Habban
5608:Others
5592:Tihami
5572:Yemeni
5567:Shihhi
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2636:Value
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